the Ionian sea, south by the Mediterranean sea, east by the Ægean,
and north by Thrace and Dalmatia. It is generally divided into
four large provinces: Macedonia, Epirus, Achaia or Hellas, and
Peloponnesus. This country has been reckoned superior to every
other part of the earth, on account of the salubrity of the air,
the temperature of the climate, the fertility of the soil, and above
all, the fame, learning, and arts of its inhabitants. The Greeks have
severally been called Achæans, Argians, Danai, Dolopes, Hellenians,
Ionians, Myrmidons, and Pelasgians. The most celebrated of their
cities were Athens, Sparta, Argos, Corinth, Thebes, Sicyon, Mycenæ,
Delphi, Trœzene, Salamis, Megara, Pylos, &c. The inhabitants, whose
history is darkened in its primitive ages with fabulous accounts and
traditions, supported that they were the original inhabitants of the
country, and born from the earth where they dwelt; and they heard
with contempt the probable conjectures which traced their origin
among the first inhabitants of Asia, and the colonies of Egypt.
In the first periods of their history, the Greeks were governed
by monarchs; and there were as many kings as there were cities.
The monarchical power gradually decreased; the love of liberty
established the republican government; and no part of Greece, except
Macedonia, remained in the hands of an absolute sovereign. The
expedition of the Argonauts first rendered the Greeks respectable
among their neighbours; and in the succeeding age, the wars of
Thebes and Troy gave opportunity to their heroes and demi-gods to
display their valour in the field of battle. The simplicity of the
ancient Greeks rendered them virtuous; and the establishment of
the Olympic games, in particular, where the noble reward of the
conqueror was a laurel crown, contributed to their aggrandizement,
and made them ambitious of fame, and not the slaves of riches.
The austerity of their laws, and the education of their youth,
particularly at Lacedæmon, rendered them brave and active,
insensible to bodily pain, fearless and intrepid in the time of
danger. The celebrated battles of Marathon, Thermopylæ, Salamis,
Platæa, and Mycale sufficiently show what superiority the courage of
a little army can obtain over millions of undisciplined barbarians.
After many signal victories over the Persians, they became elated
with their success; and when they found no one able to dispute their
power abroad, they turned their arms one against the other, and
leagued with foreign states to destroy the most flourishing of
their cities. The Messenian and Peloponnesian wars are examples
of the dreadful calamities which arise from civil discord and long
prosperity, and the success with which the gold and the sword of
Philip and of his son corrupted and enslaved Greece, fatally proved
that when a nation becomes indolent and dissipated at home, it
ceases to be respectable in the eyes of the neighbouring states. The
annals of Greece, however, abound with singular proofs of heroism
and resolution. The bold retreat of the 10,000, who had assisted
Cyrus against his brother Artaxerxes, reminded their countrymen of
their superiority over all other nations; and taught Alexander that
the conquest of the east might be effected with a handful of Grecian
soldiers. While the Greeks rendered themselves so illustrious
by their military exploits, the arts and sciences were assisted
by conquest, and received fresh lustre from the application and
industry of their professors. The labours of the learned were
received with admiration, and the merit of a composition was
determined by the applause or disapprobation of a multitude.
Their generals were orators; and eloquence seemed to be so nearly
connected with the military profession, that he was despised by
his soldiers who could not address them upon any emergency with
a spirited and well-delivered oration. The learning as well as
the virtues of Socrates procured him a name; and the writings of
Aristotle have, perhaps, gained him a more lasting fame than all the
conquests and trophies of his royal pupil. Such were the occupations
and accomplishments of the Greeks. Their language became almost
universal, and their country was the receptacle of the youths of the
neighbouring states, where they imbibed the principles of liberty
and moral virtue. The Greeks planted several colonies, and totally
peopled the western coasts of Asia Minor. In the eastern parts
of Italy there were also many settlements made; and the country
received from its Greek inhabitants the name of _Magna Græcia_.
For some time Greece submitted to the yoke of Alexander and his
successors; and at last, after a spirited though ineffectual
struggle in the Achæan league, it fell under the power of Rome, and
became one of its ♦dependent provinces, governed by a proconsul.
