[1] See Pollux, _Onom._ iv. 69.
[2] See Friedrich Zamminer, _Die Musik und musikalischen Instrumente
in ihrer Beziehung zu den Gesetzen der Akustik_ (Giessen, 1855), p.
305.
[3] These pipes were discovered during the excavations in 1867, and
are now in the museum at Naples. Excellent reproductions and
descriptions of them are given in "The Aulos or Tibia," by Albert A.
Howard, _Harvard Studies_, vol. iv. (Boston, 1893), pl. ii. and pp.
48-55.
[4] For illustrations of _auloi_ provided with these contrivances,
see illustration (fig. 2) of an aulos from Pompeii; a relief in
Vatican, No. 535; Helbig's _Wandgemalde_, Nos. 56, 69, 730, 765, &c.
[5] For illustrations of [Greek: hodoi] showing the holes at the ends
of the tubes, see _Description des marbres antiques du Musee
Campana_, by H. d'Escamps, pl. 25; Wilhelm Froehner's _Catalogue of
the Louvre_, No. 378; Glyptothek Museum at Munich, No. 188; Albert A.
Howard, "The Aulos or Tibia," _Harvard Studies_, iv. (Boston, 1893),
pl. 1, No. 1.
[6] For a description of the reed calamus from which pipe and
mouthpiece were made see Theophrastus, _Hist. Plant._ iv. 11.
[7] Aeschines 86. 29; Aristotle, _H.A._ 6, 10, 9, &c.
[8] Lucian, _Harm._ 1.
[9] Cf. article MOUTHPIECE.
[10] See _Antike Denkmaler_, Deutsches archaol. Inst., Berlin, 1891,
vol. i. pi. 49.
[11] See "Les Flutes egyptiennes antiques," _Journal asiatique_, 8th
ser. vol. xiv. (Paris, 1889), pp. 212-215.
[12] See Aristotle, _De Audib._ p. 802 b, 18, and p. 804a; Festus,
ed. Mueller, p. 116.
[13] See Albert A. Howard, op. cit. p. 29, and Dr Hugo Riemann,
_Gesch. d. Musik_, Bd. i. T. 1, p. 111 (Leipzig, 1904).
[14] Pollux, _Onomasticon_, vii. 153.
[15] Hesychius.
[16] Pollux ii. 108, vii. 153, x. 153-154; A.A. Howard, op. cit. pp.
26-27. An illustration of the little bag is given in _Denkmaler des
klassischen Altertums_, by August Baumeister, vol. i. p. 554, fig.
591.
[17] Two Egyptian pipes now in the Louvre were found in a case
ornamented with a painting of a female musician playing a double
pipe. See E. de Rouge, _Notice sommaire des monuments egyptiens
exposes dans les galeries du Louvre_, p. 87.
[18] See Victor Loret, "Les Flutes egyptiennes antiques," in _Journal
asiatique_, vol. xiv. (Paris, 1889), pp. 199, 200 and 201 (note), pp.
207, 211 and 217, and Conrad Leemans, _Description raisonnee des
monuments egyptiens du Musee d'Antiquites de Leyde_, p. 132, No. 489;
contents of case Nos. 474-488.
[19] Aristoxenus, _Harm._ bk. i. 20 and 21, H.S. Macran's edition
with translation (Oxford, 1902), p. 179.
[20] Aristotle, _De audib._ p. 804a; Porphyry, ed. Wallis, p. 249;
_ibid._ p. 252.
[21] Zamminer, _op. cit._ p. 301.
[22] _Op. cit._ p. 32-35.
[23] See _Etymologicum magnum_ (Augsburg. 1848), s.v. "Syrinx."
[24] See Athenaeus xiv. 634, who quotes from Didymus.
[25] Pollux iv. 74.
[26] Servius _ad Aen._ ix. 615.
[27] Tibullus ii. 85; Virg. _Aen._ xi. 735; Ovid, _Met._ iii. 533,
_Ex Ponto_ i. 1. 39.
AUMALE, HENRI EUGENE PHILIPPE LOUIS D'ORLEANS, DUC D' (1822-1897),
French prince and statesman, fifth son of Louis Philippe, duke of
Orleans, afterwards king of the French, and of Marie Amelie, princess of
the Two Sicilies, was born at Paris on the 16th of January 1822. While
still young he inherited a large fortune from the prince de Conde.
