Multitude of our Riches. For Trees and Herbs do not only ſerve us for
Food, they in their delicious Fruits, theſe in their Seeds, Leaves and
Roots; but Herbs moreover furniſh us with Phyſick, and Trees with
Timber for our Houſes and Ships. Flax, by the means of thoſe two uſeful
Arts of Spinning and Weaving, affords us Clothing. Of Hemp or Matweed
we twiſt our ſelves Thread and ſmall Ropes, the former of which we
employ in Sails and Nets, the latter in making larger Ropes for Maſts
and Anchors. With the ſweet Smells and [The Advantages we reap from
Herbs and Animals.] beauteous Colours of Flowers we feaſt our Senſes:
and even thoſe of them, that offend our Noſtrils, or are miſchievous to
our Bodies, are ſeldom without excellent Uſes: or were made perhaps by
Nature as a Foil to ſet off, and make us the more value the Good by
comparing them with theſe. What vaſt Advantages and Profit do we reap
from the Animals? The Sheep give us Clothing, and the Cows afford us
Milk: and both of them their Fleſh for our Suſtenance. Aſſes, Camels,
and Horſes do, what if we wanted them we muſt do our ſelves, carry our
Burdens; and the laſt of them we make uſe of, either themſelves to
carry us, or in our Coaches to draw us. In which we have ſo excellent,
ſo uſeful an Invention of Wheels, that I can’t ſuppoſe the Planets to
enjoy Society and all its Conſequences, and be without them. Whether
they are Pythagoreans there, or feed upon Fleſh as we do, I dare not
affirm any Thing. Tho’ it ſeems to be allowed Men to feed upon
whatſoever may afford them Nouriſhment, either on Land, or in Water,
upon Herbs, and Pomes, Milk, Eggs, Honey, Fiſh, and no leſs upon the
Fleſh of many Birds and Beaſts. But it is a ſurpriſing thing! that a
rational Creature ſhould live upon the Ruin and Deſtruction of ſuch a
number of other his Fellow-Creatures! And yet it does not ſeem at all
unnatural, ſince not only he, but even Lions, Wolves, and other
ravenous Beaſts, prey upon Flocks of other harmleſs Things, and make
mere Fodder of them; as Eagles do of Pidgeons and Hares; and large Fiſh
of the helpleſs little ones. We have different ſorts of Dogs for
Hunting, and what our own Legs cannot, that their Noſe and Legs can
help us to. But the Uſe and Profit of Herbs and Animals are not the
only Things they are good for, but they raiſe our Delight and
Admiration when we conſider their various Forms and Natures, and
enquire into all their different ways of Generation: Things ſo
infinitely multifarious, and ſo delightfully amazing, that the Books of
natural Philoſophers are deſervedly filled with their Encomiums. For
even in the very Inſects, who can but admire the ſix-corner’d Cells of
the Bees, or the artificial Web of a Spider, or the fine Bag of a
Silk-worm, which laſt affords us, with the Help of incredible Induſtry,
even Shiploads of ſoft delicate Clothing. This is a ſhort Summary of
thoſe many profitable Advantages the animal and herbal World ſerve us
with.
But this is not all. The Bowels of the Earth likewiſe contribute much
to Man’s Happineſs. For what Art and Cunning does he employ in finding,
in digging, in trying Metals, and in melting, refining, and tempering
them? [And from Metals.] What Skill and Nicety in beating, drawing or
diſſolving Gold, ſo as with inconſiderable Changes to make every Thing
he pleaſes put on that noble Luſtre? Of how many and admirable Uſes is
Iron? and how ignorant in all Mechanical Knowledge were thoſe Nations
that were not acquainted with it, ſo as to have no other Arms but Bows,
Clubs, and Spears, made of Wood. There’s one Thing indeed we have,
which it’s a Queſtion whether it has done more harm or good, and that
is Gun-powder made of Nitre and Brimſtone. At firſt indeed it ſeem’d as
if we had got a more ſecure Defenſe than former Ages againſt all
Aſſaults, and could eaſily guard our Towns, by the wonderful Strength
of that Invention, againſt all hoſtile Invaſions: but now we find it
has rather encouraged them, and at the ſame time been no ſmall Occaſion
of the Decay of Valour, by rendring it and Strength almoſt uſeleſs in
War. Had the Grecian Emperor who ſaid, Virtue was ruin’d only when
Slings and Rams firſt came into uſe, liv’d in our Days, he might well
have complain’d; eſpecially of Bombs, againſt which neither Art nor
Nature is of ſufficient Proof: but which lays every Thing, Caſtles and
Towers, be they never ſo ſtrong, even with the Ground. If for nothing
elſe, yet upon this one account, I think we had better have been
without the Diſcovery. Yet, when we were talking of our Diſcoveries, it
was not to be paſs’d over, for the Planets too may have their
miſchievous as well as uſeful Inventions.