♦ ‘dependant’ replaced with ‘dependent’
=Græcia magna=, a part of Italy where the Greeks planted colonies,
whence the name. Its boundaries are very uncertain; some say that
it extended on the southern parts of Italy, and others suppose that
Magna Græcia comprehended only Campania and Lucania. To these some
add Sicily, which was likewise peopled by Greek colonies. _Ovid_,
_Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 64.――_Strabo_, &c.
=Græcīnus=, a senator put to death by Caligula, because he refused to
accuse Sejanus, &c. _Seneca_, _de Beneficiis_, bk. 2.
=Græcus=, a man from whom some suppose that Greece received its name.
_Aristotle._
=Graius=, an inhabitant of Greece.
=Grampius mons=, the Grampian mountains in Scotland. _Tacitus_,
_Agricola_, ch. 29.
=Granīcus=, a river of Bithynia, famous for the battle fought there
between the armies of Alexander and Darius, 22nd of May, B.C. 334,
when 600,000 Persians were defeated by 30,000 Macedonians.
_Diodorus_, bk. 17.――_Plutarch_, _Alexander_.――_Justin._――_Curtius_,
bk. 4, ch. 1.
=Granius Petronius=, an officer who, being taken by Pompey’s generals,
refused the life which was tendered to him; observing that Cæsar’s
soldiers received not, but granted, life. He killed himself.
_Plutarch_, _Cæsar_.――――A questor whom Sylla had ordered to be
strangled, only one day before he died a natural death. _Plutarch._
――――A son of the wife of Marius, by a former husband.――――Quintus, a
man intimate with Crassus and other illustrious men of Rome, whose
vices he lashed with an unsparing hand. _Cicero_, _Brutus_, chs. 43
& 46; _On Oratory_, bk. 2, ch. 60.
=Gratiæ=, three goddesses. _See:_ Charites.
=Grātiānus=, a native of Pannonia, father to the emperor Valentinian I.
He was raised to the throne, though only eight years old; and after
he had reigned for some time conjointly with his father, he became
sole emperor in the 16th year of his age. He soon after took, as his
imperial colleague, Theodosius, whom he appointed over the eastern
parts of the empire. His courage in the field was as remarkable as
his love of learning, and fondness of philosophy. He slaughtered
30,000 Germans in a battle, and supported the tottering state by
his prudence and intrepidity. His enmity to the Pagan superstition
of his subjects proved his ruin; and Maximinus, who undertook the
defence of the worship of Jupiter and of all the gods, was joined
by an infinite number of discontented Romans, and met Gratian near
Paris in Gaul. Gratian was forsaken by his troops in the field of
battle, and was murdered by the rebels, A.D. 383, in the 24th year
of his age.――――A Roman soldier, invested with the imperial purple
by the rebellious army in Britain, in opposition to Honorius. He was
assassinated four months after by those very troops to whom he owed
his elevation, A.D. 407.
=Gratidia=, a woman at Neapolis, called Canidia by Horace, epode 3.
=Gration=, a giant killed by Diana.
=Gratius Faliscus=, a Latin poet contemporary with Ovid, and mentioned
only by him among the more ancient authors. He wrote a poem on
coursing, called _Cynegeticon_, much commended for its elegance and
perspicuity. It may be compared to the Georgics of Virgil, to which
it is nearly equal in the number of verses. The latest edition is of
Amsterdam, 4to, 1728. _Ovid_, _ex Ponto_, bk. 4, poem 16, li. 34.
=Gravii=, a people of Spain. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 3, li. 366.
=Grăviscæ=, now _Eremo de St. Augustino_, a maritime town of Etruria,
which assisted Æneas against Turnus. The air was unwholesome, on
account of the marshes and stagnant waters in its neighbourhood.
_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 184.――_Livy_, bk. 40, ch. 29; bk. 41,
ch. 16.
=Gravius=, a Roman knight of Puteoli, killed at Dyrrachium, &c.
_Cæsar_, _Civil War_.