Brought up by his parents with great simplicity, he was educated at the
college of Henri IV., on leaving which at the age of seventeen he
entered the army with the rank of a captain of infantry. He
distinguished himself during the conquest of Algeria, and was appointed
governor of that colony, in which capacity he received the submission of
the amir Abd-el-Kader. After the revolution of 1848 he retired to
England and busied himself with historical and military studies,
replying in 1861 by a _Letter upon the History of France_ to Prince
Napoleon's violent attacks upon the house of Orleans. On the outbreak of
the Franco-Prussian War he volunteered for service in the French army,
but his offer was declined. Elected deputy for the Oise department, he
returned to France, and succeeded to the _fauteuil_ of the comte de
Montalembert in the French Academy. In March 1872 he resumed his place
in the army as general of division; and in 1873 he presided over the
court-martial which condemned Marshal Bazaine to death. About this
period, being appointed commandant of the VII. army corps at Besancon,
he retired from political life, and in 1879 became inspector-general of
the army. By the act of exception passed in 1883 all members of families
that had reigned in France serving in the army were deprived of their
military positions; consequently the duc d'Aumale was placed on the
unemployed supernumerary list. Subsequently, in 1886, another law was
promulgated which expelled from French territory the heads of former
reigning families, and provided that henceforward all members of those
families should be disqualified for any public position or function, and
for election to any public body. The duc d'Aumale protested
energetically, and was himself expelled. By his will of the 3rd of June
1884, however, he had bequeathed to the Institute of France his
Chantilly estate, with all the art-collection he had gathered there.
This generosity led the government to withdraw the decree of exile, and
the duke returned to France in 1889. He died at Zucco in Sicily on the
7th of May 1897. Of his marriage, contracted in 1844 with his first
cousin, Caroline de Bourbon, daughter of the prince of Salerno, were
born two sons: the prince de Conde (d. 1866), and the due de Guise (d.
1872). The due d'Aumale's principal literary work was an _Histoire des
princes de Conde_, which he left unfinished.
See Georges Picot, _M. le duc d'Aumale_ (Paris, 1898); Ernest Daudet,
_Le duc d'Aumale_ (Paris, 1898). (M. P.*)
AUMALE, a town of northern France, in the department of
Seine-Inferieure, on the left bank of the Bresle, 47 m. N.E. of Rouen on
the Northern railway. Pop. (1906) 1999. The church is an interesting
building of the 16th and 17th centuries, and has a portal attributed to
Jean Goujon. The town has glass and steel works.
The territory of Aumale (Albemarle, Aubemale, Aumerle; Lat. _Alba
Marla_) in Normandy, a dependency of the archbishopric of Rouen, was
granted to Odo of Champagne, brother-in-law of William the Conqueror,
who founded the first line of counts of Aumale. Hawise (Hadwide, Havoise
or Avoie), countess of Aumale, after the death of her first husband
William de Mandeville, earl of Essex (d. 1189), married William des
Forts (de Fors, or de Fortz; Lat. de Fortibus), a military adventurer
who had been one of the commanders of the fleet under Richard I. during
his first crusade. He died in 1195, and his widow married Baldwin de
Betun, who became count of Aumale in her right. He died in 1213, and in
1214 William de Fortibus, son of Hawise by her second husband, was
confirmed by King John in all his mother's lands. Meanwhile, however,
the territory of Aumale shared the fate of the rest of Normandy, and was
annexed to the French crown by King Philip Augustus; but the title of
earl of Albemarle, derived from it, continued to be borne in England by
William de Fortibus, and was passed on to his heirs (see ALBEMARLE).
Aumale itself was conferred by Philip Augustus as an appanage on his son
Philip. It was subsequently granted by Louis VIII. to Simon, count of
Dammartin, whose daughter, Jeanne, countess of Dammartin, transferred
it, together with the countship of Ponthieu, to the house of Castile, by
her marriage with Ferdinand III., king of Castile, called the Saint
(1238). It then remained in the possession of a branch of her
descendants bearing the name of Ponthieu, until it passed to the house
of Harcourt on the marriage of Blanche of Ponthieu with John, count of
Harcourt (1340). Marie d'Harcourt (d. 1476), heiress of Aumale, married
Anthony of Lorraine, count of Vaudemont, and Aumale was created a duchy
in the peerage of France for Claude and Francis of Lorraine in 1547. By
the marriage of Anne of Lorraine with the duke of Nemours in 1618 the
duchy of Aumale passed to the house of Savoy-Nemours. In 1686 Marie
Jeanne Baptiste, duchess of Nemours and of Aumale, and wife of Charles
Emmanuel II., duke of Savoy, sold Aumale to Louis XIV., who gave it to
his natural son, the duke of Maine. After the death of that prince, the
dukedom devolved upon his brother, the count of Toulouse, subsequently
passing to the latter's son, the duke of Penthievre, whose daughter
married the duke of Orleans. Since the reign of Louis Philippe, king of
the French, the title of duke of Aumale has been borne by a son of the
duke of Orleans.
AUMONT, the name of a family which played an important part in French
history. The origin of the name is uncertain, but it has usually been
derived from Aumont, now a small commune in the department of the Somme.
