1 Perithecia occurring singly or in groups, but directly
(key 1,2) on the dung or buried in it (figs 16, 28, 19, 22, 27,
30, 32, 34-36). 2
- Perithecia occurring in or on a mass of fungal tissue
(stroma) growing in or on the dung (figs 32, 37). 135
2(1) Spores black, brown or dark olive-greenish. 3
- Spores hyaline or pale coloured, at least under the
microscope (may be coppery red _en masse_). 117
3(2) Spores smooth, without an ornamentation of hyaline pits. 4
- Spores 1-celled, ornamented with hyaline pits.
(_Gelasinospora_) 114
4(3) Perithecia dark, olive, brown or black. 5
- Perithecia reddish brown, orange or golden, globose,
with a neck. Spores black, limoniform. 116
5(4) Perithecia globose, surmounted by a dense tuft of greyish
green hairs, which may be branched or simple, straight
or curly. Spores olivaceous, limoniform. Asci clavate,
soon disappearing. (A large genus not characteristic
of dung, but occurring occasionally).
_Chaetomium_ (fig. 16)
- Perithecia more pyriform, or if globose then with a
distinct neck, may be setose but not densely hairy,
with clavate or cylindrical asci. 6
6(5) Each spore composed of 4 or more cells in a row (figs
17, 21). Asci bitunicate (figs 20, 23). 7
- Spores 1- or 2-celled. Asci bitunicate or unitunicate. 29
7(6) Spores 16-32-celled, united firmly together in a bundle
both in the ascus and after discharge. Germ slits
usually absent. (_Sporormia_) 8
- Spores each with 4 or more cells, each spore free and
surrounded by its own gelatinous sheath. Germ slits
usually present. (_Sporormiella_) 11
8(7) Spores 16-20-celled. 9
- Spores 29-32-celled, 130-160 × 4-6µm. _Sporormia mirabilis_
9(8) Spores 16-celled, 85-116 × 5-6.5µm. _Sporormia fimicola_
- Spores smaller. 10
10(9) Spores 16-celled, 37-45 × 3µm. Asci 50-60 × 10-12µm.
_Sporormia sp._ (fig. 17)
[recorded as _S. fimetaria_ by Richardson (1972);
see also Bell (1983) and Dissing (1992)]
- Spores 16-20-celled, 50-57 × 3.5-4.5µm. Asci 70-80 ×
12-16µm. _Sporormia fimetaria_
(These two taxa may represent the extremes of _S. fimetaria_).
11(7) Spores 4-celled. 12
- Spores more than 4-celled. 22
12(11) Spores more than 65-70µm long. 13
- Spores less than 65-70µm long. 15
[Illustration: FIG. 16. _Chaetomium_ sp., perithecium and spore.]
[Illustration: FIG. 17. _Sporormia_ sp., ascus and spores.]
[Illustration: FIG. 18. _Sporormiella ovina_, pseudothecium.]
[Illustration: FIG. 19. _S. intermedia_, pseudothecium.]
[Illustration: FIG. 20. _S. intermedia_, immature bitunicate ascus and
mature ascus with outer layer ruptured.]
[Illustration: FIG. 21. Ascospores of, from left, _S. ovina_, _S.
intermedia_ (with gelatinous sheath characteristic of the genus), _S.
lageniformis_, _S. vexans_, _S. bipartis_ and _S. minima_.]
13(12) Spores 65-95 × 15-18µm. _Sporormiella megalospora_
- Spores longer than 90µm. 14
14(13) Spores 90-118 × 15-20µm. Asci tapering gradually from
the broadest part near the apex to a 'stipe'.
_Sporormiella ovina_ (figs 18, 21)
- Spores 91-114 × (14)18-21µm. Asci cylindrical, abruptly
contracted below to a short 'stipe'.
_Sporormiella borealis_
15(12) Spores mostly less than 35µm long. 16
- Spores mostly between 35-60µm long. 19
16(15) Spores less than 25µm long. 17
- Spores 25-35(38)µm long. 18
17(16) Spores (15)17-24(26) × 5-7µm, end cells broadly conical.
Ascospores uniseriate. Asci 120-135µm long. Pseudothecia
250-300µm diam. _Sporormiella pulchella_
- Spores 16-22 × 4.5-5.5µm, end cells subovate. Ascospores
biseriate. Asci 95-125µm long. Pseudothecia 300-350µm
diam. _Sporormiella nigropurpurea_
18(16) Spores 30-38.5 × 5.5-6.5µm. Asci clavate, tapering
gradually below to a 'stipe'. _Sporormiella leporina_
- Spores 27-36(38) × 4-6(8)µm, tending to break in two at
the middle septum. Asci cylindrical, abruptly contracted
below. _Sporormiella minima_ (fig. 21)
19(15) Spores with end cells rounded. Asci cylindrical,
abruptly contracted below. 20
- Spores with end cells tapered and slightly conical.
