Wedding breakfasts, 646
Weevil in malt, 180
Weight as a guide to health, 602
Well-drained house, 37
Wells, 14
---- contaminated by floods, 55
----, dangers of, 14
----, demand on, 15
----, sinking, 15
Welsh dress, 739
---- rarebit, 449
West Indian dishes, 514
---- ---- outfit, 727
Westphalia loaves, 335
Wet cloths for freshening air of rooms, 56
Wharncliffe grate, 67
Wheatears, 571, 572, 573
Whelks, buying, 565
Whipped cream, 403, 477
Whist, Siberian, 696
White bread, 593
---- cabbage salad, 484
---- precipitate poisoning, 793
---- sauce, 379, 477
---- salmon, 573
---- sharp sauce, 474
---- soup, 267
---- stock, 246
---- wine negus, 206
Whitebait, 304, 567, 569, 570, 573
----, fried, 304
Whiting, 305, 565, 566, 569, 570, 571, 573, 578, 580, 582
---- à la Venetienne, 305
---- au gratin, 305
---- aux fines herbes, 305
----, baked, 305
----, carving, 622
----, dressed, 306
----, fillets, 306
----, fried, 306
---- in jelly, 306
---- puddings, 306
Whole meal, 593
Whooping cough, 802
Whortleberry cakes, 484
Widgeon, 568, 580, 581
Wigs, 437
Wild cherry bitters, 181
---- duck, 565, 566, 573, 580, 581
---- ---- sauce, 478
Wildfowl, 371
----, carving, 631
----, grilled, 371
----, roast, 371
----, salmis, 371
Willesden paper roof, 6
Will-o’-the-Wisp, 681
Wilson range, 229
Wind as a motive power, 936
---- machine, 657
Window fastenings, 108
Windows, area of, 82
----, burglar-proof, 108
----, cleaning, 529
----, curing steam on, 83
----, dairy, 155
----, decorating, 100
----, double, 60, 83
---- for cold climates, 60
---- for ventilation, 55
----, heat lost by, 60
----, nursery, 101
----, perforated panes for ventilating, 56
----, sickroom, 756
----, stopping chinks in, 56
Wine as food, 602
----, barreling, 190
---- bins, 190
---- biscuits, 220
---- bottling, 190
----, cooling, 191
----, dinner, 641
----, drinking, 635
----, fermenting, 190
----, fruit for, 190
----, home-made, 190
---- jelly, 437
---- making, 190
----, racking off, 190
---- roll, 437
---- sauce, 478
Winkles, buying, 565
Winter cream, 437
Wiring bobbins for bell, 107
Wizard’s incantation, 681
Wonderful jugglers, 680
Wood charcoal as a filter, 23
Woodcock, 565, 566, 568, 580, 581
----, carving, 630
---- on toast, 371
----, roast, 371
Wooden cisterns, 19
---- floors, 7
---- slate roof, 6
Worcester sauce, 478
Workroom, 890
Wormwood liqueur, 190
Wounds, 788
Wright’s gas cooker, 235
Writing, 864
---- letters, 649
Wrought-iron cisterns, 19
Yachting dress, 722
Yeast, brewers’, 207
----, German, 208
----, making, 208
Yeasts in cheese, 161
Yewberry poisoning, 793
York biscuits, 220
Yorkshire cake, 220
---- pudding, 437
---- range, 231
Yule cake, 220
Zinc-lined cisterns, 19
---- vessels, cleaning, 540
Zrazy, 507
Zuchillo, 504
---- sauce, 476
Zweibach, 495
Zwetschen brandy, 188
_For Index to Supplement_, see p. 1010.
SUPPLEMENT.
THE DWELLING: Water Closets. Continued from p. 48.
Messrs. Reid & Co., 69, St. Mary Axe, London, are well known as
makers of Pearson’s “Twin Basin” Water Closets. These closets hardly
need recommendation, they have stood the test of many years’ use in
Hospitals, Schools, Railway Stations, Mansions, Warehouses, &c., with
the best results. The “Portable” Water Closets made by this firm are
indispensable for invalids’ apartments, and are also of great service
where there is no proper system of drainage.
VENTILATION. Continued from p. 60.
