FEASTS, ENTERTAINMENTS.
Conviviality of the Northmen—Recital of poems and sagas at the
feasts—Music—Arrangement of the hall—Splendour of the table
decorations—Plainness of the food—Order of precedence—The custom
of drawing lots for places of honour—Entertainment of the guest by
high-born maidens—Presents given at the end of the feast—Heavy
drinking—Viking customs—Manners at table—General hospitality of
the people—Waiting at table.
In reading the Sagas we are particularly struck at the number of feasts
which marked the life of the Northmen. Every event the least above the
common was celebrated in this fashion, a fashion which has by no means
disappeared from among the Norsemen’s descendants. On the occasion of
such feasts, the houses and halls were prepared in the most elaborate
manner; tapestry and embroidered cloths were hung on the walls, and
spread over the benches. Poems and Sagas were recited, and music was
also occasionally introduced. Among other stringed instruments, the
Sagas mention as used at feasts, were, besides the harp, the _fidla_
(probably fiddle) and _gigja_ (also probably a kind of fiddle).
In some cases as soon as the dishes had been put on the table the
enjoyment of the repast was heightened by music.
“When King Olaf of Sweden came to the table he asked where lawman Emund
was. On hearing that he was at home at his lodgings, he said: ‘Go after
him, he shall be my guest to-day.’ Thereupon the dishes were brought in,
and afterwards players with harps and gigjar entered” (St. Olaf’s Saga,
c. 96).
Harald Fairhair and Eirik Eymundsson of Sweden were at a feast with the
powerful bondi Áki in Vermaland.
“Áki owned a large and old feast-hall; he had a new hall made; it was as
large as the other, and very well made; he had it covered all over with
new hangings, and the old hall with old ones. When the kings came to the
feast, Eirik with his hird was seated in the old hall, and Harald with
his men in the new hall. All the table service was arranged so that
Eirik and his men had old vessels and horns, though they were gilded and
well ornamented. Harald and his men had only new vessels and horns; they
were all ornamented with gold, painted with images and bright like
glass. The drink on both sides was very good” (Harald Fairhair’s Saga,
c. 15).
A young Icelander, Brand, went to Norway with two of his friends. They
visited Harek, who was high-born, but very ill-tempered.
“One day he (Harek) went up to Brand with a large drinking-horn, and
asked him to drink it with him; but Brand refused, saying: ‘I have not
got too much sense, but I do not drink away that which I have, and it
seems to me thou wilt need all thine also’” (Ljósvetninga Saga, c. 8).
[Illustration:
Fig. 1130.—From Bayeux tapestry, showing drinking-horns, bowls, &c.,
similar to those of the finds.
]
“When King Olaf approached the farm-servants ran ahead, to the farm and
into the house, where Ásta, his mother, sat with her women. They told
her of the king’s journey, and that he would soon be there. Ásta rose at
once, and bade men and women prepare for him in the best manner. She set
four women to take the fittings of the _stofa_, and quickly arrange the
hangings and the benches. Two men spread straw on the floor, two brought
in the _trapiza_ (table at the entrance to the hall), and the _skap-ker_
(a vat from which ale was put in cups); two placed the tables, two the
food (two she sent away from the house), and two carried in the ale; all
the others, both men and women, went out into the yard. Messengers went
to King Sigurd to take him his _tignarklædi_ (clothes of rank) and his
horse, which had on a gilt saddle, and the bit was gilt all over and
enamelled. Four men Ásta sent in four different directions throughout
the district, inviting the high-born men to a feast, in order to welcome
her son. All who were there were dressed in their best clothes, and to
those who had none suitable she lent clothes” (St. Olaf’s Saga, c. 30).
In contrast with the splendour of the table decorations, the food was
often plain, for cooking had not attained a high standard.
Ölver, a húskarl (free servant) of the chief Thórir, and Egil with
twelve men when on a journey came to Bárd, a steward of King Eirik’s, in
Atley.
“Bárd said: ‘Now we will put the tables for you, I know you will like to
go to sleep, you are tired.’ Ölver liked this well. Then tables were set
and food given to them, bread and butter, and large bowls filled with
curds were set forward. Bárd said: ‘It is a great pity that there is no
ale here, so I cannot entertain you as well as I would like. You must
help yourselves to what there is.’ They were very thirsty, and swallowed
the curds in large draughts. Then Bárd had buttermilk brought in, and
they drank it” (Egil’s Saga, c. 43).
“King Olaf and all his men stayed with his father, Sigurd Syr, awhile.