We are happier in the Uſes for which the Air and Water ſerves us; both
of which helps us in our Navigation, and furniſhes us with a Strength
ſufficient, without any Labour of our own, to turn round our Mills and
Engines; Things which are of uſe to us in ſo many different
Employments. For with them we grind our Corn, and ſqueeze out our Oil;
with them we cut Wood, and mill Cloth, and with them we beat our Stuff
for Paper. An incomparable Invention! Where the naſtieſt uſeleſs Scraps
of Linen are made to produce fine white Sheets. To theſe we may add the
late diſcovery of Printing, which not only preſerves from Death Arts
and Knowledge, but makes them much eaſier to be attained than before.
Nor muſt we forget the Arts of Engraving and Painting, which from mean
Beginnings have improved to that Excellence, that nothing that ever
ſprung from the Wit of Man can claim Pre-eminence to them. Nor is the
way of melting and blowing Glaſſes, and of poliſhing and ſpreading
Quick-ſilver over Looking-Glaſſes, unworthy of being mentioned, nor
above all, the admirable uſes that Glaſſes have been put to in natural
Knowledge, ſince the Invention of the Teleſcope and Microſcope. And no
leſs nice and fine is the Art of making Clocks, ſome of which are ſo
ſmall as to be no weight to the Bearer; and others ſo exact as to
meaſure out the Time in as ſmall Portions as any one can deſire: the
Improvement of both which the World owes to my [1]Inventions.
[From the diſcoveries of our Age.]
I might add much here of the late Diſcoveries, moſt of them of this
Age, which have been made in all ſorts of Natural Knowledge as well as
in Geometry and Aſtronomy, as of the Weight and Spring of the Air, of
the Chymical Experiments that have ſhown us a way of making Liquors
that ſhall ſhine in the Dark, and with gentle moving ſhall burn of
themſelves. I might mention the Circulation of the Blood through the
Veins and Arteries, which was underſtood indeed before; but now, by the
help of the Microſcope, has an ocular demonſtration in the Tails of
ſome Fiſhes: of the Generation of Animals, which now is found to be
performed no otherwiſe than by the Seed of one of the ſame kind; and
that in the Seed of the Male are diſcover’d, by the help of Glaſſes,
Millions of ſprightly little Animals, which it’s probable are the very
Offspring of the Animals themſelves: a ſurpriſing thing, and never
before now known!
[The Planets have, tho’ not theſe ſame, yet as uſeful Inventions.]
Thus have I put together all theſe late Diſcoveries of our Earth: and
now, tho’ perhaps ſome of them may be common to the Planetary
Inhabitants with us, yet that they ſhould have all of them is not
credible. But then they may have ſomewhat to make up that Defect,
others as good and as uſeful, and as wonderful, that we want. We have
allow’d that they may have rational Creatures among them, and
Geometricians, and Muſicians: We have prov’d that they live in
Societies, have Hands and Feet, are guarded with Houſes and Walls:
Wherefore if a Man could be carried thither by ſome powerful Genius,
ſome Mercury, I don’t doubt ’twould be a very curious ſight, curious
beyond all Imagination, to ſee the odd ways, and the unuſual manner of
their ſetting about any thing, and their ſtrange methods of living. But
ſince there’s no hopes of our going ſuch a Journey, we muſt be
contented with what’s in our Power: we may ſuppoſe our ſelves there,
and inquire as far as we can into the Aſtronomy of each Planet, and ſee
in what manner the Heavens preſent themſelves to their Inhabitants. We
ſhall make ſome Obſervations of the Eminence of each of them, in
reſpect of their Magnitude, and number of Moons they have to wait on
them; and ſhall propoſe a new Method of coming to ſome Knowledge of the
incredible diſtance of the ſix’d Stars. But firſt after this long and
deep Thoughtfulneſs we will give our ſelves a little Reſt, and ſo put
an end to this Book.
