Diguet, 535
Dodd, 391
Donaldson, H. H., 104
Dorsey, 530
Dourisboure, 392
Dubois, E., 18, 361
Duchenne, 93
Duerden, 557
Duval, Mathias, 110
Duveyrier, 434
Dybowski, 442, 454, 458
Ehrenreich, 73, 292, 517, 555
Elisiéef, 386
Ellis, Sir A. B., 451, 453
Ellis, A. J., 340
Ellis, Havelock, 51, 55, 56, 348
Ellis, W., 500
Emin Bey, 454
Erckert, 353
Erman, 521
Etheridge, 475
Evans, A. J., 142, 315
Evans, Sir J., 304
Faidherbe, 435, 449
Fawcett, Miss, 75
Finsch, 493, 497
Fison, 232, 233, 234
Flechsig, 103
Flower, Sir W. H., 13, 21, 61, 62, 64, 283, 454, 497
Forsyth, 416
Fournereau, 399
Fox, 451
Frazer, J. G., 248
Fritsch, 465, 467
Frobenius, 446, 463
Fuse, 262
Gaches-Sarraute, Mme., 176
Gaidoz, 336
Garnier, F., 381, 382
Garson, 72, 84, 85, 99, 351
Gatschet, 517, 527
Gautier, T., 145
Geer, G. de, 307
Geikie, J., 301, 511
Gibbs, 530
Giglioli, 280
Gilchenko, 100
Gillen, F., 477, 478
Giraud-Teulon, 230
Glaumont, 170
Godden, Miss, 396
Godron, 312
Goebel, 145
Gomme, G. L., 215, 247
Gonner, 74
Gooch, W., 427
Gosse, L. A., 177
Gottsche, 387
Gould, 50, 508
Grandidier, 469
Groos, 197
Gros, 500
Grosse, E., 124, 202, 209, 212
Guiral, 458
Guppy, 497
Haddon, A. C., 202, 204, 493, 494, 497, 557
Haeckel, 284
Hagen, 486, 497
Hahn, 192, 195
Hale, H., 135, 514, 527, 531
Hamada, 107
Hamy, 62, 91, 135, 313, 454, 467, 486, 495, 511, 535, 536, 537,
550, 561
Hanoteau, 432
Harmand, 135, 392, 393, 402
Hartmann, 431, 435, 436
Haxthausen, 236
Hedley, 500
Hellwald, 146, 159, 255
Henning, 84
Herrera, 511
Hervé, 96, 310, 313
Herzenstein, 111
Hettner, 120
Hiekisch, 374
Hirt, 320
Hoernes, 316
Holm, G., 520
Holm, S., 226
Holmes, 184, 509, 511
Holub, 465
Hösel, 163
Hosie, 400
Hough, 150, 269
Houssay, 422
Houzé, 83, 332
Hovelacque, 96, 131
Hovorka, 83
Howitt, A. W., 232, 233
Hoyer, 83
Hull, H., 482
Humboldt, A. von, 507, 517
Hunt, 497
Huxley, 119, 283
Hyades, 64, 108, 109, 215, 220, 223, 231, 292, 512, 576
Ihering, 513
Imbault-Huart, 391
Im Thurn, E., 552
Ino, 391
Inostrantsev, 314
Inuzuka, 362
Iokhelson, 370
Ivanof, 64
Ivanovsky, 92, 108, 230, 378
Jackson, 521
Jacobs, J., 424
Jacquard, 69
Jacques, V., 458, 461
James, H., 374
Jellinghaus, 408
Johansson, 74
Johnston, Sir H. H., 465
Jolly, A., 469
Jubainville, D’Arbois de, 317, 321
Junghuhn, 486
Junker, W., 440, 441, 454
Junod, 465
Karr, Seton, 427
Keane, A., 132, 280, 351
Kemp, D., 452
Key, Axel, 106
Kharouzin, 166, 376
Kidd, 23
Kingsley, Miss M., 453
Kochs, 116
Köganei, 64
Kohlbrugge, 14, 483, 490
Koike, 386
Koslowsky, 566
Kotelmann, 111
Kovalewsky, 247, 249
Krause, 226, 254, 531
Kropf, 465
Kubary, 271, 505
Kuhn, E., 394
Kulischer, 114
Kuznetsof, 361
Labarth, 400
Lacerda, 513
Lajard, 134
Laloy, 399, 450, 453, 454, 458, 486
Landor, A. H. S., 373
Lang, A., 223
Lang, L., 206
Langle, Fleuriot de, 451
Lapicque, 107, 397, 485
Lapouge, 318
Lartschneider, 95
Last, 469
Laveleye, 249
Leclerc, 469
Le Double, 96
Leitner, 413
Lenz, O., 454
Leroy-Beaulieu, 236
Letourneau, 159, 169, 231, 252, 271
Letourneux, 431
Lister, 500
Livon, 85
Lloyd, 527
Lubboch, Sir J., 231, 234
Lumholtz, 477, 535, 536
Luschan, F. von, 261, 423, 440, 451, 467, 497
Lydekker, 13
Macalister, 95
MacCauley, 528
Macdonald, 465
Macgregor, 493
Madrolle, 449
Maine, Sir H. S., 236, 247
Maïnof, 351
Maistre, 442, 446
Malief, 64
Mallery, G., 129, 138
Man, 397
Manolescu, 339
Manouvrier, 55, 56, 87, 90, 99, 100, 361, 555
Mantegazza, 64, 73, 110, 158, 351
Margaritof, 363
Marillier, 220
Markham, Sir Clements, 118
Markuse, 500
Marri, 84
Marshall, 411
Martin, 87
Martins, 274
Martonne, E. de, 446
Mason, Mrs., 395
Mason, Otis, 153, 154, 182, 184, 191, 225, 261, 262, 270, 275, 278,
284
Maspero, 278, 420
Mathews, R., 242
Maurel, 109, 394
McLennan, J. F., 233
Medlicot, 362
Meinecke, 500
Menant, D., 420
Mensé, 458
Metchnikof, 77
Metzger, 122
Meyer, A. R., 483
Meyer, E. H., 341
Middendorf, 547
Milne, 363
Mindeleff, 516
Möckler, 421
Modigliani, 216, 486
Mohnike, 391
Moloney, 453
Monnier, 228
Montano, 64, 483, 486
Montefiore, 351
Monteil, 446
Montelius, 314, 315
Mooney, 527, 530
Morel, 399
Moreno, 513
Morgan, De, 426, 429
Morgan, Lewis, 124, 234, 516
Morgen, 458
Morse, E., 264
Mortillet, A. de, 304
Mortillet, G. de, 184, 300, 304, 306, 309
Moser, 278
Moura, 399
Much, 315
Müller, F., 114, 131, 283
Müller, Max, 317
Munro, H. R., 16
Nachtigal, 444, 445, 446
Nadaillac, 511
Naegeli, 5
Nansen, 520
Nehring, 309
Neis, 169, 392
Niblack, 531
Niederle, 344
Nillsson, 272
Noetling, 359
Nordeck, C. de, 449
Nordenskiold, 367, 516
O’Brien, H. O., 122
Oliver, E., 420
Oppert, 411
Orozco y Berra, 535
Pagliani, 106
Pallas, 115, 378
Pantiukhof, 116, 353, 358, 422
Papillault, 169
Parker, L., 478
Paspati, 425
Paulitschke, 436, 438
Peacock, 98
Peal, S., 364, 396
Pearson, Karl, 75
Peary, 520
Peixoto, 513
Penka, 318
Petersen, 423
Petitot, 520
Petrie, Flinders, 427, 428, 435
Phillips, 262
Piette, 137, 308
Pinabel, 392
Pinart, 546
Pinto, Serpa, 461
Pleyte, 475, 488
Ploss, 97, 112, 240, 241
Poesche, 318
Pogge, 461
Pogio, 387
Poole, S., 435
Porcher, 399
Post, 230, 250, 252
Potanin, 363
Powell, 254, 519, 521, 524
Pozdniéef, 378
Prjevalsky, 380, 381
Pruner-Bey, 435
Pullé, 337
Pypine, 344
Quatrefages, De, 62, 214, 284, 313, 397, 454, 483, 505, 512
Quedenfeld, 432
Quevedo, L., 572
Quibell, 427
Rabentisch, 55
Radde, 116
Radlof, 363
Ramon y Cajal, 104
Ranke, J., 15, 341
Ranke, K. E., 517
Rasch, 122
Ratzel, 125
Ray, 494, 497
Read, 72
Reclus, Elie, 411, 416
Reclus, Elisée, 118, 383, 460, 463
Regalia, 77
Regibus, 101
Reid, 396
Rein, J. J., 391
Reinach, Salomon, 300, 309, 310, 315, 317, 321, 427
Retzius, 348, 516
Reuleaux, 187
Révoil, 438
Rey, P., 563
Richthofen, 385
Rigges, 530
Rink, 520
Ripley, 325
Risley, 381, 404, 408, 413
Rivett-Carnac, 362
Rockhill, 380
Roepstorff, 397
Rojdestvensky, 92
Rosenberg, 119
Rosenstadt, 113
Rohlfs, 434
Romanes, 5
Roth, Ling, 255, 482, 490
Roth, W. E., 477
Roux, 382
Royce, C., 527
Ruskikh, 116
Sachier, 336
Saint-Hilaire, J. G., 282
Santelli, 438
Sarasin, 62, 64, 418, 493
Sarzec, E. de, 420
Sasaki, 107
Schadenberg, 483
Schellong, 494
Schinz, 228, 456, 467
Schlegel, 149
Schlichter, 454
Schmelz, 226, 254
Schmidt, E., 10, 106, 290, 408, 416, 435, 514
Schrader, 366, 373, 374
Schramm, 225
