by Festiada, born at Stagira. After his father’s death he went to
Athens to hear Plato’s lectures, where he soon signalized himself
by the brightness of his genius. He had been of an inactive and
dissolute disposition in his youth, but now he applied himself with
uncommon diligence; and after he had spent 20 years in hearing the
instructions of Plato, he opened a school for himself, for which he
was accused of ingratitude and illiberality by his ancient master.
He was moderate in his meals; he slept little, and always had one
arm out of his couch with a bullet in it, which by falling into a
brazen basin underneath, early awakened him. He was, according to
some, 10 years preceptor to Alexander, who received his instructions
with much pleasure and deference, and always respected him. According
to Plutarch, the improvement that Alexander made under Aristotle
was of more service to him than all the splendour and power which he
received from Philip. Almost all his writings, which are composed on
a variety of subjects, are extant: he gave them to Theophrastus at
his death, and they were bought by one of the Ptolemies, and placed
in the famous library of Alexandria. Diogenes Laertes has given
us a very extensive catalogue of them. Aristotle had a deformed
countenance, but his genius was a sufficient compensation for all
his personal defects. He has been called by Plato the philosopher
of truth; and Cicero compliments him with the title of a man of
eloquence, universal knowledge, readiness and acuteness of invention,
and fecundity of thought. The writings of Aristotle have been
compared with those of Plato; but the one are the effusions of a
lively and fruitful imagination, whilst the philosopher of Stagira
studied nature more than art, and had recourse to simplicity of
expression more than ornament. He neither worshipped nor cared for
the divinity, concerning which his opinions were ever various and
dissonant; and the more he disregarded the mythology of the ancients,
the greater was the credit he acquired over his less philosophical
predecessors. He was so authoritative in his opinions, that, as
Bacon observes, he wished to establish the same dominion over men’s
minds, as his pupil over nations. Alexander, it is said, wished
and encouraged his learned tutor to write the history of animals;
and the more effectually to assist him, he supplied him with 800
talents, and in his Asiatic expedition employed above 1000 men to
collect animals, either in fishing, hunting, or hawking, which were
carefully transmitted to the philosopher. Aristotle’s logic has
long reigned in the schools, and been regarded as the perfect model
of all imitation. As he expired, the philosopher is said to have
uttered the following sentiment: _Fœde hunc mundum intravi, anxius
vixi, perturbatus egredior, causa causarum miserere mei_. The letter
which Philip wrote to Aristotle has been preserved, and is in these
words: “I inform you I have a son; I thank the gods, not so much
for making me a father, as for giving me a son in an age when he
can have Aristotle for his instructor. I hope you will make him a
successor worthy of me, and a king worthy of Macedonia.” Aristotle
wished to make his wife Pythias a deity, and to pay her the same
worship as was paid to Ceres. He died in the 63rd year of his age,
B.C. 322. His treatises have been published separately; but the best
edition of the works collectively, is that of Duval, 2 vols., folio,
Paris, 1629. Tyrwhitt’s edition of the Poetica, Oxford, 4to, 1794,
is a valuable acquisition to literature. He had a son whom he called
Nicomachus, by the courtesan Herpyllis. Some have accused him of
being accessary to the death of Alexander, and said that he drowned
himself in the Euripus, because he could not find out the cause of
its flux and reflux. There are, however, different reports about
the manner of his death, and some believe that he died at Athens of
a cholic, two years after Alexander’s death. The people of Stagira
instituted festivals in his honour, because he had rendered
important services to their city. _Diogenes Laërtius_, _Lives of
Eminent Philosophers_.――_Plutarch_, _Alexander_ & _de Alexandri
Magni Fortuna Aut Virtute_, &c.――_Cicero_, _Academica Quæstiones_,
bk. 4; _On Oratory_, bk. 3; _de Finibus_, bk. 5.――_Quintilian_, bks.
1, 2, 5, 10.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 4.――_Justin_, bk. 12.
――_Justin Martyr._――_Augustine_, _City of God_, bk. 8.――_Pliny_,
bks. 2, 4, 5, &c.――_Athenæus._――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 5, ch. 6, &c.
There were besides seven of the same name. A magistrate of Athens.