New Conjectures concerning the
Planetary Worlds.
BOOK the Second.
’Twas a pretty many Years ago that I chanc’d to light upon Athanaſius
Kircher’s Book, call’d The Ecſtatick Journey, which treats of the
nature of the Stars, and of the Things that are to be found in the
Superficies of the Planets: I wondered to ſee nothing there of what I
had often thought not improbable, but quite other Things, nothing but a
Heap of idle unreaſonable Stuff: which I was the more confirm’d in,
when, after the writing of the former part, I ran over the Book again.
And I thought mine were very conſiderable and weighty Matters if
compar’d with Kircher’s. That other People may be ſatisfied in this,
and ſee how vainly thoſe, who caſt off the only Foundations of
Probability in ſuch Matters, which we have all the way made uſe of,
pretend to philoſophize in this caſe, I think it will not be beſide the
Purpoſe to beſtow ſome few Reflections upon that Book.
[Kircher’s Journey in Ecſtacy examin’d.]
That ingenious Man ſuppoſing himſelf carried by ſome Angel thro’ the
vaſt Spaces of Heaven, and round the Stars, tells us, he ſaw a great
many things, ſome of which he had out of the Books of Aſtronomers, the
reſt are the Product of his own Fancy and Thoughts. But, before he
enters upon his Journey, he lays down theſe two Things as certain; that
no Motion muſt be allowed the Earth, and that God has made nothing in
the Planets, no not ſo much as Herbs, which has either Life or Senſe in
it. Leaving then the Syſtem of Copernicus, he chuſes Tycho for his
Guide. But when he ſuppoſes all the fix’d Stars to be Suns, and round
each of them places their Planets, here (againſt his Will I ſuppoſe) he
has unawares made an infinite number of Copernican Syſtems. All which,
beſide their own Motion, he abſurdly makes to be carried, with an
incredible ſwiftneſs, in twenty four Hours round the Earth. Since moſt
of theſe Worlds are out of the Reach of any Man’s ſight, as he owns
they are, I cannot think for what purpoſe he makes ſo many Suns to
ſhine upon deſolate Lands (like our Earth in every thing, he ſays, only
that they have neither Plants nor Animals) where there’s no one to whom
they ſhould give light. And from hence he ſtill falls into more and
more Abſurdities. And becauſe he could find no other uſe of the
Planets, even in our Syſtem, he is forc’d to beg Help of the
Aſtrologers; and would have all thoſe vaſt Bodies made upon no other
account than that the whole Univerſe might be preſerved and continue
ſecure by their means, and that they might govern the Mind of Man by
their various and regular Influences. Accordingly, to gratify
Aſtrology, he ſays that Venus was the moſt pleaſant Place, every thing
fine and handſome, its Light gentle, its Waters ſweet and purling, and
it ſelf beſet all about with ſhining Chryſtals. In Jupiter he found
wholeſome and ſweet Gales, delicate Waters, and a Land ſhining like
Silver. For from theſe two Planets it ſeems, Men have all that is happy
and healthful poured down upon them; and all that renders them handſome
and lovely, wiſe and grave, is owing to their Influences. Mercury had I
don’t know what Airineſs and Briskneſs in it; whence Men derive, when
they are firſt born, all their Wit and Cunning. Mars was nothing but
infernal, ſtinking, black Flames and Smoke: and Saturn was all
melancholy, dreadful, naſty, and dark: for theſe are the Planets (I
don’t know why, but all Fortune-tellers hate them) that bring all the
Plagues and Miſchiefs that we feel upon us, and would exerciſe their
Spite ſtill more, unleſs they were ſometimes mitigated and corrected by
the benign and kind Influences of the other Planets. All this and ſuch
like Stuff his Genius teaches him. Which he makes give a ſerious Anſwer
to this idle Queſtion, Whether a Jew or Heathen could be duly and
rightly baptized in the Waters of Venus? Of him too he learns that the
Heaven of the fix’d Stars is not made of ſolid Matter, but of a thin
fluid, wherein an innumerable company of Stars and Suns lie floating
here and there, not chain’d down to any Place, (thus far he’s in the
right) and deſcribing in the Space of a Day theſe prodigious Circles
round the Earth. He forgets here, if there were ſuch a Motion, with
what an incredible ſwiftneſs they would fly off from every part of
their Orbits. But I ſuppoſe the Intelligences that he has plac’d in
them are to take care of that, thoſe Angels that preſide over, and
regulate their Motions. And in that he follows a company of Doctors
that harbour’d that idle fancy of Ariſtotle upon no Account or
Conſideration. But Copernicus has freed thoſe Intelligences of all that
Labour and Trouble, only by bringing in the Motion of the Earth: which,
if upon no other Account, every one that is not blind purpoſely, muſt
own to be neceſſary upon this. I dare ſay Kircher, if he had dar’d
freely to ſpeak his Mind, could have afforded us better ſort of Things
than theſe. But when he could not have that liberty, I think he might
as well have let the whole Matter alone. But enough of this; let’s have
have done with this famous Author: And now that we have ventur’d to
place Spectators in the Planets, let us examine each of them, and ſee
what their Years, Days, and Aſtronomy are.
