altero margine incisa. Membranaceous, dilated kolpoda, the fore-part
smaller than the hind-part, with a small incision at one side.
This animalculum is a dilated bright membrane; the apex an obtuse point,
with a broad marked border running entirely round it; within the margin
it is filled with grey molecules, a fleshy disc on one side, which
terminates in a splendid little point on the other side the disc. It has
a truncated appearance.
103. KOLPODA TRIQUETRA. K. obovata depressa, altero margine retuso.
Kolpoda nearly of an egg-shape, one edge turned back.
This animalculum appears to consist of two membranes; the upper side
flattened, the lower convex; the apex is bent so as to form a kind of
shoulder. It was found in salt water.
104. KOLPODA STRIATA. K. oblonga, subarcuata depressa, candida, antice
acuminata, postice rotundata. Oblong, somewhat of a pear-shape, white,
the fore-part pointed, the hind-part round.
It is very pellucid and white, the upper part rather bent, and
terminating in a point, the lower part obtusely round; at the apex or
mouth there is a little black pellucid vesicle; when a very great
magnifying power is used, the body appears covered with long streaks;
the lower extremity is furnished, like many other animalcula, with very
small globules. It is to be found in salt water.
105. KOLPODA NUCLEUS. K. ovata, vertice acuto. Egg-shaped kolpoda, with
an acute vertex.
It is of an oval shape, the vertex pointed, of a brilliant transparency,
which renders the viscera visible; they consist of a number of round
diaphanous vesicles.
106. KOLPODA MELEAGRIS. K. mutabilis, antice uncinata, postice
complicata. Plate XXV. Fig. 22. Changeable, with the fore-part like a
hook, the hind-part folded up.
A most singular animalculum of the larger species; it has a dilated
membrane, with the finest folds, which it varies and bends in a moment;
the fore-part of the body to the middle is clear and bright, the
hind-part variously folded in transverse elevated plaits, and full of
molecules; the apex turned into a hook, the margin sinuous, and beneath
the apex denticulated with three or four teeth; but in some which are
more beautifully wrought, the edge is obtusely notched, and set with
still smaller notches; in the hind-part there are twelve or more equal
pellucid globules. It moves sometimes in a straight, at other times in a
crooked line, _a_, the hooked apex; _b_, the denticulated margin; _c_,
the series of globules; _d_, the folded part at bottom.
107. KOLPODA ASSIMILIS. K. depressa, non plicatilis apice uncinato,
margine antico ad medium, usque crenulato postice, dilatato acutiusculo.
Depressed kolpoda, the apex turned in the form of a small hook; the
margin of the fore-part notched from the top to the middle, the lower
part swells out, then diminishes again into a short point. It has an
elliptic mass in the middle, but is never folded like the preceding. It
was found on the sea coast.
108. KOLPODA CUCULLUS. K. ovata, ventricosa, infra apicem incisa. Plate
XXV. Fig. 23. Egg-shaped, ventricose, with an incision in the fore-part.
It is very pellucid, with a well-defined margin, filled with little
bright vesicles, differing in size, and of no certain number. Its figure
is commonly oval, the top bent into a kind of beak, seldom an acute one,
sometimes oblong, but most usually obtuse. Its intestines are formed of
from eight to twenty-four bright little vesicles, not conspicuous in
such as are young. Some have supposed these to be animalcula which the
kolpoda had swallowed, but Müller is of opinion that they are its
offspring. In some only one crystalline vesicle occupies the middle of
the body. It moves in general with great vivacity, and in all
directions. When this creature is near death in consequence of the
evaporation of the water, it protrudes its offspring with violence. It
is found in infusions of vegetables, and in fetid hay. In some few a
transparent membranaceous substance may be perceived projecting beyond
the beak, and resembling an exuvia; the same may also be observed in the
enchelis and vibrio: it is, therefore, possible that these animalcula
cast their skin, as is the case with many of the class of insects. _a_
shews the cap or hood, _b_ the incision.
109. KOLPODA CUCULLULUS. K. oblonga, infra apicem oblique incisa. Oblong
kolpoda, with an oblique incision a little below the apex.
A very pellucid crystalline animalculum; it is furnished with several
pellucid globules; there is a bending a little beneath the top, which in
some positions is very distinctly seen, in others not. It was observed
in an infusion of the sonchus arvensis.
110. KOLPODA CUCULLIO. K. ovalis depressa, infra apicem tantillum
sinuata. Flat oval kolpoda, with a small degree of bending beneath the
apex.
