common for five or six weeks in the months of spring and autumn.
_Lucretius_, bk. 5, li. 741.
=Ethalion=, one of the Tyrrhene sailors changed into dolphins for
carrying away Bacchus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3, li. 647.
=Etheleum=, a river of Asia, the boundary of Troas and Mysia. _Strabo._
=Ethŏda=, a daughter of Amphion and Niobe.
=Ethēmon=, a person killed at the marriage of Andromeda. _Ovid_,
_Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li. 163.
=Etias=, a daughter of Æneas. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 22.
=Etis=, a town of Peloponnesus. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 22.
=Etrūria.= _See:_ Hetruria.
=Etrusci=, the inhabitants of Etruria, famous for their superstitions
and enchantments. _See:_ Hetruria. _Cicero_, _Letters to his
Friends_, bk. 6, ltr. 6.――_Livy_, bk. 2, ch. 34.
=Etylus=, the father of Theocles. _Livy_, bk. 6, ch. 19.
=Evadne=, a daughter of Iphis or Iphicles of Argos, who slighted the
addresses of Apollo, and married Capancus, one of the seven chiefs
who went against Thebes. When her husband had been struck with
thunder by Jupiter for his blasphemies and impiety, and his ashes
had been separated from those of the rest of the Argives, she threw
herself on his burning pile, and perished in the flames. _Virgil_,
_Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 447.――_Propertius_, bk. 1, poem 15, li. 21.
――_Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 12, li. 800.――――A daughter of the
Strymon and Neæra. She married Argus, by whom she had four children.
_Apollodorus_, bk. 2.
=Evages=, a poet, famous for his genius but not for his learning.
=Evăgŏras=, a king of Cyprus who retook Salamis, which had been taken
from his father by the Persians. He made war against Artaxerxes the
king of Persia, with the assistance of the Egyptians, Arabians, and
Tyrians, and obtained some advantage over the fleet of his enemy.
The Persians, however, soon repaired their losses, and Evagoras saw
himself defeated by sea and land, and obliged to be tributary to
the power of Artaxerxes, and to be stripped of all his dominions,
except the town of Salamis. He was assassinated soon after this
fatal change of fortune by a eunuch, 374 B.C. He left two sons,
Nicocles, who succeeded him, and Protagoras, who deprived his nephew
Evagoras of his possessions. Evagoras deserves to be commended for
his sobriety, moderation, and magnanimity, and if he was guilty
of any political error in the management of his kingdom, it may be
said that his love of equity was a full compensation. His grandson
bore the same name, and succeeded his father Nicocles. He showed
himself oppressive, and his uncle Protagoras took advantage of
his unpopularity to deprive him of his power. Evagoras fled to
Artaxerxes Ochus, who gave him a government more extensive than
that of Cyprus, but his oppression rendered him odious, and he
was accused before his benefactor, and by his orders put to death.
_Cornelius Nepos_, bk. 12, ch. 2.――_Diodorus_, bk. 14.――_Pausanias_,
bk. 1, ch. 3.――_Justin_, bk. 5, ch. 6.――――A man of Elis, who obtained
a prize at the Olympian games. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 8.――――A
Spartan, famous for his services to the people of Elis. _Pausanias_,
bk. 6, ch. 10.――――A son of Neleus and Chloris. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1,
ch. 9.――――A son of Priam. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 12.――――A king
of Rhodes.――――An historian of Lindos.――――Another of Thasos, whose
works proved serviceable to Pliny in the compilation of his natural
history. _Pliny_, bk. 10.
=Evăgŏre=, one of the Nereides. _Apollodorus._
=Evan=, a surname of Bacchus, which he received from the wild
ejaculation of _Evan! Evan!_ by his priestesses. _Ovid_,
_Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, li. 15.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 517.
=Evander=, a son of the prophetess Carmente, king of Arcadia. An
accidental murder obliged him to leave his country, and he came to
Italy, where he drove the aborigines from their ancient possessions,
and reigned in that part of the country where Rome was afterwards
founded. He kindly received Hercules when he returned from the
conquest of Geryon; and he was the first who raised him altars. He
gave Æneas assistance against the Rutuli, and distinguished himself
by his hospitality. It is said that he first brought the Greek
alphabet into Italy, and introduced there the worship of the Greek
deities. He was honoured as a god after death by his subjects,
who raised him an altar on mount Aventine. _Pausanias_, bk. 8,
ch. 43.――_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 7.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 7, li. 18.