[The Syſtem of the Planets in Mercury.]
To begin with the innermoſt and neareſt the Sun: We know that Mercury
is three times nearer that vaſt Body of Light than we are. Whence it
follows that they ſee him three times bigger, and feel him nine times
hotter than we do. Such a degree of Heat would be intolerable to us,
and ſet afire all our dry’d Herbs, our Hay and Straw that we uſe. And
yet there is no doubt but that the Animals there, are made of ſuch a
Temper, as to be but moderately warm, and the Plants ſuch as to be able
to endure the Heat. The Inhabitants of Mercury, it’s likely, have the
ſame opinion of us that we have of Saturn, that we muſt be intolerably
cold, and have little or no Light, we are ſo far from the Sun. There’s
reaſon to doubt, whether the Inhabitants of Mercury, tho’ they live ſo
much nearer the Sun, the Fountain of Life and Vigour, are much more
airy and ingenious than we. For if we may gueſs at them by what we ſee
here, we ſhall not be obliged to grant it. The Inhabitants of Africa
and Braſil, that have got for their Share the hotteſt Places in the
Earth, being neither ſo wiſe nor ſo induſtrious as thoſe that belong to
colder and more temperate Climates; they have ſcarce any Arts or
Knowledge among them; and thoſe of them that live upon the very Shore,
underſtand little or no Navigation. Nor can I be willing to make all
that vaſt number that muſt inhabit thoſe two large Planets, Jupiter and
Saturn, and have ſuch noble Attendance, mere dull Blockheads, or
without as much Wit as our ſelves, tho’ they are ſo far more diſtant
from the Sun. The Aſtronomy of thoſe that live in Mercury, and the
appearance of the Planets to them, oppoſite at certain times to the
Sun, may be eaſily conceived by the Scheme of the Copernican Syſtem in
the former Part. At the times of theſe Oppoſitions Venus and the Earth
muſt needs appear very bright and large to them. For if Venus ſhines ſo
gloriouſly to us when ſhe is new and horned, ſhe muſt neceſſarily in
oppoſition to the Sun, when ſhe is full, be at leaſt ſix or ſeven times
larger, and a great deal nearer to the Inhabitants of Mercury, and
afford them Light ſo ſtrong and bright, that they have no reaſon to
complain of their want of a Moon. What the Length of their Days are, or
whether they have different Seaſons in the Year, is not yet diſcovered,
becauſe we have not yet been able to obſerve whether his Axis have any
inclination to his Orbit, or what Time he ſpends in his diurnal
Revolution about his own Axis. And yet ſeeing Mars, the Earth, Jupiter
and Saturn, have certainly ſuch Succeſſions, there’s no reaſon to doubt
but that he has his Days and Nights as well as they. But his Year is
ſcarce the fourth part ſo long as ours.