Schrenck, 366, 373, 374
Schwalbe, 83, 361
Schweinfurth, 429, 441, 446, 454
Seler, 547
Sénart, 404
Sergi, 73, 330, 435, 438
Serurrier, 450
Shortt, 236, 411
Shevyref, 23
Shrubsall, 467
Sibree, 469
Siret, H. & J., 314
Sittig, 505
Smeaton, 395
Smirnov, 351
Smith, E., 248
Smith, Donaldson, 454
Smith, Worthington, 312
Smith, W. T., 140, 475
Smyth, Brough, 223, 226, 475
Sören Hansen, 51, 512, 520
Sommier, 351
Spalikowski, 74
Spassovitch, 344
Spencer, Baldwin, 477, 478
Stainier, 427, 428
Stanley, H. M., 454
Staudinger, 446
Stearns, 274
Steinen, K. von den, 170, 204
Steinmetz, 148, 220
Stevenson, J., 526
Stieda, 73
Stirling, E., 477
Stoddard, 552
Stolpe, H., 202
Strabo, 436
Studer, 195
Stuhlmann, 440, 446, 454
Tarentsky, 373
Tautain, 475, 500
Taylor, I., 317
Ten Kate, 62, 64, 68, 96, 450, 485, 493, 517, 524, 526, 533, 536,
547, 555, 569
Terrien de Lacouperie, 382
Testut, 95, 96
Thomas, Cyrus, 514
Thomson, J., 440
Thurston, 411
Török, 19
Topinard, 10, 18, 48, 64, 72, 73, 76, 91, 92, 97, 98, 99, 177, 280,
283, 432, 476, 477
Tourette, G. de la, 122
Tourtoulon, 335
Turner, Sir W., 16, 62, 64, 84, 85, 95, 103, 400, 477
Tylor, E. B., 135, 152, 161, 183, 184, 199, 210, 214, 217, 219,
220, 235, 240, 242
Ujfalvy, 416
Uvarof, 361, 363
Veckenstedt, E., 153
Verneau, 84, 431, 450, 513
Vierkandt, 126
Vierordt, 107, 108
Villot, 432
Virchow, 64, 435, 436, 490
Vogt, 142
Voit, C., 100
Waddell, 380, 416
Wallace, A. R., 5
Wallaschek, 209, 210
Wauters, 458, 461
Weber, Max, 493
Weeren, 186
Weigand, 339
Weisbach, 73
Weiss, 63
Westermarck, E., 231, 235, 236, 237, 238
Westermarck, F., 75
Weule, 263
Wilhelm, E., 83
Wilken, 145, 230, 475
Williams, 508
Wilson, T., 511
Windle, B., 306, 314
Windt, De, 242
Wirth, A., 391
Wissmann, 146, 148, 456
Wlislocki, H. von, 425
Wolff, 461
Woodthorpe, 215, 396
Wright, F., 511
Yadrintsef, 367
Zaborowski, 427
Zintgraff, 458
Zograf, 344, 351
INDEX OF SUBJECTS.
Ababdeh, 436
Abnakis, 526
Abyssinians, 437, 438
Accredians, 452
Achango, 454
Achinese, 489
Aderbaijani, 294, 376, 419
Aduma, 459
Ægean civilisation, 315
Aetas, 397, 483
Afara, 438
Afiffi, 454
Africa, grouping of existing populations of, 431
Afridis, 420
Ainus, 44, 59, 68, 85, 110, 291, 365, 371-373
Akkas, 454
Alakalufs, 576
Albinism, 51
Aleuts, 521
Alfurus, 136, 491
Algonquians, 526, 527
Alimentation.--Geophagy, anthropophagy--preparation of
foods--method of fire-making and cooking, pottery, stimulants and
narcotics, 144-160
Amazonians, 552
American linguistic families, number of, 519
American Indians (North), 38, 80, 87, 133, 151, 204, 241, 248, 521
Andamanese, 56, 85, 91, 99, 159
Andeans, 545
Andean dialects, 544
Angolese, 461
Animistic religion, absence of moral element in, 220
Annamese, 98, 399
Antaifasina, 471
Antaimoro, 471
Antaisaka, 471
Antaisara, 472
Antambahoaka, 471
Antanosi, 472
Anthropology and ethnology, distinction between, 9
Anthropological classification, various, 280-284
Apaches, 525
Apalachi, 528
Apollonians, 451
Arabs, 87, 422, 432
Araucans, 550
Arawaks, 556
Arimichaux, 570
Armenians, 81, 422
Arts, the.--Primitive design, sculpture, dancing, music vocal and
instrumental, musical instruments, poetry, 197-212
Aryan question, 317-320
Ashantis, 451
Asia, peoples of Anterior, 418-425;
peoples of Central, 374-382;
peoples of Eastern, 382-390;
peoples of Northern, 366-374
Asiatic races, geographical distribution and principal characters
of existing, 365-425
Asikuya, 460
Assinaboins, 529
Assinians, 451
Assyroid race, 290, 365
Athapascans, 524
Australians, 39, 44, 80, 109, 137, 151, 170, 204, 207, 220, 226,
232, 241, 248, 290, 476
Awekwom, 451
Aymaras, 547
Aztecs, 536, 537
Bacongo, 460
Badagas, 411
Bajaus, 490
Bakairis, 553
Bakalai, 459
Bakamba, 460
Bakoris, 458
Bakunda, 458
Balinese, 490
Ballali, 460
Baltis, 415
Baluba, 462
Baluchis, 420
Banga, 463
Bangi, 461
Banja, 440
Bantus, 159, 429, 456, 463
Barabra, 435
Basas, 458
Bashkir-Meshcheriaks, 376
Basques, 87, 99, 240, 348
Bateke, 460
Battas, 489
Batua, 454
Bayanzi, 463
Bechuana, 206, 465, 466
Bedouins, 422
Bejas, 436
Benin, 453
Berbers, 432, 433
Betsileo, 471
Betsimasaraka, 471
Bicols, 491
Biped attitude, condition of brain development, 16
Black Feet, 527
Bongo, 445
Bonjos, 461
Bororos, 566
Botocudos, 50, 147, 159, 170, 563
Bows, 262
Boyaeli, 454
Brahuis, 421
Brain weight among different races; relative weight of, in men and
women; relation of stature and weight of body to weight of brain,
etc., 97-104;
brain weights of man and anthropoid apes, 17, 18;
weight at different ages, 107
Bubuendi, 460
Bujis, 490
Buriats, 379
Burmese, 400
Bushmen, 41, 44, 56, 80, 94, 204, 206, 287, 467
Bushmen-Hottentots, 467
Cagayanes, 491
Cahitas, 535
Cainguas, 563, 568
Calchaquis, 547
Cambodians, 398
Caribs, 541, 552
Caste and class organisation, 249
Caste in India, 402
Cayugas, 527
Celts, 323, 347
Cephalic index, its numerical expression and nomenclature, 57-59;
its relation to mentality, 76
Chapanecs, 538
Characterisation of races in author’s classification, 285-293
Charruas, 571
Chechen-Lesgians, 354
Che-hoan, 391
Chenooks, 532
Cherkess (Circassians), 354
Cheyennes, 527
Chibchas, 546
Chicasaws, 528
Children.--Voluntary limitation of, infanticide, rearing of
children among primitive peoples, naming, education, etc., 239-241
Chinese, 38, 43, 47, 50, 109, 141, 382, 386
Chins, 413
Chippewas, 524, 526
Chontals, 538, 540
Chukchi, 149, 182, 191, 242, 367
Ciboneys, 557
Classification of ethnic groups, 293-298
Commerce, conduct of, in primitive societies, 270
Coreans, 386, 387
Corroborees, 207
Couvade, 240
Cranial capacity of different races, 56
Cranial characters, 53-55
Creeks, 528
Crees, 526
Crows, 530
Dagomba, 447
Dakotas, 530
Damaras, 466
Danagla, 436
Dardi or Dardu, 413
Death, conception of, among uncivilised peoples, 216
Denakil, 438
Dental formulæ of monkeys, anthropoid apes, and man, 13
Dental index of man, anthropoid apes, chimpanzee, orang, and
gorilla, 21
Dinka, 445
Disease, primitive conceptions of, 227
Distinctive morphological characters of human races.--Stature, 25,
31;
influence of environment on stature, 31, 32;
difference of stature of men and women, 32, 33.
Teguments: the skin, hair of head and body, 37.
