strengthening the general belief that Scott was the author of the
Waverley Novels; inasmuch as he possessed no ostensible means from which
the sums expended in the purchase and improvement of Abbotsford, as well
as the liberal hospitality which he there exercised, could be defrayed.
His urbanity, his innate kindliness of nature, his unassuming demeanour,
and readiness to foster humble merit, had almost disarmed ill-will,
besides softening the asperity of party feelings; and men looked without
envy on a fortune which, to be the produce of one man’s literary labours
for the short space of twenty years, seemed almost beyond belief, as
well as beyond example, and acknowledged it to be deserved, without a
doubt of its continuance, or reality. In this belief, (for otherwise he
would have acted differently, being naturally a prudent man,) Scott
himself rested secure, until January, 1826, when the house of Constable
and Co. became bankrupt, at the close of that calamitous season which
pressed so heavily upon all branches of trade. He then, to use his own
words, found himself called on to meet the demands of creditors upon
commercial establishments with which his fortunes had long been bound
up, to the extent of no less a sum than 120,000_l._ How and why he was
led into so deep a confidence, and how far the prices received for his
works were connected with his commercial transactions, has never, we
believe, been clearly explained, nor does it much import the public to
know; the error, so far as his reputation is concerned, (and the only
charge against him was want of prudence,) he amply redeemed by the
nobleness of his conduct under this crushing misfortune; and it has been
truly said that “the honour which rests upon his memory for his gigantic
exertions to pay off this immense debt without deduction, is a far
nobler heritage to his posterity than the most princely fortune.”
“On meeting his creditors, he refused to accept of any compromise, and
declared his determination, if life was spared him, to pay off every
shilling. He insured his life in their favour for 22,000_l._;
surrendered all his available property in trust (Abbotsford being
rendered inalienable by the marriage articles of his eldest son); sold
his town house and furniture, and removed to a humbler dwelling; and
then set himself calmly down to the stupendous task of reducing this
load of debt. The only indulgence he asked for was time; and, to the
honour of the parties concerned, time was liberally and kindly given
him. A month or two after the crash of Constable’s house, Lady Scott
died; domestic affliction thus following fast upon worldly calamity.”
For five years after his pecuniary misfortunes, namely, from January
1826 to the spring of 1831, Sir Walter continued his indefatigable
labours; and in that period, besides several new works of fiction, he
produced the History of Scotland, published in Lardner’s Cyclopædia,
Tales of a Grandfather, Letters on Demonology, and a number of smaller
pieces. The Life of Napoleon was in part composed anterior to the
calamity of which we speak: it was published in 1827, and though read
with interest, did not display the research and impartiality which the
character of an historian requires. He also superintended a new edition
of the Waverley Novels, with prefaces and illustrative notes; and the
profits of all these works were so considerable, that by the close of
1830, 54,000_l._ had been paid off; all of which, except six or seven
thousand, had been produced by his own literary labours. The copyright
of the published novels was sold by Constable’s creditors for 8,400_l._,
half of which was assigned to Sir Walter by his creditors, in
consideration of his assistance in furnishing prefaces and notes to the
new edition.
But over-exertion in the evening of life, and under circumstances too
well calculated to weaken the elasticity of his spirits, and to destroy
the pleasure which he used to feel in composition, broke his
constitution and brought on premature old age. In the autumn of 1830 he
retired from his office of Clerk of Session. In the following winter,
symptoms of paralysis began to appear. Still he continued to labour
until the summer of 1831, in the course of which mental exertion was
strictly forbidden. He was advised to visit Italy in the following
autumn, and even in his declining condition must have been gratified by
the sympathy and the honour rendered to him. A passage to Malta in the
Barham man-of-war was granted to him by the British Government; and at
Rome and Naples he was received with honours rarely paid except to royal
blood. But his desire to return to his native land became irrepressible;
and he hurried homewards, taking the route by the Rhine, with a rapidity
which proved very injurious. He reached London in nearly the last stage
of physical and mental weakness. Still the love of his native land was
strong in death, and after remaining some weeks in the metropolis, he
was conveyed at his own earnest desire by sea to Leith, and reached
Abbotsford, July 11. After lingering two months, almost without
consciousness, in the last stage of his most afflictive malady, he
expired, September 22, 1832. His body was laid in his family
burial-place in the ruined abbey of Dryburgh on the Tweed.
