[1] See Jebb's _Attic Orators from Antiphon to Isaeos_, vol. ii. p.
267 f.
[2] It is generally agreed that the Third Olynthiac is the latest;
but the question of the order of the First and Second has been much
discussed. See Grote (_History of Greece_, chap. 88, appendix), who
prefers the arrangement ii. i. iii., and Blass, _Die attische
Beredsamkeit_, iii. p. 319.
[3] The dates agree in the main with those given by A. D. Schäfer in
_Demosthenes und seine Zeit_ (2nd ed., 1885-1887), and by F. Blass
in _Die attische Beredsamkeit_ (1887-1898), who regards thirty-three
(or possibly thirty-five) of the speeches as genuine.
[4] Or. 11 and 12 are probably both by Anaximenes of Lampsacus.
[5] According to Blass, the second and third epistles and the
_exordia_ are genuine.
[6] See also H. Usener in _Nachrichten von der Königl. Gesellschaft
der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen_, p. 188 (1892); J. H. Lipsius, "Zur
Textcritik des Demosthenes" in _Berichte ... der Königl. Sächsischen
Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften_ (1893) with special reference to
the papyrus finds at the end of the 19th century; E. Bethe,
_Demosthenis scriptorum corpus_ (1893).
DEMOTIC (Gr. [Greek: dêmotikos], of or belonging to the people), a term,
meaning popular, specially applied to that cursive script of the ancient
Egyptian language used for business and literary purposes,--for the
people. It is opposed to "hieratic" (Gr. [Greek: hieratikos], of or
belonging to the priests), the script, an abridged form of the
hieroglyphic, used in transcribing the religious texts. (See WRITING,
and EGYPT: II., _ANCIENT_, D. _LANGUAGE AND WRITING._)
DEMOTICA, or DIMOTICA, a town of European Turkey, in the vilayet of
Adrianople; on the Maritza valley branch of the Constantinople-Salonica
railway, about 35 m. S. of Adrianople. Pop. (1905) about 10,000.
Demotica is built at the foot of a conical hill on the left bank of the
river Kizildeli, near its junction with the Maritza. It was formerly the
seat of a Greek archbishop, and besides the ancient citadel and palace
on the summit of the hill contains several Greek churches, mosques and
public baths. In the middle ages, when it was named Didymotichos, it was
one of the principal marts of Thrace; in modern times it has regained
something of its commercial importance, and exports pottery, linen, silk
and grain. These goods are sent to Dédéagatch for shipment. Demotica was
the birthplace of the Turkish sultan Bayezid I. (1347); after the
battle of Poltava, Charles XII. of Sweden resided here from February
1713 to October 1714.
DEMPSTER, THOMAS (1579-1625), Scottish scholar and historian, was born
at Cliftbog, Aberdeenshire, the son of Thomas Dempster of Muresk,
Auchterless and Killesmont, sheriff of Banff and Buchan. According to
his own account, he was the twenty-fourth of twenty-nine children, and
was early remarkable for precocious talent. He obtained his early
education in Aberdeenshire, and at ten entered Pembroke Hall, Cambridge;
after a short while he went to Paris, and, driven thence by the plague,
to Louvain, whence by order of the pope he was transferred with several
other Scottish students to the papal seminary at Rome. Being soon forced
by ill health to leave, he went to the English college at Douai, where
he remained three years and took his M.A. degree. While at Douai he
wrote a scurrilous attack on Queen Elizabeth, which caused a riot among
the English students. But, if his truculent character was thus early
displayed, his abilities were no less conspicuous; and, though still in
his teens, he became lecturer on the Humanities at Tournai, whence,
after but a short stay, he returned to Paris, to take his degree of
doctor of canon law, and become regent of the college of Navarre. He
soon left Paris for Toulouse, which in turn he was forced to leave owing
to the hostility of the city authorities, aroused by his violent
assertion of university rights. He was now elected professor of
eloquence at the university or academy of Nîmes, but not without a
murderous attack upon him by one of the defeated candidates and his
supporters, followed by a suit for libel, which, though he ultimately
won his case, forced him to leave the town. A short engagement in Spain,
as tutor to the son of Marshal de Saint Luc, was terminated by another
quarrel; and Dempster now returned to Scotland with the intention of
asserting a claim to his father's estates. Finding his relatives
