was ordered by his father to go in quest of his sister Europa, whom
Jupiter had carried away, and he was never to return to Phœnicia
if he did not bring her back. As his search proved fruitless, he
consulted the oracle of Apollo, and was ordered to build a city
where he should see a young heifer stop in the grass, and to call
the country Bœotia. He found the heifer according to the directions
of the oracle; and as he wished to thank the god by a sacrifice, he
sent his companions to fetch water from a neighbouring grove. The
waters were sacred to Mars, and guarded by a dragon, which devoured
all the Phœnician’s attendants. Cadmus, tired of their seeming delay,
went to the place, and saw the monster still feeding on their flesh.
He attacked the dragon, and overcame it by the assistance of Minerva,
and sowed the teeth in a plain, upon which armed men suddenly rose
up from the ground. He threw a stone in the midst of them, and they
instantly turned their arms one against another, till all perished
except five, who assisted him in building his city. Soon after he
married Hermione the daughter of Venus, with whom he lived in the
greatest cordiality, and by whom he had a son Polydorus, and four
daughters, Ino, Agave, Autonoe, and Semele. Juno persecuted these
children; and their well-known misfortunes so distracted Cadmus
and Hermione, that they retired to Illyricum, loaded with grief and
infirm with age. They intreated the gods to remove them from the
misfortunes of life, and they were immediately changed into serpents.
Some explain the dragon’s fable, by supposing that it was a king of
the country whom Cadmus conquered by war; and the armed men rising
from the field, is no more than men armed with brass, according
to the ambiguous signification of a Phœnician word. Cadmus was
the first who introduced the use of letters into Greece; but some
maintain, that the alphabet which he brought from Phœnicia, was
only different from that which was used by the ancient inhabitants
of Greece. This alphabet consisted only of 16 letters, to which
Palamedes afterwards added four, and Simonides of Melos the same
number. The worship of many of the Egyptian and Phœnician deities
was also introduced by Cadmus, who is supposed to have come into
Greece 1493 years before the christian era, and to have died 61
years after. According to those who believe that Thebes was built
at the sound of Amphion’s lyre, Cadmus built only a small citadel
which he called Cadmea, and laid the foundations of a city which
was finished by one of his successors. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,
bk. 3, fables 1, 2, &c.――_Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 49; bk. 4, ch.
147.――_Hyginus_, fables 6, 76, 155, &c.――_Diodorus_, bk. 1, &c.
――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 5, &c.――_Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 937,
&c.――――A son of Pandion of Miletus, celebrated as an historian
in the age of Crœsus, and as the writer of an account of some
cities of Ionia, in four books. He is called the _ancient_, in
contradistinction from another of the same name and place, son of
Archelaus, who wrote a history of Attica in 16 books, and a treatise
on love in 14 books. _Diodorus_, bk. 1.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_,
bk. 2.――_Clement of Alexandria_, bk. 3.――_Strabo_, bk. 1.――_Pliny_,
bk. 5, ch. 29.――――A Roman executioner, mentioned _Horace_, bk. 1,
satire 5, li. 39.
=Cadra=, a hill of Asia Minor. _Tacitus._
=Cadūceus=, a rod entwined at one end by two serpents, in the form
of two equal semi-circles. It was the attribute of Mercury and
the emblem of power, and it had been given him by Apollo in return
for the lyre. Various interpretations have been put upon the two
serpents round it. Some suppose them to be a symbol of Jupiter’s
amours with Rhea, when these two deities transformed themselves into
snakes. Others say that it originates from Mercury’s having appeased
the fury of two serpents that were fighting, by touching them
with his rod. Prudence is generally supposed to be represented by
these two serpents, and the wings are the symbol of diligence; both
necessary in the pursuit of business and commerce, which Mercury
patronized. With it Mercury conducted to the infernal regions the
souls of the dead, and could lull to sleep, and even raise to life
a dead person. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 4, li. 242.――_Horace_, bk. 1,
ode 10.
=Cadurci=, a people of Gaul, at the east of the Garonne. _Cæsar._
=Cadusci=, a people near the Caspian sea. _Plutarch._
=Cadytis=, a town of Syria. _Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 159.