――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1, ch. 7.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_,
bk. 1, li. 500; bk. 5, li. 91.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 100,
&c.――――A philosopher of the second academy, who flourished B.C. 215.
=Evangĕlus=, a Greek historian.――――A comic poet.
=Evangorĭdes=, a man of Elis, who wrote an account of all those
who had obtained a prize at Olympia, where he himself had been
victorious. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 8.
=Evanthes=, a man who planted a colony in Lucania at the head of some
Locrians.――――A celebrated Greek poet.――――An historian of Miletus.
――――A philosopher of Samos.――――A writer of Cyzicus.――――A son of
Œnopion of Crete, who migrated to live at Chios. _Pausanias_, bk. 7,
ch. 4.
=Evarchus=, a river of Asia Minor flowing into the Euxine, on the
confines of Cappadocia. _Flaccus_, bk. 6, li. 102.
=Evas=, a native of Phrygia who accompanied Æneas into Italy, where he
was killed by Mezentius. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 702.
=Evax=, an Arabian prince who wrote to Nero concerning jewels. _Pliny_,
bk. 25, ch. 2.
=Eubages=, certain priests held in great veneration among the Gauls
and Britons. _See:_ Druidæ.
=Eubātas=, an athlete of Cyrene, whom the courtesan Lais in vain
endeavoured to seduce. _Pausanias_, _Elis_, bk. 1.
=Eubius=, an obscene writer, &c. _Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 2, li. 415.
=Eubœa=, the largest island in the Ægean sea after Crete, now called
_Negropont_. It is separated from the continent of Bœotia by the
narrow straits of the Euripus, and was anciently known by the
different names of _Macris_, _Oche_, _Ellopia_, _Chalcis_, _Abantis_,
_Asopis_. It is 150 miles long, and 37 broad in its most extensive
parts, and 365 in circumference. The principal town was Chalcis; and
it was reported that in the neighbourhood of Chalcis the island had
been formerly joined to the continent. Eubœa was subjected to the
power of the Greeks; some of its cities, however, remained for some
time independent. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.――_Strabo_, bk. 10.――_Ovid_,
_Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, li. 155.――――One of the three daughters of
the river Asterion, who was one of the nurses of Juno. _Pausanias_,
bk. 2, ch. 17.――――One of Mercury’s mistresses.――――A daughter of
Thespius. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2.――――A town of Sicily near Hybla.
=Euboĭcus=, belonging to Eubœa. The epithet is also applied to the
country of Cumæ, because that city was built by a colony from
Chalcis, a town of Eubœa. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 257.――_Virgil_,
_Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 2; bk. 9, li. 710.
=Eubote=, a daughter of Thespius. _Apollodorus._
=Eubotes=, a son of Hercules. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2.
=Eubūle=, an Athenian virgin, daughter of Leon, sacrificed with her
sisters, by order of the oracle of Delphi, for the safety of her
country, which laboured under a famine. _Ælian_, _Varia Historia_,
bk. 12, ch. 18.
=Eubūlĭdes=, a philosopher of Miletus, pupil and successor to
Euclid. Demosthenes was one of his pupils, and by his advice
and encouragement to perseverance he was enabled to conquer the
difficulty he felt in pronouncing the letter R. He severely attacked
the doctrines of Aristotle. _Diogenes Laërtius._――――An historian,
who wrote an account of Socrates and of Diogenes. _Diogenes
Laërtius._――――A famous statuary of Athens. _Pausanias_, bk. 8,
ch. 14.
=Eubūlus=, an Athenian orator, rival to Demosthenes.――――A comic poet.
――――An historian, who wrote a voluminous account of Mithras.――――A
philosopher of Alexandria.
=Eucērus=, a man of Alexandria, accused of adultery with Octavia, that
Nero might have occasion to divorce her. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 14,
ch. 60.
=Euchēnor=, a son of Ægyptus and Arabia. _Apollodorus._
=Euchides=, an Athenian who went to Delphi and returned the same
day, a journey of about 107 miles. The object of his journey was to
obtain sacred fire.
=Euclīdes=, a native of Megara, disciple of Socrates, B.C. 404.
When the Athenians had forbidden all the people of Megara on
pain of death to enter their city, Euclides disguised himself in
women’s clothes to introduce himself into the presence of Socrates.