――――A commentator on Homer’s Iliad.――――An orator of Sicily, who
answered the panegyric of Isocrates.――――A friend of Æschines.――――A
man of Cyrene who wrote on poetry.――――A schoolmaster mentioned in
Plato’s life, written by Aristoxenus.――――An obscure grammarian.
_Diogenes Laërtius_, _Aristotle_.
=Aristotīmus=, a tyrant of Elis, 271 years B.C. _Pausanias_, bk. 5,
ch. 5.
=Aristoxĕnus=, a celebrated musician, disciple of Aristotle, and born
at Tarentum. He wrote 453 different treatises on philosophy, history,
&c., and was disappointed in his expectations of succeeding in the
school of Aristotle, for which he always spoke with ingratitude
of his learned master. Of all his works nothing remains but three
books upon music, the most ancient on that subject extant.――――A
philosopher of Cyrene. _Athenæus._――――A physician whose writings are
quoted by Galen.――――A poet of Selinus.――――A Pythagorean philosopher.
=Aristus=, a Greek historian of Salamas, who wrote an account of
Alexander’s expedition. _Strabo_, bk. 14.――_Arrian_, bk. 7.
=Aristyllus=, an obscure poet. _Aristophanes._――――An astronomer of
Alexandria, 292 B.C.
=Arius=, a river of Gaul, and――――of Asia. The inhabitants in the
neighbourhood are called Arii.――――A celebrated writer, the origin
of the Arian controversy, that denied the eternal divinity and
consubstantiality of the Word. Though he was greatly persecuted for
his opinions, he gained the favour of the emperor Constantine, and
triumphed over his powerful antagonist Athanasius. He died the very
night he was going to enter the church of Constantinople in triumph.
Pressed by nature, he went aside to ease himself; but his bowels
gushed out, and he expired on the spot, A.D. 336. _Athanasius._
=Armĕnes=, a son of Nabis, led in triumph at Rome. _Livy_, bk. 34,
ch. 1.
=Armenia=, a large country of Asia, divided into Upper and Lower
Armenia. Upper Armenia, called also Major, has Media on the east,
Iberia on the north, and Mesopotamia on the south. Lower Armenia,
or Minor, is bounded by Cappadocia, Armenia Major, Syria, Cilicia,
and the Euphrates. The Armenians were a long time under the dominion
of the Medes and Persians, till they were conquered with the rest
of Asia, by Alexander and his successors. The Romans made it one of
their provinces, and under some of the emperors the Armenians had
the privilege of choosing their own kings, but they were afterwards
reduced. The country received its name from Armenus, who was one
of the Argonauts, and of Thessalian origin. They borrowed the names
and attributes of their deities from the Persians. They paid great
adoration to Venus Anaitis, and the chiefest of the people always
prostituted their daughters in honour of this goddess. Armenia Major
is now called Turcomania, and Minor, Aladulia. _Herodotus_, bk. 1,
ch. 194; bk. 5, ch. 49.――_Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 12; bk. 5, ch. 1.
――_Strabo_, bks. 1 & 11.――_Mela_, bk. 3, chs. 5 & 8.――_Pliny_, bk. 6,
ch. 4, &c.――_Lucan_, bk. 2.
=Armentarius=, a Cæsar in Diocletian’s reign.
=Armillatus=, one of Domitian’s favourites. _Juvenal_, satire 4, li. 53.
=Armilustrium=, a festival at Rome on the 19th of October. When the
sacrifices were offered, all the people appeared under arms. The
festival has often been confounded with that of the Salii, though
easily distinguished; because the latter was observed the 2nd of
March, and on the celebration of the Armilustrium they always played
on a flute, and the Salii played upon the trumpet. It was instituted
A.U.C. 543. _Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 5, ch. 3.――_Livy_,
bk. 27, ch. 37.
=Arminius=, a warlike general of the Germans, who supported a
bloody war against Rome for some time, and was at last conquered
by Germanicus in two great battles. He was poisoned by one of his
friends, A.D. 19, in the 37th year of his age. _Dio Cassius_, bk.
56.――_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 1, &c.
=Armorĭcæ=, cities of Celtic Gaul, famous for the warlike, rebellious,
and inconstant disposition of the inhabitants called Armorici.