=Cæa=, an island of the Ægean sea among the Cyclades, called also
_Ceos_ and _Cea_, from Ceus the son of Titan. _Ovid_, poem 20.
_Heroides_.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 14.
=Cæcias=, a wind blowing from the north.
=Cæcĭlia=, the wife of Sylla. _Plutarch_, _Sulla_.――――The mother of
Lucullus. _Plutarch_, _Lucullus_.――――A daughter of Atticus.
=Cæcilia Caia=, or =Tanaquil=. _See:_ Tanaquil.
=Cæcilia lex=, was proposed A.U.C. 693, by Cæcilius Metellus Nepos,
to remove taxes from all the Italian states, and to give them free
exportation.――――Another, called also Didia, A.U.C. 656, by the
consul Quintus Cæcilius Metellus and Titus Didius. It required that
no more than one single matter should be proposed to the people in
one question, lest by one word they should give their assent to a
whole bill, which might contain clauses worthy to be approved, and
others unworthy. It required that every law, before it was preferred,
should be exposed to public view on three market-days.――――Another,
enacted by Cæcilius Metellus the censor, concerning fullers. _Pliny_,
bk. 35, ch. 17.――――Another, A.U.C. 701, to restore to the censors
their original rights and privileges, which had been lessened by
Publius Clodius the tribune.――――Another, called also Gabinia, A.U.C.
685, against usury.
=Cæciliānus=, a Latin writer before the age of Cicero.
=Cæcĭlii=, a plebeian family at Rome, descended from Cæcas, one of the
companions of Æneas, or from Cæculus the son of Vulcan, who built
Præneste. This family gave birth to many illustrious generals and
patriots.
=Cæcĭlius Claudius Isidorus=, a man who left in his will to his heirs,
4116 slaves, 3600 yokes of oxen, 257,000 small cattle, 600,000
pounds of silver. _Pliny_, bk. 33, ch. 10.――――Epirus, a freedman
of Atticus, who opened a school at Rome, and is said to have first
taught reading to Virgil and some other growing poets.――――A Sicilian
orator in the age of Augustus, who wrote on the Servile wars, a
comparison between Demosthenes and Cicero, and an account of the
orations of Demosthenes.――――Metellus. _See:_ Metellus.――――Statius,
a comic poet, deservedly commended by Cicero and Quintilian, though
the orator, _Letters to Atticus_, calls him _Malum Latinitatis
auctorem_. Above 30 of his comedies are mentioned by ancient
historians, among which are his Nauclerus, Phocius, Epiclerus,
Syracusæ, Fœnerator, Fallacia, Pausimachus, &c. He was a native of
Gaul, and died at Rome 168 B.C., and was buried on the Janiculum.
_Horace_, bk. 2, ltr. 1.
=Cæcīna Tuscus=, a son of Nero’s nurse, made governor of Egypt.
_Suetonius_, _Nero_.――――A Roman who wrote some physical treatises.
――――A citizen of Volaterræ defended by Cicero.
=Cæcŭbum=, a town of Campania in Italy, near the bay of Caieta,
famous for the excellence and plenty of its wines. _Strabo_, bk. 5.
――_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 20; bk. 2, ode 14, &c.
=Cæcŭlus=, a son of Vulcan, conceived, as some say, by his mother,
when a spark of fire fell into her bosom. He was called Cæculus
because his eyes were small. After a life spent in plundering and
rapine, he built Præneste; but being unable to find inhabitants, he
implored Vulcan to show whether he really was his father. Upon this
a flame suddenly shone among a multitude who were assembled to see
some spectacle, and they were immediately persuaded to become the
subjects of Cæculus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 680, says that
he was found in fire by shepherds, and on that account called son
of Vulcan, who is the god of fire.
=Quintus Cædicius=, a consul, A.U.C. 498.――――Another, A.U.C. 465.――――A
military tribune in Sicily, who bravely devoted himself to rescue
the Roman army from the Carthaginians, B.C. 254. He escaped with his
life.――――A rich person, &c. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 362.――――A
friend of Turnus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, lis. 7, 47.