_Diogenes Laërtius_, _Socrates_.――――A mathematician of Alexandria,
who flourished 300 B.C. He distinguished himself by his writings
on music and geometry, but particularly by 15 books on the elements
of mathematics, which consist of problems and theorems with
demonstrations. This work has been greatly mutilated by commentators.
Euclid was so respected in his lifetime, that king Ptolemy became
one of his pupils. Euclid established a school at Alexandria,
which became so famous, that from his age to the time of the
Saracen conquest, no mathematician was found but what had studied at
Alexandria. He was so respected that Plato, himself a mathematician,
being asked concerning the building of an altar at Athens, referred
his inquiries to the mathematician of Alexandria. The latest edition
of Euclid’s writings is that of Gregory, folio, Oxford, 1703.
_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 8, ch. 12.――_Cicero_, _On Oratory_, bk. 3,
ch. 72.
=Euclus=, a prophet of Cyprus, who foretold the birth and greatness of
the poet Homer, according to some traditions. _Pausanias_, bk. 10,
ch. 12.
=Eucrăte=, one of the Nereides. _Apollodorus._
=Eucrătes=, the father of Procles the historian. _Pausanias_, bk. 2,
ch. 21.
=Eucritus.= _See:_ Evephenus.
=Euctēmon=, a Greek of Cumæ, exposed to great barbarities. _Curtius_,
bk. 5, ch. 5.――――An astronomer who flourished B.C. 431.
=Euctresii=, a people of Peloponnesus.
=Eudæmon=, a general of Alexander.
=Eudamĭdas=, a son of Archidamus IV., brother to Agis IV. He succeeded
on the Spartan throne, after his brother’s death, B.C. 330.
_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 10.――――A son of Archidamus king of Sparta,
who succeeded B.C. 268.――――The commander of a garrison stationed at
Trœzene by Craterus.
=Eudamus=, a son of Agesilaus of the Heraclidæ. He succeeded his
father.――――A learned naturalist and philosopher.
=Eudēmus=, the physician of Livia the wife of Drusus, &c. _Tacitus_,
_Annals_, bk. 4, ch. 3.――――An orator of Megalopolis, preceptor to
Philopœmen.――――An historian of Naxos.
=Eudocia=, the wife of the emperor Theodosius the younger, who gave
the public some compositions. She died A.D. 460.
=Eudocĭmus=, a man who appeased a mutiny among some soldiers by
telling them that a hostile army was in sight. _Polyænus._
=Eudōra=, one of the Nereides.――――One of the Atlantides.
=Eudōrus=, a son of Mercury and Polimela, who went to the Trojan war
with Achilles. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 16.
=Eudoxi Specŭla=, a place in Egypt.
=Eudoxia=, the wife of Arcadius, &c.――――A daughter of Theodosius the
younger, who married the emperor Maximus, and invited Genseric the
Vandal over into Italy.
=Eudoxus=, a son of Æschines of Cnidus, who distinguished himself by
his knowledge of astrology, medicine, and geometry. He was the first
who regulated the year among the Greeks, among whom he first brought
from Egypt the celestial sphere and regular astronomy. He spent
a great part of his life on the top of a mountain, to study the
motions of the stars, by whose appearance he pretended to foretell
the events of futurity. He died in his 53rd year, B.C. 352. _Lucan_,
bk. 10, li. 187.――_Diogenes Laërtius._――_Petronius_, ch. 88.――――A
native of Cyzicus, who sailed all around the coast of Africa
from the Red sea, and entered the Mediterranean by the columns
of Hercules.――――A Sicilian, son of Agathocles.――――A physician.
_Diogenes Laërtius._
=Evelthon=, a king of Salamis in Cyprus.
=Euemĕrĭdas=, an historian of Cnidus.
=Evemĕrus=, an ancient historian of Messenia, intimate with Cassander.
He travelled over Greece and Arabia, and wrote a history of the gods,
in which he proved that they all had been upon earth, as mere mortal
men. Ennius translated it into Latin. It is now lost.
=Evēnor=, a painter, father to Parrhasius. _Pliny_, bk. 35, ch. 9.
=Evēnus=, an elegiac poet of Paros.――――A river running through Ætolia,
and falling into the Ionian sea. It receives its name from Evenus
son of Mars and Sterope, who being unable to overcome Idas, who had
promised him his daughter Marpessa in marriage, if he surpassed him
in running, grew so desperate, that he threw himself into the river,
which afterwards bore his name. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9,
li. 104.――_Strabo_, bk. 7.――――A son of Jason and Hypsipyle queen of
Lemnos. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 7, li. 467.