Armorica extended between the rivers Liger and Sequana, and
comprehended those rich and populous provinces now called Britany
and Normandy. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_.
=Arne=, a city of Lycia, called afterwards Xanthus.――――A town of
Umbria in Italy.――――A daughter of Æolus, who gave her name to two
towns, one in Thessaly, the other in Bœotia. Neptune changed himself
into a bull to enjoy her company. _Strabo_, bks. 1 & 2.――_Pausanias_,
bk. 9, ch. 40.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, fable 4.
=Arni=, a people of Italy, destroyed by Hercules.
=Arniensis=, a tribe in Rome. _Livy_, bk. 6.
=Arnobius=, a philosopher in Diocletian’s reign, who became a convert
to christianity. He applied for ordination, but was refused by the
bishops till he gave them a proof of his sincerity. Upon this he
wrote his celebrated treatise, in which he exposed the absurdity
of irreligion, and ridiculed the heathen gods. Opinions are various
concerning the purity of his style, though all agree in praise
of his extensive erudition. The book that he wrote, _De Rhetoricâ
Institutione_, is not extant. The best edition of his treatise
_Adversus Gentes_ is the 4to, printed Leiden, 1651.
=Arnus=, a river of Etruria, rising in the Apennine mountains, and
falling into the Mediterranean. _Livy_, bk. 22, ch. 2.
=Aroa=, a town of Achaia. _Pausanias_, bk. 7.
=Aroma=, a town of Caria,――――of Cappadocia.
=Arpāni=, a people of Italy.
=Arpi=, a city of Apulia, built by Diomedes after the Trojan war.
_Justin_, bk. 20, ch. 1.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 28.
=Arpīnum=, a town of the Volsci, famous for giving birth to Cicero and
Marius. The words _Arpinæ chartæ_ are sometimes applied to Cicero’s
works. _Martial_, bk. 10, ltr. 19.――_Juvenal_, satire 8, li. 237.
――_Cicero_, _De Lege Agraria contra Rullum_, speech 3.――――A town of
Magna Græcia.
=Arræi=, a people of Thrace. _Pliny._
=Arrharæus=, the king of a nation in the neighbourhood of Macedonia,
who greatly distressed Archelaus. _Aristotle_, bk. 5, _Politics_,
ch. 10.
=Arria=. _See:_ Aria.
=Arria Galla=, a beautiful but immodest woman in the reign of the
emperors. _Tacitus_, bk. 15, ch. 19.
=Arriānus=, a philosopher of Nicomedia, priest of Ceres and Proserpine,
and disciple of Epictetus, called a second Xenophon, from the
elegance and sweetness of his diction, and distinguished for his
acquaintance with military and political life. He wrote seven books
on Alexander’s expedition, the periplus of the Euxine and Red seas,
four books on the dissertations of Epictetus, besides an account of
the Alani, Bithynians, and Parthians. He flourished about the 140th
year of Christ, and was rewarded with the consulship and government
of Cappadocia, by Marcus Antoninus. The best edition of Arrian’s
_Expeditio Alexandri_, is the folio Gronovii, Leiden, 1704, and the
8vo, à Raphelio, 2 vols., 1757, and the Tactica, 8vo, Amsterdam,
1683.――――A Greek historian.――――An Athenian who wrote a treatise on
hunting, and the manner of keeping dogs.――――A poet who wrote an epic
poem in 24 books on Alexander; also another poem on Attalus king of
Pergamus. He likewise translated Virgil’s Georgics into Greek verse.
=Arrius=, a friend of Cicero, whose sumptuous feast _Horace_ describes,
bk. 2, satire 3, li. 86.――――Aper, a Roman general who murdered the
emperor, &c.
=Arrius= and =Arius=, a philosopher of Alexandria, who so ingratiated
himself with Augustus, after the battle of Actium, that the conqueror
declared the people of Alexandria owed the preservation of their
city to three causes; because Alexander was their founder, because
of the beauty of the situation, and because Arrius was a native of
the place. _Plutarch_, _Antonius_.
=Arruntius=, a Roman consul.――――A famous geographer who, upon being
accused of adultery and treason, under Tiberius, opened his veins.