Automatic ventilation connected with the “Acme” system of heating
(The Acme Ventilating and Heating Co., 35, Tarleton Street,
Liverpool) and the Company’s patented system of graduated extraction
flues, can be arranged in the following manner. A foul air chamber is
formed of wood-work, and if desired lined with zinc, and fixed under
the roof, into which channels of suitable dimensions are led from
the perforated ceiling ornaments in the different apartments. The
channels enter near the floor, so that impure air issuing and coming
in contact with the highly heated surfaces of the hot water coil in
the chamber, the foul air immediately rises to the roof, and is being
constantly carried away through louvres into the open air. These
louvres can be made to close in frosty or stormy weather, or when
the apparatus is not in use. This coil (for ventilation purposes),
together with that which heats the water for the bath and lavatories,
can be connected to a separate furnace, so that either one or both
can be in operation in the summer if required.
Another arrangement of ventilation (where hot water coils are not in
use) is as follows: powerful rings of gas burners--each ring being
placed inside a sheet-iron tube--are fixed in flue near the roof,
or in the apex of roof in churches, &c. Into this the foul air is
drawn by a powerful induced current, created by the novel manner in
which the heat in the tubes is arranged, the foul air being finally
carried away in a similar manner to that described in the foregoing
paragraph. For dwelling houses the said rings of gas jets may be
governed by a small master light which cannot be blown out, and which
may be regulated by two small cords attached to a lever leading from
landing, or other convenient position. The one small master light
is constantly kept burning when others are turned off. Such master
light costs but 2_d._ per annum at the most for gas; no matches are
necessary, and there is perfect safety from fire. This is a most
efficient and satisfactory means of ventilation, and far preferable
to any of the revolving cowls, air pumps, and other unsightly and
perishable systems.
The “Acme” patent system of mechanical ventilation, connected with
hot water heating, is unequalled for public institutions, asylums,
prisons, police courts, infirmaries, or other public buildings where
many people are assembled; or where--as in hospitals--from the nature
of the complaints, the air requires to be changed very often, and
that without draughts.
By placing coils of pipe in the wards to be warmed, and passing fresh
air, also previously heated, through them in such a manner that
no draught whatever is caused, or by placing all the pipes in the
basement, into and through which the fresh air is drawn by an “Acme”
patent ventilating machine. Such warmed air is thence passed through
properly regulated channels into the different rooms, each channel
being provided with a valve worked from any convenient or central
position, so as to regulate the supply of fresh air as circumstances
may require.
Ventilating and heating as carried out by the “Acme” system,
co-operate in establishing the most permanent and satisfactory
results.
Blackman Ventilating Co. See page 2 of Advertisements.
[Illustration: 221. Sugg’s Continuous Up-Draught Ventilator.]
_Sugg’s Continuous Up-Draught Ventilator._--This new ventilator
is submitted to the consideration of architects as embodying a
novel system. It has been the custom hitherto to guard against
down-draughts by fixing talc flapper arrangements at the lower ends
of ventilating shafts (in the case of the lower floors of buildings),
and to adopt either a sliding door or revolving shutter worked by
cords from the floor to ventilators fixed at the roof ridge. It is
clear that, with these arrangements, the outer cold air has free
access through the cowl to the ventilating shaft, and, in fact, right
down to the back-draught preventers, or shutters, at the lower end
of the shaft. With this continuous up-draught ventilator the valve
is in the cowl, and is opened by the up draught. Thus the whole of
the shaft, right from the room to the cowl, is filled always by
the warm air of the room, and is never allowed to become cold and
damp by the ingress of the outer air. The valve impedes the outward
passage of the foul air as little as (or less than) the old-fashioned
talc flappers. It is noiseless, cannot get out of order, and its
combination with the cowl renders the entire apparatus the cheapest
and most effective extracting cowl and down-draught preventer in the
market.
The reliance placed upon the strength of the up-draught to open the
valve is based:--First--On the extraordinary aspirating power of
this form of cowl. Most ventilators only expose one side at a time
to the wind’s action, but this one allows its entire area (more than
equal to the area of the tube) to be acted upon at the same moment.
Secondly--Upon the fact that beneath the valve is a column of warmed
air. The loss in ascending energy caused by cold flues may be put
down, as an average, at 40 per cent., but the adoption of this new
“exit valve” system conserves the power of the current to almost its
fullest extent. With the continuous up-draught ventilator the great
ventilating agents--the aspiration of the wind and the movements of
air at different tensions--are utilised in a very great degree, and
experiments prove the justification in claiming for it results never
before attained.