=Evephēnus=, a Pythagorean philosopher, whom Dionysius condemned
to death because he had alienated the people of Metapontum from
his power. The philosopher begged leave of the tyrant to go and
marry his sister, and promised to return in six months. Dionysius
consented by receiving Eucritus, who pledged himself to die
if Evephenus did not return in time. Evephenus returned at the
appointed moment, to the astonishment of Dionysius, and delivered
his friend Eucritus from the death which threatened him. The tyrant
was so pleased with these two friends, that he pardoned Evephenus,
and begged to share their friendship and confidence. _Polyænus_,
bk. 5.
=Everes=, a son of Pteralaus, the only one of his family who did not
perish in a battle against Electryon. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2.――――A son
of Hercules and Parthenope.――――The father of Tiresias. _Apollodorus._
=Evergĕtæ=, a people of Scythia, called also Arimaspi. _Curtius_,
bk. 7, ch. 3.
=Evergĕtes=, a surname signifying _benefactor_, given to Philip of
Macedonia, and to Antigonus Doson, and Ptolemy of Egypt. It was also
commonly given to the kings of Syria and Pontus, and we often see
among the former an Alexander Evergetes, and among the latter a
Mithridates Evergetes. Some of the Roman emperors also claimed that
epithet, so expressive of benevolence and humanity.
=Evesperĭdes=, a people of Africa. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 171.
=Eugănei=, a people of Italy on the borders of the Adriatic, who,
upon being expelled by the Trojans, seized upon a part of the Alps.
_Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 604.――_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 1.
=Eugeon=, an ancient historian before the Peloponnesian war.
=Eugenius=, a usurper of the imperial title after the death of
Valentinian II., A.D. 392.
=Euhemerus.= _See:_ Evemerus.
=Euhydrum=, a town of Thessaly. _Livy_, bk. 32, ch. 13.
=Euhyus= and =Evius=, a surname of Bacchus, given him in the war of
the giants against Jupiter. _Horace_, bk. 2, Ode 11, li. 17.
=Evippe=, one of the Danaides who married and murdered Imbras.
――――Another. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 1.――――The mother of the
Pierides, who were changed into magpies. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,
bk. 5, li. 303.
=Evippus=, a son of Thestius king of Pleuron, killed by his brother
Iphiclus in the chase of the Calydonian boar. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1,
ch. 7.――――A Trojan killed by Patroclus. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 16,
li. 417.
=Eulimĕne=, one of the Nereides.
=Eumăchius=, a Campanian who wrote a history of Annibal.
=Eumæus=, a herdsman and steward of Ulysses, who knew his master at
his return home from the Trojan war, after 20 years’ absence, and
assisted him in removing Penelope’s suitors. He was originally the
son of the king of Scyros, and upon being carried away by pirates,
he was sold as a slave to Laertes, who rewarded his fidelity and
services. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 13, li. 403; bk. 14, li. 3; bk. 15,
li. 288; bks. 16 & 17.
=Eumēdes=, a Trojan, son of Dolon, who came to Italy with Æneas, where
he was killed by Turnus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 12, li. 346.――_Ovid_,
_Tristia_, bk. 3, poem 4, li. 27.
=Eumēlis=, a famous augur. _Statius_, bk. 4, _Sylvæ_, poem 8, li. 49.
=Eumēlus=, a son of Admetus king of Pheræ in Thessaly. He went to
the Trojan war, and had the fleetest horses in the Grecian army.
He distinguished himself in the games made in honour of Patroclus.
_Homer_. _Iliad_, bks. 2 & 23.――――A man whose daughter was changed
into a bird. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, li. 390.――――A man
contemporary with Triptolemus, of whom he learned the art of
agriculture. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 18.――――One of the followers of
Æneas, who first informed his friend that his fleet had been set on
fire by the Trojan women. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 665.――――One
of the Bacchiadæ, who wrote, among other things, a poetical history
of Corinth, B.C. 750, of which a small fragment is still extant.
_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 1.――――A king of the Cimmerian Bosphorus,
who died B.C. 304.
=Eumĕnes=, a Greek officer in the army of Alexander, son of a
charioteer. He was the most worthy of all the officers of Alexander
to succeed after the death of his master. He conquered Paphlagonia
and Cappadocia, of which he obtained the government, till the power
and jealousy of Antigonus obliged him to retire. He joined his
forces to those of Perdiccas, and defeated Craterus and Neoptolemus.