=Gregorius Theodore Thaumaturgus=, a disciple of Origen, afterwards
bishop of Neocæsarea, the place of his birth. He died A.D. 266,
and it is said he left only 17 idolaters in his diocese, where
he had found only 17 christians. Of his works, are extant his
congratulatory oration to Origen, a canonical epistle, and other
treatises in Greek, the best edition of which is that of Paris,
folio, 1622.――――Nazianzen, surnamed the _Divine_, was bishop
of Constantinople, which he resigned on its being disputed. His
writings rival those of the most celebrated orators of Greece
in eloquence, sublimity, and variety. His sermons are more for
philosophers than common hearers, but replete with seriousness and
devotion. Erasmus said that he was afraid to translate his works,
from the apprehension of not transfusing into another language the
smartness and acumen of his style, and the stateliness and happy
diction of the whole. He died A.D. 389. The best edition is that of
the Benedictines, the first volume of which, in folio, was published
at Paris, 1778.――――A bishop of Nyssa, author of the Nicene creed.
His style is represented as allegorical and affected; and he has
been accused of mixing philosophy too much with theology. His
writings consist of commentaries on scripture, moral discourses,
sermons on mysteries, dogmatical treatises, panegyrics on saints;
the best edition of which is that of Morell, 2 vols., folio, Paris,
1615. The bishop died, A.D. 396.――――Another christian writer, whose
works were edited by the Benedictines, in 4 vols., folio, Paris,
1705.
=Grinnes=, a people among the Batavians. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 5,
ch. 10.
=Grosphus=, a man distinguished as much for his probity as his riches,
to whom _Horace_ addressed bk. 2, ode 16.
=Grudii=, a people tributary to the Nervii, supposed to have inhabited
the country near Tournay or Bruges in Flanders. _Cæsar_, _Gallic
War_, bk. 5, ch. 38.
=Grumentum=, now _Armento_, an inland town of Lucania on the river
Aciris. _Livy_, bk. 23, ch. 37; bk. 27, ch. 41.
=Gryllus=, a son of Xenophon, who killed Epaminondas, and was himself
slain, at the battle of Mantinea, B.C. 363. His father was offering
a sacrifice when he received the news of his death, and he threw
down the garland which was on his head; but he replaced it when
he heard that the enemy’s general had fallen by his hands; and
he observed, that his death ought to be celebrated with every
demonstration of joy, rather than of lamentation. _Aristotle._
――_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 11, &c.――――One of the companions of
Ulysses, changed into a swine by Circe. It it said that he refused
to be restored to his human shape, and preferred the indolence and
inactivity of this squalid animal.
=Grynēum= and =Grynīum=, a town near Clazomenæ, where Apollo had a
temple with an oracle, on account of which he is called _Grynæus_.
_Strabo_, bk. 13.――_Virgil_, _Eclogues_, bk. 6, li. 72; _Æneid_,
bk. 4, li. 345.
=Grynēus=, one of the Centaurs, who fought against the Lapithæ, &c.
_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 260.
=Gyărus= and =Gyăros=, an island in the Ægean sea, near Delos.
The Romans were wont to send their culprits there. _Ovid_,
_Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, li. 407.
=Gyas=, one of the companions of Æneas, who distinguished himself at
the games exhibited after the death of Anchises in Sicily. _Virgil_,
_Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 118, &c.――――A part of the territories of
Syracuse, in the possession of Dionysius.――――A Rutulian, son of
Melampus, killed by Æneas in Italy. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10,
li. 318.
=Gȳgæus=, a lake of Lydia, 40 stadia from Sardis. _Propertius_, bk. 3,
poem 11, li. 18.
=Gȳge=, a maid of Parysatis.
=Gyges=, or =Gyes=, a son of Cœlus and Terra, represented as having
50 heads and 100 hands. He, with his brothers, made war against the
gods, and was afterwards punished in Tartarus. _Ovid_, _Tristia_,
bk. 4, poem 7, li. 18.――――A Lydian, to whom Candaules king of the
country showed his wife naked. The queen was so incensed at this
instance of imprudence and infirmity in her husband, that she
ordered Gyges, either to prepare for death himself, or to murder
Candaules. He chose the latter, and married the queen, and ascended
the vacant throne, about 718 years before the christian era. He was
the first of the Mermnadæ who reigned in Lydia. He reigned 38 years,
and distinguished himself by the immense presents which he made to
the oracle of Delphi. According to Plato, Gyges descended into a
chasm of the earth, where he found a brazen horse, whose sides he
opened, and saw within the body the carcase of a man of uncommon
size, from whose finger he took a famous brazen ring. This ring,
when put on his finger, rendered him invisible; and by means of its
virtue, he introduced himself to the queen, murdered her husband,
and married her, and usurped the crown of Lydia. _Herodotus_, bk. 1,
ch. 8.――♦_Plato_, _Dialogues_, bk. 10, _The Republic_.――_Valerius
Maximus_, bk. 7, ch. 1.――_Cicero_, _De Officiis_, bk. 3, ch. 9.――――A
man killed by Turnus in his wars with Æneas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_,
bk. 9, li. 762.――――A beautiful boy of Cnidos in the age of Horace.