Some of its advantages are as follows:--(1) It is noiseless in its
action and is weatherproof. No water can by any means get down the
ventilating tube. (2) It extracts powerfully when the least current
of air impinges upon it. The whole surface of the ventilator comes
into action immediately, and a continuous up-draught is produced at
all times. (3) It is fitted with a new patent automatic float valve,
which is exceedingly simple in action, and cannot get out of order.
It opens with an up-current and shuts when this current ceases. Thus,
down-draught is impossible. Not only those down-draughts caused by
wind movements, but also those induced by the specific gravity of the
cold air in the ventilating tubes, hitherto incurable, are completely
prevented. (4) It is well and strongly made, is complete in itself,
cannot get out of order, and will last for years. It is made in sizes
from 2 to 18 in., and is made in zinc, galvanized iron or polished
copper. It is also made in special ornamental forms for large
buildings, prices of which will be given on receiving size of air
shaft and pitch of roof. (5) It is specially adapted for use with sun
burners, gas fires, &c. The heat of horizontal tubes, particularly
when lined with asbestos according to Sugg’s plan, contributes to its
extracting energy, while the valve effectually prevents any of those
down-draughts so often associated with this mode of ventilation. (6)
This system of ventilation and lighting works without attention.
It can be put in operation at a moment’s notice. By its use can
be guaranteed not only the most effective lighting, but also a
controllable and absolutely reliable induction and eduction of air
from any building. It is shown in Fig. 221, and is made by William
Sugg & Co., Ld., Grand Hotel Buildings, Charing Cross, London, under
Sugg and Simmance’s patents.
WARMING: by Open Fire. Continued from p. 69.
“The Eagle Convertible Open and Close Fire-grate,” Fig. 37 (makers,
Eagle Range and Foundry Co., 176, Regent Street, London), is one
of the latest improvements, and is to be commended as possessing
all the details advocated by Dr. Teale and others, viz. the grated
bottom and economiser, to which in this case is attached an ashes
pan for convenience and cleanliness, and the fire-brick sides and
back, the latter projecting to deflect the heat, &c.; the front bars
are somewhat flat in section, and incline up outwards at an angle
of about 20 degrees, which effectually prevents cinders and fuel
falling from the fire, and having the further advantage of making
the front of the fire visible to any one standing near. The chief
novelty of this grate is its possessing 3 pairs of doors, which when
open fold back out of sight behind the tiled side panels, and can be
closed, to partly or wholly cover any portion of the fireplace. Fig.
37 shows the stove with the two upper pairs of doors closed. When
first lighting the fire, or when the fire has become very low, and is
heavily fed, with the doors closed thus, a rapid draught is carried
through the fire, which burns very rapidly, and is established in a
few minutes, after which the upper doors are opened. By closing the
two lower doors only, it can be left quite safe at night, and as
there is no means of the air passing through the fire, the combustion
is very slow, in fact it only smoulders, yet keeps up a warmth in the
apartment, and it can be relied upon that it will not be out in the
morning; this is of especial convenience in invalids’ rooms. This
stove is, in the majority of cases, a sure cure for smoky chimneys,
and has several other advantages that would occupy too much space
here.
“The Parson’s Grate,” Fig. 38 (Barnards, Bishop and Barnards, Queen
Victoria Street, London), is a very well-known and good form of
slow-combustion grate, and has the advantage of being changed to a
fast-combustion grate at will, by means of a sliding blower, when
first igniting the fire or at any time that it is desired to make it
burn briskly; the bottom, back and sides of the fire-basket are of
solid fire-brick, and it will be seen from the illustration that the
blower can be drawn down to any point and so regulate the draught and
speed of combustion to a nicety; this is of especial convenience when
the chimney has a tendency to smoke.
WARMING: by Gas. Continued from p. 79.
