Halicarnassus and the neighbouring country. She assisted Xerxes
in his expedition against Greece with a fleet, and her valour was
so great that the monarch observed that all his men fought like
women, and all his women like men. The Athenians were so ashamed
of fighting against a woman, that they offered a reward of 10,000
drachms for her head. It is said that she was fond of a youth of
Abydos, called Dardanus, and that, to punish his disdain, she put
out his eyes while he was asleep, and afterwards leaped down the
promontory of Leucas. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 99; bk. 8, ch. 68, &c.
――_Justin_, bk. 2, ch. 12.――――There was also another queen of Caria
of that name, often confounded with the daughter of Lygdamis. She
was daughter of Hecatomnus king of Caria or Halicarnassus, and was
married to her own brother Mausolus famous for his personal beauty.
She was so fond of her husband, that at his death she drank in her
liquor his ashes after his body had been burned, and erected to his
memory a monument, which, for its grandeur and magnificence, was
called one of the seven wonders of the world. This monument she
called _Mausoleum_, a name which has been given from that time to
all monuments of unusual splendour. She invited all the literary
men of her age, and proposed rewards to him who composed the best
elegiac panegyric upon her husband. The prize was adjudged to
Theopompus. She was so inconsolable for the death of her husband
that she died through grief two years after. _Vitruvius._――_Strabo_,
bk. 14.――_Pliny_, bk. 25, ch. 7; bk. 36, ch. 5.
=Artemisia.= _See:_ Artemis.
=Artemisium=, a promontory of Eubœa, where Diana had a temple. The
neighbouring part of the sea bore the same name. The fleet of Xerxes
had a skirmish there with the Grecian ships. _Herodotus_, bk. 7,
ch. 175, &c.――――A lake near the grove Aricia, with a temple sacred
to Artemis, whence the name.
=Artemīta=, a city at the east of Seleucia.――――An island opposite the
mouth of the Achelous. _Strabo._
=Artĕmon=, an historian of Pergamus.――――A native of Clazomenæ, who was
with Pericles at the siege of Samos, where it is said he invented
the battering ram, the _testudo_, and other equally valuable military
engines.――――A man who wrote a treatise on collecting books.――――A
native of Magnesia, who wrote the history of illustrious women.――――A
physician of Clazomenæ.――――A painter.――――A Syrian, whose features
resembled, in the strongest manner, those of Antiochus. The queen,
after the king’s murder, made use of Artemon to represent her husband
in a lingering state, that, by his seeming to die a natural death,
she might conceal her guilt, and effect her wicked purpose. _See:_
Antiochus.
=Artimpasa=, a name of Venus among the Scythians. _Herodotus_, bk. 4,
ch. 59.
=Artobarzănes=, a son of Darius, who endeavoured to ascend the throne
in preference to his brother Xerxes, but to no purpose. _Herodotus_,
bk. 7, chs. 2 & 3.
=Artochmes=, a general of Xerxes, who married one of the daughters of
Darius. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 73.
=Artōna=, a town of the Latins, taken by the Æqui. _Livy_, bk. 2,
ch. 43.
=Artontes=, a son of Mardonius. _Pausanias_, _Bœotia_.
=Artonius=, a physician of Augustus, who, on the night previous to the
battle of Philippi, saw Minerva in a dream, who told him to assure
Augustus of victory. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 1, ch. 7.
=Artoxares=, a eunuch of Paphlagonia, in the reign of Artaxerxes I.,
cruelly put to death by Parysatis.
=Arturius=, an obscure fellow, raised to honours and wealth by his
flatteries, &c. _Juvenal_, satire 3, li. 29.
=Artynes=, a king of Media.
=Artynia=, a lake of Asia Minor.
=Artystŏna=, a daughter of Darius. _Herodotus_, bk. 3, ch. 88.
=Aruæ=, a people of Hyrcania, where Alexander kindly received the chief
officers of Darius. _Curtius_, bk. 6, ch. 4.