Throughout the kingdom his death was regarded like the loss of a friend;
and the general admiration of his talents, respect for his conduct, and
sympathy for his misfortunes, was shown by the favourable reception of a
project for raising a subscription to discharge the incumbrances
existing on the Abbotsford estate, and to preserve it by entail in Sir
Walter’s family, as a lasting memorial of his genius.
Scott’s works, in the last uniform edition, fill eighty-eight closely
printed duodecimo volumes. Of these his poems occupy twelve, the novels
forty-eight, the miscellaneous prose works twenty-eight. The Letters on
Demonology, History of Scotland, and a few minor productions are not
included herein, in consequence of the copyrights being vested in
different hands. From his numerous unnamed works, we may select for
mention his Border Antiquities, Picturesque Scenery of Scotland, his
share in Weber and Jameson’s Illustrations of Northern Antiquities,
Paul’s Letters, which contain the liveliest description ever given of
the Battle of Waterloo, and three dramas, Halidon Hill, the Doom of
Devorgoil, and the Auchindrane Tragedy.
[Illustration: [View of Abbotsford.]]
In closing this Series, an apology may be thought necessary for the
omission of many portraits which have formerly been advertised for
publication. In a few instances this has arisen from the nonexistence of
authentic portraits; in some from their remoteness, or the difficulty of
obtaining leave to copy those which are known to exist: the latter
causes have compelled us to engrave from prints to a greater extent than
was at first contemplated. But where access could be had to the
originals, in France and Italy as well as England, artists have been
employed to copy them for the engraver’s use; and it is our duty to
express our gratitude for the liberality with which applications for
this purpose have, for the most part, been acceded to. One important
branch of science, metaphysics, has been left with very few
representatives, in consequence of the highly controversial nature of
the subject. This work was planned to include those, and those only, of
all nations, who since the revival of art and within the era of
authentic portraiture, have been great originators and inventors in
arts, sciences, and literature: but the line which separates those who
have originated from those who have improved or greatly excelled, is so
hard to draw, that many persons have been admitted, whose claims may not
be reconcilable with a strict adherence to the principle at first laid
down; and one extension forms a precedent and reason for another.
Regarding it as a collection of the most distinguished men of modern
times, completeness is impossible, from the vast extent of the subject
and the diversities of judgement which differences in character, the
bias of natural prejudices, and greater or less familiarity with the
results of their lives, cause men to pass upon the worth and eminence of
others. A Briton may think the foreigners in our collection too
numerous; a foreigner will be as likely to say, that in choosing full
one half from our own countrymen, we have given way to national pride:
but to every nation its own great men are the most interesting and the
most important. We believe, however, that except where no portraits can
be found, as in the cases of the inventor of Printing, and the
discoverer of the New World[6], no branch of science is without one or
more of its fittest and most distinguished representatives; and we claim
the merit of having brought together, in a book of easy access, a
greater number of the genuine likenesses of men eminent in every branch
of honourable distinction than has ever been included in a similar
scheme.
Footnote 6:
There is a Portrait of Columbus at Naples, but it is of a late age.
An extension of the work would no doubt have allowed us to approximate
somewhat nearer to completeness. But in every undertaking of this sort
there is a limit in respect of size and expense which it is inexpedient
to pass: and this consideration prescribes that for the present we
should end our labour. But death has added many illustrious names to our
list since it was first drawn up; and as every year lays some honoured
head in the grave, a fresh fund of interest, and fresh reasons for the
resumption of the work, will be continually accruing. It is, therefore,
not unlikely that the Gallery of Portraits may hereafter be resumed and
continued in a similar form.
A series of Indexes is subjoined, which present the portraits in
alphabetical and chronological order, and classed according to the
pursuits in which they have excelled, and the nations to which they
belong. This it is hoped will make amends for the absence of any system
in the order of their issuing, which would have rendered it almost
impossible to maintain the monthly publication with punctuality.
We avail ourselves of this opportunity to correct a few mistakes in the
text; but have not thought it necessary to give a list of obvious or
unimportant errata.
Life of Fox, vol. i., p. 107, par. 3. The anecdote here told,
applies, we have been informed, not to the debate on the Test Act,
but to the application of dissenting ministers for relief on the
subject of Subscription.
Life of Banks, vol. i., p. 193, _for_ February 13, _read_ January 4:
on the authority of his baptismal register. See Penny Cyclopædia.