_Sugg’s Gas Fires._--During a greater part of the year in this
country, the variations in the temperature are so great and sudden,
that those persons who have weak throats, or are subject to
bronchitis--especially children who have a tendency to croup--find
the cold, air of the early mornings a source of great discomfort
and even danger. Although by the use of coal fires, with constant
attention, the temperature of a bedroom or sick room can be
maintained as required during the day, yet at night it is next to
impossible to do so. The fire, if properly made up, gets too hot
in the first part of the night, and goes out in the early morning,
so that the room gets cold. If it has to be made up, the noise of
putting on coals, or poking the fire, is most disturbing in all
cases, and positively unbearable to a sick person. The object of the
gas fire is to obviate these inconveniences, and to maintain an equal
temperature throughout the entire day and night if required. The
construction of this stove differs from every other stove hitherto
introduced. The burners act independently, each being regulated by
its own governor, and each is provided with a separate tap. The
arrangement of the fire by which the flames from the burners play
freely into a space left between the solid bottom of the grate and
the asbestos lumps, permits of the perfect combustion of the gas, and
the attainment of the highest point of incandescence. The consumption
of London gas is 7 cub. ft. per hour for each burner. The quantity
of gas being regulated to its proper rate by the governors (the
taps always being turned full on), it necessarily follows that the
admixture of gas and air is always in the right proportion to develop
the greatest radiant heat. This gas fire is always ready, and can
easily be lighted without explosion by the most timid person, and
in a few minutes it will be glowing. After the room is warmed to
the required degree, one or more of the burners can be turned off,
and the consumption reduced by 7 ft. for each burner so turned off,
without affecting these left on, which still continue to develop
their full heating power.
This latter is a great advantage, because in ordinary stoves, where
the burners are all controlled by one tap, the reduction of gas at
once produces more or less imperfect mixture of gas and air, with an
imperfect combustion, accompanied with a disagreeable odour, and a
very imperfect development of heat. From this cause, together with
ungoverned burners, the consumer is frequently disappointed in the
working of gas fires, and lays the blame on the principle of heating
by gas, when the discomfort and waste of gas arise solely from the
imperfect construction of the stove he is using. The cost of gas for
Sugg’s Patent Charing Cross Bedroom Stove at full power is less than
1_d._ per hour. But as on a very cold night, a bedroom 20 ft. by 15
ft. by 10 ft. high, after being once warmed to 60° F., can be kept at
a temperature of 58°-60° F. through the night by two of these burners
left burning, the cost per hour for maintaining this temperature
will be actually less than ½_d._ It will be readily seen that to
keep a room warm by gas, at the price above mentioned, is cheaper
than by using coal; and that if the readiness, saving in trouble,
and the absence of all noise and dirt are taken into consideration,
the advantages of gas over coal are simply incalculable. This stove
is constructed with a chamber around the sides and back, which keeps
up a circulation of warm air in the room; and if desired a fresh air
flue may be connected to this chamber, thus supplying the room with
warm fresh air. The asbestos material is carefully made at Sugg’s own
factory; it is very durable, and gives out a good heat. The stove,
when fixed in front of an ordinary chimney, is provided with a flue
pipe, which is made to go up through the register to carry off the
products of combustion. In most cases of smoky chimneys, where it is
found impossible to use a coal fire, a small wind guard can be fitted
to the chimney, which will prevent down-draught, and make the use of
the gas fire successful. The fire is very bright and cheerful, and
having been carefully tried for upwards of 3 years in all kinds of
weather, its successful working can be guaranteed. Directions for
measuring grates, to enable a “Charing Cross” gas fire to be sent
complete, and ready for fixing by an intelligent gasfitter, in any
part of the kingdom, are furnished by the makers, William Sugg &
Co., Limited, Grand Hotel Buildings, Charing Cross, London, whose
illustrated catalogues show innumerable patterns of stove, adapted
for halls, bedrooms, libraries, nurseries, &c., at various prices.
_Cadogan Gas Fires._--A specially prepared indestructible fire
clay lump is fitted into the grate and covered with small pieces
of asbestos fuel, which should be carefully packed, so as to allow
the gas flames a free action without any loss. The fire clay lump
has apertures through which the gas flames pass from a swing bar,
fitted in front of and underneath the grate, the gas supply being
connected up with the bar either at the back or front of the hearth.
The bar has an air-chamber fitted to it, so that the gas is consumed
on the atmospheric principle, being, for heating purposes, the most
economical, and one preventing the formation of soot, thus keeping
the fire always clear and the grate clean.