The family was of great antiquity, a Jean, sire d'Aumont, having
accompanied Louis IX. on crusade. It was already powerful in the 14th
century, and during the English wars of that period its members fought
in the armies of the kings of France. Towards the end of the century,
the family took the part of the dukes of Burgundy, but returned to the
side of France on the death of Charles the Bold. Jean d'Aumont,
lieutenant-general to the king of France in the government of Burgundy,
rendered important services to Louis XII. and Francis I. Another Jean
d'Aumont (d. 1595), a marshal of France and knight of the order of the
Holy Ghost since its institution in 1578, fought against the Huguenots
under the last of the Valois kings; but he was among the first to
recognize Henry IV., and was appointed governor of Champagne and of
Brittany, where he had to fight against the League. His grandson Antoine
(1601-1669) was also a marshal of France (1651), governor of Paris
(1662), duke and peer (1665). Louis Marie Augustin, duc d'Aumont
(1709-1782), was a celebrated collector of works of art. Louis Marie
Celeste d'Aumont, due de Piennes, afterwards duc d'Aumont (1762-1831),
emigrated during the Revolution and served in the army of the royalists,
as also in the Swedish army. During the Hundred Days he effected a
descent upon Normandy in the Bourbon interest, and succeeded in
capturing Bayeux and Caen.
AUNCEL (from the Anglo-Fr. _auncelle_, a confused derivation from
_l'auncelle_, Ital. _lancella_, a little balance), a balance formerly
used in England; now, in dialectical use, a term for the weighing of
meat by hand instead of by scales.
AUNDH, a native state of India, in the Deccan division of Bombay,
ranking as one of the Satara Jagirs. Its area is 447 sq. m.; its
population was 63,921 in 1901, showing a decrease of 2% in the decade.
Estimated revenue L9422. The chief, whose title is Pant Pratinidhi, is a
Brahman by caste. The state has suffered severely from plague. The town
of Aundh is situated 26 m. S.E. of Satara. Pop. about 3500.
AUNGERVYLE, RICHARD (1287-1345), commonly known as RICHARD DE BURY,
English bibliophile, writer and bishop, was born near Bury St Edmunds,
Suffolk, on the 24th of January 1287. He was the son of Sir Richard
Aungervyle, who was descended from one of William the Conqueror's
soldiers, settled in Leicestershire, where the family came into
possession of the manor of Willoughby. His education was undertaken by
his uncle, John de Willoughby, and after leaving the grammar school of
his native place he was sent to Oxford, where he is said to have
distinguished himself in philosophy and theology. John Pits[1] says, but
apparently without authority, that he became a Benedictine monk. He was
made tutor to Prince Edward of Windsor (afterwards Edward III.), and,
according to Dibdin, inspired him with some of his own love of books. He
was mixed up with the sordid intrigues which preceded the deposition of
Edward II., and supplied Queen Isabella and Mortimer in Paris with money
in 1325 from the revenues of Guienne, of which province he was
treasurer. For some time he had to hide in Paris from the officers sent
by Edward II. to apprehend him. On the accession of Edward III. his
services were rewarded by rapid promotion. He was cofferer to the king,
treasurer of the wardrobe and afterwards clerk of the privy seal. The
king, moreover, repeatedly recommended him to the pope, and twice sent
him, in 1330 and 1333, as ambassador to the papal court, then in exile
at Avignon. On the first of these visits he made the acquaintance of a
fellow bibliophile in Petrarch, who records his impression (_Epist.
Famil._ lib. iii. Ep. 1) of the Englishman as "not ignorant of
literature and ... from his youth up curious beyond belief of hidden
things." He asked him for information about Thule, but Aungervyle, who
promised information when he should once more be at home among his
books, never sent any answer, in spite of repeated enquiries. The pope,
John XXII., made him his principal chaplain, and presented him with a
rochet in earnest of the first vacant bishopric in England.
During his absence from England he was made (1333) dean of Wells. In
September of the same year the see of Durham fell vacant, and the king
overruled the choice of the monks, who had elected and actually
installed their sub-prior, Robert de Graystanes, in favour of
Aungervyle. In February 1334 he was made lord treasurer, an appointment
he exchanged later in the year for that of lord chancellor. This charge
he resigned in the next year, and, after making arrangements for the
protection of his northern diocese from an expected inroad of the Scots,
he proceeded in July 1336 to France to attempt a settlement of the
claims in dispute between Edward and Philip. In the next year he served
on three commissions for the defence of the northern counties. In June
1338 he was once more sent abroad to secure peace, but within a month of
his appointment Edward himself landed in Flanders to procure allies for
his approaching campaign. Aungervyle accompanied him to Coblenz to his
meeting with the emperor Louis IV., and in the next year was sent to
England to raise money. This seems to have been his last visit to the
continent. In 1340 and 1342 he was again engaged in trying to negotiate
peace with the Scots, but from this time his life appears to have passed
quietly in the care of his diocese and in the accumulation of a library.