=Cælia lex=, was enacted, A.U.C. 635, by Cælius, a tribune. It ordained,
that in judicial proceedings before the people, in cases of treason,
the votes should be given upon tablets contrary to the exception of
the Cassian law.
=Cælius=, an orator, disciple to Cicero. He died very young. Cicero
defended him when he was accused by Clodius of being accessary to
Catiline’s conspiracy, and of having murdered some ambassadors from
Alexandria, and carried on an illicit amour with Clodia the wife
of Metellus. _Pro Cælio_.――_Quintilian_, bk. 10, ch. 1.――――A man
of Tarracina, found murdered in his bed. His sons were suspected
of the murder, but acquitted. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 8, ch. 1.
――――Aurelianus, a writer about 300 years after Christ, the best
edition of whose works is that of Almeloveen, Amsterdam, 1722 and
1755.――――Lucius Antipater, wrote a history of Rome, which Marcus
Brutus epitomized, and which Adrian preferred to the histories of
Sallust. Cælius flourished 120 years B.C. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 1,
ch. 7.――_Cicero_, bk. 13, _Letters to Atticus_, ltr. 8.――――Tubero, a
man who came to life after he had been carried to the burning pile.
_Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 52.――――Vibienus, a king of Etruria, who assisted
Romulus against the Cæninenses, &c.――――Sabinus, a writer in the age
of Vespasian, who composed a treatise on the edicts of the curule
ediles.――――One of the seven hills on which Rome was built. Romulus
surrounded it with a ditch and rampart, and it was enclosed by
walls by the succeeding kings. It received its name from Cælius,
who assisted Romulus against the Sabines.
=Cæmaro=, a Greek, who wrote an account of India.
=Cæne=, a small island in the Sicilian sea.――――A town on the coast
of Laconia, whence Jupiter is called Cænius. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 5.
――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, li. 136.
=Cæneus=, one of the Argonauts. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.――――A
Trojan killed by Turnus. _Virgil._
=Cænides=, a patronymic of Eetion, as descended from Cæneus.
_Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 92.
=Cænīna=, a town of Latium near Rome. The inhabitants, called
_Cæninenses_, made war against the Romans when their virgins had
been stolen away. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 2, li. 135.――_Propertius_,
bk. 4, poem 11, li. 9.――_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 9.
=Cænis=, a promontory of Italy, opposite to Pelorus in Sicily, a
distance of about one mile and a half.
=Cænis=, a Thessalian woman, daughter of Elatus, who, being forcibly
ravished by Neptune, obtained from the god the power to change her
sex, and to become invulnerable. She also changed her name, and was
called _Cæneus_. In the wars of the Lapithæ against the Centaurs,
she offended Jupiter, and was overwhelmed with a huge pile of wood,
and changed into a bird. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, lis. 172
& 479.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 448, says that she returned
again to her pristine form.
=Quintus Servilius Cæpio=, a Roman consul, A.U.C. 648, in the Cimbrian
war. He plundered a temple at Tolossa, for which he was punished by
divine vengeance, &c. _Justin_, bk. 32, ch. 3.――_Paterculus_, bk. 2,
ch. 12.――――A questor who opposed Saturninus. _Cicero_, _Rhetorica ad
Herennium_.
=Cæratus=, a town of Crete. _Strabo._――――A river.
=Cære=, =Cæres=, anciently _Agylla_, now _Cerveteri_, a city of
Etruria, once the capital of the whole country. It was in being in
the age of Strabo. When Æneas came to Italy, Mezentius was king over
the inhabitants, called _Cæretes_ or _Cærites_; but they banished
their prince, and assisted the Trojans. The people of Cære received
with all possible hospitality the Romans who fled with the fire
of Vesta, when the city was besieged by the Gauls, and for this
humanity they were made citizens of Rome, but without the privilege
of voting; whence _Cærites tabulæ_ was applied to those who had no
suffrage, and _Cærites cera_ appropriated as a mark of contempt.
_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bks. 8 & 10.――_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 2.――_Strabo_,
bk. 5.