A regulating valve can be fitted in a convenient position, either
in front or at side of hearth, so that the gas may be controlled as
easily as an ordinary gas burner.
To burn the gas economically, the flames should not be allowed to
show much above the top of the fuel.
These fires are eminently suitable for all modern grates, but they
can be fitted into most grates of old-fashioned pattern. Messrs.
Strode & Co., 48, Osnaburgh Street, London, N.W., will advise as to
their applicability on receipt of templet of grate, which can be
made by cutting a piece of paper to the size of bottom of grate, and
pencilling the openings.
WARMING: by Hot-water. Continued from p. 82.
S. Deards’s coil adapted to open grates ensures healthy heating and
perfect ventilation. The coil pipes are so adapted as to form the
bars of an ordinary grate, and yet so arranged as to contain water,
which, as soon as the fire is lighted, will put into circulation the
water contained therein, and the coil grate being attached to other
similar pipes, so arranged in any convenient position around the
walls of the room or any adjacent room, hall, landing, or passage,
will at once transmit that heat to those rooms, &c., without extra
cost or expense of fuel. It is apparent and well known to all
practical persons that the heat given out from the sides and back of
an ordinary fire grate is actually lost in the brickwork surrounding
it, yet by the application of S. Deards’s coil grates, that
otherwise lost heat is retained and made use of, and it is by this
heat that the other rooms are warmed for nothing.
The heating of schoolrooms by means of hot-water is often objected
to by scientific men, doctors, and architects, as by doing away with
the open cheerful fire, and the chimney shaft, the cheerfulness of
the room is destroyed; and the “lungs of the schoolroom” being the
ventilation by the chimney shaft is also absolutely lost. But by the
adoption of the above-named coil grate the cheerful open fire is
retained, the chimney still acts as the ventilator to carry off all
foul air, and the furthermost parts of the schoolroom are as equally
warmed by the circulation of hot-water as in the immediate vicinity
of the fire.
[Illustration: 222. The Princess Louise Coil Grate.]
The Princess Louise coil grate was awarded the First Prize at the
Smoke Abatement Exhibition, in 1882, for giving the greatest amount
of heat per lb. of coal consumed. It is now improved so as to burn
18 to 20 hours without attention; hence it is possible to heat a
greenhouse or conservatory from one’s own fireside, and in fact to
obtain all the hot-water for the baths, &c., of a household for no
extra expense. It is shown in front view in Fig. 222, and can be
seen in action at S. Deards’s show rooms, 11, North Buildings, Eldon
Street, Liverpool Street, London, and at Harlow, Essex.
The “Acme” small bore pipe apparatus (The Acme Ventilating and
Heating Co., 35, Tarleton Street, Liverpool) is one of the most
economical, rapid, and perfect systems of heating. This system
consists of strong wrought-iron tubes of best quality procurable, of
1-5/16 in. external diameter and ⅞ in. bore, the ends of which are
provided with right and left hand threaded screws. They are connected
together right and left hand, which, when screwed up, brings the
coned end of one tube into the flattened end of the other, thus
making a perfectly sound hydraulic joint--in fact, such joint is
actually stronger than the tube itself, the threaded screws are not
intended to make any joint excepting by the power applied in forcing
the conical end to the opposite flat end of tube, which generally
makes an indentation of about 1/16 in.: this forms the joint, the
cone making its own seat, and when once fitted, water has no access
to the screw in the socket, which, therefore, cannot rust, and may be
unscrewed at any time without trouble. This joint is not affected by
expansion and contraction, which is a constant source of annoyance
and expense where the ordinary form of joint is used, as with the
large cast-iron hot water pipes used in the low pressure systems. The
“Acme” system offers the further advantage of readily allowing any
tube to be disconnected and removed without disturbing the rest.
A large portion of the said tubes form the boiler or furnace,
which, being fixed at the lowest level, forms one of the most rapid
and economical furnaces known. Smaller furnaces, with wrought or
cast-iron casings, with coils of pipes built in fire-bricks, are used
for small buildings, halls, corridors, or offices.
An ordinary fire-grate may be utilised by a few feet of piping being
coiled and placed in same, forming the fire-bars and back of grate,
which constitutes a boiler in itself, and is connected with other
piping connecting with adjacent apartments. As many as three or four
bedrooms, or a suite of offices, may be comfortably heated from the
one fire.