This is an oval, or rather an elliptical kolpoda, membranaceous and
bright; flat on the upper side, and convex on the under; the fore-part
is clear, and from the middle to the hinder-part it is filled with
silver-like globules. It frequently stretches out the fore-part, and
folds it in different positions.
111. KOLPODA REN. K. crassa medio sinuata. This kolpoda is thick, and
carved in the middle.
The body is yellow, thick, and rather opake; curved a little, in the
middle, so as to have the appearance of a kidney; the whole body is
filled with molecules. Its motion is quick, fluctuating, and
interrupted. When the water in which it swims is about to fail, it
assumes an oval form, is compressed, and at last bursts. It is found in
an infusion of hay, generally about thirteen hours after the infusion is
made.
112. KOLPODA PIRUM. K. convexa, ovalis, apice in rostrum producta. Plate
XXV. Fig. 20 and 21. Convex kolpoda, oval, the apex formed into a kind
of beak.
The body is uniform and transparent, without any sensible inequality;
the neck rather long and a little bent; it is of a pale colour, and
furnished with obscure little globules. It propagates by division. Fig.
20 represents this animalculum; Fig. 21, the same dividing to form
another; _a_, the fore-part; _b_, the hind-part; _c_, where it is
dividing.
113. KOLPODA CUNEUS. K. clavata, teres, apice dentata. Clavated kolpoda,
round, the apex dentated.
This is a large animalculum, the body white, gelatinous, without any
distinct viscera. It has a pellucid, bright, striated pustule on one
side of the fore-part; the apex is distinguished by three or four teeth,
the hinder-part is smaller than the fore-part, with an obtuse
termination, which it can bend into a spiral form.
IX. GONIUM.
Vermis inconspicuus, simplicissimus, complanatus, angulatus. An
invisible, simple, smooth, angular worm.
114. GONIUM PECTORALE. G. quadrangulare, pellucidum moleculis sedecim
sphæricis. Plate XXV. Fig. 17. This gonium is quadrangular, pellucid,
with sixteen spherical molecules.
These sixteen little oval bodies are nearly equal in size, of a greenish
colour, pellucid, and set in a quadrangular membrane, like the jewels in
the breast-plate of the high-priest, reflecting light on both sides. Its
animality is evinced by its spontaneous motion, advancing alternately
towards the right and left; these little bodies seem oval when in
motion, round when at rest; the four interior ones are a little larger
than the rest. It is found in pure water.
115. GONIUM PULVINATUM. G. quadrangulare, opacum pulvillis quatuor.
Quadrangular, opake, with four little pillows.
This appears like a little quadrangular membrane, plain on both sides;
with a large magnifier it looks like a bolster, formed of three or four
cylindric pillows, flattened or sunk here and there. Thus it appeared to
Müller on the first examination; some days after all the sides were
plain, without any convexity, and divided into little square spaces by
lines crossing each other. It is found upon dunghills.
116. GONIUM CORRUGATUM. G. quadrangulare, albidum, medio correptum.
Quadrangular gonium, white, sunk a little in the middle.
It is somewhat of a square shape, very minute, without any visible
viscera, a little depressed in the middle. It is found in various
infusions; in some positions it appears streaked.
117. GONIUM RECTANGULUM. G. rectangulum, dorso arcuato. This gonium is
rectangular, the hind-part arched.
This differs but little from the preceding; the angle at the base is a
right one, the larger vesicle is transparent, the rest green.
118. GONIUM TRUNCATUM. G. obtusangulum, postice arcuatum. Gonium with
obtuse corners, the hind-part arched.
Much larger than the foregoing, the fore-part is a straight line, with
which the sides form obtuse angles, the ends of the sides being united
by a curved line; the internal molecules are of a dark green, there are
two little bright vesicles in the middle; its motion is languid. It is
found chiefly in pure water, and that but seldom.
X. BURSARIA.
Vermis simplicissimus, membranaceus, cavus. A very simple, hollow,
membranaceous worm.
119. BURSARIA TRUNCATELLA. B. ventricosa, apice truncata. Ventricose
bursaria, the top truncated.
An animalculum that is visible to the naked eye, white, oval, and
truncated at the top, where there is a large aperture descending towards
the base; most of them have four or five yellow eggs at the bottom. It
moves itself at pleasure from right to left, and from left to right,
ascending to the surface of the water in a right line, and sometimes
rolling about while descending.
120. BURSARIA BULLINA. B. cymbæformis, antice labrata. Boat-shaped
bursaria, the fore-part formed into a lip.
A pellucid crystalline animalculum, furnished with splendid globules of
different sizes swimming about within it; the under-side convex, the
upper side hollow, the fore-part forming a kind of lip.