Four principal types of hair, 38, 46.
Pigmentation: colouring of the skin, eyes, and hair, 46-52
Domestication of animals, 194-196
Dravidians, 44, 47, 99, 290, 365, 410
Dress and ornament: nakedness and modesty, adornment of the body,
ethnic mutilations, adornment by objects attached to the body,
making of garments, spinning and weaving, 170-184
Druzes, 423
Duala, 243, 458
Duk-Duk societies, 253
Dyaks, 45, 490
Endocannibalism and exocannibalism, 148
Eskimo, 137, 151, 160, 245, 263, 292, 365, 520, 521
Ethiopians, 288, 436
Eurasians, 81, 293
European ethnogeny, problem of, 299-300
European peoples, migrations during historic period, 320-325
European races, characters and geographical distribution of six
principal and four secondary, 325-334;
linguistic divisions, 335-358
Ewes, 453
Facial index, 70, 72, 76, 77
Family organisation, 248
Fans, 459
Fellaheen, 435
Felups, 449
Finns, 45, 80, 349
Fœtal likeness in man and apes, 23, 24
French, 87, 335
Fuegians, 81, 85, 87, 91, 146, 170, 181, 189, 214, 241, 571, 575
Fulahs, 45, 47, 439, 442
Funereal rites, burial of weapons, pottery, etc., mourning and
funeral feasts, modes of sepulture, etc., 242-244
Furs, 445
Gabunese, 459
Gallas, 438
Games and recreations, sports and spectacles, 197-201
Ganguela, 461
Genital organs, differences of, according to race, 96
Germans, 87, 111, 323, 339
Ges, 562
Gesture language, 128, 129
Giliaks, 373
Goajires, 557
Gonds, 410
Gonja, 447
Group marriage: exogamy and endogamy, the matriarchate, filiation
and relationship, 231-234
Guanches, 87
Guaraunos, 561
Guatos, 573
Guaycurus, 572, 573
Guaymis, 545
Gurkhas, 415
Gurma, 447
Gurunga, 447
Gypsies, 425
Habitation, primitive types of--huts, tents, villages; furniture,
heating, lighting, 160-169
Hair of head and body, 37;
four principal varieties of hair, straight, wavy, frizzy, woolly,
38-46
Hajemis, 419
Hamrans, 436
Hausas, 446
Hawaiians, 502
Head of living subject, measurements of, 68, 69
Hidatsas, 530
_Homo Americanus_, problem of, origin of, 509
Hottentots, 42, 94, 97
Hovas, 469, 470
Huaxtecs, 537, 540
Hunting, fishing and agriculture, primitive methods of, 185-194
Hupas, 525, 553
Hurons, 527
Hut, origin and development of primitive, 160-163
Idzo, 453
Igara, 453
Igbera, 453
Igorrotes, 491
Illyro-Hellenes, 346
Incas, 546
Indo-Afghan race, 290, 365
Indonesians, 47, 153, 365, 406
_Initiation_, ceremonies connected with, circumcision, etc., 241,
242
Ipurinas, 556
Iranians, 44, 80, 419
Iroquoians, 526, 527
Irulas, 411
Jakris, 453
Japanese, 42, 44, 51, 68, 87, 107, 170, 243, 387-391, 489
Javanese, 99, 489
Jews, 50, 80, 93, 118, 423-425
Kabards, 376
Kabyles, 87
Kafirs, 159, 163, 170, 211, 413
Kalinas, 553
Kalmuks, 50, 111, 375, 379
Kanaras, 411
Karayas, 565
Karens, 394
Kartvels or Georgians, 355
Kayapos, 563, 564
Kenai, 524
Kerepunu, 495
Khalkas, 379
Khands, 410
Khas, 415
Khonds, 219, 259, 410
Kiowas, 530
Kirghiz, 108, 376
Kizilbashes, 423
Kolarians, 408
Koriaks, 367
Kotas, 411
Kru, 450
Kuis, 392
Kulu-Lahuli, 415
Kurds, 422
Kumyks, 376
Kurumbas, 411
Kwakiutls, 532
Lampongs, 489
Lamuts, 373
Languages, monosyllabic, agglutinative, polysynthetic,
inflectional, 130-133
Lapps, 80, 293
Latins, 235, 335
Leni-Lenapé, 526
Lenkas, 540
Levirate, 236
Linguistic characters: gesture and speech, divisions of language
according to structure, optic and acoustic signals, handwriting,
mnemotechnic objects, pictography, ideography, alphabets, 127-143
Lo-lo, 381
Loucheux, 524
Lunda, 402
Luri, 445
Lushai, 395
Lu-tse, 382
Macusis, 134, 553
Madurese, 490
Maghrebi, 434
Mahratis, 413
Makirifares, 553
Makua, 464
Malayalim, 411
Malays, 44, 47, 59, 63, 80, 83, 85, 87, 99, 107, 137, 288, 493, 497
Mampursi, 447
Manchus, 374
Mandingans, 447, 448
Mangars, 415
Mangbattus, 440
Manyuema, 465
Maoris, 503
Maricopas, 532
Maronites, 423
Masai, 440
Mashona, 466
Matrimonial customs, loan of wife, real and simulated abduction,
marriage by capture, duration of union, etc., 237-239
Mayas, 539
Maypures, 556
Melanesians, 46, 59, 63, 80, 83, 85, 87, 99, 107, 137, 288, 493, 497
Melanism, 51
Melanochroids, 291
Melkits, 423
Metal age in Europe, 314-316
Metouali, 423
Miao-tse, 381
Micronesians, 504
Minkopis, 397
Minnetaris, 529
Miranhas, 560
Mixes, 538
Miztecs, 538
Modesty, conventionality of, 170
Mohaves, 533
Mohicans, 526
Mois, 392
Money, primitive standards of exchange, beads, cocoa-seed, cakes of
tea, cowries, origin of modern money, etc., 271-274
Mongo, 463
Mongols, 38, 41, 44, 46, 49, 77, 80, 82, 87, 99, 112, 164, 241,
293, 365, 379
Monogenesis and polygenesis, 7
Mons or Talaing, 393
Moors, 434
Moquis, 524
Morality of the uncivilised, its utilitarian basis, 251-252
Morioris, 503
Moros, 491
Moscos, 541
Mossi, 447
Mosso, 382
Muskhogis, 528
Mycenian civilisation, 315
Myths, their intermediate position between science, poetry, and
religion, 222
Nagas, 45, 395
Nahuas, 546
Nahuquas, 553
Nairs, 415
Nasal index, 63-64
Natchez, 528
Navigation, methods of--rafts, canoes, etc., 278-279
Nazareans, 423
Negrilloes, 454
Negritoes, 482, 490
Negroes, 63, 67, 80, 83, 89, 91, 96, 98, 107, 117, 135, 186, 220,
288
Nepalese, 415
Nestorians, 423
Nevajos, 525
Niam-Niams, 47, 147, 440
Nias, 216, 240
Nicobarese, 396
Niquirans, 536
Nubians, 436
Nuers, 445
Odour of Negroes, Chinese, etc., 109
Ojibwas, 526
Olchas, 373
Old men, the fate of, in primitive societies, their voluntary
suicide, etc., 242
Omahas, 530
Oneidas, 527
Onondagas, 527
Oraons, 410
Orbital index, 61-63
Orochons, 374
Oroks, 374
Osages, 530
Ossets, 111, 356, 421
Otomis, 537
Ottawas, 527
Paharias, 415
Pai-pi-bri, 451
Palæ-American sub-race, 292, 512
Palenbangs, 489
Palkhpuluk, 415
Pampeans, 571
Panos, 559
Papajos, 535
Papuans, 483, 484, 493-497
Parsis, 419, 420
Pashtu, 420
Passumahs, 489
Patagonians, 574
Pawnees, 530
Pelvic index, 84
Pepo-hoan, 391
Persians, 419
Peruvians, 67, 85
Physiological characters, functions of nutrition and assimilation,
respiration and circulation, reproduction, etc., 105-120
Pictography, 137-140
Pigmentation, race variations of, 46;
ten principal shades of colour of skin, 47;
pigmentation of the iris, 48;
three fundamental shades of the iris, 49;
colour of the eye in different races, 49;
colouring of the hair, 49;
four principal shades, 49;
pigmentation at birth, 50;
absence of pigment, 51
Pigmies, 455
Pimas, 535
_Pithecanthropus erectus_, 360
Politeness, rules of.--“Exchanging blood,” salutations, etc.,
254-255
Polyandry, 235
Polygamy and monogamy, the patriarchate, 237
Polymorphism, 5
Polynesians, 47, 63, 85, 87, 91, 112, 204, 206, 500
Ponkas, 530
Pottery-making, modelling, moulding, and coiling methods of, 154,
155
Prehistoric “finds” in Africa, 427; in Oceania, 475
Promiscuity, 231
Property, systems under which held, collective, family, individual,
245-247
Psychological and Pathological characters, 121
Quaternary age in Europe, 301
Quaternary human remains in Europe, 309
Quaternary man in Asia, 361
Quechuas, 547
Race, in what manner term applied, 8
Rejangs, 489
Religion--animism, fetichism, worship of natural objects
and phenomena, religion and morality, rites and ceremonies,
priesthoods, 214-223
Respiration among uncivilised peoples and among Europeans, 108
Right and justice, the power of taboo, vendetta, ordeals,
oath-taking, extra-legal judges, etc., 252-254
Russians, 111, 167, 344
Sakai, 397
Sakalavas, 470
Salishans, 532
Samarai, 495