Life of More, vol. ii., p. 32, line 22, _for_ 1555, _read_ 1535.
Life of Pascal, vol. ii., p. 51, _for_ Sir W., _read_ Sir John
Herschel.
Life of Bentley, vol. iii., p. 51, three lines from bottom, _for_
1781, _read_ 1701.
Life of Schwartz, vol. iii., p. 93, last line but one, _for_ being,
_read_ besides.
Life of D’Aguesseau, vol. iv., p. 5, eleven lines from bottom,
_read_, in which, it was said, the obnoxious.
Life of Blake, vol. v., p. 77, _read_, Robert Blake was born at the
seaport town of Bridgewater in Somersetshire, where his father
followed the occupation of a merchant, in August, 1598.
Ib., p. 82, line 5, _after_ April 20, _insert_ 1657.
Ib., p. 83, line 15, _for_ revolution, _read_ restoration.
Life of Maskelyne, vol. vi., p. 21, last line but six, _omit_ did.
Life of Jenner, vol. vi., p. 28, line 18. We believe this statement
to be exaggerated; but have not the means before us of tracing the
error.
ALPHABETICAL INDEX.
The paging of the three lives thus * marked has accidentally been
repeated.
Date of Date of │Vol. Page.
Birth. Death. │
Addison 1672 1719│vi. 147
Aguesseau 1668 1751│iv. 1
Alembert 1717 1783│iii. 101
Antonio (_see_ Raimondi). │
Ariosto* 1474 1533│iv. 93
Arkwright 1732 1792│v. 181
│
Bacon 1560 1626│vii. 177
Banks 1743 1820│i. 193
Barrow 1630 1679│iii. 94
Bentham 1748 1832│vii. 97
Bentley 1662 1742│iii. 49
Black 1728 1799│vii. 169
Blake 1598 1657│v. 77
Boccacio 1313 1375│ii. 126
Bolivar 1783 1830│v. 173
Bossuet 1627 1704│i. 113
Boyle 1627 1691│i. 72
Bradley 1693 1762│vi. 68
Bramante 1444 1514│vi. 156
Brindley 1716 1772│vii. 81
Buchanan 1506 1580│i. 129
Buffon 1707 1788│ii. 19
Buonarotti (_see_ Michael Angelo). │
Burke 1730 1797│iii. 33
│
Calvin 1509 1564│vi. 55
Canova 1757 1822│iii. 165
Cartwright 1743 1823│vi. 102
Catherine II. 1729 1796│vii. 103
Cervantes 1547 1616│iv. 147
Charles V. 1500 1558│iv. 179
Chatham, Earl of 1708 1778│vii. 55
Chaucer doubtful 1400│iii. 176
Clarendon 1609 1673│v. 25
Claude Lorraine 1600 1682│ii. 136
Coke 1551 1632│vii. 15
Colbert 1619 1683│iv. 122
Cook 1728 1779│ii. 165
Copernicus 1473 1543│i. 34
Corneille 1606 1684│i. 153
Corregio 1493 1534│i. 57
Cortez 1485 1547│vi. 122
Cowper 1731 1800│v. 189
Cranmer 1489 1536│iii. 141
Cromwell 1599 1658│iv. 11
Cuvier 1769 1832│ii. 150
│
Dante 1265 1321│i. 1
Davy 1778 1829│i. 11
Defoe 1663 1731│vii. 112
Delambre 1749 1822│iv. 165
Descartes 1596 1650│iv. 189
Dollond 1706 1761│ii. 12
Drake 1545 1591│iv. 170
Dryden 1631 1701│iii. 127
│
Elizabeth 1533 1603│vi. 177
Epée, De l’ 1712 1789│iv. 113
Erasmus 1467 1536│ii. 56
Erskine 1748 1823│iii. 1
Euler 1707 1783│v. 129
│
Fénélon 1651 1715│i. 137
Flaxman 1755 1826│i. 27
Franklin 1706 1790│iii. 72
Frederick II. 1712 1786│iv. 155
Fox 1749 1806│i. 101
│
Galileo 1564 1642│iii. 113
Gibbon 1737 1794│vii. 25
Goethe 1749 1832│iv. 46