121. BURSARIA HIRUNDINELLA. B. utrinque laciniata, extremitatibus
productis. Plate XXV. Fig. 19.
Bursaria with two small projecting wings, which give it somewhat of the
appearance of a bird, and it moves something like a swallow. It is
invisible to the naked eye, but by the microscope appears to be a
pellucid hollow membrane; no intestines are visible. _a_, the head; _b_,
the tail; _c_, one of the wings.
122. BURSARIA DUPLELLA. B. elliptica, marginibus inflexis. Plate XXV.
Fig. 18. Elliptic bursaria with the edge bent in and out.
A crystalline membrane folded up, without any visible intestines, if we
except a little congeries of points under one of the folds. It was found
among duck-weed.
123. BURSARIA GLOBINA. B. sphærica, medio pellucentissima. Spherical
bursaria, very pellucid in the middle.
A subspheric hollow animalculum, the lower end furnished with black
molecules of various sizes, the fore-part with obscure points, the rest
entirely empty, and the middle very pellucid; it moves slowly from right
to left.
XI. CERCARIA.
Vermis inconspicuus, pellucidus, caudatus. An invisible pellucid worm
with a tail.
124. CERCARIA GYRINUS. C. rotundata, cauda acuminata. Round cercaria,
with a sharp tail.
It has a white gelatinous body, without any traces of intestines; the
fore-part somewhat globular, the hind-part round, long, and pointed;
sometimes it appears a little compressed on each side. When swimming,
the tail is in a continual vibration, like that of a tadpole. It seems
very similar to the spermatic animalcula.
125. CERCARIA GIBBA. C. subovata, convexa, antice subacuta, cauda
tereti. Somewhat of an oval shape, convex, the fore-part rather acute,
the tail round.
It is a small animalculum, gelatinous, white, opake, and without any
visible intestines; the upper part convex or gibbous; many of them were
found in infusions of hay, as well as of other vegetables.
126. CERCARIA INQUIETA. C. mutabilis, convexa, cauda lævi. Plate XXV.
Fig. 31 and 32. Changeable convex cercaria, with a smooth tail.
This animalculum so often changes the form of its body, that it is not
easy to describe it; it is sometimes spherical, sometimes like a long
cylinder, at other times of an oval figure, white and gelatinous; the
tail is filiform and flexible, the upper part vibrating vehemently; no
visible viscera; a pellucid globule may be observed at the base, and two
very small black points placed near the top at _d_, Fig. 32; whether
they be eyes to the animalculum is not known. It was found in salt
water. _a_, Fig. 31, the body; _b_, the tail.
127. CERCARIA LEMNA. C. mutabilis, subdepressa, cauda annulata. Plate
XXV. Fig. 33, 34, and 35. Mutable cercaria, somewhat flattened, with an
annulated tail.
This animalculum varies its form so much, that it might be mistaken for
the proteus of Baker, though, in fact, it is totally different. The body
sometimes appears of an oblong, sometimes of a triangular, and sometimes
of a kidney shape. The tail is generally short, thick, and annulated,
but sometimes long, flexible, cylindric, and without rings; vibrating,
when stretched out, with so much velocity, that it appears as it were
double. The intestines are not very distinct; a small pellucid globule,
which Müller supposes to be its mouth, is observable at the apex; and
two black points not easily discovered, he thinks are its eyes;
sometimes it draws the tail entirely into the body. It walks slowly
after taking three or four steps, and extends the tail, erecting it
perpendicularly, shaking and bending it; in which state it very much
resembles a leaf of the lemna. Fig. 33, _a_, the body rather spherical;
_b_, the tail. Fig. 34, _c_, the triangular body; _b_, the tail. Fig.
35, the body extended; _e e_, the eyes; _f f_, the intestines; _g_, a
large vesicle; _h_, a smaller one.
128. CERCARIA TURBO. C. globulosa, medio coarctata, cauda uniseta. Plate
XXV. Fig. 30. Globular cercaria, the middle contracted, with a tail like
a bristle.
Partly of an oval, and partly of a spherical shape, pellucid, and of a
talky appearance. It seems to be composed of two globular bodies, the
lowermost of which is the smallest; this figure is occasioned by the
contraction at the middle. There are two black points, like eyes, even
with a transverse line which crosses the upper part of this little
creature; several large globules may also be discerned; the tail is
sometimes quite straight, sometimes turned back on the body. It is to be
found among duck-weed.