Samoans, 504
Santals (Sonthals), 114, 409
Sartes, 376, 419
Savaras (Saoras), 409
Scandinavians, 47, 186, 220, 228
Scapular index, 85
Sciences, primitive--knowledge of numbers, calculation of time,
calendars and clocks, geography and cartography, 223-228
Selungs, 396
Senecas, 527
Sexes, relation of, before marriage, 229
Shans, 401
Shawnees, 526
Shield, evolution of the, 266-269
Shiluks, 445
Shuvashes, 376
Siamese, 402
Sikanese, 492
Singhalese, 416
Siouans, 528
Skeleton of trunk and limbs, differentiative racial characters of,
83, 93
Skin, structure of the, 34;
differences according to race, 36
Skull, comparison of human skull and that of anthropoid apes, 18, 19
Slavs, 59, 323, 343
Social groups, stages of, conditions of progress of, classification
of “states of civilisation,” 123-127
Social organisation, under group marriage, totemism, clan rule,
247-248
Somalis, 438
Somatological units, 3
Soninké, 449
Sonoran-Aztecs, 535
Sonrhays, 447
Sonthals, 114, 409
Spaniols, 425
Species, what constitutes, 5-8
Spine, curvature of, in the _Cercopithecidæ_, in the anthropoid
apes, in man, 13, 14
Staff messages, 135
“States of civilisation,” classification of, 127
Stature, variations of, at birth, 25;
average heights of different populations, 25;
limits of stature, giantism, dwarfism, 27-31;
influence of environment on stature, 31, 32;
stature of men and women compared, 33
Steatopygia, 93
Stone and metal ages in Asia, 362-365
Sundanese, 489
Swazi, 465
Syrians, 423
Taboo, 252
Tagals, 491
Tails, pretended existence of men with, 95
Tajiks, 419
Takhtaji, 423
Takullies, 524
Talamancas, 545
Tamils, 411
Taranchi, 375
Tarascos, 537
Tasmanians, 482
Tatars, 367, 375, 376
Tecunas, 561
Teguments, in man and apes, 22
Tehuelches, 574
Teleuts, 375
Telingas, 411
Tenggerese, 496
Tent, origin and development of, 163, 164
Territorial organisation, 249
Tertiary man in Europe, 300
Thai, 76, 400
Thibetans, 43, 380, 381
Thos-Muong, 401
Tinné, 524
Tlinkits, 110, 292, 532
Todas, 411
Toes and fingers of man and of anthropoid apes, 20, 21
Tombo, 447
Tonga, 465
Tools of primitive industry, methods of making stone implements,
etc., 184-188
Totonacs, 536, 537
Toucouleur, 450
Transport and means of communication--primitive vehicles, sledges,
chariots, etc., 275-277
Trumai, 566
Trunk and limbs of living subject, racial characters of, 93
Tsimshians, 532
Tuaregs, 434
Tubas, 444
Tula Dariens, 549
Tulus, 411
Tunguses, 246, 373
Tupi-Guarani, 562, 567
Turkomans, 376
Turks, 59, 293, 365, 377
Tyrolese, 59
Tziam, 394
Ugrians, 293, 365, 521
Ulvas, 541
United States, white population of, 508
Uzbegs, 376
Veddahs, 85, 87, 91, 145, 157, 159, 270, 417
Vei, 449
Wagogo, 464
Wahabits, 423
Wakamba, 464
Wakguro, 464
Wambutti, 454
Wapokompo, 464
Wataita, 464
Weapons of offence and defence, clubs, missile weapons, boomerangs,
the bow and arrow, methods of arrow release, shields, protective
armour, 257-269
Wichitas, 530
Yakuts, 375
Yamas, 554
Yasafzais, 420
Yeniseians or Tubas, 366
Yeshkhun, 413
Yezides, 423
Yolofs, 450
Yorubas, 453
Yukagirs, 370
Yumas, 533
Zaparos, 561
Zapotecs, 537
Zoques, 538
Zulus, 465
Zuñis, 155, 225, 534
THE END.
THE WALTER SCOTT PRESS, NEWCASTLE-ON-TYNE
Footnotes:
[Footnote 1: In these ethnic groups there may further be distinguished
several subdivisions due to the diversity of manners, customs, etc.;
or, in the groups with a more complicated social organisation, yet
other social groups--priests, magistrates, miners, peasants, having
each his particular “social type.”]
[Footnote 2: Naegeli, _Mechanisch-Physiol. Theorie der
Abstammungslehre_, Munich, 1883.]
[Footnote 3: The most recent definitions of species given by Wallace
and Romanes approximate closely to that of Cuvier. Eimer has suggested
another, based solely on the physiological criterion. His definition
has the advantage of covering cases of _polymorphism_, in which the
female gives birth to two or several individuals so unlike that we
should not hesitate to classify them in two species if guided only by
morphology.]
[Footnote 4: See on this point, Y. Delage, _L’Hérédité_, pp. 252 _et
seq._ Paris, 1895.]
[Footnote 5: The question is summed up by Darwin, _Descent of Man_,
vol. i., p. 264, 2nd edition. London, 1888.]
[Footnote 6: In questions of hybridity, it must be observed, we often
confound the notions of “race” and “people,” or “social class,” and we
have to be on our guard against information drawn from statistics. Thus
in Central America we consider “hybrids” all those descendants of the
Spaniards and the Indians who have adopted the semi-European manner
of life and the Catholic religion, without inquiring whether or not
this physical type has reverted to that of one of the ancestors--a not
infrequent occurrence.]
[Footnote 7: Darwin, _loc. cit._, vol. i., p. 280.]
[Footnote 8: Such is, for example, the scheme of Topinard, consisting
of two double parts (_Elements d’Anthropologie_, p. 216, Paris, 1885),
to which corresponds the system newly propounded by Em. Schmidt
(_Centralblatt für Anthropologie, etc._, vol. ii., p. 97, Breslau,
1897). The last-mentioned admits in reality two divisions, Ethnography
and Ethnology, in what he calls Ethnic Anthropology; and two others,
Phylography and Phylology, in what he names Somatic Anthropology. The
two last divisions correspond to the Special Anthropology and the
General Anthropology of Topinard.]
[Footnote 9: If we include the Lemurs in the order of Primates, the
five families just enumerated are all included in a “sub-order,” that
of _Anthropoidea_. (See, for further details, Flower and Lydekker,
_Introduction to the Study of Mammals Living and Extinct_, London,
1891.)]
[Footnote 10: J. H. Kohlbrugge, “Versuch einer Anatomie ... Hylobates,”
_Zoolog. Ergeb. einer Reise in Ned. Ind., von M. Weber_, vols. i. and
ii. Leyden, 1891.]
[Footnote 11: D. J. Cunningham, “The Lumbar Curve in Man and the Apes,”
_Cunningham Memoirs of the Royal Irish Academy_, No. II., Dublin, 1886.]
[Footnote 12: J. Ranke, “Ueber die aufrechte Körperhaltung, etc.,”
_Corr.-Bl. der deutsch. Gesell. f. Anthr._, 1895, p. 154.]
[Footnote 13: The enormous development of the laryngeal sacs in the
orang-utan is perhaps also in harmony with this protective function, as
I have shown in a special work. See Deniker and Boulart, “Notes anat.
sur ... orang-utans,” _Nouv. Arch. Mus. d’hist. nat. de Paris_, 3rd
Series, vol. vii., p. 47, 1895.]
[Footnote 14: R. Munro, “On Interm. Links, etc.,” _Proceed. Roy.
Soc. Edinb._, vol. xxi. (1896-97), No. 4, p. 349, and _Prehistoric
Problems_, pp. 87 and 165, Edin.-Lond. 1897; Turner, Pres. Address
Brit. Assoc., Toronto Meeting, _Nature_, Sept. 1897.]
[Footnote 15: Topinard, _L’homme dans la Nature_, p. 214. Paris, 1891.]
[Footnote 16: Deniker and Boulart, _loc. cit._, p. 55.]
[Footnote 17: Boyd, “Table of Weights of the Human Body, etc.,”
_Philos. Trans. Roy. Soc. London_, 1861; Bischoff, _Das Hirngewicht
der Menschen_, Bonn, 1880. The difference remains nearly the same
if, instead of the weight of the body, we take its surface, as was
attempted by E. Dubois (_Bull. Soc. Anthr. Paris_, p. 337, 1897).]
[Footnote 18: For further details about this plane, see p. 59.]
[Footnote 19: See on this subject the interesting study of Dr. Török in
the _Centralblatt für Anthropologie, etc._, directed by Buschan, 1st
year, 1896, No. 3.]