=Cæresi=, a people of Germany. _Cæsar._
=Cæsar=, a surname given to the Julian family at Rome, either because
one of them kept an _elephant_, which bears the same name in the
Punic tongue, or because one was born with a thick _head of hair_.
This name, after it had been dignified in the person of Julius
Cæsar and of his successors, was given to the apparent heir of
the empire, in the age of the Roman emperors. The 12 first Roman
emperors were distinguished by the surname of _Cæsar_. They reigned
in the following order: Julius Cæsar, Augustus, Tiberius, Caligula,
Claudius, Nero, Galba, Otho, Vitellius, Vespasian, Titus, and
Domitian. In Domitian, or rather in Nero, the family of Julius Cæsar
was extinguished. But after such a lapse of time, the appellation
of Cæsar seemed inseparable from the imperial dignity, and therefore
it was assumed by the successors of the Julian family. Suetonious
has written an account of these 12 characters, in an extensive and
impartial manner.――――Caius Julius Cæsar, the first emperor of Rome,
was son of ♦Caius Cæsar and Aurelia the daughter of Cotta. He was
descended, according to some accounts, from Julus the son of Æneas.
When he reached his 15th year he lost his father, and the year after
he was made priest of Jupiter. Sylla was aware of his ambition, and
endeavoured to remove him; but Cæsar understood his intentions, and
to avoid discovery changed every day his lodgings. He was received
into Sylla’s friendship some time after; and the dictator told those
who solicited the advancement of young Cæsar, that they were warm
in the interest of a man who would prove some day or other the ruin
of their country and of their liberty. When Cæsar went to finish his
studies at Rhodes, under Apollonius Molo, he was seized by pirates,
who offered him his liberty for 30 talents. He gave them 40, and
threatened to revenge their insults; and he no sooner was out of
their power, than he armed a ship, pursued them, and crucified them
all. His eloquence procured him friends at Rome; and the generous
manner in which he lived equally served to promote his interest.
He obtained the office of high priest at the death of Metellus; and
after he had passed through the inferior employments of the state,
he was appointed over Spain, where he signalized himself by his
valour and intrigues. At his return to Rome, he was made consul, and
soon after he effected a reconciliation between Crassus and Pompey.
He was appointed for the space of five years over the Gauls, by
the interest of Pompey, to whom he had given his daughter Julia in
marriage. Here he enlarged the boundaries of the Roman empire by
conquest, and invaded Britain, which was then unknown to the Roman
people. He checked the Germans, and soon after had his government
over Gaul prolonged to five other years, by means of his friends
at Rome. The death of Julia and of Crassus, the corrupted state of
the Roman senate, and the ambition of Cæsar and Pompey, soon became
the causes of a civil war. Neither of these celebrated Romans would
suffer a superior, and the smallest matters were sufficient ground
for unsheathing the sword. Cæsar’s petitions were received with
coldness or indifference by the Roman senate; and, by the influence
of Pompey, a decree was passed to strip him of his power. Antony,
who opposed it as tribune, fled to Cæsar’s camp with the news; and
the ambitious general no sooner heard this, than he made it a plea
of resistance. On pretence of avenging the violence which had been
offered to the sacred office of tribune in the person of Antony,
he crossed the Rubicon, which was the boundary of his province. The
passage of the Rubicon was a declaration of war, and Cæsar entered
Italy sword in hand. Upon this, Pompey, with all the friends of
liberty, left Rome, and retired to Dyrrachium; and Cæsar, after
he had subdued all Italy, in 60 days, entered Rome, and provided
himself with money from the public treasury. He went to Spain, where
he conquered the partisans of Pompey, under Petreius, Afranius,
and Varro; and, at his return to Rome, was declared dictator, and
soon after consul. When he left Rome he went in quest of Pompey,
observing that he was marching against a general without troops,
after having defeated troops without a general in Spain. In the
plains of Pharsalia, B.C. 48, the two hostile generals engaged.
Pompey was conquered, and fled into Egypt, where he was murdered.