Grotius 1583 1645│iv. 201
Gustavus 1594 1632│vii. 1
│
Hale 1609 1676│iii. 66
Halley 1656 1742│i. 161
Hampden 1594 1643│vii. 137
Handel 1684 1759│ii. 10
Harrison 1693 1776│v. 153
Harvey 1578 1657│i. 185
Henry IV. 1553 1610│iii. 41
Herschel 1738 1822│v. 105
Hobbes 1588 1679│vi. 25
Hogarth 1697 1764│iii. 106
Hume 1711 1776│vii. 121
Hunter 1728 1793│iii. 19
│
Jefferson 1743 1826│vii. 153
Jenner 1749 1823│vi. 11
Johnson 1709 1785│vii. 145
Jones, Sir W. 1746 1794│v. 134
Jonson 1574 1637│iii. 156
│
Kepler 1571 1630│iii. 59
Knox 1505 1572│vi. 40
Kosciusko 1755 1817│i. 21
│
La Grange 1736 1813│ii. 88
La Place 1749 1827│ii. 34
Lavoisier 1743 1794│v. 9
Leibnitz 1646 1716│vi. 132
L’Hôpital 1505 1573│v. 85
Lionardo da Vinci 1452 1519│iv. 21
Linnæus 1707 1778│iv. 77
Locke 1632 1704│v. 53
Lorenzo de’Medici 1448 1492│i. 122
Loyola 1491 1566│vii. 73
Luther 1483 1546│ii. 73
│
Mansfield 1704 1794│vi. 62
Marlborough* 1650 1722│iv. 104
Maskelyne 1732 1811│vi. 20
Medici (_see_ Lorenzo). │
Melancthon 1497 1560│vi. 75
Michael Angelo 1475 1564│i. 89
Milton 1608 1674│i. 43
Molière 1622 1673│i. 95
Montaigne 1533 1592│v. 157
More 1480 1535│ii. 25
Mozart 1756 1792│vii. 66
Murillo 1618 1682│iv. 137
│
Napoleon 1769 1821│iv. 67
Nelson 1758 1805│ii. 141
Newton 1642 1727│i. 79
│
Palladio 1518 1580│vi. 172
Paré 1509 1590│v. 69
Pascal 1623 1662│ii. 49
Penn 1644 1718│vii. 39
Perouse, La 1741 1788│iii. 135
Peter I. 1672 1725│ii. 183
Petrarch 1304 1374│iii. 25
Pitt 1759 1805│vi. 83
Pope 1688 1744│v. 164
Porson 1759 1808│vi. 108
Poussin 1594 1665│i. 177
Priestley* 1733 1804│iv. 85
│
Raimondi 1488 doubtful│vii. 9
Raleigh 1552 1618│vi. 1
Raphael 1483 1520│vi. 30
Ray 1628 1705│ii. 160
Rembrandt 1606 1674│iii. 121
Reynolds 1723 1792│v. 35
Richelieu 1586 1642│ii. 107
Rodney 1718 1792│ii. 82
Romilly 1757 1818│v. 111
Rousseau 1712 1778│v. 143
Rubens 1577 1640│ii. 99
│
Scaliger, Joseph 1540 1609│vii. 32
Schiller 1759 1805│vii. 87
Schwartz 1726 1798│iii. 86
Scott 1771 1832│vii. 185
Selden 1584 1654│v. 61
Shakespear 1564 1616│v. 122
Siddons 1755 1831│v. 94
Smeaton 1724 1792│ii. 13
Smith, Adam 1723 1790│vi. 49
Sobieski 1629 1696│iii. 184
Somers 1650 1716│ii. 1
Spenser doubtful 1599│iv. 194
Staël, De 1766 1817│vi. 161
Sully 1559 1641│i. 169
Swift 1667 1745│v. 45
Sydenham 1034 1689│v. 18
│
Tasso 1544 1595│iii. 149
Taylor, Jeremy 1613 1667│v. 1
Thou, De 1553 1617│vii. 49
Titian 1480 1576│ii. 63
Turenne 1611 1675│i. 63
Turgot 1727 1781│ii. 175
│
Vauban 1633 1707│iv. 29
Vinci (_see_ Lionardo). │
Voltaire 1694 1778│ii. 93
│
Washington 1732 1799│iv. 128
Watt 1736 1819│i. 55
Wesley 1703 1791│vi. 93
Wiclif 1324 1385│vi. 113
Wilberforce 1759 1833│vii. 162
Witt, De 1625 1672│vii. 129
William III. 1650 1702│iv. 37
Wollaston 1766 1828│ii. 121
Wren 1632 1723│i. 144
│
Ximenes 1437 1517│vi. 139
CLASSIFIED INDEX.