Asci clavate, tapering gradually to a long stalk. 21
20(19) Spores 45-65 × 8-11.5µm.
_Sporormiella intermedia_ (figs 19-21)
- Spores 38-46 × 6.5-8µm. _Sporormiella australis_
21(19) Spores 45-60 × 11.5-14µm, germ slits parallel with
long axis. _Sporormiella grandispora_
- Spores 35-45(48) × 7-9(10)µm.
_Sporormiella lageniformis_ (fig. 21)
22(11) Spores 5-celled, 70-80 × 17-19µm. _Sporormiella pentamera_
- Spores more than 5-celled. 23
23(22) Spores 7- or 8-celled. 24
- Spores 13-celled, 46-60 × 9-10µm. _Sporormiella antarctica_
24(23) Spores 7-celled. 25
- Spores 8-celled. 26
25(24) Spores 40-55 × 7-9µm, readily disarticulating, the end
cells longer than wide, the rest shorter than wide.
_Sporormiella vexans_ (fig. 21)
- Spores 70-80 × 16-18µm, end cells rounded.
_Sporormiella heptamera_
26(24) Spores mostly longer than 45µm. 27
- Spores less than 50µm long, not disarticulating at the
central septum. 28
27(26) Spores 45-60 × 5-7.5µm, disarticulating at the central
septum, all cells the same width.
_Sporormiella bipartis_ (fig. 21)
- Spores 50-59 × 10-12µm, not disarticulating, 3rd cell
down wider than the others. _Sporormiella corynespora_
28(26) Spores (33)37-40(49) × 7-9µm, cylindrical. Asci
abruptly contracted below. _Sporormiella pascua_
- Spores 40-48 × 7-8µm, fusiform cylindrical. Asci gradually
tapered below. _Sporormiella octomera_
29(6) Spores obviously 2-celled at maturity. 30
- Spores 1-celled, or appearing 1-celled at maturity.
(Those of _Podospora_, _Schizothecium_ etc. are 2-celled
in early stages of their development, but only one cell
matures to become pigmented; the other remains hyaline,
often collapses, and may be difficult to see). 47
30(29) Spores 23-28 × 13-17µm, upper cell dark, 15-19µm, with
close, blunt spines giving the impression of a pitted
spore surface, with apical germ pore, the lower cell
hyaline, 6-8.5µm, smoky-brown. Asci unitunicate,
4-spored. Perithecia 400µm diam.
_Apiosordaria verruculosa_ (fig. 24)
- Both cells of spore similar in shape, size and colour. 31
31(30) Asci unitunicate. Spores with a 'gelatinous' appendage
at each end. Perithecial neck with setae. 32
- Asci bitunicate. Spores without gelatinous appendages,
although a sheath may be present. 33
32(31) Spores 38-48 × 11-14µm, appendages longitudinally
fibrillate. _Zygospermella striata_
- Spores 46-68 × 11-17µm, appendages hollow, not
fibrillate. _Zygospermella insignis_ (fig. 25)
33(31) Spores with each end truncated by a germ pore.
Pseudothecia with dark bristles at neck.
(_Trichodelitschia_) 34
- Spores with rounded ends and germ slits along the sides.
Pseudothecial neck smooth or hairy, but without setae.
(_Delitschia_, fig. 26) 36
34(33) Spores 28-34 × 9-12µm. _Trichodelitschia aedelphica_
- Spores smaller. 35
35(34) Spores 20-27.5 × 8-11µm.
_Trichodelitschia bisporula_ (figs 22, 23)
- Spores 18-21 × 6-7µm. _Trichodelitschia munkii_
36(33) Asci ca 256-spored. Spores 14-15 × 6-8µm.
_Delitschia myriaspora_
- Asci 8-spored. 37
37(36) Spores less than 20µm long. 38
- Spores more than 20µm long. 41
38(37) Spores 8-11 × 3-5µm. _Delitschia perpusilla_
- Spores 10-20µm long. 39
39(38) Spores 10-14 × 5-6µm. _Delitschia marchalii_
- Spores longer. 40
40(39) Spores 14-18 × 6-10µm, uniseriate. Asci 70-90 × 7-16µm.