Sigurd gave them as fare on alternate days fish and milk, meat and ale”
(St. Olaf’s Saga, c. 33).
Great care was taken at the feasts to seat guests according to their
proper rank, as precedence was thought very much of.
[Illustration:
Fig. 1131.—Iron knife, ⅜ real size, in a mound with burnt bones, an
iron comb, fragments of two urns destroyed by fire, &c.—Norway.
]
[Illustration:
Fig. 1132.—Sharpening stone made fast with bauds of bronze, ½ real
size, found in a large tumulus with a shield boss of iron, several
arrow-heads of iron, a large fibula of bronze, &c.—Norway.
]
[Illustration:
Fig. 1133.—Knife of iron, ½ real size, found in a stone cist, with a
double-edged iron sword, two spear-heads, &c., and a
skeleton.—Cairn, Öland.
]
[Illustration:
Fig. 1134.
]
[Illustration:
Fig. 1135.
]
Scabbard of bronze, ⅔ real size, found in a tumulus mound inside a
skeleton, with iron knife, ½ real size, Rikirde, Götland.
[Illustration:
Fig. 1136.
End of horn.
]
[Illustration:
Fig. 1137.
]
Bronze drinking-horn, the rim ornamented with a band of silver with
figures in repoussé work.
[Illustration:
Fig. 1138.—Ornament of bronze for a drinking-horn, found with a little
gold bead.—Götland.
]
[Illustration:
Fig. 1139.—Fragment of drinking horn of bronze.—Norway.
]
[Illustration:
Fig. 1140.—Spoon of Elk horn, ⅔ real size, found in the black earth in
Björko, Sweden.
]
[Illustration:
Fig. 1141.
]
[Illustration:
Fig. 1142.
]
Silver ornament for knife (real size), found with a bronze kettle
containing burnt bones, a gold ring, and two small silver
ornaments.—Romsdal, Norway.
[Illustration:
Fig. 1143.—Ornamentation drinking-horn of bronze, found with two other
fragments of drinking horns, &c.
]
“The Icelandic chiefs Olaf Höskuldsson and Usvifr continued their
friendship, though there was some rivalry between the younger men. That
summer Olaf held a feast half a month before winter; Usvifr had also
prepared one on the first winter-nights. Each invited the other, with as
many men as he thought proper. Usvifr went first to the feast of Olaf,
and at the appointed time came to Hjardarholt; his daughter Gudrun with
her husband Bolli and his sons were with him. The next morning, as they
walked along the hall, a woman stated how the women should be seated; at
this time Gudrun stood opposite to the bed where Kjartan Olafsson slept.
Kjartan was dressing, and put on a scarlet kirtle; he said to the woman
who had spoken about the seats, for no one was quicker to answer than
he: ‘Hrefna shall sit in the high-seat, and be most honoured in every
respect while I am alive.’ Gudrun had always before sat in the high-seat
at Hjardarholt and elsewhere. She heard this, and looked at Kjartan and
turned pale, but said nothing” (Laxdæla, c. 46).
The guests sometimes drew lots for the place of honour.
Two brothers, Hreidar and Ivar, had a Yule-feast at Nes, in Vors, in
Norway.
“Twelve guests were to sit together, and lots were drawn about who
should sit next to Astrid, the daughter of Vigfus hersir; Eyjolf, an
Icelander who was on a visit, always drew the lot to sit at her side; no
one noticed that they talked more to each other than other people; but
many said it would end in her becoming his wife. The feast was
magnificent, and the people were sent away with gifts” (Vigaglum’s Saga,
c. 4).
Men and women sometimes went in pairs to the festive board, and sat
together on the same seat. The pride of the high-born girls was very
great, and none but brave men could claim the privilege of leading them
to their seats. Occasionally the women drank together with the men.
“Egil and his brother Thórólf were on a Viking expedition, and went to
Halland. As they did not ravage there, Arnfid jarl invited them to a
feast, and they went, with thirty men from their ships. Before the
tables were put up, the jarl said that the seats would be allotted
there; that men and women should drink together, as many as could, but
those who were without companions should drink by themselves. They
placed the lots in a cloth, and the jarl picked them out. He had a very
handsome daughter, then well full-grown. The lots fell so that Egil
should sit at her side that evening.... Egil rose and took her seat.
When the men sat down in their places, the jarl’s daughter sang:—
What wilt thou do, lad, in my seat?
For seldom hast thou given
A wolf warm flesh;
I want to be seated alone.