_Horace_, bk. 2, ode 5, li. 30.
♦ ‘Plutarch’ replaced with ‘Plato’
=Gylippus=, a Lacedæmonian sent, B.C. 414, by his countrymen to assist
Syracuse against the Athenians. He obtained a celebrated victory
over Nicias and Demosthenes, the enemy’s generals, and obliged them
to surrender. He accompanied Lysander in his expedition against
Athens, and was present at the taking of that celebrated town. After
the fall of Athens, he was entrusted by the conqueror with the money
which had been taken in the plunder, which amounted to 1500 talents.
As he conveyed it to Sparta, he had the meanness to unsew the bottom
of the bags which contained it, and secreted about 300 talents. His
theft was discovered; and to avoid the punishment which he deserved,
he fled from his country, and by this act of meanness tarnished the
glory of his victorious actions. _Tibullus_, bk. 4, poem 1, li. 199.
――_Plutarch_, _Nicias_.――――An Arcadian in the Rutulian war. _Virgil_,
_Æneid_, bk. 12, li. 272.
=Gymnăsia=, a large city near Colchis. _Diodorus_, bk. 14.
=Gymnăsium=, a place among the Greeks, where all the public exercises
were performed, and where not only wrestlers and dancers exhibited,
but also philosophers, poets, and rhetoricians repeated their
compositions. The room was high and spacious, and could contain many
thousands of spectators. The laborious exercises of the Gymnasium
were running, leaping, throwing the quoit, wrestling, and boxing,
which was called by the Greeks πενταθλον, and by the Romans
_quinquertia_. In riding, the athlete led a horse, on which he
sometimes was mounted, conducting another by the bridle, and jumping
from the one upon the other. Whoever came first to the goal and
jumped with the greatest agility, obtained the prize. In running
afoot the athletes were sometimes armed, and he who came first was
declared victorious. Leaping was a useful exercise; its primary
object was to teach the soldiers to jump over ditches, and to
pass over eminences during a siege, or in the field of battle.
In throwing the quoit, the prize was adjudged to him who threw it
furthest. The quoits were made either with wood, stone, or metal.
The wrestlers employed all their dexterity to bring their adversary
to the ground, and the boxers had their hands armed with gauntlets,
called also _cestus_. Their blows were dangerous, and often ended
in the death of one of the combatants. In wrestling and boxing,
the athletes were often naked, whence the word Gymnasium, γυμνος,
_nudus_. They anointed themselves with oil to brace their limbs, and
to render their bodies slippery and more difficult to be grasped.
_Pliny_, bk. 2, ltr. 17.――_Cornelius Nepos_, bk. 20, ch. 5.
=Gymnēsiæ=, two islands near the Iberus in the Mediterranean, called
Beleares by the Greeks. _Plutarch_, bk. 5, ch. 8.――_Strabo_, bk. 2.
=Gymnetes=, a people of Æthiopia, who lived almost naked. _Pliny_,
bk. 5, ch. 8.
=Gymniæ=, a town of Colchis. _Xenophon_, _Anabasis_, bk. 4.