STATESMEN AND LAWYERS.
_Italian._
Died
Lorenzo de’ Medici 1492
_Spanish._
Ximenes 1517
Bolivar 1830
_British and_ _American._
More 1535
Elizabeth 1603
Raleigh 1618
Coke 1632
Hampden 1643
Cromwell 1658
Clarendon 1673
Hale 1676
Somers 1716
Penn 1718
Chatham 1778
Mansfield 1794
Burke 1797
Washington 1799
Pitt 1805
Fox 1806
Romilly 1818
Erskine 1823
Jefferson 1826
Wilberforce 1833
_Dutch and German._
Charles V. 1558
De Witt 1672
William III. 1702
_Russian._
Peter I. 1725
Catherine II. 1796
_French._
L’Hôpital 1573
Henry IV. 1610
Sully 1641
Richelieu 1642
Colbert 1683
D’Aguesseau 1751
Turgot 1781
SOLDIERS.
_British._
Blake 1657
Marlborough 1722
Rodney 1792
Nelson 1805
_Germans, Swedes, and Poles._
Gustavus Adolphus 1632
Sobieski 1696
Frederick II. 1786
Kosciusko 1817
_French._
Turenne 1675
Vauban 1707
Napoleon 1821
_Spanish._
Cortez 1547
NAVIGATORS.
_British._
Drake 1596
Cook 1779
_French._
La Perouse 1788
DIVINES.
_British._
Wiclif 1385
Cranmer 1556
Knox 1572
Taylor 1667
Barrow 1679
Wesley. 1791
_German._
Luther 1546
Melancthon 1560
Schwartz 1798
_French._
Calvin 1564
Bossuet 1704
Fénélon 1715
_Spanish._
Loyola 1566
MEN OF LETTERS.
_Italian._
Dante 1321
Petrarch 1374
Boccacio 1375
Ariosto 1533
Tasso 1595
_British._
Chaucer 1400
Buchanan 1580
Spenser 1599
Shakespeare 1616
Bacon 1626
Jonson 1637
Milton 1674
Hobbes 1679
Dryden 1701
Locke 1704
Addison 1719
Defoe 1731
Bentley 1742
Pope 1744
Swift 1745
Hume 1776
Johnson 1785
Adam Smith 1790
Gibbon 1794
Jones 1794
Cowper 1800
Porson 1808
Bentham 1832
Scott 1832
_Spanish_
Cervantes 1616
_Dutch and German._
Erasmus 1536
Grotius 1645
Schiller 1805
Goethe 1832
_French._
Montaigne 1592
Joseph Scaliger. 1609
De Thou 1617
Pascal 1662
Molière 1673
Corneille 1684
Rousseau 1778
Voltaire 1778
De Staël 1817
ARTS AND SCIENCES.
_Italian._
Galileo 1642
_British and American._
Harvey 1657
Sydenham 1689
Boyle 1691
Ray 1705
Newton 1727
Halley 1742
Dollond 1761
Bradley 1762
Brindley 1772
Harrison 1776
Franklin 1790
Arkwright 1792
Smeaton 1792
Hunter 1793
Black 1799
Priestley 1804
Maskelyne 1811
Watt 1819
Banks 1820
Cartwright 1823
Jenner 1823
Wollaston 1828
Davy 1829
_German and Swedish_
Copernicus 1543
Kepler 1630
Leibnitz 1716
Linnæus 1778
Euler 1783
Herschel 1822
_French._
Pare 1590
Descartes 1650
D’Alembert 1783
Buffon 1788
De l’Epée 1789
Lavoisier 1794
La Grange 1813
Delambre 1822
La Place 1827
Cuvier 1832
FINE ARTS.
_Italian._
Bramante 1514
Lionardo da Vinci 1519
Raphael 1520
Corregio 1534
Raimondi 1540
Michael Angelo. 1564
Titian 1576
Palladio 1580
Canova 1822
_British._
Wren 1723
Hogarth 1764
Reynolds 1792
Flaxman 1826
Siddons 1831
_Spanish._
Murillo 1682
_Dutch and German._
Rubens. 1640
Rembrandt 1674
Handel 1759
Mozart 1792
_French._
Poussin 1665
Claude 1682
CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE.