_Delitschia niesslii_
- Spores (16)18-20(22.5) × 6-7.5µm, biseriate. Asci
80-145 × 20-25µm. _Delitschia consociata_ (fig. 26)
41(37) Spores mostly wider than 20µm. 42
- Spores mostly less than 20µm wide. 43
42(41) Spores 50-64 × 19-23µm. _Delitschia furfuracea_
- Spores 50-70 × 25-33µm. _Delitschia winteri_ (fig. 26)
43(41) Spores 20-25 × 4.5-6µm, the cells slightly tapered and
almost completely separated. Pseudothecia hairless,
globose, ca 200µm diam. _Delitschia leptospora_ (fig. 26)
- Spores longer and wider. 44
44(43) Spores transversely septate. 45
- Spores obliquely septate, deeply constricted at the
septum, 35-50 × 15-18µm. _Delitschia didyma_
45(44) Pseudothecia hairy. Spores 37-50 × 17-20µm, not deeply
constricted at the septum. _Delitschia chaetomioides_
- Pseudothecia smooth. 46
46(45) Spores biseriate, 45-55 × 13-16µm, one cell usually
larger than the other, deeply constricted at the
septum and readily separating. _Delitschia canina_
- Spores uniseriate, 40-55 × 16-21µm, both cells equal.
_Delitschia patagonica_
[Illustration: FIG. 22. _Trichodelitschia bisporula_, pseudothecium.]
[Illustration: FIG. 23. _T. bisporula_, expanded ascus broken through the
outer wall, with spores.]
[Illustration: FIG. 24. _Apiosordaria verruculosa_, ascospores.]
[Illustration: FIG. 25. _Zygospermella insignis_, ascus and ascospore.]
[Illustration: FIG. 26. Ascospores of, from left, _Delitschia winteri_, _D.
consociata_ and _D. leptospora_.]
47(29) Spores with colourless 'gelatinous' secondary appendages
(caudae, fig. 28) at one or both ends (not always easy
to see; mounting in Indian ink is useful, and essential
for some). A hyaline (empty) cell, the primary appendage
(fig. 28), may also be present. 48
- Spores without caudae, although a colourless gelatinous
sheath may be present. Primary appendages present or
absent. 88
48(47) Perithecia often hairy or tomentose when young. Immature
spores long, wavy cylindrical, with a row of globules,
and more likely to be seen than mature spores (fig. 29).
Secondary appendages thin, simple, up to 60 × 3µm.
Mature spores with a dark cell 14-25 × 7-13µm and
pedicel (primary appendage) 25-50 × 3-6µm.
(_Cercophora_) 49
- Perithecia often with scales or setae at the neck or
tomentose. Caudae, simple or compound. Immature spores
clavate or ellipsoid, not long, wavy cylindrical.
Mature spores readily observed. 51
49(48) Immature spores 45-70 × 4-6µm. 50
- Immature spores smaller, 38-52 × 3-3.5µm. Mature spores
with upper (dark) cell 14-18 × 7-9µm; hyaline pedicel
27-36 × 3-3.5µm. _Cercophora silvatica_
50(49) Perithecia with white or grey tomentum. Young spores
45-65 × 4.5-6µm. Mature spores with upper cell 17-25 ×
8.5-13µm and pedicel 30-50µm long.
_Cercophora coprophila_ (fig. 29)
- Perithecia with flexuose brown hairs and, at the neck,
tufts of agglutinated, swollen, obtuse hairs. Young
spores 52-68 × 4-5µm. Mature spores with upper cell
15-25 × 9-11µm and pedicel 35-45µm long.
_Cercophora mirabilis_
51(48) Primary appendage absent. (_Arnium_, fig. 28) 52
- Primary appendage present. 60
52(51) Asci (64-)128-spored. Spores 18-26 × (10)12-15µm.
Perithecial neck sometimes with rigid, brown, septate
hairs up to 330µm. _Arnium leporinum_
- Asci 4- or 8-spored. 53
53(52) Asci 4-spored. 54
- Asci 8-spored. 55
54(53) Spores ellipsoid, sometimes inequilaterally flattened,
44-54 × 22-30µm, with 1 apical germ pore, caudae not
swelling in water. Perithecium usually with lateral
tufts of agglutinated hairs up to 550µm long.
_Arnium arizonense_
- Spores evenly ellipsoid-fusiform, 31-55 × 18-25µm, with
germ pore at each end, caudae covering germ pores, 35-60
× 7-11µm, but rupturing and swelling to up to 130 ×
50µm, and becoming diffuse and irregular. Perithecial
neck covered with rigid hairs up to 190 × 2.5µm.
_Arnium hirtum_
55(53) Perithecial neck distinctly setose with rigid hairs. 56
- Perithecial neck without setae. 57
56(55) Spores evenly ellipsoid-fusiform, 31-55 × 18-25µm, with
germ pore at each end, caudae covering germ pores, 35-60
× 7-11µm, but rupturing and swelling up to 130 × 50µm,
and becoming diffuse and irregular. Perithecial neck
covered with rigid hairs up to 190 × 2.5µm.
_Arnium hirtum_
- Spores slightly inequilateral, 35-43 × 17-23µm, caudae
50-75 × 5-8µm, not covering germ pores. Perithecial
neck with brown hairs up to 250µm long.