=Gymnosophistæ=, a certain sect of philosophers in India, who,
according to some, placed their _summum bonum_ in pleasure, and
their _summum malum_ in pain. They lived naked, as their name
implies, and for 37 years they exposed themselves in the open air,
to the heat of the sun, the inclemency of the seasons, and the
coldness of the night. They were often seen in the fields fixing
their eyes full upon the disc of the sun from the time of its rising
till the hour of its setting. Sometimes they stood whole days upon
one foot in burning sand without moving, or showing any concern
for what surrounded them. Alexander was astonished at the sight
of a sect of men who seemed to despise bodily pain, and who inured
themselves to suffer the greatest tortures without uttering a groan,
or expressing any marks of fear. The conqueror condescended to visit
them, and his astonishment was increased when he saw one of them
ascend a burning pile with firmness and unconcern, to avoid the
infirmities of old age, and stand upright on one leg and unmoved,
whilst the flames surrounded him on every side. _See:_ Calanus. The
Brachmans were a branch of the sect of the Gymnosophistæ. _See:_
Brachmanes. _Strabo_, bk. 15, &c.――_Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 2.――_Cicero_,
_Tusculanæ Disputationes_, bk. 5.――_Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 240.
――_Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 9.――_Dionysius._
=Gynæceas=, a woman said to have been the wife of Faunus, and the
mother of Bacchus and of Midas.
=Gynæcothœnas=, a name of Mars at Tegea, on account of a sacrifice
offered by the women without the assistance of the men, who were not
permitted to appear at this religious ceremony. _Pausanias_, bk. 8,
ch. 48.
=Gyndes=, now _Zeindeh_, a river of Assyria, falling into the Tigris.
When Cyrus marched against Babylon, his army was stopped by this
river, in which one of his favourite horses was drowned. This so
irritated the monarch that he ordered the river to be conveyed into
360 different channels by his army, so that after this division it
hardly reached the knee. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, chs. 189 & 202.
=Gythēum=, a seaport town of Laconia, at the mouth of the Eurotas in
Peloponnesus, built by Hercules and Apollo, who had there desisted
from their quarrels. The inhabitants were called _Gytheatæ_.
_Cicero_, _De Officiis_, bk. 3, ch. 11.
H
=Habis=, a king of Spain, who first taught his subjects agriculture,
&c. _Justin_, bk. 44, ch. 4.
=Hadrianopŏlis=, a town of Thrace, on the Hebrus.
=Hadriānus=, a Roman emperor. _See:_ Adrianus.――――Caeso Fabius,
a pretor in Africa, who was burnt by the people of Utica for
conspiring with the slaves. _Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 1,
ch. 27; bk. 5, ch. 26.
=Hadriatĭcum mare.= _See:_ Adriaticum.
=Hædui.= _See:_ Ædui.
=Hæmon=, a Theban youth, son of Creon, who was so captivated with
the beauty of Antigone, that he killed himself on her tomb, when
he heard that she had been put to death by his father’s orders.
_Propertius_, bk. 2, poem 8, li. 21.――――A Rutulian engaged in the
wars of Turnus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 685.――――A friend of
Æneas against Turnus. He was a native of Lycia. _Virgil_, _Æneid_,
bk. 10, li. 126.
=Hæmŏnia.= _See:_ Æmonia.
=Hæmus=, a mountain which separates Thrace from Thessaly, so high that
from its top are visible the Euxine and Adriatic seas, though this,
however, is denied by Strabo. It receives its name from Hæmus son of
Boreas and Orithyia, who married Rhodope, and was changed into this
mountain for aspiring to divine honours. _Strabo_, bk. 7, p. 313.
――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 11.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, li. 87.
――――A stage-player. _Juvenal_, satire 3, li. 99.
=Hages=, a brother of king Porus, who opposed Alexander, &c. _Curtius_,
bk. 8, chs. 5 & 14.――――One of Alexander’s flatterers.――――A man of
Cyzicus, killed by Pollux. _Flaccus_, bk. 3, li. 191.
=Hagno=, a nymph.――――A fountain of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 38.
=Hagnagora=, a sister of Aristomenes. _Pausanias._
=Halæsus= and =Halēsus=, a son of Agamemnon by Briseis or Clytemnestra.
When he was driven from home, he came to Italy, and settled on
mount Massicus in Campania, where he built Falisci, and afterwards
assisted Turnus against Æneas. He was killed by Pallas. _Virgil_,
_Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 724; bk. 10, li. 352.――――A river near Colophon
in Asia Minor. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 29.
=Halala=, a village at the foot of mount Taurus.
