citadels fell--Louisburg, Frontenac, Niagara, Ticonderoga, and Crown
Point. Eventually, Quebec and Montreal, those ancient fortresses on
the St. Lawrence River, capitulated to the British. Then, in 1763, by
the Treaty of Paris, France ceded Canada and all her territory east
of the Mississippi River to Great Britain, except for one small plot
encompassing New Orleans. Spain likewise ceded Florida.
The English flanks no longer needed protection. The way west was open
and the frontier was boundless!
Settlers spilled through the gaps of the Appalachians, into Ohio,
Kentucky, Illinois. And the fur traders, making way for them as they
pressed upon their trading grounds, pushed on, ever westward, across
the plains after the turn of the century to the Rocky Mountains and the
coastal rivers of the Pacific.
But the era of the early fur trader, typified by the white trader and
the Indian hunter, had come to an end. As the frontier began rolling
across the great plains of America, the white man became trapper as
well as trader. When he took over the function of the Indian, who had
formerly caught the beaver, a whole new conception of the fur trade in
America was born. A new era commenced--that of the fur trapper.
The fur trader of early America had played out his historically
important role.
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INDEX
_A_
Abnaki Indians, 103
Acadia, 107, 110, 112
Acadian Peninsula, 39
Accomac, 115, 126
Accomac Indians, 120
Africa, 4, 14, 26, 135
_Africa_ (ship), 126
Agawam, 169
Alabama River, 196
Albany, 70, 73, 137, 141, 177, 191, 197
Albemarle Sound, 52
Alexander, Pope, 14
Alexander, Sir William, 108, 109, 110, 126
Algonkin Indians, 33, 34, 40, 42
Algonquin Indians, 34, 59, 60, 73, 74, 117, 119, 129, 138, 170, 175,
176, 190
Allegheny River, 199, 201
Alleghenies, 202
Allerton, Isaac, 103, 104, 105, 111, 157
American Revolution, 185
Amerigo’s Land, 25
Amsterdam, 72, 73, 78, 80, 116, 135, 136, 141, 142, 175, 176
Anacostan Indians, 118, 129
Anglican, 99, 115
Anglo-Saxon, 9
Ango, Jean, 32
Annapolis, 126
Appalachian, 20, 193, 194, 196, 197, 203
Arabs, 6, 17
Arabian, 4, 9
Arctic, 28, 67
Argall, Capt. Samuel, 78, 79, 85, 86, 87, 107, 115
Argo, 3
Argonauts, 2, 3, 4
Armada, 80, 82
Armenia, 5
Arthur, Gabriel, 194
Ashley, Edward, 103
Ashley, Lord, 195
Asia, 4, 6, 17, 23, 24, 26, 49
Atlantic (Ocean), vii, 14, 16, 17, 24, 25, 34, 108, 193
Aughwick, 199
Augusta (Maine), 103
Aunay, Charles d’, 111, 112
Avalon (Newfoundland), 114
Ayllon, Lucas Vasquez de, 28, 29
Aztec Empire, 27, 28
_B_
Babylon, 2
Bacon, Nathaniel, 195
Bagnall, Walter, 104, 105
Baltic Sea, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 45
Baltimore, Lord, (first) _see_ George Calvert;
(second) _see_ Cecilius Calvert
Barbadian brandy, 195
Barbados, 196
Barbary pirates, 57
Barrington, Rhode Island, 171
Basque, 25, 37, 39
Battery, 140
Bay of Biscay, 38
Bay Colony, 166, 183
Bay of Fundy, 37, 39, 55, 62, 82, 83, 84, 86, 107, 108, 109, 111
Bay of the Narragansetts, 172
Bay of Santa Maria, 28
Beaver Road Fort, 160
Bergen, 22
Berkeley, Sir William (Governor of Virginia), 193, 195
Beverwyck, 177, 179
Biard, Father Pierre, 85, 86
Biloxi Bay (Mississippi), 192
Black Sea, 4, 9, 14
Block, Capt. Adrien, 78, 166
Block Island, 171
Blommaert, Samuel, 141, 147, 148
Blue Ridge Mountains, 74, 194
Boone, Daniel, 199
Borgia, Lucretia, 14
Bosphorus, 4
Boston (Massachusetts), 78, 98, 156, 168, 171, 173, 176, 180, 183, 189
Boston Bay, 98, 99, 101
Boston Harbor, 95