unsympathetic, and falling into heated controversy with the Presbyterian
clergy, he made no long stay, but returned to Paris, where he remained
for seven years, becoming professor in several colleges successively. At
last, however, his temporary connexion with the collège de Beauvais was
ended by a feat of arms which proved him as stout a fighter with his
sword as with his pen; and, since his victory was won over officers of
the king's guard, it again became expedient for him to change his place
of residence. The dedication of his edition of Rosinus' _Antiquitatum
Romanorum corpus absolutissimum_ to King James I. had won him an
invitation to the English court; and in 1615 he went to London. His
reception by the king was flattering enough; but his hopes of preferment
were dashed by the opposition of the Anglican clergy to the promotion of
a papist. He left for Rome, where, after a short imprisonment on
suspicion of being a spy, he gained the favour of Pope Paul V., through
whose influence with Cosimo II., grand duke of Tuscany, he was appointed
to the professorship of the Pandects at Pisa. He had married while in
London, but ere long had reason to suspect his wife's relations with a
certain Englishman. Violent accusations followed, indignantly
repudiated; a diplomatic correspondence ensued, and a demand was made,
and supported by the grand duke, for an apology, which the professor
refused to make, preferring rather to lose his chair. He now set out
once more for Scotland, but was intercepted by the Florentine cardinal
Luigi Capponi, who induced him to remain at Bologna as professor of
Humanity. This was the most distinguished post in the most famous of
continental universities, and Dempster was now at the height of his
fame. Though his _Roman Antiquities_ and _Scotia illustrior_ had been
placed on the Index pending correction, Pope Urban VIII. made him a
knight and gave him a pension. He was not, however, to enjoy his honours
long. His wife eloped with a student, and Dempster, pursuing the
fugitives in the heat of summer, caught a fever, and died at Bologna on
the 6th of September 1625.
Dempster owed his great position in the history of scholarship to his
extraordinary memory, and to the versatility which made him equally at
home in philology, criticism, law, biography and history. His style is,
however, often barbarous; and the obvious defects of his works are due
to his restlessness and impetuosity, and to a patriotic and personal
vanity which led him in Scottish questions into absurd exaggerations,
and in matters affecting his own life into an incurable habit of
romancing. The best known of his works is the _Historia ecclesiastica
gentis Scotorum_ (Bologna, 1627). In this book he tries to prove that
Bernard (Sapiens), Alcuin, Boniface and Joannes Scotus Erigena were all
Scots, and even Boadicea becomes a Scottish author. This criticism is
not applicable to his works on antiquarian subjects, and his edition of
Benedetto Accolti's _De bello a Christianis contra barbaros_ (1623) has
great merits.
A portion of his Latin verse is printed in the first volume (pp.
306-354) of _Delitiae poëtarum Scotorum_ (Amsterdam, 1637).
DEMURRAGE (from "demur," Fr. _demeurer_, to delay, derived from Lat.
_mora_), in the law of merchant shipping, the sum payable by the
freighter to the shipowner for detention of the vessel in port beyond
the number of days allowed for the purpose of loading or unloading (see
AFFREIGHTMENT: UNDER _CHARTER-PARTIES_). The word is also used in
railway law for the charge on detention of trucks; and in banking for
the charge per ounce made by the Bank of England in exchanging coin or
notes for bullion.
DEMURRER (from Fr. _demeurer_, to delay, Lat. _morari_), in English law,
an objection taken to the sufficiency, in point of law, of the pleading
or written statement of the other side. In equity pleading a demurrer
lay only against the bill, and not against the answer; at common law any
part of the pleading could be demurred to. On the passing of the
Judicature Act of 1875 the procedure with respect to demurrers in civil
cases was amended, and, subsequently, by the Rules of the Supreme Court,
Order XXV. demurrers were abolished and a more summary process for
getting rid of pleadings which showed no reasonable cause of action or
defence was adopted, called proceedings in lieu of demurrer. Demurrer in
criminal cases still exists, but is now seldom resorted to. Demurrers
are still in constant use in the United States. See ANSWER; PLEADING.