129. CERCARIA PODURIA. C. cylindracea, postice acuminata subfissa. Plate
XXV. Fig. 36 and 37. Cylindric cercaria, the hind-part sharp and
somewhat cloven.
It resembles the young ones of the podura[126] which live among the
lemnæ, is pellucid, and appears to consist of a head, trunk, and tail;
the head resembles that of a herring; the trunk is cylindric, replete
with black spiral intestines, and appears more or less extended, at the
will of the animal; nothing is to be discovered in the hinder-part. The
tail most commonly appears to be divided into two bristles. The
intestines are in a continual motion when the body moves, and by reason
of their various shades give it a very rough appearance; some lateral
hairs or cilia are likewise to be perceived. When it moves, it revolves
at the same time as upon an axis. It is to be found in November and
December, in marshy places that are covered with the lemna. Fig. 36,
_a_, the head; _b_, the trunk; _c_, the tail; _d_, with one point; it is
seen at _e_, Fig. 37, with two points; _f_, the hairs on the side.
[126] A genus of insects of the order of aptera. Linn. Syst. Nat. p.
1013.
130. CERCARIA VIRIDIS. C. cylindracea mutabilis, postice accuminata
fissa. Cylindrical cercaria, mutable, the lower end sharp, and divided
into two parts.
This animalculum in some of its states considerably resembles the last,
but has a much greater power of changing its shape. It is naturally
cylindrical, the lower end sharp, and divided into two parts; but it
sometimes contracts the head and tail so as to assume a spherical
figure, at other times it projects outwards. It is found in the spring,
in ditches of standing water.
131. CERCARIA SETIFERA. C. cylindracea, antice angustior, postice
acuminata. Cylindric cercaria, the fore-part smallest, the hind-part
pointed.
This is a small cercaria, the body rather opake, and of a round figure.
The upper part is bright, and smaller than the rest; the trunk is more
opake; the tail sharp, and near it a little row of short hairs. It has a
slow rotatory motion. It is found in salt water, though but seldom.
132. CERCARIA HIRTA. C. cylindrica, antice subtruncata, postice obtusa,
bimucronata. Cylindrical cercaria, the fore-part somewhat truncated, the
lower part obtuse, finishing with two small points.
A cylindrical opake animalculum, with two small points at the lower end,
moveable, yet rigid, and placed at some distance; when in motion, the
body appears to be surrounded with rows of small hairs separated a
little from each other. It was observed in salt water.
133. CERCARIA CRUMENA. C. cylindraceo-ventricosa, antice oblique
truncata, cauda lineari bicuspidata. Cylindrical, ventricose cercaria,
the fore-part obliquely truncated, the tail linear, terminating with two
diverging points.
The body is ventricose, cylindrical, thick, and wrinkled; the lower part
small, the upper part terminates in a small, straight neck, like that of
a pitcher; the tail terminates in two diverging points.
134. CERCARIA CATELLUS. C. tripartita, cauda bisecta. Three-parted
cercaria, the tail divided into two parts.
This animalculum is more complex in its form than many others; it has a
moveable head, which is affixed to the body only by a point; an abdomen,
which is not so wide, but twice as long as the head, replete with
intestines; and a tail which is shorter than the head, narrower than the
belly, and terminating in two bristles, which it can unite and separate
at pleasure. It moves with vivacity, though without going far from its
own place.
135. CERCARIA CATELINA. C. tripartita, cauda bicuspidata. Cercaria
distinguished into three parts, with a short forked tail.
It differs from the preceding in several respects, being larger, the
body thicker, and more cylindrical; the lower part truncated, with two
short diverging points projecting from the middle. It was found in a
ditch containing plenty of duck-weed.
136. CERCARIA LUPUS. C. cylindrica, elongata, torosa cauda spinis
duabus. Plate XXV. Fig. 39. Cylindric cercaria, long, the tail furnished
with two spines.
This animalculum is larger than most of the cercarias, and in some
particulars resembles the vorticella. It is full of muscles, capable of
being contracted or extended; cylindric, composed of a head, a trunk,
and a tail; the head is larger than the body, the apex turned down into
a little hook; the tail is like the body, but narrower, terminating in
two very bright spines, which it extends in different directions;
sometimes it contracts itself into one half its common size; and again
extends itself as before. It was found in water among duck-weed. _a_ the
head, _b_ the trunk, _c_ the tail, _d d_ the spines thereof.
137. CERCARIA VERMICULARIS. C. cylindrica annulata, proboscide
exsertili, cauda spina duplici. Plate XXV. Fig. 40. Cylindrical,
annulated, with a projecting proboscis, two small spines for the tail.