_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 6.
=Arsabes=, a satrap of Armenia.――――Of Persia. _Polyænus._
=Arsăces=, a man of obscure origin, who, upon seeing Seleucus defeated
by the Gauls, invaded Parthia, and conquered the governor of
the province called Andragoras, and laid the foundations of an
empire, 250 B.C. He added the kingdom of the Hyrcani to his newly
acquired possessions, and spent his time in establishing his
power, and regulating the laws. After death he was made a god of
his nation, and all his successors were called, in honour of his
name, _Arsacidæ_. _Justin_, bk. 41, chs. 5 & 6.――_Strabo_, bks.
11 & 12.――――His son and successor bore the same name. He carried
war against Antiochus the son of Seleucus, who entered the field
with 100,000 foot and 20,000 horse. He afterwards made peace with
Antiochus, and died B.C. 217. _Justin_, bk. 41, ch. 5.――――The third
king of Parthia, of the family of the Arsacidæ, bore the same name,
and was also called Priapatius. He reigned 12 years, and left two
sons, Mithridates and Phraates. Phraates succeeded as being the
elder, and at his death he left his kingdom to his brother, though
he had many children; observing that a monarch ought to have in
view, not the dignity of his family, but the prosperity of his
subjects. _Justin_, bk. 31, ch. 5.――――A king of Pontus and Armenia,
in alliance with the Romans. He fought long with success against
the Persians, till he was deceived by the snares of king Sapor,
his enemy, who put out his eyes, and soon after deprived him of
life. _Marcellinus._――――The eldest son of Artabanus, appointed over
Armenia by his father, after the death of king Artaxias. _Tacitus_,
_Histories_, bk. 6.――――A servant of Themistocles.
=Arsacĭdæ=, a name given to some of the monarchs of Parthia, in honour
of Arsaces, the founder of the empire. Their power subsisted till
the 229th year of the christian era, when they were conquered by
Artaxerxes king of Persia. _Justin_, bk. 41.
=Arsamĕnes=, a satrap of Persia, at the battle of the Granicus.
=Arsametes=, a river of Asia, near Parthia. _Tacitus_, _Annals_,
bk. 15.
=Arsamosāta=, a town of Armenia Major, 70 miles from the Euphrates.
_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 15.
=Arsānes=, the son of Ochus and father of Codomanus.
=Arsanias=, a river of Armenia, which, according to some, flows into
the Tigris, and afterwards into the Euphrates. _Pliny_, bk. 5,
ch. 24.
=Arsēna=, a marsh of Armenia Major whose fishes are all of the same
sort. _Strabo._
=Arses=, the youngest son of Ochus, whom the eunuch Bagoas raised to
the throne of Persia, and destroyed with his children, after a reign
of three years. _Diodorus_, bk. 17.
=Arsia=, a wood of Etruria, famous for a battle between the Romans
and the Veientes. _Plutarch_, _Poplicola_.――――A small river between
Illyricum and Istria, falling into the Adriatic.――――A river of Italy,
flowing through Campania.
=Arsidæus=, a son of Datames, &c.
=Arsinoe=, daughter of Leucippus and Philodice, was mother of
Æsculapius by Apollo, according to some authors. She received divine
honours after death at Sparta. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3.――_Pausanias_,
bk. 2, ch. 26; bk. 3, ch. 12.――――A daughter of Phlegeus, promised
in marriage to Alcmæon. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 7.――――A fountain
of Peloponnesus. _Pausanias_, _Messenia_.――――The sister and wife of
Ptolemy Philadelphus, worshipped after death under the name of Venus
Zephyritis. Dinochares began to build her a temple with loadstones,
in which there stood a statue of Arsinoe suspended in the air by the
power of the magnet; but the death of the architect prevented its
being perfected. _Pliny_, bk. 34, ch. 14.――――A daughter of Ptolemy
Lagus, who married Lysimachus king of Macedonia. After her husband’s
death, Ceraunus, her own brother, married her, and ascended the
throne of Macedonia. He previously murdered Lysimachus and Philip,
the sons of Arsinoe by Lysimachus, in their mother’s arms. Arsinoe
was some time after banished to Samothrace. _Justin_, bk. 17, ch. 1,
&c.――――A younger daughter of Ptolemy Auletes, sister to Cleopatra.