Cæsar, after he had made a noble use of victory, pursued his
adversary into Egypt, where he for some time forgot his fame and
character in the arms of Cleopatra, by whom he had a son. His
danger was great while at Alexandria; but he extricated himself
with wonderful success, and made Egypt tributary to his power. After
several conquests in Africa, the defeat of Cato, Scipio, and Juba,
and that of Pompey’s sons in Spain, he entered Rome, and triumphed
over five different nations, Gaul, Alexandria, Pontus, Africa, and
Spain, and was created perpetual dictator. But now his glory was at
an end, his uncommon success created him enemies, and the chiefest
of the senators, among whom was Brutus his most intimate friend,
conspired against him, and stabbed him in the senate house on the
ides of March. He died, pierced with 23 wounds, the 15th of March,
B.C. 44, in the 56th year of his age. Casca gave him the first blow,
and immediately he attempted to make some resistance; but when he
saw Brutus among the conspirators, he submitted to his fate, and
fell down at their feet, muffling up his mantle, and exclaiming, _Tu
quoque Brute_! Cæsar might have escaped the sword of the conspirators
if he had listened to the advice of his wife, whose dreams on the
night previous to the day of his murder were alarming. He also
received, as he went to the senate house, a paper from Artemidorus,
which discovered the whole conspiracy to him; but he neglected the
reading of what might have saved his life. When he was in his first
campaign in Spain, he was observed to gaze at a statue of Alexander,
and even shed tears at the recollection that that hero had conquered
the world at an age in which he himself had done nothing. The
learning of Cæsar deserves commendation, as well as his military
character. He reformed the calendar. He wrote his commentaries
on the Gallic wars, on the spot where he fought his battles; and
the composition has been admired for the elegance as well as the
correctness of its style. This valuable book was nearly lost; and
when Cæsar saved his life in the bay of Alexandria, he was obliged
to swim from his ship, with his arms in one hand and his commentaries
in the other. Besides the Gallic and civil wars, he wrote other
pieces, which are now lost. The history of the war in Alexandria and
Spain is attributed to him by some, and by others to Hirtius. Cæsar
has been blamed for his debaucheries and expenses; and the first
year he had a public office, his debts were rated at 830 talents,
which his friends discharged: yet, in his public character, he must
be reckoned one of the few heroes that rarely make their appearance
among mankind. His qualities were such that in every battle he could
not but be conqueror, and in every republic, master; and to his
sense of his superiority over the rest of the world, or to his
ambition, we are to attribute his saying, that he wished rather
to be first in a little village, than second at Rome. It was after
his conquest over Pharnaces in one day, that he made use of these
remarkable words, to express the celerity of his operations: _Veni,
vidi, vici_. Conscious of the services of a man who in the intervals
of peace, beautified and enriched the capital of his country with
public buildings, libraries, and porticoes, the senate permitted
the dictator to wear a laurel crown on his bald head; and it is said
that, to reward his benevolence, they were going to give him the
title of authority of king all over the Roman empire, except Italy,
when he was murdered. In his private character, Cæsar has been
accused of seducing one of the vestal virgins, and suspected of
being privy to Catiline’s conspiracy; and it was his fondness for
dissipated pleasures which made his countrymen say, that he was the
husband of all the women at Rome, and the woman of all men. It is
said that he conquered 300 nations, took 800 cities, and defeated
three millions of men, one of which fell in the field of battle.
_Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 25, says that he could employ at the same time,
his ears to listen, his eyes to read, his hand to write, and his
mind to dictate. His death was preceded, as many authors mention, by
uncommon prodigies; and immediately after his death, a large comet
made its appearance. The best editions of Cæsar’s commentaries,
are the magnificent one by Dr. Clarke, folio, London, 1712; that of
Cambridge, with a Greek translation, 4to, 1727; that of Oudendorp,
2 vols., 4to, Leiden, 1737; and that of Elzevir, 8vo, Leiden, 1635.
_Suetonius_ & _Plutarch_, _Lives_.――_Dio Cassius._――_Appian._
――_Orosius._――_Diodorus_, bk. 16 & fragments of bks. 31 & 37.