=Arvāles=, a name given to 12 priests who celebrated the festivals
called Ambarvalia. According to some, they were descended from the
12 sons of Acca Laurentia, who suckled Romulus. They wore a crown of
ears of corn, and a white fillet. _Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 4.
_See:_ Ambarvalia.
=Arueris=, a god of the Egyptians, son of Isis and Osiris. According
to some accounts, Osiris and Isis were married together in their
mother’s womb, and Isis was pregnant of Arueris before she was born.
=Arverni=, a powerful people of Gaul, now _Auvergne_, near the Ligeris,
who took up arms against Julius Cæsar. They were conquered with
great slaughter. They pretended to be descended from the Trojans as
well as the Romans. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 7.――_Strabo_, bk. 14.
=Arvĭrăgus=, a king of Britain. _Juvenal_, satire 4, li. 127.
=Arvīsium= and =Arvīsus=, a promontory of Chios, famous for its wine.
_Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 5.
=Lucius Arunculeius Costa [Cotta]=, an officer sent by Julius Cæsar
against the Gauls, by whom he was killed. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_.
=Aruns=, an Etrurian soothsayer in the age of Marius. _Lucan_, bk. 1,
li. 586.――――A soldier who slew Camilla, and was killed by a dart of
Diana. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 11, li. 759.――――A brother of Tarquin
the Proud. He married Tullia, who murdered him to espouse Tarquin,
who had assassinated his wife.――――A son of Tarquin the Proud, who,
in the battle that was fought between the partisans of his father
and the Romans, attacked Brutus the Roman consul, who wounded him
and threw him down from his horse. _Livy_, bk. 2, ch. 6.――――A son of
Porsenna king of Etruria, sent by his father to take Aricia. _Livy_,
bk. 2, ch. 14.
=Aruntius=, a Roman who ridiculed the rites of Bacchus, for which the
god inebriated him to such a degree that he offered violence to his
daughter Medullina, who murdered him when she found that he acted
so dishonourably to her virtue. _Plutarch_, _Parallela minora_.――――A
man who wrote an account of the Punic wars in the style of Sallust,
in the reign of Augustus. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 1.――_Seneca_,
ltr. 14.――――Another Latin writer. _Seneca_, _de Beneficiis_, bk. 6.
――――Paterculus, a man who gave Æmylius Censorinus tyrant of Ægesta
a brazen horse to torment criminals. The tyrant made the first
experiment upon the body of the donor. _Plutarch_, _Parallela
minora_.――――Stella, a poet descended of a consular family in the age
of Domitian.
=Arupīnus=, a maritime town of Istria. _Tibullus_, bk. 4, poem 1,
li. 110.
=Aruspex.= _See:_ Haruspex.
=Aryxăta=, a town of Armenia, near the Araxes. _Strabo_, bk. 11.
=Aryandes=, a Persian appointed governor of Egypt by Cambyses. He
was put to death because he imitated Darius in whatever he did, and
wished to make himself immortal. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 166.
=Arybas=, a native of Sidon, whose daughter was carried away by
pirates. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 15, li. 425.――――A king of the
Molossi, who reigned 10 years.
=Aryptæus=, a prince of the Molossi, who privately encouraged the
Greeks against Macedonia, and afterwards embraced the party of the
Macedonians.
=Asander=, a man who separated, by a wall, Chersonesus Taurica from
the continent. _Strabo_, bk. 7.
=Asbestæ= and =Asbystæ=, a people of Libya above Cyrene, where the
temple of Ammon is built. Jupiter is sometimes called, on that
account, _Asbystius_. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 170.――_Ptolemy_, bk. 4,
ch. 3.
=Asbŏlus= (_black hair_), one of Actæon’s dogs. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,
bk. 3.