It is a long, cylindrical, fleshy, mutable animalculum, divided into
eight or nine rings, or folding plaits; the apex either obtuse or
notched into two points; the hind-part rather acute, and terminating in
two pellucid thorns, between which a swelling is sometimes perceived. It
often projects a kind of cloven proboscis. It is found in water where
duck-weed grows. _d d_ the points of the fore-part, _e_ the proboscis.
138. CERCARIA FORCIPATA. C. cylindrica, rugosa, proboscide forcipata
exsertili, cauda bicuspidata.
Cylindrical cercaria, wrinkled, with a forked proboscis, which it can
extend, or retract. It is found in marshy situations.
139. CERCARIA PLEURONECTES. C. orbicularis, cauda uniseta. Orbicular,
the tail consisting of one bristle.
It is membranaceous, rather round, and white. In the fore-part are two
blackish points; the hind-part is furnished with a slender sharp tail;
it has orbicular intestines of different sizes in the middle; the
largest of them are bright. Its motion is staggering or wavering; in
swimming it keeps one edge of the lateral membrane upwards; the other
folded down. It is found in water which has been kept for several
months.
140. CERCARIA TRIPOS. C. subtriangularis, brachiis deflexis, cauda
recta. Plate XXV. Fig. 38. Cercaria somewhat of a triangular form, two
bent arms, and a straight tail.
The body is flat, pellucid, and triangular, having each angle of the
base or fore-part bent down into two linear arms; the apex of the
triangle is prolonged into a tail. It was found in salt water; _b_, the
tail; _a a_, the bent arms.
141. CERCARIA CYCLIDIUM. C. ovalis, postice subemarginata, cauda
extersili. This is oval, the hind-part somewhat notched, with a tail
that it thrusts out at pleasure.
It has an oval, smooth, membranaceous, and pellucid body, with a black
margin. The tail is not fixed to the edge, but concealed under it, and
comes out from it at every motion, but in such a manner, as to project
but little from the edge. There is also a kind of border to the
hinder-part. Its intestines are very pellucid vesicles. It is frequently
found in pure water.
142. CERCARIA TENAX. C. membranacea, antice crassiuscula, truncata,
cauda triplo breviore. Membranaceous, the fore-part rather thick,
truncated, the tail three times shorter.
It is an oval, pellucid membrane, something larger than the monas lens.
The fore-edge is thick and truncated, the hinder-part acute, and
terminating in a short tail. It whirls about in various directions with
great velocity.
143. CERCARIA DISCUS. C. orbicularis, cauda curvata. A small orbicular
animalculum, with a bent tail.
144. CERCARIA ORBIS. C. orbicularis, seta caudali duplici longissima.
Orbicular cercaria, with a tail consisting of two very long bristles.
145. CERCARIA LUNA. C. orbicularis, cauda lineari duplici brevi. This is
likewise orbicular, with two short spines for a tail; the fore-part
hollowed, so as to form a kind of crescent.
XII. LEUCOPHRA.
Vermis inconspicuus, pellucidus, undique ciliatus. An invisible worm,
pellucid, and everywhere ciliated.
146. LEUCOPHRA CONFLICTOR. L. sphærica, subopaca, interaneis mobilibus.
Spherical opake leucophra, with moveable intestines.
This animalculum, or rather a heap of animalcula, is larger than most
species of the vorticella; it is perfectly spherical, and
semi-transparent, of a yellow colour, the edges dark. It rolls at
intervals from right to left, but seldom removes from the spot where it
is first found. It is filled with a number of the most minute molecules,
which move as if they were in a violent conflict. In proportion to the
number of these little combatants, which are accumulated either on one
side or the other, the whole mass rolls either to the right or left, the
molecules going in the same direction; it is then tranquil for a short
time, but the conflict soon becomes more violent, and the sphere moves
the contrary way in a spiral line. When the water begins to fail, they
assume an oblong, oval, or cylindric figure; the hind-part of some being
compressed into a triangular shape, and the transparent part escaping as
it were from the intestines, which continue to move with the same
violence till the water wholly fails, when the molecules are spread into
a shapeless mass, which also soon vanishes, and the whole shoot into a
form, having the appearance of crystals of sal ammoniac, as figured by
Baker. Empl. for the Micros. Plate III. No. 3.
147. LEUCOPHRA MAMILLA. L. sphærica, opaca, papilla exsertili. Sphærical
opake leucophra, with a small papillary projection.
It is of a dark colour, and filled with globular molecules, the short
hairs are curved inwards; and it occasionally projects and retracts a
little white protuberance. It is not uncommon in marshy water.