Braddock, General Edward, 202
Bradford, Governor William, 91, 93, 96, 102, 105, 106
Brazil, 25
Bremen
Canon Adam of, 10, 22
Councillors of, 10
Bretons, 25, 37
Bristol, 24, 25, 184, 200
Britain, 33, 196
British Empire, 59, 201
Brouage, Bay of Biscay, 38
Browne, Richard, 33
Bruges (Flanders), 12, 14
Brule, Etienne, 76, 77
Bry, Theodore de, 53
Burgesses, House of, 118, 125, 127
Butler, John, 130
Buzzard’s Bay, 55, 87
Byrd, William, 195
Byzantium, 4, 9
_C_
Cabot, John, 24, 25, 27, 37
Cadillac, Antoine de la Mothe, 193
Cahokia, 193
Calvert, Cecilius (second Lord Baltimore), 127, 128, 132, 133, 134,
183
Calvert, George (first Lord Baltimore), 108, 114, 115, 119, 123, 124,
125, 127, 129
Calvert, Leonard, 127, 128, 130, 131, 132, 133
Canada, 30, 31, 33, 34, 39, 42, 43, 61, 73, 75, 76, 77, 83, 104, 114,
126, 128, 129, 133, 188, 193, 201, 203
Cape Breton, 24, 32, 33, 39
Cape Cod, 17, 18, 28, 39, 55, 69, 78, 87, 88, 89, 93, 95, 111, 175,
181
Cape Elizabeth, 104
Cape Fear, 24, 37, 186
Cape of Good Hope, 14
Cape Hatteras, 34, 52
Cape Henlopen, 141, 142, 152
Cape May, 89, 142, 153
Cape Sable, 108, 109, 111
Carantouan, 76, 77
Cardinal de Richelieu, 109
Caribbean Sea, 29, 33, 38, 52
Carolina, 74, 186, 193, 194, 195, 196
Carr, Sir Robert, 185
Cartier, Jacques, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 39
Casco Bay, 98
Caspian Sea, 4, 9
Castine, Maine, 103
Catawba Indians, 74
Cathay, 4, 6, 15, 24, 28, 29, 30, 38, 44, 48, 49, 54, 58, 63
Catholic, 47, 82, 85, 114, 115, 124, 148, 159, 187
Cavelier, Robert (Sieur de la Salle), 190, 191, 192, 197
Cayuga Indians, 74
Champlain, Samuel de. _See_ Chapter IV, pp. 37-43, 55, 56, 74, 75, 77,
107, 108, 109, 110, 187
Channing, Edward, 91
Charles I, 110, 114, 124, 125, 126, 180
Charles II, 124, 184
Charles of Spain, 27
Charleston, 196
Charles Towne, 195
Chattahoochee River, 196
Chaucer, 13
Cherokee Indians, 194, 195
Chesapeake Area, 29, 54, 62, 65, 120
Chesapeake Bay, 20, 27, 28, 52, 53, 55, 56, 59, 61, 65, 69, 74, 76,
77, 89
Chew, John, 120
Chickasaw Indians, 196
China, 16, 27, 28, 39, 43, 67, 68, 72, 186
Choctaw Indians, 196
Chouart, Medard, Sieur des Grosseilliers, 188
Christiansen, Hendrick, 73
Christina River, 79
Church, The, 5, 11, 16
Claiborne, William, 119-123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131,
132, 133
Cloberry, William, 119, 125, 126, 165
_Cockatrice_ (wherry), 131
Codfish Land, 25, 26, 29
Colchis, 3
Columbus, Christopher, 17, 23, 24
Commissioners of the United Colonies, 170, 181
Company of Cathay, 49
Company of London, 165
Company of New France, 109, 110
Connecticut, 170, 171, 172
Connecticut Path, 167, 169
Connecticut River, 40, 66, 74, 78, 87, 113, 137, 165, 166, 167, 168,
169, 172, 180, 182, 184
Constantinople, 14
Cooper, Thomas, 170
Cornwallis, Capt. Thomas, 131
Corssen, Arendt, 144, 153, 160
Council of Foreign Plantations, 184
_Coureurs des bois_, 191, 193, 197, 201
Cox, William, 157
Cree Indians, 188
Creek Indians, 196
Cresap, Thomas, 200, 201
“Croatan,” 54
Croghan, George, 199, 200, 201
Cromwell, Oliver, 180, 184
Navigation Act of, 182
Croshaw, Raleigh, 118, 120
Crown Point, 202, 203
Crusades, 5, 10
Cugley, Daniel, 120
Curler, Jacob van, 167
Curran, Barney, 199
Cushenoc, 103, 105
_D_
Dacotah Indians, 187
Damariscotta River, 104
Danes, 12
Dare, Virginia, 54
Dark Ages, 5, 13
Darkness, Region of, 8, 9
Dartmouth, England, 72
D’Aunay, Charles, 111, 112
Davis, Capt. John, 54
Debedeavon, 120
De Bry, Theodore, 53
De Champlain. _See_ Champlain