=Ascalăphus=, a son of Mars and Astyoche, who was among the Argonauts,
and went to the Trojan war at the head of the Ochomenians, with
his brother Ialmenus. He was killed by Deiphobus. _Homer_, _Iliad_,
bk. 2, li. 13; bk. 9, li. 82; bk. 13, li. 518.――――A son of Acheron
by Gorgyra or Orphne, stationed by Pluto to watch over Proserpine
in the Elysian fields. When Ceres had obtained from Jupiter her
daughter’s freedom and return upon earth, provided she had eaten
nothing in the kingdom of Pluto, Ascalaphus discovered that she
had eaten some pomegranates from a tree; upon which Proserpine was
ordered by Jupiter to remain six months with Pluto, and the rest
of the year with her mother. Proserpine was so displeased with
Ascalaphus, that she sprinkled water on his head, and immediately
turned him into an owl. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 5; bk. 2, ch. 5.
――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, fable 8.
=Ascălon=, a town of Syria, near the Mediterranean, about 520 stadia
from Jerusalem, still in being. It was anciently famous for its
onions. _Josephus_, _The Jewish War_, bk. 3, ch. 2.――_Theophrastus_,
_Enquiry into Plants_, bk. 7, ch. 4.
=Ascania=, an island of the Ægean sea.――――A city of Troas, built by
Ascanius.
=Ascănius=, son of Æneas by Creusa, was saved from the flames of Troy
by his father, whom he accompanied in his voyage to Italy. He was
afterwards called Iulus. He behaved with great valour in the war
which his father carried on against the Latins, and succeeded Æneas
in the kingdom of Latinus, and built Alba, to which he transferred
the seat of his empire from Lavinium. The descendants of Ascanius
reigned in Alba for above 420 years, under 14 kings, till the age
of Numitor. Ascanius reigned 38 years; 30 at Lavinium, and eight at
Alba; and was succeeded by Sylvius Posthumus son of Æneas by Lavinia.
Iulus the son of Ascanius disputed the crown with him; but the
Latins gave it in favour of Sylvius, as he was descended from the
family of Latinus, and Iulus was invested with the office of high
priest, which remained a long while in his family. _Livy_, bk. 1,
ch. 3.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, &c.――――According to _Dionysius of
Halicarnassus_, bk. 1, ch. 15, &c., the son of Æneas by Lavinia was
also called Ascanius.――――A river of Bithynia. _Virgil_, _Georgics_,
bk. 3, li. 270.
=Ascii=, a nation of India, in whose country objects at noon have no
shadow. _Pliny_, bk. 2.
=Asclēpia=, festivals in honour of Asclepius, or Æsculapius, celebrated
all over Greece, when prizes for poetical and musical compositions
were honourably distributed. At Epidaurus they were called by a
different name.
=Asclēpiădes=, a rhetorician in the age of Eumenes, who wrote an
historical account of Alexander. _Arrian_.――――A disciple of Plato.
――――A philosopher, disciple to Stilpo, and very intimate with
Menedemus. The two friends lived together, and that they might not
be separated when they married, Asclepiades married the daughter,
and Menedemus, though much the younger, the mother. When the wife
of Asclepiades was dead, Menedemus gave his wife to his friend, and
married another. He was blind in his old age, and died in Eretria.
_Plutarch_.――――A physician of Bithynia, B.C. 90, who acquired great
reputation at Rome, and was the founder of a sect in physic. He
relied so much on his skill that he laid a wager he should never
be sick; and won it, as he died of a fall, in a very advanced age.
Nothing of his medical treatises is now extant.――――An Egyptian,
who wrote hymns on the gods of his country, and also a treatise on
the coincidence of all religions.――――A native of Alexandria, who
gave a history of the Athenian archons.――――The writer of a treatise
on Demetrius Phalereus.――――A disciple of Isocrates, who wrote six
books on those events which had been the subject of tragedies.――――A
physician in the age of Pompey.――――A tragic poet.――――Another
physician of Bithynia, under Trajan. He lived 70 years, and was a
great favourite of the emperor’s court.
=Asclepiodōrus=, a painter in the age of Apelles, 12 of whose pictures
of the gods were sold, for 300 minæ each, to an African prince.
_Pliny_, bk. 35.――――A soldier who conspired against Alexander with
Hermolaus. _Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 6.
=Asclepiodotus=, a general of Mithridates.
=Asclepius.= _See:_ Æsculapius.