Antony despatched her to gain the good graces of her sister.
_Hirtius_, _Alexandrine War_, ch. 4.――_Appian._――――The wife of Magas
king of Cyrene, who committed adultery with her son-in-law. _Justin_,
bk. 26, ch. 3.――――A daughter of Lysimachus. _Pausanias._――――A town
of Egypt, situated near the lake of Mœris, on the western shore of
the Nile, where the inhabitants paid the highest veneration to the
crocodiles. They nourished them in a splendid manner, and embalmed
them after death, and buried them in the subterraneous cells of the
labyrinth. _Strabo._――――A town of Cilicia,――――of Æolia,――――of Syria,
――――of Cyprus,――――of Lycia, &c.
=Arsites=, a satrap of Paphlagonia.
=Artabānus=, son of Hystaspes, was brother to Darius I. He dissuaded
his nephew Xerxes from making war against the Greeks, and at his
return, he assassinated him with the hopes of ascending the throne.
Darius the son of Xerxes was murdered in a similar manner; and
Artaxerxes his brother would have shared the same fate, had not he
discovered the snares of the assassin, and punished him with death.
_Diodorus_, bk. 11.――_Justin_, bk. 3, ch. 1, &c.――_Herodotus_, bk. 4,
ch. 38; bk. 7, ch. 10, &c.――――A king of Parthia, after the death
of his nephew Phraates II. He undertook a war against a nation of
Scythia, in which he perished. His son Mithridates succeeded him,
and merited the appellation of Great. _Justin_, bk. 42, ch. 2.――――A
king of Media, and afterwards of Parthia, after the expulsion of
Vonones, whom Tiberius had made king there. He invaded Armenia, from
whence he was driven away by one of the generals of Tiberius. He
was expelled from his throne, which Tiridates usurped; and some time
after he was restored again to his ancient power, and died A.D. 48.
_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 5, &c.――――A king of Parthia, very inimical
to the interest of Vespasian.――――Another king of Parthia, who made
war against the emperor Caracalla, who had attempted his life on
pretence of courting his daughter. He was murdered, and the power of
Parthia abolished, and the crown transferred to the Persian monarchs.
_Dio Cassius._――_Herodian._
=Artabazānes=, or =Artamĕnes=, the eldest son of Darius, when a private
person. He attempted to succeed to the Persian throne, in preference
to Xerxes. _Justin._
=Artabāzus=, a son of Pharnaces, general in the army of Xerxes. He
fled from Greece upon the ill success of Mardonius. _Herodotus_,
bks. 7, 8, & 9.――――A general who made war against Artaxerxes, and
was defeated. He was afterwards reconciled to his prince, and became
the familiar friend of Darius III. After the murder of this prince,
he surrendered himself up with his sons to Alexander, who treated
him with much humanity and confidence. _Curtius_, bk. 5, chs. 9 & 12;
bk. 6, ch. 5; bk. 7, chs. 3 & 5; bk. 8, ch. 1.――――An officer of
Artaxerxes against Datames. _Diodorus_, bk. 15.
=Artabri= and =Artabrĭtæ=, a people of Lusitania, who received their
name from Artabrum, a promontory on the coast of Spain, now called
_Finisterre_. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 3, li. 362.
=Artacæas=, an officer in the army of Xerxes, the tallest of all the
troops, the king excepted.
=Artacæna=, a city of Asia, near Aria.
=Artăce=, a town and seaport near Cyzicus. It did not exist in the age
of Pliny. There was in its neighbourhood a fountain called Artacia.
_Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 14.――_Procopius_, _The Persian War_, bk. 1,
ch. 25.――_Strabo_, bk. 13.――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 32.――――A city of
Phrygia.――――A fortified place of Bithynia.
=Artacēne=, a country of Assyria near Arbela, where Alexander conquered
Darius. _Strabo_, bk. 16.
=Artăcia=, a fountain in the country of the Læstrygones. _Tibullus_,
bk. 4, poem 1, li. 60.
=Artæi=, a name by which the Persians were called among their
neighbours. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 61.