Thou didst not see the raven in the autumn
Croak over the heap of carrion;
Thou wert not where
Shell-thin edges met.
“Egil took hold of her and seated her at his side; and sang:—
I have gone with a bloody blade
And with a sounding spear
So that the wound-birds followed me,
There was hard onset on the Vikings,
We made angry battle;
Fire played about the seats of men.
We let the bloody corpses
Fall asleep in the town-gates.
“Then they drank together, and were very merry that evening, and the
next day too. Then the Vikings went to their ships, and they separated
from the jarl in friendship and exchanged gifts” (Egil’s Saga, c. 48).
Sometimes high-born maidens entertained their guests alone.
Hjalti, Gizur, and Óttar, the skalds of St. Olaf, went to Sweden in
order to reconcile the king to St. Olaf.
“They went one day to the house of the king’s daughter Ingigerd; she sat
and drank with many men. She received them well, for they were known to
her.... They sat there the greater part of the day and drank; she put
many questions to Hjalti, and asked him to come often and talk with her.
He did so” (St. Olaf’s Saga, c. 71 (Heimskringla)).
At the end of a feast presents were given to the guests.
Thorgeir, the famous Godir (lawman), who accepted Christianity on the
people’s behalf at the Althing A.D. 1000, made a feast.
“After the feast Thorgeir gave large gifts. He gave his kinsman Finnbogi
five stud-horses, dandelion yellow in colour. It was said that they were
the best horses in Nordlendinga-fjordung (the northern quarter of
Iceland)” (Finnboga Saga, c. 23).
When Harald Fairhair came to Halogaland, great feasts were prepared for
his reception on his own farms among his lendirmen or powerful bœndr.
The feast that Thorolf prepared was so magnificent, that the king was
jealous of it.
“The king had nearly three hundred men when he came to the feast, but
Thórólf had five hundred men already there. Thórólf had prepared a large
corn-barn, and set benches in it; there they drank, for no other room
was large enough for them all to be in it together. Shields were hung
all round the room. The king sat down in a high-seat. When the room was
full from one end to the other, he looked round and got red in his face,
but said nothing, and they felt that he was angry. The feast was
splendid, and all the provisions were of the best. The king was not very
merry, and stayed there for three nights, as he intended. On the day the
king was about to leave, Thórólf went to him and asked him to go down
with him to the beach. The king went. There the dragon ship which
Thórólf had had made was floating, with tents and all outfittings.
Thórólf gave it to the king, and asked him to consider that so many
guests had been invited to do him honour, and not to compete with him.
The king took this well” (Egil’s Saga, c. 11).
Very many Sagas give instances of the heavy drinking at these feasts.
The Norwegian chief Thórólf Skjálg was at warfare one summer, and in the
autumn when he came home he made a great feast.
“His foster-son Rögnvald said to the cup-bearers, that if men got very
drunk in the beginning the feast would be considered a great feast, and
told them to carry as much drink in as they could. Then Rögnvald burnt
the hall, and the men in their beds were so drunk that they did not
awake till the flames were playing round them, and they were burnt”
(Olaf Tryggvason’s Saga, 145 (Fornmanna Sögur)).
“When King Granmar heard of this (King Hjörvard’s arrival) he sent men
to him and invited him to a feast with all his men. He accepted this,
for he had not ravaged in King Granmar’s realm; when he came to the
feast there was a great entertainment. In the evening, when the toasts
were to be drunk, it was the custom for kings who ruled in the land and
for their guests to drink in pairs at feasts in the evening, each man
and woman together, as far as possible, the old ones keeping by
themselves. It was the law of Vikings, even if they were at feasts, to
drink in parties. King Hjörvard’s high-seat was prepared opposite King
Granmar’s, and all his men sat on that bench. King Granmar told his
daughter Hildigunn to make herself ready and carry ale to the Vikings.
She was the most beautiful of women. She took a silver cup, filled it,
and went before King Hjörvard and said: ‘Hail, all Ylfingar, to Hrolf
Kraki’s memory’; she drank half of it and handed it to Hjövrard. He took
the cup and her hand with it, and said she must come and sit at his
side. She answered that it was not Viking custom to drink in pairs with
women.
“Hjörvard said that he would rather make a change in the Viking laws in
order to drink in pairs with her. Then she sat down, and they spoke of
many things in the evening” (Ynglinga Saga, c. 41).
Next day King Hjörvard demanded her in marriage from Granmar, and was
successful in his suit (Ynglinga Saga, c. 41).
In the earliest times that the manners at table of such heavy drinkers
should have been rather coarse is not surprising.