DENAIN, a town of northern France in the department of Nord, 8 m. S.W.
of Valenciennes by steam tramway. A mere village in the beginning of the
19th century, it rapidly increased from 1850 onwards, and, according to
the census of 1906, possessed 22,845 inhabitants, mainly engaged in the
coal mines and iron-smelting works, to which it owes its development.
There are also breweries, manufactories of machinery, sugar and glass. A
school of commerce and industry is among the institutions. Denain has a
port on the left bank of the Scheldt canal. Its vicinity was the scene
of the decisive victory gained in 1712 by Marshal Villars over the
allies commanded by Prince Eugène; and the battlefield is marked by a
monolithic monument inscribed with the verses of Voltaire:--
"Regardez dans Denain l'audacieux Villars
Disputant le tonnerre à l'aigle des Césars."
DENBIGH, WILLIAM FEILDING, 1ST EARL OF (d. 1643), son of Basil
Feilding[1] of Newnham Paddox in Warwickshire, and of Elizabeth,
daughter of Sir Walter Aston, was educated at Emmanuel College,
Cambridge, and knighted in 1603. He married Susan, daughter of Sir
George Villiers, sister of the future duke of Buckingham, and on the
rise of the favourite received various offices and dignities. He was
appointed _custos rotulorum_ of Warwickshire, and master of the great
wardrobe in 1622, and created baron and viscount Feilding in 1620, and
earl of Denbigh on the 14th of September 1622. He attended Prince
Charles on the Spanish adventure, served as admiral in the unsuccessful
expedition to Cadiz in 1625, and commanded the disastrous attempt upon
Rochelle in 1628, becoming the same year a member of the council of war,
and in 1633 a member of the council of Wales. In 1631 Lord Denbigh
visited the East. On the outbreak of the Civil War he served under
Prince Rupert and was present at Edgehill. On the 3rd of April 1643
during Rupert's attack on Birmingham he was wounded and died from the
effects on the 8th, being buried at Monks Kirby in Warwickshire. His
courage, unselfishness and devotion to duty are much praised by
Clarendon.
See E. Lodge, _Portraits_ (1850), iv. 113; J. Nichols, _Hist. of
Leicestershire_ (1807), iv. pt. 1, 273; Hist. MSS. _Comm Ser._ 4th
Rep. app. 254; _Cal. of State Papers, Dom.; Studies in Peerage and
Family History_, by J. H. Round (1901), 216.
His eldest son, BASIL FEILDING, 2nd earl of Denbigh (c. 1608-1675), was
educated at Emmanuel College, Cambridge. He was summoned to the House of
Lords as Baron Feilding in March 1629. After seeing military service in
the Netherlands he was sent in 1634 by Charles I. as ambassador to
Venice, where he remained for five years. When the Civil War broke out
Feilding, unlike the other members of his family, ranged himself among
the Parliamentarians, led a regiment of horse at Edgehill, and, having
become earl of Denbigh in April 1643, was made commander-in-chief of the
Parliamentary army in Warwickshire and the neighbouring counties, and
lord-lieutenant of Warwickshire. During the year 1644 he was fairly
active in the field, but in some quarters he was distrusted and he
resigned his command after the passing of the self-denying ordinance in
April 1645. At Uxbridge in 1645 Denbigh was one of the commissioners
appointed to treat with the king, and he undertook a similar duty at
Carisbrooke in 1647. Clarendon relates how at Uxbridge Denbigh declared
privately that he regretted the position in which he found himself, and
expressed his willingness to serve Charles I. He supported the army in
its dispute with the parliament, but he would take no part in the trial
of Charles I. Under the government of the commonwealth Denbigh was a
member of the council of state, but his loyalty to his former associates
grew lukewarm, and gradually he came to be regarded as a royalist. In
1664 the earl was created Baron St Liz. Although four times married he
left no issue when he died on the 28th of November 1675.
His titles devolved on his nephew WILLIAM FEILDING (1640-1685), son and
heir of his brother George (created Baron Feilding of Lecaghe, Viscount
Callan and earl of Desmond), and the earldom of Desmond has been held by
his descendants to the present day in conjunction with the earldom of
Denbigh.