[Footnote 20: Pfitzner, “Die kleine Zehe,” _Arch. f. Anat. u. Phys._,
1890.]
[Footnote 21: Bell, _The Naturalist in Nicaragua_, p. 209, 1874;
Shevyref, “Parasites of the Skin, etc.,” _Works Soc. of Naturalists_,
St. Petersburg, 1891, in Russian.]
[Footnote 22: Walter Kidd, “Certain Vestigial Characters in Man,”
_Nature_, 1897, vol. lv., p. 237.]
[Footnote 23: See for further details Deniker, _Recherches anatom. et
embryol. sur les singes anthropoides_, Paris and Poitiers, 1886 (Extr.
from _Arch. de Zool. experim._, 30 ser., vol. iii., supp., 1885-86).]
[Footnote 24: Deniker, “Les Races de l’Europe,” _Bull. Soc. Anthr.
Paris_, p. 29, 1897.]
[Footnote 25: Joest, _Verh. Berl. gesell. Anthr._, p. 450, 1887;
Topinard, _Elem. Anthr. gén._, p. 436.]
[Footnote 26: Manouvrier, _Bull. Soc. Anthr. Paris_, p. 264, 1896.]
[Footnote 27: B. A. Gould, _Investigations in the Milit. and Anthrop.
Statistics of American Soldiers_, New York, 1869.]
[Footnote 28: Final Report of the Anthropometric Committee, Brit. Ass.,
1883.]
[Footnote 29: Pagliani, _Lo sviluppo umano per età, etc._ Milan, 1879.]
[Footnote 30: These figures differ from those up to the present given
in most works, according to Topinard (_Elem. Anthro. gén._, p. 462),
who fixes the limits between 1 m. 44 (Bushmen of the Cape) and 1 m. 85
(Patagonians), but the first of these figures is that of a series of
six subjects only, measured by Fritsch, and the second the average of
ten subjects measured by Lista and Moreno. This is insufficient, and
since the publication of Topinard’s work we have only been able to add
a few isolated observations concerning those interesting populations
the actual height of which is still to be determined.]
[Footnote 31: Topinard, _Elem. Anthr. gén._, p. 463.]
[Footnote 32: _Final Report Brit. Assoc._, 1883, p. 17.]
[Footnote 33: Beddoe, _The Stature and Bulk of Man in the Brit. Isles_,
pp. 148 _et seq._ London, 1870.]
[Footnote 34: Houzé, _Bull. Soc. Anthr. Bruxelles_, 1887; Roberts,
_A Manual of Anthropometry_, London, 1878, and _Jour. Stat. Soc._,
London, 1876; Anuchin, “O geograficheskom, etc.,” _Geograph. Distrib.
of Stature in Russia_, St. Petersburg, 1889; Erisman, _Arch. f. soz.
gesetzgeb._, Tübingen, 1888.]
[Footnote 35: Collignon, “L’Anthropologie au conseil de révision,”
_Bull. Soc. Anthr. Paris_, 1890, p. 764.]
[Footnote 36: Ammon, _Die Natur. Auslese beim Menschen_, Jena, 1893;
Vacher de Lapouge, _Les selections sociales_, Paris, 1896; Beddoe,
_loc. cit._, p. 180; Ranke, _Der Mensch._, vol. ii., p. 109, Leipzig,
1887.]
[Footnote 37: Boas (_Zeit. f. Ethnol._, 1895, p. 375) found, however,
in thirty-nine series of Indians the difference greater with tribes of
high stature (13.5 centimetres) than with tribes of low stature (9.9
centimetres).]
[Footnote 38: Rollet, _Mensurations des os longs, etc._, Lyons, 1889
(thesis).]
[Footnote 39: Manouvrier, _Mem. Soc. Anthro._, 2nd ser., vol. iv., p.
347, Paris, 1893.]
[Footnote 40: Rahon, _Mem. Soc. Anthro._, vol. iv., p. 403, Paris,
1893.]
[Footnote 41: Bischoff, _Sitzungsber. Mat. Phys. Cl. Bayr. Akad._,
Munich, 1882, pp. 243 and 356.]
[Footnote 42: Galton, _Finger Prints_. London, 1892.]
[Footnote 43: Haeckel, _Natur. Schöpfungsgeschichte_, 4th ed., p. 603.
Berlin, 1873.]
[Footnote 44: Pruner-Bey, “Chevelure comme caracterist. des races
hum.,” _Mem. Soc. Anthr._, vol. ii., p. 1, Paris, 1863; Latteux,
_Technique microscopique_, p. 239, Paris, 1883; Waldeyer, _Atlas der
Menschl. u. Thier Haare_, Lahr, 1894.]
[Footnote 45: Topinard, _Elem. Anthrop. gén._, p. 265; J. Ranke, _loc.
cit._, vol. ii., p. 172.]
[Footnote 46: Baelz, “Körperl. Eigensch. d. Japaner,” _Mitth. Deut.
Gesell. Nat. und Völkerk. Ostasiens_, vol. iii., fasc. 28, p. 330, and
vol. iv., fasc. 32, p. 39, Yokohama, 1883-85; Montano, _Mission aux
îles Philippines_, Paris, 1885 (Extr. from _Arch. Miss. Scient._, 3rd
series, vol. xi.).]
[Footnote 47: P. S. Unna, “Ueber das Haar als Rassenmerkmal,” _Deutsche
Med. Zeit._, 1896, Nos. 82 and 83.]
[Footnote 48: See Stewart, _Microsc. Journ._, 1873, p. 54; and T.
Anderson Stuart, _Journ. Anat. Phys._, 1881-82, xvi., p. 362.]
[Footnote 49: B. A. Gould, _loc. cit._, p. 562.]
[Footnote 50: Breul, “Vertheil. d. Hautpigments bei verschied.
Menschenrassen,” _Morph. Arb._, directed by G. Schwalbe, vol. vi., part
3. Jena, 1896.]
[Footnote 51: Broca, _Instructions génér. pour les rech.
Anthropologiques sur le vivant_, 2nd ed., Paris, 1879.]
[Footnote 52: J. G. Garson and Ch. H. Read, _Notes and Queries on
Anthropology_, edit. for the Anthro. Institute, 2nd ed., London, 1892.]
[Footnote 53: Fair hair with all its shades is met with especially
among the European populations of the North; it is rarer in the
South. There are, it is computed, 16 fair-haired individuals to every
100 Scotchmen; 13 to every 100 Englishmen; and 2 only to every 100
Italians (Beddoe). On the other hand, brown hair is met with in 75
cases out of 100 Spaniards, 39 out of 100 Frenchmen, and 16 only of 100
Scandinavians (Gould). The fair variety is rarer among straight-haired
races; it is found, however, among the western Finns, among certain
Russians, etc.]
[Footnote 54: Baelz, _loc. cit._, vol. iv., p. 40; Matignon, _Bull.
Soc. Anthr._, p. 524, Paris, 1896; Collignon, _ibid._, p. 528;
Sören-Hansen, _Bidrag Vestgrönl. Anthr._, Copenhagen, 1893; Extr. from
_Meddel. om Grönl._, vol. vii., p. 237.]
[Footnote 55: Havelock Ellis, _Man and Woman_, p. 223. London, 1897.]
[Footnote 56: These characters, in conjunction with several others--the
small development of the lower jaw-bone, the frontal sinuses poorly
developed, the much greater development of the cranial vault
proportionately to its base, the persistence of the frontal and
parietal bumps--make the feminine skull approximate to the infantile
form. See the works of Broca, Manouvrier, and also Rabentisch, _Der
Weiberschädel, Morpholog. Arb._, Schwalbe, 1892, vol. ii., p. 207; and
H. Ellis, _loc. cit._, p. 72.]
[Footnote 57: H. Ellis, _loc. cit._, p. 89 and onwards; L. Manouvrier,
article “Cerveau” in the _Dict. de Physiol. de Ch. Richet_, vol. ii.,
part 8, Paris, 1897.]
[Footnote 58: According to the quinary nomenclature adopted in many
countries of Europe, the indices are grouped by series of five:
dolichocephalic from 70 to 74.9; mesocephalic from 75 to 79.9;
brachycephalic from 80 to 84.9; hyper-brachycephalic from 85 to 89.9.
The two systems might be combined with advantage, as I proposed ten
years ago, under the following nomenclature, which I have adopted
in this work:--Cephalic index of the skull: From 69.9 and under,
hyper-dolichocephalic; from 70 to 74.9, dolichocephalic; from 75 to
77.7, sub-dolichocephalic; from 77.7 to 79.9, mesocephalic; from 80 to
83.2, sub-brachycephalic; from 83.3 to 84.9, brachycephalic; from 85 to
85.9, hyper-brachycephalic; from 90 and upwards, ultra-brachycephalic.]
[Footnote 59: Skulls may also be grouped by sections (for instance,
ascending to the quinary nomenclature of the cephalic index) to see
what is the proportional part of each of these sections. Thus if we
take a series of 10 skulls having the following indices, 75, 77, 78,
80, 80, 81, 81, 81, 82, 84, their _average_ index will be expressed
by the figure 80 (the sum of the indices divided by the number of
skulls), while the most frequent _mean_ index will be 81. Further,
the series should be considered as not very homogeneous, for it
comprises 1 dolichocephalic, 1 sub-dolichocephalic, 1 mesocephalic, 6
sub-brachycephalic, and 1 brachycephalic.]