De Ferrara, Alfonso, 14
DeGuercheville, Madame, 85, 86
Delaware, 150
Delaware Bay, 78, 89, 138, 141, 183
Delaware Indians, 198
Delaware River, 20, 66, 69, 74, 77, 79, 113, 116, 117, 127, 134, 137,
138, 139, 140, 144, 145, 148, 149, 152, 153, 156, 157, 158, 165, 183,
184, 185
De Monts, 39, 41, 84
Department of Commerce, viii
De Razilly, 110, 111
Dermer, Capt. Thomas, 88, 89, 95, 116
De Roberval, 32
Des Grosseilliers, 188
De Tonti, Henri, 191
Detroit, 193
De Vries. _See_ Vries
D’Iberville, Pierre le Moyne, 192
Dieppe, 32
Digby, 83
Dinwiddie, Governor, 201, 202
Dneiper, 9
Donnacona, 30, 31, 52
_Dove_ (pinnace), 128
Drake, Francis, 48
Dublin, 199
Duck Creek, 149
Dupont-Grave, 38, 39, 40, 86
Dutch. _See_ Chapters VII, XIII, XV and pages 12, 13, 36, 41, 45, 66,
82, 86, 87, 88, 89, 92, 102, 104, 116, 117, 119, 120, 134, 147, 148,
149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162,
163, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 197
Dutch East India Company, 67, 72, 79, 80
Dutchmen’s Island, 174
Dutch West India Company, 80, 90, 135, 136, 137, 140, 141, 147, 149,
150, 151, 152, 162, 165, 175, 176, 177
DuQuesne, 202
Dvina, 9
_E_
East India Company, 67, 72, 79, 80
East Indies, 15, 80
Eastern Shore, 115, 116, 120, 126, 131, 195
Edward III, 46
Eelkens, Jacob, 165, 166
Egypt, 2, 60
Elbe, 10
“El Dorado,” 53, 63, 83
Elizabeth I, 47, 48, 49
Elizabeth City, 120
Elizabethan occupation theory, 79, 145, 164
Endicott, Capt. John, 101, 171
England, 11, 12, 13, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 37, Chapter V, 58, 62, 63,
64, 72, 79, 83, 88, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 101, 103, 105, 106, 110,
112, 114, 117, 125, 127, 130, 132, 133, 136, 140, 145, 161, 163, 165,
169, 174, 180, 182, 183, 184, 186, 187, 189, 196, 198, 200, 202
English, 12, 24, 36, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 46, 48, 50, 53, 54, 55, 59,
62, 63, 65, 67, 76, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 89, 90,
91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 97, 98, 101, 102, 104, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111,
112, 113, 115, 117, 118, 119, 122, 123, 124, 135, 136, 139, 143, 144,
145, 146, 149, 150, 152, 153, 154, 155, 157, 161, 163, 164, 165, 166,
167, 168, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, Chapter XVI, 186, 187, 189,
190, 191, 193, 194, 196, 198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203
Eratosthenes, 16
Ericson, Leif, 17, 18, 19, 21, 22
Eric the Red (Eric Thorvaldson), 17, 21
Ericson, Thorvald, 18
Erie, 201
Eriwoneck, 145
Eskimos, 22, 49
Ethiopians, 2, 4
Europe, vii, 5, 6, 9, 12, 13, 16, 23, 25, 51, 70, 72, 141, 149, 197,
202
Euxine Sea, 3
Evelin, George, 133
_F_
Fairfield, 172
Ferrara, Alfonso de, 14
Fendall, Governor, 183
Fenwick, Cuthbert, 131
Ferryland, 108, 114
Finland, 26
Finns, 152
Five Nations, 41, 42, 43, 61, 74, 75, 76, 77, 129, 191, 197
Flanders, 5, 11, 12
_Flatey Book_, 21
Fleet, Henry, 118, 119, 128, 129, 130
Florida, 27, 29, 33, 52, 82, 124, 194, 203
Forbes, General John, 202
Forked River, 189, 190
Fort Albany, 186
Fort Amstel, 163
Fort Amsterdam, 140, 141, 143, 144, 145, 146, 149, 156, 157, 176, 184,
185
Fort Beversrede, 160
Fort Casimir, 161, 162
Fort Chartres, 192
Fort Christina, 149, 150, 151, 152, 154, 155, 160, 162, 163
Fort Conquest, 133
Fort Crevecouer, 191
Fort DuQuesne, 202, 203
Fort Elfsborg, 155, 156, 161
Fort Frontenac, 190, 203
Fort Good Hope, 137, 166, 167, 168, 181
Fort d’Huiller, 193