“The champion Bödvar went into the hall of Hrolf Kraki, and sat down
near the door. When he had been there for a short time he heard a noise
from the corner next to it, and saw that a man’s hand, very black,
extended from a large heap of bones which lay there. He walked up to it
and asked who was in the heap of bones; he was answered, timidly: ‘I am
called Hött, good Bökki.’[203] Bödvar said: ‘Why art thou here? and what
art thou doing?’ Hött answered: ‘I make me a shield-burgh, my good
Bökki.’ Bödvar took hold of him and pulled him out of the heap of bones.
Hött shouted loudly: ‘Now thou wantest me to be killed; I had prepared
myself so well for defence before, and now thou hast torn my
shield-burgh asunder....” Bödvar took him and carried him out of the
hall to a lake in the neighbourhood; and few saw it, and he washed him
all over his body. Bödvar then went to the seat he had been sitting in
before, and led Hött with him, and seated him at his side. Hött was so
frightened that all his limbs trembled, but he thought nevertheless that
this man was going to help him. Evening approached and the men came into
the hall, and the champions of Hrólf saw that Hött was seated on the
bench, and they thought the man who had done that had been rather
shameless. Hött had a dismal look when he saw his acquaintances the
hirdmen, for he had only met with unkindness from them; he wished
greatly to live and go back to his bone-heap, but Bödvar held him so
that he could not run away.... The hirdmen threw first small bones
across the floor to Bödvar and Hött; Bödvar pretended not to see this.
Hött was so frightened that he took neither food nor drink, expecting to
be hit every moment; he said to Bödvar: ‘My good Bökki, now a large
joint-bone is going to hit thee, and it is meant to harm us.’ Bödvar
told him to be silent, and parried it with the hollow of his hand; he
got hold of the joint-bone, with the leg attached, and threw it back at
the man who cast it, and into his face, so strongly that he was slain.
The hirdmen became much alarmed. The news reached King Hrolf and his
champions in the castle that a tall man had come to the hall and killed
one of the hirdmen, and they wanted him to be slain. The king asked if
the hirdman had been killed without cause. ‘Almost so,’ they said. When
he heard the truth, he said: ‘The man shall not be slain; you have got
into a bad habit of throwing bones at harmless men; it is a disgrace to
me, and a great shame for you to do such things. I have often spoken of
this before, but you have taken no heed; call the man whom you have now
assailed, that I may know who he is.’ Bödvar came before the king, and
became his hirdman” (Hrolf Kraki’s Saga, c. 43).
It was a great recommendation for a man, when it could be said that his
house afforded accommodation to every one. Hospitality was a leading
trait in the character of the people. In the code of conduct known as
Havamal (see p. 401) we see that the stranger must be well received, and
the Sagas give some remarkable examples of the generous hospitality of
the people, among them that of Geirrid, who had emigrated from Norway to
Iceland:—
“Geirrid settled in Borgardal, inside Alpta fjord. She caused her house
to be built across the high-road, so that all were obliged to ride
through it. A table set with food, which was given to every one who
wanted it, always stood ready.[204] Owing to this she was looked upon as
a high-minded woman” (Eyrbyggja, c. 8).
“Some winters later, Hörd Grimkelson, with his wife Helga, Sigurd,
foster-son of Torfi, Helgi Sigmundarson, and thirty men, landed at
Eyrar, in Iceland. At that time Hörd was thirty winters old; he had then
been abroad for fifteen winters in succession, and had got much property
and honour. Hlugi the red, from Hólm, came to the ship, and invited him
and all his men to stay with him, and did everything most honourable to
them. Hörd took this well, and thought it a good invitation; he went to
him with twenty-five men, and they were treated with ale all the winter,
with the greatest liberality” (Hörd’s Saga, c. 19).
There are several passages in the Sagas from which we see that the usual
length of time for a visit was three days.
When Einar, the poet, went to Iceland, he called on Egil, who was not at
home.
“Einar waited three nights for him; as it was not customary to make a
visit longer than three nights, he prepared to go away” (Egil’s Saga, c.
82).
The waiting at the tables was performed by servants, called _skenkjarar_
(fillers), who filled the horns from the _skapker_, and carried them
round; even women of rank on special occasions filled the horns for the
guests and brought them to them.
After a feast, it was the custom for the host to provide those of his
guests who required them with horses and all necessaries for their
journey home.
-----
Footnote 203:
Pet name of Bödvar.
Footnote 204:
Cf. also Landnama, Part ii. 6.