[Footnote 60: It is rather a line than a plane; the cranium always
being asymmetrical, we cannot make a horizontal plane pass exactly
through the borders of the two orbits and the two auditory meatus.]
[Footnote 61: Broca, “Recherches sur l’indice orbitaire,” _Rev.
Anthro._, p. 577, Paris, 1875.]
[Footnote 62: C.E., an abbreviation which is met with in other tables
for _Crania ethnica_ of De Quatrefages and Hamy, Paris, 1882.]
[Footnote 63: L. Weiss, _Beitr. Anat. der Orbita_, part 3, p. 25,
Tübingen, 1890.]
[Footnote 64: Ten Kate, _L’Anthropologie_, 1894, p. 617.]
[Footnote 65: Ten Kate, _Zur Anthropologie der Mongoloiden_, Berlin,
1882 (thesis).]
[Footnote 66: See P. Broca, _Instruc. gén., etc._; Garson and
Read, _Notes and Queries, etc._; as well as P. Topinard, “Instruc.
Anthropometr. pour les voyageurs,” _Rev. d’Anthro._, p. 397, Paris,
1885.]
[Footnote 67: Sergi, _Congr. internat. d’Archéol. et d’Anthr.
préhist._, 11th sess., Moscow, 1893, vol. ii., p. 296.]
[Footnote 68: Ehrenreich, _Anthr. Stud. Urbewohner Brasiliens_, chap.
i., Brunswick, 1897.]
[Footnote 69: A. Gonner, “Vererbung der Forme ... des Schädels,”
_Zeits. für Geburtshilfe und Gynäkologie_, 1895, vol. xxxiii., p. 1.]
[Footnote 70: Spalikowski, “Études d’anthropologie normande,” _Bull.
Soc. amis Sciences nat. Rouen_, 1895, Nos. 1 and 2, p. 113; Ammon,
_loc. cit._, p. 143; Johansson, and F. Westermarck, _Skandin. Arch. f.
Physiol._, vol. vii., 1897, p. 341; Miss Fawcett and K. Pearson, _Proc.
Roy. Soc. London_, vol. 62, 1898, p. 413.]
[Footnote 71: _Elem. Anthro. gén._, p. 567.]
[Footnote 72: Regalia, “Orbita ed obliquità dell’ occhio Mongolico,”
_Archivio p. Antr._, vol. xviii., p. 1, Florence, 1888.]
[Footnote 73: E. Metchnikof, _Zeitsch. f. Ethnol._, p. 153, Berlin,
1874.]
[Footnote 74: J. Deniker, “L’Étude sur les Kalmouks,” _Revue
d’Anthropologie_, 2nd series, vol. vi., p. 696, Paris, 1883.]
[Footnote 75: Collignon, “La nomenclature quinaire de l’indice nasal,”
_Rev. d’Anthropol._, 3rd series, t. ii., p. 8, Paris, 1887.]
[Footnote 76: German anthropologists take the measurement of the
breadth of the nose, not level with the nostrils, but behind, at the
point of their attachment to the maxillary bone, compressing the soft
parts; the nasal indices thus obtained are much too low, and not
comparable to those which result from the measurements taken according
to the Broca-Collignon method.]
[Footnote 77: A. Bertillon, “Morphologie du Nez,” _Rev. d’Anthro._, 3rd
series, vol. ii., 1887.]
[Footnote 78: P. Broca, “Recher. sur l’ind. nas.,” _Rev. d’Anthro._,
vol. i., Paris, 1872; Houzé, “L’ind. nas. des Flamands et des Wallons,”
_Bull. Soc. Anthr._, Bruxelles, vol. vii., 1888-89; O. Hovorka, _Die
aussere Nase_, Wien, 1893; Hoyer, “Beitr. zur Anthr. der Nase,”
Schwalbe’s _Morph. Arb._, vol. iv., p. 151, 1894.]
[Footnote 79: Schwalbe, “R. Virchow’s Festschrift,” 1891; E. Wilhelm,
_Rev. Biol. du nord de la France_, Lille, 1892, No. 6.]
[Footnote 80: See the summing up of the question in Cunningham, “The
Neural Spine,” _Journal of Anat. and Physiol._, vol. xx., p. 637.]
[Footnote 81: See, for further details, Verneau, _Le bassin dans les
sexes_, etc., Paris, 1875; Turner, “Report Hum. Skelet.,” _Rep. of
Challenger: Zoology_, part 47; J. Garson, “Pelvimetry,” _Journ. Anat.
Physiol._, vol. xvi., London, October, 1881; Henning, “Rassenbecken,”
_Arch. für Anthr._, 1885, and _Sitzungsb. Naturforsch. Gesell._,
Leipzig, 1890-91, p. 1; Marri, _Archivio per l’Antr._, 1892, p. 17.]
[Footnote 82: On the index of the shoulder-blade see Broca, _Bull. Soc.
Anthr._, 1878, p. 66; Livon, _De L’omoplate_ (thesis), Paris, 1879;
Garson, _Journ. Anat. Physiol._, vol. xiv., 1879-80, p. 13; Turner,
_loc. cit._]
[Footnote 83: Transformed into terms of the pelvic index of Broca these
figures, according to the formula: ind. Turn.: 100 = 100: _x_, we have
the figures: Fuegians, 129.8; Australians, 129.8; Europeans, 126.5;
European women, 134.6; Australian women, 130.5; Andamanese women,
131.5.]
[Footnote 84: It has been thought that this frequency was due to the
facility with which the thin lamella in question forming the bottom of
the cavity can be destroyed after prolonged interment. However, there
are prehistoric burial-places, as, for example, certain long barrows of
Great Britain, in which not a single perforated humerus in a series of
from ten to thirty bones has been found.]
[Footnote 85: Houzé, “Le 3ᵉ trochanter,” _Bull. Soc. Anthr._,
Brussels, 1883.]
[Footnote 86: See the summary of the question by Dwight in _Journ. of
Anat. Physiol._, vol. xxiv., pt. i., London, 1889, p. 61; also that
by Costa, in _Archivio per l’Antr._, vol. xx., 1890, p. 280; and by
Poirier in his _Traité d’Anatomie_, vol. i., p. 221, Paris, 1890.]
[Footnote 87: Manouvrier, _Mémoires Soc. Anthr._, 2nd ser., vol. iii.,
Paris, 1888.]
[Footnote 88: _Ibid._, vol. iv., 1890.]
[Footnote 89: Hamy, _Rev. d’Anthrop._, 1872, p. 79.]
[Footnote 90: Topinard, _L’homme dans la Nature_, p. 126.]
[Footnote 91: Rojdestvensky, “Proportions of the Head,” _Bull. Soc.
Friends of Nat. Sc._, vol. xc., part 1, Moscow, 1895 (in Russian).]
[Footnote 92: Ivanovsky, “Mongols, etc.,” _Bull. Soc. Friends of Nat.
Sc._, vol. lxxi., Moscow, 1893 (in Russian); Topinard, _Elem. Anthro.
générale_, p. 1076.]
[Footnote 93: See Ivanovsky, _loc. cit._, p. 257; Topinard, _loc.
cit._, p. 1089.]
[Footnote 94: Deniker and Boulart, _loc. cit._, p. 53.]
[Footnote 95: M. Bartels, _Arch. f. Anthr._, vol. xiii., 1880, p. 1.]
[Footnote 96: Lartschneider, “Die Steissbeinmuskeln, etc.,” _Denkschr.
K. Akad. Wiss. Wien. mat. nat. Kl._, vol. lxii., 1895.]
[Footnote 97: See on this subject, Le Double, _Traité des variations du
Syst. musc. de l’homme_, 2 vols., Paris, 1897; and Testut, _Anomalies
muscul._, Paris, 1884.]
[Footnote 98: Hovelacque and Hervé, _Précis d’Anthro._, p. 301. Paris,
1887.]
[Footnote 99: Ten Kate, “Sur quelques points d’ostéologie ethnique,”
_Revista del Museo de La Plata_, vol. vii., 1896, p. 263.]
[Footnote 100: R. Blanchard, “Observations sur le tablier ... d’après
Peron et Lesueur,” _Bull. Soc. Zool. de France_, 1883, with Figs.]
[Footnote 101: H. Ploss, _Das Weib_, 5th edit., by Max Bartels, vol. i.
Leipzig, 1897.]
[Footnote 102: Topinard, _L’homme dans la Nature_, p. 215.]
[Footnote 103: Topinard, _Elem. d’Anthrop. génér._, p. 571.]
[Footnote 104: According to the same author, the average weight of the
brain of 364 Bavarians is 1372 grammes.]
[Footnote 105: Manouvrier, “De la quantité dans l’encéphale,” _Mém.
Soc. Anthr._, 2nd ser., vol. iii., p. 162. Paris, 1888.]