=Artagreras=, a town of Upper Armenia. _Strabo._
=Artagerses=, a general in the army of Artaxerxes, killed by Cyrus the
younger.――_Plutarch_, _Artaxerxes_.
=Artanes=, a king of the southern parts of Armenia. _Strabo_, bk. 11.
――――A river of Thrace flowing into the Ister. _Herodotus_, bk. 4,
ch. 49.――――A river of Colchis.
=Artaphernes=, a general whom Darius sent into Greece with Datis. He
was conquered at the battle of Marathon, by Miltiades. _See:_ Datis.
_Cornelius Nepos_, _Miltiades_.――_Herodotus._
=Artatus=, a river of Illyria. _Livy_, bk. 43, ch. 19.
=Artavasdes=, a son of Tigranes king of Upper Armenia, who wrote
tragedies, and shone as an elegant orator and faithful historian. He
lived in alliance with the Romans, but Crassus was defeated, partly
on account of his delay. He betrayed Marcus Antony in his expedition
against Parthia, for which Antony reduced his kingdom, and carried
him to Egypt, where he adorned the triumph of the conqueror led in
golden chains. He was some time after murdered. _Strabo_, bk. 11.
――――The crown of Armenia was given by Tiberius to a person of the
same name, who was expelled.――――Augustus had also raised to the
throne of Armenia a person of the same name. _Tacitus_, _Annals_,
bk. 2.
=Artaxa= and =Artaxias=, a general of Antiochus the Great, who erected
the province of Armenia into a kingdom, by his reliance on the
friendship of the Romans. King Tigranes was one of his successors.
_Strabo_, bk. 11.
=Artaxăta= (orum), now _Ardesh_, a strongly fortified town of Upper
Armenia, the capital of the empire, where the kings generally
resided. It is said that Annibal built it for Artaxias the king of
the country. It was burnt by Corbulo, and rebuilt by Tiridates, who
called it _Neronea_, in honour of Nero. _Strabo_, bk. 11.
=Artaxerxes I.=, succeeded to the kingdom of Persia, after his
father Xerxes. He destroyed Artabanus, who had murdered Xerxes, and
attempted to cut off the whole royal family to raise himself to the
throne. He made war against the Bactrians, and reconquered Egypt
that had revolted, with the assistance of the Athenians, and was
remarkable for his equity and moderation. One of his hands was
longer than the other, whence he has been called _Macrochir_ or
_Longimanus_. He reigned 39 years, and died B.C. 425. _Cornelius
Nepos_, _Kings_.――_Plutarch_, _Artaxerxes_.――――The second of
that name, king of Persia, was surnamed Mnemon, on account of his
extensive memory. He was son of Darius II. by Parysatis the daughter
of Artaxerxes Longimanus, and had three brothers, Cyrus, Ostanes,
and Oxathres. His name was Arsaces, which he changed into Artaxerxes
when he ascended the throne. His brother Cyrus was of such an
ambitious disposition, that he resolved to make himself king, in
opposition to Artaxerxes. Parysatis always favoured Cyrus; and when
he had attempted the life of Artaxerxes, she obtained his pardon
by her entreaties and influence. Cyrus, who had been appointed
over Lydia and the sea coasts, assembled a large army under various
pretences, and at last marched against his brother at the head of
100,000 barbarians and 13,000 Greeks. He was opposed by Artaxerxes
with 900,000 men, and a bloody battle was fought at Cunaxa, in which
Cyrus was killed, and his forces routed. It has been reported that
Cyrus was killed by Artaxerxes, who was so desirous of the honour,
that he put to death two men for saying that they had killed him.
The Greeks, who had assisted Cyrus against his brother, though at
the distance of above 600 leagues from their country, made their way
through the territories of the enemy; and nothing is more famous in
the Grecian history, than the retreat of the 10,000. After he was
delivered from the attacks of his brother, Artaxerxes stirred up
a war among the Grecian states against Sparta, and exerted all his
influence to weaken the power of the Greeks. He married two of his
own daughters, called Atossa and Amestria, and named his eldest son
Darius to be his successor. Darius, however, conspired against his
father, and was put to death; and Ochus, one of the younger sons,
called also Artaxerxes, made his way to the throne, by causing his
elder brothers Ariaspes and Arsames to be assassinated. It is said
that Artaxerxes died of a broken heart, in consequence of his son’s
unnatural behaviour, in the 94th year of his age, after a reign
of 46 years, B.C. 358. Artaxerxes had 150 children by his 350
concubines, and only four legitimate sons. _Plutarch_, _Parallel
Lives_.――_Cornelius Nepos_, _Kings_.――_Justin_, bk. 10, ch. 1, &c.