He sent far and wide in search of manuscripts, rescuing many treasures
from the charge of ignorant and neglectful monks. "No dearness of
price," he says, "ought to hinder a man from the buying of books, if he
has the money demanded for them, unless it be to withstand the malice of
the seller or to await a more favourable opportunity of buying." It is
to be supposed that Richard de Bury sometimes brought undue pressure to
bear on the owners, for it is recorded that an abbot of St Albans bribed
him to secure his influence for the house by four valuable books, and
that de Bury, who procured certain coveted privileges for the monastery,
bought from him thirty-two other books, for fifty pieces of silver, far
less than their normal price. The record of his passion for books, his
_Philobiblon_, was completed on his fifty-eighth birthday, the 24th of
January 1345, and he died on the 14th of April (May, according to Adam
Murimuth) of that year. He gives an account (chapter viii.) of the
unwearied efforts made by himself and his agents to collect books. In
the eighteenth chapter he records his intention of founding a hall at
Oxford, and in connexion with it a library of which his books were to
form the nucleus. He even details the rules to be observed for the
lending and care of the books, and he had already taken the preliminary
steps for the foundation. The bishop died, however, in great poverty,
and it seems likely that his collection was dispersed immediately after
his death. But the traditional account is that the books were sent to
the Durham Benedictines at Oxford, and that on the dissolution of the
foundation by Henry VIII. they were divided between Duke Humphrey of
Gloucester's library, Balliol College and Dr George Owen. Only two of
the volumes are known to be in existence; one is a copy of John of
Salisbury's works in the British Museum, and the other some theological
treatises by Anselm and others in the Bodleian.
The chief authority for the bishop's life is William de Chambre (printed
in Wharton's _Anglia Sacra_, 1691, and in _Historiae Dunelmensis
scriptores tres_, Surtees Soc. 1839), who describes him as an amiable
and excellent man, charitable in his diocese, and the liberal patron of
many learned men, among these being Thomas Bradwardine, afterwards
archbishop of Canterbury, Richard Fitzralph, afterwards archbishop of
Armagh, the enemy of the mendicant orders, Walter Burley, who translated
Aristotle, John Mauduit the astronomer, Robert Holkot and Richard de
Kilvington. John Bale[2] and Pits[3] mention other works of his,
_Epistolae Familiares_ and _Orationes ad Principes_. The opening words
of the _Philobiblon_ and the _Epistolae_ as given by Bale represent
those of the _Philobiblon_ and its prologue, so that he apparently made
two books out of one treatise. It is possible that the _Orationes_ may
represent a letter book of Richard de Bury's, entitled _Liber
Epistolaris quondam domini Ricardi de Bury, Episcopi Dunelmensis_, now
in the possession of Lord Harlech. This MS., the contents of which are
fully catalogued in the Fourth Report (1874) of the Historical MSS.
Commission (Appendix, pp. 379-397), contains numerous letters from
various popes, from the king, a correspondence dealing with the affairs
of the university of Oxford, another with the province of Gascony,
beside some harangues and letters evidently kept as models to be used on
various occasions.
It has often been asserted that the _Philobiblon_ itself was not written
by Richard de Bury at all, but by Robert Holkot. This assertion is
supported by the fact that in seven of the extant MSS. of _Philobiblon_
it is ascribed to Holkot in an introductory note, in these or slightly
varying terms: _Incipit prologus in philobiblon ricardi dunelmensis
episcopi que libru composuit Robertus holcote de ordine predicalorum sub
nomine dicti episcopi_. The Paris MS. has simply _Philobiblon olchoti
anglici_, and does not contain the usual concluding note of the date
when the book was completed by Richard. As a great part of the charm of
the book lies in the unconscious record of the collector's own
character, the establishment of Holkot's authorship would materially
alter its value. A notice of Richard de Bury by his contemporary Adam
Murimuth (_Continuatio Chronicarum_, Rolls Series, 1889, p. 171) gives a
less favourable account of him than does William de Chambre, asserting
that he was only moderately learned, but desired to be regarded as a
great scholar.
The original Latin text was printed at Cologne (1473), Spires (1483),
Paris (1500), Oxford (1598 and 1599), &c. It was first translated into
English by J.B. Inglis in 1832, and into French by Hippolyte Cocheris
in 1856. The best translation is that by Mr E.C. Thomas, accompanying
the Latin text, with full biographical and bibliographical
introductions (1888). Other editions are in the _King's Classics_
(1902) and for the Grolier Club (New York, 1889, ed. A.W. West).