Neoptolemus perished by the hands of Eumenes. When Craterus had been
killed during the war, his remains received an honourable funeral
from the hand of the conqueror; and Eumenes, after weeping over the
ashes of a man who once was his dearest friend, sent his remains
to his relations in Macedonia. Eumenes fought against Antipater and
conquered him, and after the death of Perdiccas his ally, his arms
were directed against Antigonus, by whom he was conquered, chiefly
by the treacherous conduct of his officers. This fatal battle
obliged him to disband the greatest part of his army to secure
himself a retreat, and he fled, with only 700 faithful attendants,
to Nora, a fortified place on the confines of Cappadocia, where he
was soon besieged by the conqueror. He supported the siege for a
year with courage and resolution, but some disadvantageous skirmishes
so reduced him, that his soldiers, grown desperate, and bribed by
the offers of the enemy, had the infidelity to betray him into the
hands of Antigonus. The conqueror, from shame or remorse, had not
the courage to visit Eumenes; but when he was asked by his officers
in what manner he wished him to be kept, he answered, “Keep him as
carefully as you would keep a lion.” This severe command was obeyed;
but the asperity of Antigonus vanished in a few days, and Eumenes,
delivered from the weight of chains, was permitted to enjoy the
company of his friends. Even Antigonus hesitated whether he should
not restore to his liberty a man with whom he had lived in the
greatest intimacy while both were subservient to the command of
Alexander, and these secret emotions of pity and humanity were not
a little increased by the petitions of his son Demetrius for the
release of Eumenes. But the calls of ambition prevailed; and when
Antigonus recollected what an active enemy he had in his power,
he ordered Eumenes to be put to death in the prison; though some
imagine he was murdered without the knowledge of his conqueror.
His bloody commands were executed B.C. 315. Such was the end of
a man who raised himself to power by merit alone. His skill in
public exercises first recommended him to the notice of Philip, and
under Alexander his attachment and fidelity to the royal person, and
particularly his military accomplishments, promoted him to the rank
of a general. Even his enemies revered him; and Antigonus, by whose
orders he perished, honoured his remains with a splendid funeral,
and conveyed his ashes to his wife and family in Cappadocia. It
has been observed that Eumenes had such a universal influence over
the successors of Alexander, that none during his lifetime dared
to assume the title of king; and it does not a little reflect to
his honour to consider that the wars he carried on were not from
private or interested motives, but for the good and welfare of his
deceased benefactor’s children. _Plutarch_ & _Cornelius Nepos_,
_Lives_.――_Diodorus_, bk. 19.――_Justin_, bk. 13.――_Curtius_,
bk. 10.――_Arrian._――――A king of Pergamus, who succeeded his uncle
Philetærus on the throne, B.C. 263. He made war against Antiochus
the son of Seleucus, and enlarged his possessions by seizing upon
many of the cities of the kings of Syria. He lived in alliance with
the Romans, and made war against Prusias king of Bithynia. He was
a great patron of learning, and given much to wine. He died of an
excess in drinking, after a reign of 22 years. He was succeeded by
Attalus. _Strabo_, bk. 15.――――The second of that name succeeded his
father Attalus on the throne of Asia and Pergamus. His kingdom was
small and poor, but he rendered it powerful and opulent, and his
alliance with the Romans did not a little contribute to the increase
of his dominions after the victories obtained over Antiochus the
Great. He carried his arms against Prusias and Antigonus, and died
B.C. 159, after a reign of 38 years, leaving the kingdom to his son
Attalus II. He has been admired for his benevolence and magnanimity,
and his love of learning greatly enriched the famous library of
Pergamus, which had been founded by his predecessors in imitation
of the Alexandrian collection of the Ptolemies. His brothers were
so attached to him and devoted to his interest, that they enlisted
among his bodyguards to show their fraternal fidelity. _Strabo_,
bk. 13.――_Justin_, bks. 31 & 34.――_Polybius._――――A celebrated
orator of Athens about the beginning of the fourth century. Some of
his harangues and orations are extant.――――An historical writer in
Alexander’s army.
=Eumenia=, a city of Phrygia, built by Attalus in honour of his
brother Eumenes.――――A city of Thrace,――――of Caria. _Pliny_, bk. 5,
ch. 29.――――Of Hyrcania.
=Eumĕnĭdes= and =Eumenes=, a man mentioned, _Ovid_, bk. 3, _Tristia_,
poem 4, li. 27.