=Halcyŏne.= _See:_ Alcyone.
=Halentum=, a town at the north of Sicily. _Cicero_, _Against Verres_,
bk. 3, ch. 43; bk. 4, ch. 23.
=Halesa=, a town of Sicily. _Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 2, ch. 7;
_Letters to his Friends_, bk. 13, ltr. 32.
=Halesius=, a mountain and river near Ætna, where Proserpine was
gathering flowers when she was carried away by Pluto. _Columella._
=Halia=, one of the Nereides. _Apollodorus._――――A festival at Rhodes
in honour of the sun.
=Haliacmon=, a river which separates Thessaly from Macedonia, and
falls into the Sinus Thermaicus. _Cæsar_, _Civil War_, bk. 3, ch. 36.
――_Pliny_, bk. 31, ch. 2.――_Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 127.
=Haliartus=, a town of Bœotia, founded by Haliartus the son of
Thersander. The monuments of Pandion king of Athens, and of Lysander
the Lacedæmonian general, were seen in that town. _Livy_, bk. 42,
chs. 44 & 63.――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 32.――――A town of Peloponnesus.
=Halicarnassus=, now _Bodroun_, a maritime city of Caria, in Asia
Minor, where the mausoleum, one of the seven wonders of the world,
was erected. It was the residence of the sovereigns of Caria, and
was celebrated for having given birth to Herodotus, Dionysius,
Heraclitus, &c. _Maximus Tyrius_, bk. 35.――_Vitruvius_, _On
Architecture_.――_Diodorus_, bk. 17.――_Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 178.
――_Strabo_, bk. 14.――_Livy_, bk. 27, chs. 10 & 16; bk. 33, ch. 20.
=Halicyæ=, a town of Sicily, near Lilybæum, now _Saleme_. _Pliny_,
bk. 3, ch. 8.――_Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 2, ch. 33.
――_Diodorus_, bk. 14.
=Halieis=, a town of Argolis.
=Halimede=, a Nereid.
=Halirrhotius=, a son of Neptune and Euryte, who ravished Alcippe
daughter of Mars, because she slighted his addresses. This violence
offended Mars, and he killed the ravisher. Neptune cited Mars to
appear before the tribunal of justice to answer for the murder of
his son. The cause was tried at Athens, in a place which has been
called from thence Areopagus (ἀρης _Mars_, and παγος _village_),
and the murderer was acquitted. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 14.
――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 21.
=Halithersus=, an old man, who foretold Penelope’s suitors the return
of Ulysses, and their own destruction. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 1.
=Halius=, a son of Alcinous, famous for his skill in dancing. _Homer_,
_Odyssey_, bk. 8, lis. 120 & 360.――――A Trojan, who came with Æneas
into Italy, where he was killed by Turnus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9,
li. 767.
=Halizōnes=, a people of Paphlagonia. _Strabo_, bk. 14.
=Halmus=, a son of Sisyphus, father to Chrysogone. He ♦reigned in
Orchomenos. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 35.
♦ ‘regined’ replaced with ‘reigned’
=Halmydessus=, a town of Thrace. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 2.
=Halocrătes=, a son of Hercules and Olympusa. _Apollodorus._
=Halōne=, an island of Propontis, opposite Cyzicus. _Pliny_, bk. 5,
ch. 31.
=Halonnēsus=, an island on the coast of Macedonia, at the bottom
of the Sinus Thermiacus. It was inhabited only by women, who had
slaughtered all the males, and they defended themselves against an
invasion. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.
=Halōtia=, a festival in Tegea. _Pausanias._
=Halōtus=, a eunuch, who used to taste the meat of Claudius. He
poisoned the emperor’s food by order of Agrippina. _Tacitus_,
_Annals_, bk. 2, ch. 66.
=Halus=, a city of Achaia,――――of Thessaly,――――of Parthia.
=Hălyæetus=, a man changed into a bird of the same name. _Ovid_,
_Metamorphoses_, bk. 3, li. 176.
=Halyattes.= _See:_ Alyattes.
=Halycus=, now _Platani_, a river at the south of Sicily.