The Inhabitants of Venus have much the ſame Face of Things as thoſe in
Mercury, only they never ſee him in oppoſition to the Sun, which is
occaſioned by his never removing above 38 degrees, or thereabouts, from
it. The Sun appears to them larger by half in his Diameter, and above
twice in his Circumference, than to us: and by conſequence affords them
but twice as much Light and Heat, ſo that they are nearer our
Temperature than Mercury. Their Year is compleated in ſeven and a half
of our Months. In the Night our Earth, when ’tis on the other ſide of
the Sun from Venus, muſt needs ſeem much larger and lighter to Venus
than ſhe doth ever to us; and then they may eaſily ſee, if their Eyes
be not weaker than ours, our conſtant Attendant the Moon. I have often
wonder’d that when I have view’d Venus when ſhe is neareſt to the
Earth, and reſembled an Half-moon, juſt beginning to have ſomething
like Horns, through a Teleſcope of 45 or 60 Foot long, ſhe always
appeared to me all over equally lucid, that I can’t ſay I obſerved ſo
much as one Spot in her, tho’ in Jupiter and Mars, which ſeem much leſs
to us, they are very plainly perceiv’d. For if Venus had any ſuch Thing
as Sea and Land, the former muſt neceſſarily ſhow much more obſcure
than the other, as anyone may ſatisfy himſelf, that from a very high
Mountain will but look down upon our Earth. I thought that perhaps the
too brisk Light of Venus might be the occaſion of this equal
appearance; but when I uſed an Eye-glaſs that was ſmok’d for the
Purpoſe, it was ſtill the ſame Thing. What then, has Venus no Sea, or
do the Waters there reflect the Light more than ours do, or their Land
leſs? Or rather (which is moſt probable in my Opinion) is not all that
Light we ſee reflected from an Atmoſphere ſurrounding Venus, which
being thicker and more ſolid than that in Mars or Jupiter, hinders our
ſeeing any thing of the Globe it ſelf, and is at the ſame time capable
of ſending back the Rays that it receives from the Sun? For it is
certain that if we looked on the Earth from the outſide of the
Atmoſphere, we ſhould not perceive ſuch a difference as we do from a
Mountain; but by reaſon of the interpoſed Atmoſphere, we ſhould obſerve
very little Diſparity between Sea and Land. ’Tis the ſame Thing that
hinders us from ſeeing the Spots in the Moon as plain in the Day as in
the Night, becauſe the Vapours that ſurround the Earth being then
enlighten’d by the Rays of the Sun, are an Impediment to our Proſpect.
[In Mars.]
But Mars, as I ſaid before, has ſome Parts of him darker than other
ſome. By the conſtant Returns of which his Nights and Days have been
found to be of about the ſame length with ours. But the Inhabitants
have no perceivable Difference between Summer and Winter, the Axis of
that Planet having very little or no Inclination to his Orbit, as has
been diſcover’d by the Motion of his Spots. Our Earth muſt appear to
them almoſt as Venus doth to us, and by the Help of a Teleſcope will be
found to have its Wane, Increaſe, and Full, like the Moon: and never to
remove from the Sun above 48 Degrees, by whoſe Diſcovery they ſee it,
as well as Mercury and Venus, ſometimes paſs over the Sun’s Disk. They
as ſeldom ſee Venus as we do Mercury. I am apt to believe, that the
Land in Mars is of a blacker Colour than that of Jupiter or the Moon,
which is the reaſon of his appearing of a Copper Colour, and his
reflecting a weaker Light than is proportionable to his diſtance from
the Sun. His Body, as I obſerved before, tho’ farther from the Sun, is
leſs than Venus. Nor has he any Moon to wait upon him, and in that, as
well as Mercury and Venus, he muſt be acknowledged inferiour to the
Earth. His Light and Heat is twice, and ſometimes three times leſs than
ours, to which I ſuppoſe the Conſtitution of his Inhabitants is
anſwerable.
[Jupiter and Saturn the moſt eminent of the Planets both for bigneſs
and attendants.]