Arranged according to the Dates of Death.
Died
Dante 1321
Petrarch 1374
Boccacio 1375
Wiclif 1385
Chaucer about 1400
Lorenzo de’ Medici 1492
Bramante 1514
Ximenes 1517
Lionardo da Vinci 1519
Raphael 1520
Ariosto 1533
Corregio 1534
More 1535
Erasmus 1536
Copernicus 1543
Raimondi after 1540
Luther 1546
Cortez 1547
Cranmer 1536
Charles V. 1558
Melancthon 1560
Calvin 1564
Michael Angelo 1564
Loyola 1566
Knox 1572
L’Hôpital 1573
Titian 1576
Buchanan 1580
Palladio 1580
Paré 1590
Montaigne 1592
Tasso 1595
Drake 1596
Spenser 1599
Elizabeth 1603
Scaliger, Joseph 1609
Henry IV. 1610
Cervantes 1616
Shakespear 1616
De Thou 1617
Raleigh 1618
Bacon 1626
Kepler 1630
Coke 1632
Gustavus Adolphus 1632
Jonson 1637
Rubens 1640
Sully 1641
Richelieu 1642
Galileo 1642
Hampden 1643
Grotius 1645
Descartes 1650
Selden 1654
Blake 1657
Harvey 1657
Cromwell 1658
Pascal 1662
Poussin 1665
Taylor 1667
De Witt 1672
Molière 1673
Clarendon 1673
Rembrandt 1674
Milton 1674
Turenne 1675
Hale 1676
Barrow 1679
Hobbes 1679
Claude 1682
Murillo 1682
Colbert 1683
Corneille 1684
Sydenham 1689
Boyle 1691
Sobieski 1696
Dryden 1701
William III. 1702
Bossuet 1704
Locke 1704
Ray 1705
Vauban 1707
Fénélon 1715
Leibnitz 1716
Somers 1716
Penn 1718
Addison 1719
Marlborough 1722
Wren 1723
Peter I. 1725
Newton 1727
Defoe 1731
Bentley 1742
Halley 1742
Pope 1744
Swift 1745
D’Aguesseau 1751
Handel 1759
Dollond 1761
Bradley 1762
Hogarth 1764
Brindley 1772
Hume 1776
Harrison 1776
Rousseau 1778
Chatham 1778
Linnæus 1778
Voltaire 1778
Cook 1779
Turgot 1781
D’Alembert 1783
Euler 1783
Johnson 1785
Frederic II. 1786
Buffon 1788
La Perouse 1788
De l’Epée 1789
Franklin 1790
Adam Smith 1790
Wesley 1791
Arkwright 1792
Mozart 1792
Rodney 1792
Reynolds 1792
Smeaton 1792
Hunter 1793
Gibbon 1794
Jones 1794
Lavoisier 1794
Mansfield 1794
Catherine II. 1796
Burke 1797
Schwartz 1798
Black 1799
Washington 1799
Cowper 1800
Priestley 1804
Nelson 1805
Pitt 1805
Schiller 1805
Fox 1806
Porson 1808
Maskelyne 1811
La Grange 1813
Kosciusko 1817
De Staël 1817
Romilly 1818
Watt 1819
Banks 1820
Napoleon 1821
Canova 1822
Delambre 1822
Herschel 1822
Cartwright 1823
Jenner 1823
Erskine 1823
Flaxman 1826
Jefferson 1826
La Place 1827
Wollaston 1828
Davy 1829
Bolivar 1830
Siddons 1831
Bentham 1832
Cuvier 1832
Scott 1832
Goethe 1832
Wilberforce 1833
------------------------------------------------------------------------
LONDON:
Printed by W. CLOWES and SONS,
Stamford Street.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES
1. Changed the date “5570” to “1570” on p. 49.
2. Corrected the repeated page numbers to volume iv in the ALPHABETICAL
INDEX on p. 197.
3. Silently corrected typographical errors.
4. Retained anachronistic and non-standard spellings as printed.
5. Enclosed italics font in _underscores_.
6. Superscripts are denoted by a carat before a single superscript
character or a series of superscripted characters enclosed in
curly braces, e.g. M^r. or M^{ister}.