――_Diodorus_, bk. 13, &c.――――The third, surnamed Ochus, succeeded
his father Artaxerxes II., and established himself on his throne by
murdering above 80 of his nearest relations. He punished with death
one of his officers who conspired against him, and recovered Egypt,
which had revolted, destroyed Sidon, and ravaged all Syria. He made
war against the Cadusii, and greatly rewarded a private man called
Codomanus for his uncommon valour. But his behaviour in Egypt, and
his cruelty towards the inhabitants, offended his subjects, and
Bagoas at last obliged his physician to poison him, B.C. 337, and
afterwards gave his flesh to be devoured by cats, and made handles
for swords with his bones. Codomanus, on account of his virtues,
was soon after made king by the people; and that he might seem to
possess as much dignity as the house of Artaxerxes, he reigned under
the name of Darius III. _Justin_, bk. 10, ch. 3.――_Diodorus_, bk. 17.
――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 6, ch. 8.
=Artaxerxes=, or =Artaxares I.=, a common soldier of Persia, who
killed Artabanus, A.D. 228, and erected Persia again into a kingdom,
which had been extinct since the death of Darius. Severus the Roman
emperor conquered him, and obliged him to remain within his kingdom.
_Herodian_, bk. 5.――――One of his successors, son of Sapor, bore his
name, and reigned 11 years, during which he distinguished himself by
his cruelties.
=Artaxias=, son of Artavasdes king of Armenia, was proclaimed king by
his father’s troops. He opposed Antony, by whom he was defeated, and
became so odious that the Romans, at the request of the Armenians,
raised Tigranes to the throne.――――Another, son of Polemon, whose
original name was Zeno. After the expulsion of Vonones from Armenia,
he was made king by Germanicus. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 6, ch. 31.
――――A general of Antiochus. _See:_ Artaxa.
=Artayctes=, a Persian appointed governor of Sestos by Xerxes. He was
hung on a cross by the Athenians for his cruelties. _Herodotus_, bks.
7 & 9.
=Artaynta=, a Persian lady whom Xerxes gave in marriage to his
son Darius. She was one of the mistresses of her father-in-law.
_Herodotus_, bk. 9, ch. 103, &c.
=Artayntes=, a Persian appointed over a fleet in Greece by Xerxes.
_Herodotus_, bk. 8, ch. 13; bk. 9, ch. 107.
=Artembares=, a celebrated Mede in the reign of Cyrus the Great.
_Herodotus_, bks. 1 & 9.
=Artemidōrus=, a native of Ephesus, who wrote a history and description
of the earth, in 11 books. He flourished about 104 years B.C.――――A
physician in the age of Adrian.――――A man in the reign of Antoninus,
who wrote a learned work on the interpretation of dreams, still
extant; the best edition of which is that of Rigaltius, Paris, 4to,
1604, to which is annexed _Achmetis oneirocritica_.――――A man of
Cnidus, son to the historian Theopompus. He had a school at Rome,
and he wrote a book on illustrious men, not extant. As he was the
friend of Julius Cæsar, he wrote down an account of the conspiracy
which was formed against him. He gave it to the dictator from among
the crowd as he was going to the senate, but Julius Cæsar put it
with other papers which he held in his hand, thinking it to be of no
material consequence. _Plutarch_, _Cæsar_.
=Artĕmis=, the Greek name of Diana. Her festivals, called Artemisia,
were celebrated in several parts of Greece, particularly at Delphi,
where they offered to the goddess a mullet, which, as was supposed,
bore some affinity to the goddess of hunting, because it is said to
hunt and kill the sea-hare. There was a solemnity of the same name
at Syracuse; it lasted three days, which were spent in banqueting
and diversions. _Athenæus_, bk. 7.