=Ascletarion=, a mathematician in the age of Domitian, who said that
he should be torn by dogs. The emperor ordered him to be put to
death, and his body carefully secured; but as soon as he was set
on the burning pile, a sudden storm arose which put out the flames,
and the dogs came and tore to pieces the mathematician’s body.
_Suetonius_, _Domitian_, ch. 15.
=Asclus=, a town of Italy. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 8.
=Ascolia=, a festival in honour of Bacchus, celebrated about December
by the Athenian husbandmen, who generally sacrificed a goat to the
god, because that animal is a great enemy to the vine. They made
a bottle with the skin of the victim, which they filled with oil
and wine, and afterwards leaped upon it. He who could stand upon
it first was victorious, and received the bottle as a reward. This
was called ἀσκωλιαζειν παρα το ἐπι ἀσκον ἀλλεσθαι, _leaping upon
the bottle_, whence the name of the festival is derived. It was also
introduced in Italy, where the people besmeared their faces with the
dregs of wine, and sang hymns to the god. They always hanged some
small images of the god on the tallest trees in their vineyards,
and these images they called Oscilla. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 2,
li. 384.――_Pollux_, bk. 9, ch. 7.
=Asconius Labeo=, a preceptor of Nero.――――Pedia, a man intimate
with Virgil and Livy.――――Another of the same family in the age of
Vespasian, who became blind in his old age, and lived 12 years after.
He wrote, besides some historical treatises, annotations on Cicero’s
orations.
=Ascra=, a town of Bœotia, built, according to some, by the giants Otus
and Ephialtes, at the foot of Mount Helicon. Hesiod was born there,
whence he is often called the _Ascrean_ poet, and whatever poem
treats on agricultural subjects _Ascræum carmen_. The town received
its name from Ascra, a nymph, mother of Œoclus by Neptune. _Strabo_,
bk. 9.――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 29.――_Paterculus_, bk. 1.
=Ascŭlum=, now _Ascoli_, a town of Picenum, famous for the defeat of
Pyrrhus by Curius and Fabricius. _Florus_, bk. 3, ch. 18.――――Another
in Apulia, near the Aufidus.
=Asdrŭbal=, a Carthaginian, son-in-law of Hamilcar. He distinguished
himself in the Numidian war, and was appointed chief general on the
death of his father-in-law, and for eight years presided with much
prudence and valour over Spain, which submitted to his arms with
cheerfulness. Here he laid the foundation of new Carthage, and saw
it complete. To stop his progress towards the east, the Romans, in
a treaty with Carthage, forbade him to pass the Iberus, which was
faithfully observed by the general. He was killed in the midst of
his soldiers, B.C. 220, by a slave whose master he had murdered. The
slave was caught and put to death in the greatest torments, which he
bore with patience, and even ridiculed. Some say that he was killed
in hunting. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 1, li. 165.――_Appian_, _Wars in
Spain_.――_Polybius_, bk. 2.――_Livy_, bk. 21, ch. 2, &c.――――A son
of Hamilcar, who came from Spain with a large reinforcement for his
brother Annibal. He crossed the Alps and entered Italy; but some of
his letters to Annibal having fallen into the hands of the Romans,
the consuls Marcus Livius Salinator and Claudius Nero attacked
him suddenly near the Metaurus, and defeated him, B.C. 207. He was
killed in the battle, and 56,000 of his men shared his fate, and
5400 were taken prisoners; about 8000 Romans were killed. The head
of Asdrubal was cut off, and some days after thrown into the camp of
Annibal, who, in the moment that he was in the greatest expectations
for a promised supply, exclaimed at the sight, “In losing Asdrubal,
I lose all my happiness, and Carthage all her hopes.” Asdrubal had
before made an attempt to penetrate into Italy by sea, but had been
defeated by the governor of Sardinia. _Livy_, bks. 21, 23, 27, &c.
――_Polybius._――_Horace_, bk. 4, ode 4.――――A Carthaginian general,
surnamed _Calvus_, appointed governor of Sardinia, and taken
prisoner by the Romans. _Livy._――――Another, son of Gisgon, appointed
general of the Carthaginian forces in Spain, in the time of the
great Annibal. He made head against the Romans in Africa, with the
assistance of Scyphax, but he was soon after defeated by Scipio.