If our Earth can claim pre-eminence of the fore-mention’d Planets, for
having a Moon to attend upon it, (for its Magnitude can make but a
ſmall difference) how much Superiour muſt Jupiter and Saturn be to
thoſe three and the Earth alſo? For whether we conſider their Bulk, in
which they far exceed all the others, or the Number of Moons that wait
upon them, it’s very probable that they are the chief, the primary
Planets in our Syſtem, in compariſon with which the other four are
nothing, and ſcarce worth mentioning. For the eaſier Conception of
their vaſt Diſparity, I have thought fit to add a Scheme of our Earth,
with the Moon’s Orbit, and the Globe of the Moon itſelf, and the
Syſtems of [Fig. 3.] Jupiter and Saturn, where I have drawn every thing
as near the true Proportion as poſſible. Jupiter you ſee is adorned
with four, and Saturn with five Moons, all placed in their reſpective
Orbits. The Moons about Jupiter we owe to Galilæo, ’tis well known: and
any one may imagine he was in no ſmall Rapture at the Diſcovery. The
outermoſt but one, and brighteſt of Saturn’s, it chanc’d to be my lot,
with a Teleſcope not above 12 foot long, to have the firſt ſight of in
the Year 1655. The reſt we may thank the induſtrious Caſſini for, who
uſed the Glaſſes of Joſ. Campanus’s grinding, firſt of 36, and
afterwards of 136 foot long. He has often, and particularly in the Year
1672, ſhew’d me the Third and Fifth. The Firſt and Second he gave me
notice of by Letters in the Year 1684; but they are ſcarce ever to be
ſeen, and I can’t poſitively ſay, I had ever that Happineſs; but am as
ſatisfied that they are there, as if I had; not in the leaſt ſuſpecting
the Credit of that worthy Man. Nay, I am afraid there are One or Two
more ſtill behind, and not without reaſon. For between the Fourth and
Fifth there’s a Diſtance not at all proportionable to that between all
the others: Here, for ought I know, there may be a Sixth; or perhaps
there may be another without the Fifth that may yet have eſcaped us:
for we can never ſee the Fifth but in that part of his Orbit, which is
towards the Weſt: for which we ſhall give you a very good reaſon.
Perhaps when Saturn comes into the Northern Signs, and is at a good
height from the Horizon (for at the writing of this he is at his
loweſt) you may happen to make ſome new Diſcoveries, good Brother, if
you would but make uſe of your two Teleſcopes of 170 and 210 Foot long;
the longeſt, and the beſt I believe now in the World. For tho’ we have
not yet had an opportunity of obſerving the Heavens with them (as well
by reaſon of their Unwieldineſs, as for the Interruption of our Studies
by your Abſence) yet I am ſatisfied of their Goodneſs by our trial of
them one Night, in reading a Letter at a vaſt diſtance by the Help of a
Light. I cannot but think of thoſe times with Pleaſure, and of our
diverting Labour in poliſhing and preparing ſuch Glaſſes, in inventing
new Methods and Engines, and always puſhing forward to ſtill greater
and greater Things. But to return to the Figures, of which there
remains ſomething further to be ſaid.
[The proportion of the Diameter of Jupiter, and of the Orbs of his
Satellites, to the Orbit of the Moon round the Earth.]
I have there made the Diameter of Jupiter about two third parts of our
diſtance from the Moon: for the Diameter of Jupiter is above twenty
times bigger than that of the Earth; which is about a thirtieth part of
the Moon’s diſtance. The Orbit of the outermoſt of Jupiter’s Satellites
is to that of the Moon round the Earth, as 8 and ½ is to 1. And each of
theſe Moons, by the Shadow they make upon Jupiter, cannot be leſs than
our Earth. Their [The Periods of Jupiter’s Moons.] Periods, that I may
not omit them, are according to Caſſini’s Account theſe. That of the
inmoſt is one day, 18 hours, 28 minutes, and 36 ſeconds. The Second
ſpends 3 days, 13 hours, 13 min., 52 ſeconds in going round him. The
Third 7 days, 3 hours, 59 min., 40 ſec. The Fourth 16 days, 18 hours, 5
min., 6 ſec. The Diſtance of the innermoſt from Jupiter himſelf is 2⅚
of his Diameters. That of the Second is 4 and a half: Of the Third 7
and one ſixth part: Of the Fourth 12 and two thirds, of the ſame [And
Saturn’s.] Diameters. The Innermoſt of Saturn’s Satellites moves round
him in 1 day, 21 hours, 18 min., 31 ſec. The Second in 2 days, 17
hours, 41 min., 27 ſec. The Third in 4 days, 13 hours, 47 min., 16 ſec.
The Fourth in 15 days, 22 hours, 41 min., 11 ſec. The Fifth in 79 days,
7 hours, 53 min., 57 ſec. Their Diſtances from the Center of Saturn
are, that of the firſt almoſt one, that is 39 fortieth parts of the
Diameter of his Ring; that of the ſecond one and a quarter of thoſe
Diameters; of the third one and three quarters of them; of the fourth
four, or according to my Calculation, but 3 and a half; of the 5th 12,
which were found with vaſt Pains and Labour.