[Footnote 106: _Elem. Anthr. gén._, pp. 611 _et seq._ The figures are
drawn from the series of Broca and Flower, the latter being augmented
by 64 c.c. (the mean difference established by Topinard and Garson
between the two systems of determining cranial capacity).]
[Footnote 107: Article “Cerveau,” in the _Dict. de Physiol._ of Ch.
Richet, vol. ii., part 3, p. 687. Paris, 1897.]
[Footnote 108: “11 Ossetes, 1465 grammes; 15 Ingush-Chechen, 1454
grammes; 11 Georgians, 1350 grammes; but 12 Armenians of medium height
of 1634 mm. give 1369 grammes for the brain.”--Gilchenko, _Congr.
Intern. Arch. préhis._, vol. i., p. 183, Moscow, 1892.]
[Footnote 109: C. Voit, “Gewichte d. Organe,” _Zeitsch. für Biologie_,
1894, p. 510.]
[Footnote 110: Manouvrier has demonstrated (_Dict. Phys._, p. 688),
working on three series of from 54 to 58 Frenchmen, that individuals
of low stature have a lighter brain (1329 grammes) than those of high
stature (1398 grammes); two series of women (23 and 27 individuals)
yielded a similar result (1198 grammes for the low-statured, and 1218
for the tall). A series of 44 distinguished men of _all_ nations and
_all_ statures gave a mean weight of 1430 grammes--that is to say,
exceeding that of the French of high stature and the Scotch. From this
may be drawn the conclusion that _intelligence_ causes an increase in
the weight of the brain independently of the stature. Here, by way of
documents, are several data of this interesting series. The minimum of
this series belongs to the anatomist Döllinger, who died at the age
of seventy-one (1207 grammes), the maximum to the novelist Thackeray,
who died at the age of fifty-three (1644 grammes). Between these two
extremes are inserted, Harless (1238 grammes), Gambetta (1294 grammes),
Liebig (1352 grammes), Bischoff (1452 grammes), Broca (1485 grammes),
Gauss (1492 grammes), Agassiz (1512 grammes), and De Morny (1520
grammes), to mention only the best known names ranging between these
extremes. M. Manouvrier has excluded from this series exceptionally
heavy brains, like those of Schiller (1781 grammes), of Cuvier (1829
grammes), of Tourgenieff (2012 grammes), and lastly of Byron (2238
grammes).]
[Footnote 111: According to Danilevsky and Dr. Regibus, the weight of
the grey substance represents 37 or 38 per cent. of the total weight of
the brain.]
[Footnote 112: Every nerve-fibre of the adult is composed of an
axis-cylinder which communicates with the nerve-cells and with a
myeline sheath formed around it. In the course of the development
of the embryo this sheath appears after the formation of the
axis-cylinder.]
[Footnote 113: Flechsig, _Gehirn und Seele_, 2nd ed., Leipzig, 1896;
_Die Localization der geistigen Vorgänge_, Leipzig, 1896.]
[Footnote 114: Sir W. Turner, Opening Address at the British
Association, Toronto, 1897, _Nature_, 2nd Sept. 1897.]
[Footnote 115: See the summary of the question in Ramon y Cajal,
_Nouv. idées struct. syst. nerveux_, French trans., Paris, 1894; also
Donaldson, _Growth of the Brain_, ch. vii., 1895.]
[Footnote 116: See the works of Bowditch on 2,500 American children of
both sexes, _Eighth Ann. Rep. State Board of Massachusetts_ (1877);
of Pagliani on the Italians (_Archivio per l’Antr._, 1876, vol. vi.);
of Axel Key on 1,800 Swedish children (_Intern. Congr. Med._, Berlin,
1887); of Schmidt on 10,000 German children, etc.]
[Footnote 117: H. Vierordt, “Das Massen-wachsthum, etc.,” _Arch. für
Anatom. u. Phys.; Anatom. Division_, 1890, supplem. volume, p. 62.]
[Footnote 118: Baelz, “Die Körperlichen Eigenschaften der Japaner,”
_Mittheil. Deutsch. Gesell. Ost. Asi._, 1882, vol. iii., p. 348; Hamada
and Sasaki in _Seii-Kwai_ (_Japanese Med. Journ. of Tokio_), February
No., 1890.]
[Footnote 119: Lapicque, _Rev. Mens. École. Anthr._, 1897, No. 12.]
[Footnote 120: Hyades and Deniker, _loc. cit._, p. 181.]
[Footnote 121: These figures, as well as those relating to the pulse,
are borrowed for the Fuegians from Hyades and Deniker, _loc. cit._,
p. 182; for the American populations from Gould, _loc. cit._; for
the Europeans from the work of H. Vierordt, _Anatomische Daten und
Tabellen_, 1893; and for the rest from the memoir (in Russian) of
Ivanovsky, “The Mongol-Torgootes,” already quoted.]
[Footnote 122: Maurel, _Bull. Soc. Anth. Paris_, 1883, p. 699; Hyades
and Deniker, p. 183.]
[Footnote 123: R. Andree, _Ethnol. Parallele_, Neue Folge, Leipzig,
1889.]
[Footnote 124: Darwin, _Expression of the Emotions_, London, 1872;
Mantegazza, _Physiognomy and Expression_ (English trans.), London,
1895; M. Duval, _Anatomie artistique_, p. 285, Paris, 1881.]
[Footnote 125: See _Globus_, 1897, vol. xxi., No. 7.]
[Footnote 126: Kotelmann, “Die Augen, etc.,” _Zeit. f. Ethn._, 1884,
Verh., p 77.]
[Footnote 127: Dr. Herzenstein, _Izviestia_, etc., of _Friends of
Science_, Moscow, vol. xlix., part 4, p. 347 (in Russian).]
[Footnote 128: See for further details, Ploss, _loc. cit._, vol. i., p.
288.]
[Footnote 129: B. Rosenstadt, “Ursachen welche die Zahl der
Conceptionen, etc.,” _Mitth. Embryol. Instit. Univers. Wien_, 2nd
series, part 4, Vienna, 1890.]
[Footnote 130: Fr. Müller, _Allgem. Ethnographie_, 2nd ed., p. 212,
Vienna, 1879; Kulischer, _Zeit. f. Ethn._, vol. viii. (Verh., p. 152),
Berlin, 1876.]
[Footnote 131: Correspondence of the _Temps_ of the 6th of February
1896.]
[Footnote 132: J. M. Campbell, _Journ. Anthr. Soc. Bombay_, vol. iv.,
1895, No. 1.]
[Footnote 133: I cannot refute here all the erroneous assertions in
regard to the assumed influence of environment, referring the reader
to the works of Pallas (_Acta of the Acad. of St. Petersburg_, 1780,
part ii., p. 69) and of Darwin (especially to _The Descent of Man_).
It is enough to give some examples. Negroes are not black because
they inhabit tropical countries, seeing that the Indians of South
America, who live in the same latitudes, are yellow; Norwegians and
Great Russians, who are fair and tall, live side by side with the
Laplanders and the Samoyeds, who are dark and of very low stature. It
has been said and repeated frequently that the Jews who immigrated to
Cochin (India), after the destruction of Jerusalem by Titus, became
as black as the indigenous Tamils among whom they live. This is so
little true that in this country the name of “white Jews” is given to
the descendants of true Jews (who really are white), to distinguish
them from the “black Jews” or Tamils converted to Judaism. Further, it
has been pretended, according to an assertion of Khanikof, reproduced
by Darwin (_Descent of Man_, p. 304), and repeated by so many others,
that the Wurtemburgers of blond type, who emigrated to the Caucasus in
1816, had become dark. This statement is no truer than the preceding
one. Radde, who has studied these settlers, says expressly (_Zeit.
f. Ethnol._, vol. ix., Verh., p. 12) that they are as fair as their
compatriots who have remained in Germany. According to Pantioukhof
(_Anth. Observ. in the Caucasus_, p. 25, Tiflis, 1893, in Russian),
25 out of 51 of the settlers, or 55 per cent., have light eyes, while
in Wurtemburg the proportion of light eyes _among children_ is 65 per
cent. (_Arch. f. Anthr._, 1886, p. 412), which reduces the figure to
about 56 per cent. or 58 per cent. for the adults,--a figure very near
to the preceding one.]
[Footnote 134: S. Russkikh, “Influence of the Polar Night on the
Human Organism,” _Zapiski of the Ourtian Friends of Nat. Sc. Soc._,
Ekaterinburg, 1895 (in Russian).]
[Footnote 135: W. Kochs, “Eine wichtige Veränderung, etc.,” _Biol.
Centralbl._, p. 289, 1891.]
[Footnote 136: Davy, _Philos. Transac. Roy. Soc. London_, 1850, p. 437.]
[Footnote 137: Darwin, _Descent of Man_, 3rd ed., p. 208.]
[Footnote 138: Cl. Markham, _Travels in India and Peru_, London, 1869;
Elisée Reclus, _Géographie universelle_, vol. viii., p. 630, Paris,
1883.]
[Footnote 139: Rosenberg, _Malayshe Archip._, Leipzig, 1878, Preface.]