He died B.C. 206. _Livy._――――Another, who advised his countrymen
to make peace with Rome, and upbraided Annibal for laughing in the
Carthaginian senate. _Livy._――――A grandson of Masinissa, murdered
in the senate house by the Carthaginians.――――Another, whose camp
was destroyed in Africa by Scipio, though at the head of 20,000 men,
in the last Punic war. When all was lost, he fled to the enemy, and
begged his life. Scipio showed him to the Carthaginians, upon which
his wife, with a thousand imprecations, threw herself and her two
children into the flames of the temple of Æsculapius, which she and
others had set on fire. He was not of the same family as Annibal.
_Livy_, bk. 51.――――A Carthaginian general, conquered by Lucius
Cæcilius Metellus in Sicily, in a battle in which he lost 130
elephants. These animals were led in triumph all over Italy by the
conquerors.
=Asellio Sempronius=, an historian and military tribune, who wrote
an account of the actions in which he was present. _Dionysius of
Halicarnassus._
=Asia=, one of the three parts of the ancient world, separated from
Europe by the Tanais, the Euxine, Ægean, and Mediterranean seas.
The Nile and Egypt divide it from Africa. It received its name
from Asia the daughter of Oceanus. This part of the globe has given
birth to many of the greatest monarchies of the universe, and to the
ancient inhabitants of Asia we are indebted for most of the arts and
sciences. The soil is fruitful, and abounds with all the necessaries
as well as luxuries of life. Asia was divided into many different
empires, provinces, and states, of which the most conspicuous
were the Assyrian and Persian monarchies. The Assyrian monarchy,
according to Eusebius, lasted 1240 years, and according to Justin
1300 years, down to the year of the world 4380. The empire of Persia
existed 228 years, till the death of Darius III., whom Alexander
the Great conquered. The empire of the Medes lasted 259 years,
according to Eusebius, or less, according to others, till the reign
of Astyages, who was conquered by Cyrus the Great, who transferred
the power from the Medes, and founded the Persian monarchy. It was
in Asia that the military valour of the Macedonians, and the bold
retreat of the 10,000 Greeks, were so conspicuously displayed. It is
in that part of the world that we are to look for the more visible
progress of luxury, despotism, sedition, effeminacy, and dissipation.
Asia was generally divided into Major and Minor. Asia Major was
the most extensive, and comprehended all the eastern parts; and
Asia Minor was a large country in the form of a peninsula, whose
boundaries may be known by drawing a line from the bay of Issus, in
a northern direction, to the eastern part of the Euxine sea. Asia
Minor has been subject to many revolutions. It was tributary to
the Scythians for upwards of 1500 years, and was a long time in the
power of the Lydians, Medes, &c. The western parts of Asia Minor
were the receptacle of all the ancient emigrations from Greece, and
it was totally peopled by Grecian colonies. The Romans generally and
indiscriminately called Asia Minor by the name of Asia. _Strabo._
――_Mela._――_Justin._――_Pliny._――_Tacitus_, &c.――――One of the
Oceanides, who married Japetus, and gave her name to one of the
three divisions of the ancient globe. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 2.
――――One of the Nereides. _Hyginus._――――A mountain of Laconia.
_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 24.
=Asia Palus=, a lake in Mysia. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 701.
=Asiātĭcus=, a Gaul in the age of Vitellius. _Tacitus_, _Histories_,
bk. 2.――――The surname of one of the Scipios, and others, from their
conquests or campaigns in Asia.
=Asĭlas=, an augur, who assisted Æneas against Turnus.――――A Trojan
officer. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bks. 9, 10, &c.
=Asināria=, a festival in Sicily, in commemoration of a victory
obtained over Demosthenes and Nicias at the river Asinarius.
=Asinārius=, a river of Sicily, where the Athenian generals,
Demosthenes and Nicias, were taken prisoners.