――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 466.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,
bk. 15, li. 782.――_Marcellinus._――_Florus_, bks. 3 & 4.――――Lucius
was father to the dictator. He died suddenly, when putting on his
shoes.――――Octavianus. _See:_ Augustus.――――Caius, a tragic poet
and orator, commended by _Cicero_, _Brutus_. His brother C. Lucius
was consul, and followed, as well as himself, the party of Sylla.
They were both put to death by order of Marius.――――Lucius, an uncle
of Marcus Antony, who followed the interest of Pompey, and was
proscribed by Augustus, for which Antony proscribed Cicero the
friend of Augustus. His son Lucius was put to death by Julius Cæsar
in his youth.――――Two sons of Agrippa bore also the name of Cæsar,
Caius and Lucius. _See:_ Agrippa.――――Augusta, a town of Spain, built
by Augustus, on the Iberus, and now called _Saragossa_.
♦ ‘L.’ replaced with ‘Caius’
=Cæsarēa=, a city of Cappadocia,――――of Bithynia,――――of Mauritania,
――――of Palestine. There are many small insignificant towns of that
name, either built by the emperors, or called by their name, in
compliment to them.
=Cæsarion=, the son of Julius Cæsar by queen Cleopatra, was, at the
age of 13, proclaimed by Antony and his mother, king of Cyprus,
Egypt, and Cœlosyria. He was put to death five years after by
Augustus. _Suetonius_, _Augustus_, ch. 17, & _Cæsar_, ch. 52.
=Cæsennius Pætus=, a general sent by Nero to Armenia, &c. _Tacitus_,
_Annals_, bk. 15, chs. 6 & 25.
=Cæsetius=, a Roman who protected his children against Cæsar.
_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 5, ch. 7.
=Cæsia=, a surname of Minerva.――――A wood in Germany. _Tacitus_,
_Annals_, bk. 1, ch. 50.
=Cæsius=, a Latin poet, whose talents were not of uncommon brilliancy.
_Catullus_, poem 14.――――A lyric and heroic poet in the reign of Nero.
_Persius._
=Cæso=, a son of Quinctius Cincinnatus, who revolted to the Volsci.
=Cæsonia=, a lascivious woman who married Caligula, and was murdered
at the same time with her daughter Julia. _Suetonius_, _Caligula_,
ch. 59.
=Cæsonius Maximus=, was banished from Italy by Nero, on account of his
friendship with Seneca, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 15, ch. 71.
=Cætŭlum=, a town of Spain. _Strabo_, bk. 2.
=Cagāco=, a fountain of Laconia. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 24.
=Caicīnus=, a river of Locris. _Thucydides_, bk. 3, ch. 103.
=Caīcus=, a companion of Æneas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 187;
bk. 9, li. 35.――――A river of Mysia, falling into the Ægean sea,
opposite Lesbos. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 4, li. 370.――_Ovid_,
_Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 243.
=Caiēta=, a town, promontory, and harbour of Campania, which received
its name from Caieta the nurse of Æneas, who was buried there.
_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 1.
=Caius= and =Caia=, a prænomen very common at Rome to both sexes. C,
in its natural position, denoted the man’s name, and when reversed Ↄ
it implied Cais. _Quintilian_, bk. 1, ch. 7.
=Caius=, a son of Agrippa by Julia. _See:_ Agrippa.
=Quintus Calăber=, called also Smyrnæus, wrote a Greek poem in 14
books, as a continuation of Homer’s Iliad, about the beginning of
the third century. The best editions of this elegant and well-written
book are that of Rhodoman, 12mo, Hanover, 1604, with the notes of
Dausqueius; and that of Pauw, 8vo, Leiden, 1734.
=Calābria=, a country of Italy in Magna Græcia. It has been called
Messapia, Japygia, Salentinia, and Peucetia. The poet Ennius was
born there. The country was fertile, and produced a variety of
fruits, much cattle, and excellent honey. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk.
3, li. 425.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 31; _Epodes_, poem 1, li. 27; bk.
1, ltr. 7, li. 14.――_Strabo_, bk. 6.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――_Pliny_,
bk. 8, ch. 48.
=Calăbrus=, a river of Calabria. _Pausanias_, bk. 6.