[Footnote 140: Huxley, _Evidence as to Man’s Place in Nature_, London,
1863.]
[Footnote 141: Hettner, _Zeits. Gesel. Erdk._, vol. xxvi., 1891, p.
137.]
[Footnote 142: _Proceedings Geogr. Soc. London_, 1891, p. 34.]
[Footnote 143: For details see Bordier, _Géogr. Médicale_, Paris, 1883,
with atlas.]
[Footnote 144: _Bull. Géogr. histor. et descript._, p. 53, Paris, 1889.]
[Footnote 145: G. de la Tourette, _Journal de Médecine_, February,
1893.]
[Footnote 146: Brinton, _Science_, 16th Dec. 1892; and _Globus_, 1893,
1st half-year, p. 148.]
[Footnote 147: See Logan’s _Journal of the Indian Archipelago_,
vol. iii., Calcutta, 1849, pp. 457, 464, and 530; H. O. O’Brien,
“The Latah,” _Journ. of the Straits Branch of the R. Asiat. Soc._,
Singapore, June 1883, p. 144; Metzger, “Amok und Mataglap,” _Globus_,
vol. lii., 1882, No. 7; Rasch, _Neurolog. Centralbl._, 1894, No. 15;
1895, No. 19.]
[Footnote 148: L. Morgan, _Proc. Am. Assoc. Acad. Sc._, Detroit
Session, 1875, p. 266, and _Journal Anthro. Inst._, vol. vi., 1878,
p. 114. The distinction between the first and the second form lies,
according to Morgan, in the knowledge of pottery--a somewhat unreliable
and narrow criterion, which, however, does not directly interest us
here.]
[Footnote 149: Grosse, _Die Formen der Wirtschaft_, etc., Leipzig,
1896.]
[Footnote 150: Ratzel, _History of Mankind_, vol. i., p. 24. London,
1896.]
[Footnote 151: Vierkandt, _Naturvölker und Kulturvölker_, Leipzig,
1896; and _Geogr. Zeitschr._, vol. iii., pp. 256 and 315, 2 maps,
Leipzig, 1897.]
[Footnote 152: That is to say, engaged in the pursuit of land animals
(hunting), or of aquatic (fishing); or gathering plants or fruits.]
[Footnote 153: Andree, _Anthropologische Parallele_, p. 52.]
[Footnote 154: G. Mallery, “Sign Language,” _First Annual Report Bur.
of Ethnol._, 1879-80, p. 269. Washington, 1881.]
[Footnote 155: See for the details Fr. Müller, _Grundr. d.
Sprachwissensch._, vol. i., Vienna, 1876; Hovelacque, _Linguistique_,
Paris, 1877.]
[Footnote 156: For _resumé_ of the question see A. Keane, _Ethnology_,
p. 206., London, 1896.]
[Footnote 157: Such are the _lingua franca_ and the _sabir_, a medley
of French, English, Italian, and Turkish spread over all the Asiatic
and African coast-lines of the Mediterranean, and particularly among
the Levantines. Such also is the Pigeon (or _Pidjin_) English, a
mixture of Chinese, English, and Portuguese, employed in the ports of
the Far East; the “whalers’ language,” a mixture of Hawaiian, Chinese,
English, Chukchi, Japanese, etc., which is heard in the north of the
Pacific Ocean; the _Foky-Foky_ of Guiana, etc.]
[Footnote 158: Lajard, _Bull. Soc. Anthr. Paris_, 1891, p. 469, and
1892, p. 23.]
[Footnote 159: M. Buchner, _Kamerun_, Leipzig, 1887; Andree, _Verh.
Berl. Ges. Anthr._, 1888, p. 411; Betz, _Mitth. Forschungsreisenden
deut. Schutzgeb._, vol. xi., part 1, 1898.]
[Footnote 160: See for details, H. Hale, “Four Huron Wampum Records,”
_Journ. Anthr. Inst._, vol. xxvi., No. 3 (1887), and the interesting
note of E. B. Tylor at the end of this paper. Hamy, _Galerie Americ. du
Mus. Trocadéro_, Paris, 1897, Pl. I.]
[Footnote 161: Harmand, _Mém. Soc. Anthro._, Paris, 2nd ser., vol. ii.,
1875-85, p. 339.]
[Footnote 162: Piette, “Étude d’ethnogr. prehist.,” _L’Anthropologie_,
1896, No. 4, p. 385. Article accompanied by an excellent folio atlas.]
[Footnote 163: S. Mallery, “Pictographs of the North American Indians,”
_Fourth Rep. Bur. Ethn._, 1882-83, Washington, 1884. By the same,
“Picture Writing of the American Indians,” 1888-89, _Tenth Rep. Bur.
Ethn._, 1893.]
[Footnote 164: Among the present natives of Easter Island there are
only one or two who can decipher these tablets.--W. Thomson Smith’s
_Rep. U.S. Nat. Mus._, 1889, p. 513.]
[Footnote 165: Aubin, _Revue orientale et Americaine_, vol. iii., p.
255.]
[Footnote 166: The two hundred and fourteen “keys” or hieroglyphics
comparable with the hieratic characters of Egypt--that is to say,
ideograms representing categories of objects or symbolising general
ideas--joined to a thousand phonetic signs, suffice by their
combinations to convey a definite sense to the series of homophonous
hieroglyphics forming the forty-four thousand characters of Chinese
handwriting. Thus the word or syllable _pa_ signifies banana,
war-chariot, scar, cry, etc. To distinguish the various acceptations of
the word, there must be joined to the phonetic sign _pa_ (derived from
a word the proper sense of which has long been obliterated) the key of
plants, or that of iron, of diseases, of the mouth, according to the
sense which it is desired to give to it. The monosyllabic structure of
Chinese lends itself admirably to this hieroglyphic writing.]
[Footnote 167: The discovery by A. J. Evans of a special syllabic
writing in the island of Crete leads one to conjecture, on the
contrary, that it was from this unfortunate island that the first
alphabet set out. This writing, more ancient than the Phœnician
characters, is a direct derivative of pictography; it is found again at
Cyprus and in Asia Minor at the epoch of the Ægean civilisation.--A. J.
Evans, _Rep. Brit. Ass._, 1896, p. 914.]
[Footnote 168: C. Vogt, “L’Écriture, etc.,” _Rev. Scient._, 2nd
half-year, p. 1221., Paris, 1880.]
[Footnote 169: Bunge, _Lehrbuch physiol. Chemie_, 2nd ed., p. 110,
Leipzig, 1896.]
[Footnote 170: Goebel, _Bull. Ac. Sc. St. Petersb._, vol. v. (1861), p.
397, and Schmidt, _ibid._, vol. xvi. (1871), p. 203.]
[Footnote 171: Wilken, _Vergelijk. Volkenk. v. Ned Ind._, p. 89,
Leyden, 1893; _Science et Nature_, Paris, 1885, 1st half-year, p. 393.]
[Footnote 172: T. Gautier, “Sur une certaine argile blanche, etc.,”
_Actes de la Soc. Scient. du Chili_, vol. v. (1895), pt. 1 to 3,
Santiago, 1895.]
[Footnote 173: Hellwald, _Ethnogr. Rosselsprünge_, p. 168, Leipzig,
1891.]
[Footnote 174: Thus, merely from a phrase heard from the lips of a
Fuegian boy by Byron, and reproduced in the _Voyage of the Beagle_
by Darwin, the Fuegians have until the present time been accused of
cannibalism, and yet no observer living months and years among these
savages has been able to verify the existence of this custom, in spite
of all efforts to discover it.]
[Footnote 175: Wissmann, _Im Inneren Afrikas_, p. 152, Leipzig, 1888.]
[Footnote 176: P. Bergemann, _Verbreitung d. Anthropoph._, Breslau,
1893.]
[Footnote 177: Among the Kalebus of Central Africa (between Lomami and
Lukassi, 6° lat. S.) the whole of the body is eaten with the exception
of the fingers, which are left untouched from a fear of disease “which
retires to them as the last place of refuge” (Wissmann).]
[Footnote 178: R. S. Steinmetz, “Endocannibalismus,” _Mittheilungen der
Anthropol. Gesel. in Wien_, vol. xxvi. (xvi.), pt. 1-2, 1896.]
[Footnote 179: It seems to me that Steinmetz’s theory encounters a
great difficulty in the fact that anthropophagous peoples (for example,
certain Australian tribes) avoid eating relatives, with the exception
of infants; the clans exchange one with another the bodies of their
dead in order that each may only eat individuals unrelated to it.]
[Footnote 180: Schlegel, “Festgabe Bastians” (suppl. No. to vol. ix. of
_Internat. Archiv. für Ethnogr._, 1896).]
[Footnote 181: W. Hough, “The Methods of Fire-making,” _Report of the
U.S. National Museum for 1890_, p. 95. Washington, 1891.]
[Footnote 182: An apparatus of this sort was in use half a century ago
among Polish peasants (_Globus_, vol. lix., 1891, p. 388).]
[Footnote 183: Tylor, _Anthropology_, p. 262.]