=Asĭne=, one of the Sporades.――――An island of the Adriatic.――――Three
towns of Peloponnesus bore that name, viz. in Laconia, Argolis, and
Messenia.
=Asĭnes=, a river of Sicily.
=Asinius Gallus=, son of Asinius Pollio the orator, married Vipsania,
after she had been divorced by Tiberius. This marriage gave rise to
a secret enmity between the emperor and Asinius, who starved himself
to death, either voluntarily, or by order of his imperial enemy. He
had six sons by his wife. He wrote a comparison between his father
and Cicero, in which he gave a decided superiority to the former.
_Tacitus_ bks. 1 & 5, _Annals_.――_Dio Cassius_, bk. 58.――_Pliny_, bk.
7, ltr. 4.――――Marcellus, grandson of Asinius Pollio, was accused of
some misdemeanours, but acquitted, &c. _Tacitus_, bk. 14, _Annals_.
――――Pollio, an excellent orator, poet, and historian, intimate with
Augustus. He triumphed over the Dalmatians, and wrote an account
of the wars of Cæsar and Pompey, in 17 books, besides poems. He
refused to answer some verses against him by Augustus, “because,”
said he, “you have the power to proscribe me, should my answer
prove offensive.” He died in the 80th year of his age, A.D. 4. He
was consul with Cnaeus Domitius Calvinus, A.U.C. 714. It is to him
that the fourth of Virgil’s Bucolics is inscribed. _Quintilian._
――_Suetonius_, _Cæsar_, chs. 30 & 55.――_Dio Cassius_, bks. 37,
49, 55.――_Seneca_, _de Tranquilitate Animi_ & ltr. 100.――_Pliny_,
bk. 7, ch. 30.――_Tacitus_, bk. 6.――_Paterculus_, bk. 2.――_Plutarch_,
_Cæsar_.――――A commander of Mauritania, under the first emperors, &c.
_Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 2.――――An historian in the age of Pompey.
――――Another in the third century.――――Quadratus, a man who published
the history of Parthia, Greece, and Rome.
=Asius=, a son of Dymas, brother of Hecuba. He assisted Priam in the
Trojan war, and was killed by Idomeneus. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2, li.
342; bk. 12, li. 95; bk. 13, li. 384.――――A poet of Samos, who wrote
about the genealogy of ancient heroes and heroines. _Pausanias_, bk.
7, ch. 4.――――A son of Imbracus, who accompanied Æneas into Italy.
_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 123.
=Asius Campus=, a place near the Cayster.
=Asnāus=, a mountain of Macedonia, near which the river Aous flows.
_Livy_, bk. 32, ch. 5.
=Asōphis=, a small country of Peloponnesus, near the Asopus.
=Asōpia=, the ancient name of Sicyon. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 1.
=Asōpiădes=, a patronymic of Æacus, son of Ægina, the daughter of
Asopus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, li. 484.
=Asōpis=, the daughter of the Asopus.――――A daughter of Thespius mother
of Mentor. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 7.
=Asōpus=, a river of Thessaly, falling into the bay of Malta at the
north of Thermopylæ. _Strabo_, bk. 8.――――A river of Bœotia, rising
near Platæa, and flowing into the Euripus, after it has separated
the country of the Thebans and Platæans. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 4.
――――A river of Asia, flowing into the Lycus, near Laodicea.――――A
river of Peloponnesus, passing by Sicyon.――――Another of Macedonia,
flowing near Heraclea. _Strabo_, &c.――――A river of Phœnicia.――――A
son of Neptune, who gave his name to a river of Peloponnesus. Three
of his daughters are particularly celebrated, Ægina, Salamis, and
Ismene. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9; bk. 3, ch. 12.――_Pausanias_,
bk. 2, ch. 12.
=Aspa=, a town of Parthia, now _Ispahan_, the capital of the Persian
empire.
=Aspamithres=, a favourite eunuch of Xerxes, who conspired with
Artabanus to destroy the king and the royal family, &c. _Ctesias._
=Asparagium=, a town near Dyrrhachium. _Cæsar_, _Civil War_, bk. 3,
ch. 30.