=Halys=, now _Kizil-ermark_, a river of Asia Minor, rising in
Cappadocia, and falling into the Euxine sea. It received its name
ἀπο του ἁλος from _salt_, because its waters are of a salt and
bitter taste, from the nature of the soil over which they flow. It
is famous for the defeat of Crœsus king of Lydia, who was mistaken
by the ambiguous words of this oracle:
Χροισος Ἁλυν διαβας μεγαλην ἀρχην διαλυσει.
_If Crœsus passes over the Halys, he shall destroy a
great empire._
That empire was his own. _Cicero_, _de Divinatione_, bk. 2, ch. 56.
――_Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 11.――_Strabo_, bk. 12.――_Lucan_, bk. 3,
li. 272.――_Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 28.――――A man of Cyzicus, killed
by Pollux. _Valerius Flaccus_, bk. 3, li. 157.
=Halyzia=, a town of Epirus near the Achelous, where the Athenians
obtained a naval victory over the Lacedæmonians.
=Hamadryădes=, nymphs who lived in the country, and presided over
trees, with which they were said to live and die. The word is
derived from ἁμα _simul_, and δρυς _quercus_. _Virgil_, _Eclogues_,
poem 10.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 647.
=Hamæ=, a town of Campania near Cumæ. _Livy_, bk. 23, ch. 25.
=Hamaxia=, a city of Cilicia.
=Hamilcar=, the name of some celebrated generals of Carthage. _See:_
Amilcar.
=Hammon=, the Jupiter of the Africans. _See:_ Ammon.
=Hannibal.= _See:_ Annibal.
=Hanno.= _See:_ Anno.
=Harcălo=, a man famous for his knowledge of poisonous herbs, &c. He
touched the most venomous serpents and reptiles without receiving
the smallest injury. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 1, li. 406.
=Harmatelia=, a town of the Brachmanes in India, taken by Alexander.
_Diodorus_, bk. 17.
=Harmatris=, a town of Æolia.
=Hămillus=, an infamous debauchee. _Juvenal_, satire 10, li. 224.
=Harmodius=, a friend of Aristogiton, who delivered his country from
the tyranny of the Pisistratidæ, B.C. 510. _See:_ Aristogiton. The
Athenians, to reward the patriotism of these illustrious citizens,
made a law that no one should ever bear the name of Aristogiton
and Harmodius. _Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 35.――_Pliny_, bk. 34, ch. 8.
――_Seneca_, _de Ira_, bk. 2.
=Harmŏnia=, or =Hermionea= [_See:_ Hermione], a daughter of Mars ♦and
Venus, who married Cadmus. It is said that Vulcan, to avenge the
infidelity of her mother, made her a present of a vestment dyed
in all sorts of crimes, which, in some measure, inspired all the
children of Cadmus with wickedness and impiety. _Pausanias_, bk. 9,
ch. 16, &c.
♦ ‘aad’ replaced with ‘and’
=Harmŏnĭdes=, a Trojan beloved by Minerva. He built the ships in which
Paris carried away Helen. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 5.
=Harpăgus=, a general of Cyrus. He conquered Asia Minor after he had
revolted from Astyages, who had cruelly forced him to eat the flesh
of his son, because he had disobeyed his orders in not putting to
death the infant Cyrus. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 108.――_Justin_,
bk. 1, chs. 5 & 6.――――A river near Colchis. _Diodorus_, bk. 14.
=Harpălice.= _See:_ Harpalyce.
=Harpălion=, a son of Pylæmenes king of Paphlagonia, who assisted
Priam during the Trojan war, and was killed by Merion. _Homer_,
_Iliad_, bk. 13, li. 643.
=Harpălus=, a man entrusted with the treasures of Babylon by Alexander.
His hopes that Alexander would perish in his expedition rendered him
dissipate, negligent, and vicious. When he heard that the conqueror
was returning with great resentment, he fled to Athens, where, with
his money, he corrupted the orators, among whom was Demosthenes.
When brought to justice, he escaped with impunity to Crete, where
he was at last assassinated by Thimbron, B.C. 325. _Plutarch_,
_Phocion_.――_Diodorus_, bk. 17.――――A robber who scorned the gods.
_Cicero_, bk. 3, _de Natura Deorum_.――――A celebrated astronomer of
Greece, 480 years B.C.