Fort Korsholm, 159, 161
Fort Nassau, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 137, 138, 141, 143, 144, 145, 146,
149, 152, 155, 156, 160, 161
Fort Necessity, 202
Fort New Gothenborg, 155
Fort Onondaga, 76
Fort Orange, 137, 163, 165, 166, 176, 177, 179, 180, 183, 185, 186
Fort Orleans, 193
Fort Pitt, 203
Fort Rosalie, 192
Fort St. Antoine, 192
Fort St. George, 84
Fort Saybrook, 168, 172, 173
Fort Trinity, 163
_Fortune_ (ship), 95
France, 11, 13, 14, 23, 28, 30, 31, 33, 39, 40, 52, 79, 82, 84, 86,
107, 108, 110, 111, 163, 191, 192, 193, 198, 199, 203
Francis I, 27, 29, 31, 47, 48
Fraser, John, 199, 201
French Canada, 35, 61, 83, 175, 185, 186
French Creek, 201
French, 28, 29, 31, 34, 37, 38, 40, 41, 42, 43, 48, 54, 55, 62, 68,
69, 72, 74, 75, 76, 77, 80, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 94, 95,
101, 104, 106, 107, 109, 110, 111, 112, 116, 117, 119, 120, 126, 134,
137, 145, 147, 173, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191, 192, 193, 196, 197,
198, 199, 200, 201 _passim_, 202, 203
French and Indian War, vii, viii, 187, 202
Freydis, 17, 21
Frobisher, Martin, 48, 49
Fundamental Orders of Connecticut, 170
_G_
Gaspe, 39
Genoa, 6, 14
German, 5, 9, 10, 11, 12, 193
Gibbons, Ambrose, 104
Gilbert, Bartholomew, 54
Gilbert, Sir Humphrey, 49, 50, 51, 54
Gilbert, Sir John, 51
Girling, Captain, 112
Gloucester, New Jersey, 137
Godfrey of Bouillon, 10
Godyn, Samuel, 141
Golden Fleece, 2, 3, 4, 188
Gomez, Captain Estevan, 69
Gondomar, Ambassador, 124
Gorges, Sir Ferdinando, 83, 84, 88, 93, 98, 99, 104
Gorges, Capt. Robert, 99
Gosnold, Bartholomew, 55, 69, 83
Gothenburg, 148
Gothland, 11
Grave, Francois (Sieur duPont), 38, 39, 40
Great Lakes, 68, 74, 190
Great Meadows, 202
Greece, 3, 4
Greek, 2, 4, 13, 17, 188
Green Bay, 187
Greenland, 17, 18, 19, 21, 22, 23, 24
Greenwich (Connecticut), 126, 173, 181, 182
Grenville, Sir Richard, 53
_Gripen_ (ship), 148, 150, 151
Grosseilliers, Sieur des, 188
Gudrid, 17, 19
Guercheville, Madame de, 85, 86
Guiana, 54, 92
Gulf of Mexico, 190, 191, 192, 193, 196
Gulf of St. Lawrence, 28, 29, 37, 50, 108, 109, 190
Gustavus Adolphus, 146
_H_
Hakluyt, Richard, 33, 37
_Half Moon_ (ship), 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72
Hampton, Virginia, 120
Hansa, 11, 12
Hanseatic League, 11, 12, 22
Hariot, Thomas, 53
Harmar, Charles, 120, 128, 129
Harrisburg, 199
Harris Ferry, 199
Hartford, 137, 166, 168, 170, 181, 182, 183
Harvey, Sir John (Governor of Virginia), 130, 132, 144, 145
Hatteras, 34, 52
_Hauk’s Book_, 20
Havre, 32
Hawkins, John, 33, 48
Hawley, Jerome, 132
Hendricksen, Cornelis, 78, 79, 89
Henry IV, 38
Henry VIII, 46, 47
Heyn, Admiral Peter, 135
Hindustan, 5
Hochelaga, 30
Holland, 12, 13, 72, 73, 75, 78, 79, 80, 81, 92, 93, 135, 136, 138,
140, 142, 143, 148, 151, 156, 159, 160, 161, 163, 165, 177, 178,
179, 182
Hollanders, 39, 77, 78, 87, 89, 136, 138, 144, 146, 147, 151, 152,
158, 160, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 168, 174, 175, 176, 181, 182
Holmes, Capt. William, 168
Holmes, George, 146
Hoorn, 73, 77, 116
Hopkins, Governor Edward, 170
Horne (Hoorn), 116
Hudde, Andries, 159
Hudson Bay, 22, 188, 189
Hudson’s Bay Company, 189, 193
Hudson, Capt. Henry, 40, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 77, 78, 79, 88,
102, 164
Hudson River, 20, 27, 28, 66, 70, 72, 73, 74, 75, 77, 78, 81, 86, 93,
102, 113, 116, 117, 137, 138, 165, 166, 173, 175, 176, 177, 178, 180,
181, 183, 184, 186, 197
Huguenots, 82, 85
Hunt, Captain, 95