_Arnium cervinum_
57(55) Perithecia covered with a dense tomentum of septate
flexuous hairs. Spores mostly longer than 45µm. Only
occasionally fimicolous. 58
- Perithecia without a tomentum. Spores up to 45µm. 59
58(57) Spores (40)45-54 × 25-35µm, uniseriate. Tomentum pale
or grayish. _Arnium olerum_
- Spores 47-70 x 20-30µm, biseriate above. Tomentum
olivaceous brown. _Arnium tomentosum_
59(57) Spores somewhat inequilateral, rounded below, pointed
above, 31-40 × 18-24µm, caudae 50-120 × 6-10µm, with 1
apical germ pore not covered by cauda.
_Arnium caballinum_
- Spores equilateral, 36-44 × 20-23µm, caudae 50-80 ×
6-8µm, covering germ pores. _Arnium mendax_
60(51) Perithecia with scales at the neck, composed of inflated
and agglutinated cells (fig. 27, _S. conicum_).
(_Schizothecium_) 61
- Perithecia setose or hairy at the neck, but not with
inflated cells, or neck black but almost hairless.
(_Podospora_) 70
61(60) Asci 4-spored. 62
- Asci 8-spored. 63
62(61) Spores 11-14.5 × 6.5-9µm. _Schizothecium nanum_ (fig. 28)
- Spores 19-24 × 12-14.5µm. _Schizothecium tetrasporum_
63(61) Spores more than 30µm long. 64
- Spores less than 30µm long. 65
64(63) Perithecia crowned with a fascicle of long agglutinated
hairs at the neck, up to 335µm long. Spores 31-40 ×
15-25µm, biseriate. _Schizothecium aloides_
- Perithecia with shorter, less remarkable tufts. Spores
30-45 × 19-24µm, ± uniseriate. _Schizothecium glutinans_
65(63) Perithecial neck with rigid setae, as well as
agglutinated hairs (which may be greatly reduced).
Asci 140-210 × 19-25µm, broadest at the markedly
rounded apex. Spores 18-23 × 11-14µm.
_Schizothecium pilosum_
- Perithecial neck without rigid setae. Asci broadest
in the middle. 66
66(65) Spores mostly over 23µm long. 67
- Spores up to 23µm long. 69
67(66) Spores 22-25(27) × 11-13µm. Scales at neck distinct.
_Schizothecium hispidulum_
- Spores wider, 12-19µm 68
68(67) Perithecia 0.5-1mm high, scales at neck usually well
developed. Spores (23)26-30 × 12-17µm.
_Schizothecium conicum_ (fig. 27)
- Perithecia 1-2mm diam., subpyriform, neck velvety with
indistinct scales. Spores 24-28 × 15-19µm.
_Schizothecium squamulosum_
69(66) Spores 17-23 × 8.5-13.5µm, primary appendage slender
cylindrical, 6-8 × 2µm. Perithecia 0.25-0.7mm high,
sometimes with poorly developed scales.
_Schizothecium vesticola_ (fig. 28)
- Spores 11-14 × 6-8µm, primary appendage short, 2µm long,
almost triangular. Perithecia 0.3-0.45mm high, with
short agglutinated hairs. _Schizothecium cervinum_
70(60) Asci 4-spored. Spores 35-40 × 18-19µm. _Podospora pauciseta_
- Asci with more than 4 spores. 71
[Illustration: FIG. 27. Perithecia, from left, of _Podospora
appendiculata_, _Schizothecium conicum_, _P. excentrica_ and _P.
decipiens_, with detail of hairs. FIG. 28. Ascospores of, from left,
_Podospora excentrica_, _P. appendiculata_, _S. vesticola_, _S. nanum_, _P.
decipiens_, _'P. dagobertii'_ and _Arnium_ sp. FIG. 29. _Cercophora
coprophila_, immature (l) and mature (r) ascospores.]
71(70) Asci 8-spored. 72
- Asci with more than 8 spores. 82
72(71) Spores more than 45µm long. 73
- Spores less than 45µm long. 74
73(72) Spores 48-60 × 27-31µm, caudae apparently striate.
Perithecia superficial, covered with rigid,
nonagglutinated hairs up to 120µm. _Podospora fimiseda_
- Spores 50-68 × 22-32µm, caudae apparently segmented,
with an intestine-like appearance. Perithecia immersed
to superficial, with a long neck, tomentose with long
flexuous hairs when young, more or less glabrous when
mature. _Podospora intestinacea_
74(72) Perithecia superficial, ovoid to globose, covered with
short (up to 100µm), sparse, radiating, hyaline tipped,
hairs. Spores 24-31 × 11-15µm, with simple caudae.
_Podospora appendiculata_ (figs 27, 28)
- Perithecia with base immersed in substrate, pyriform,
without such hairs. 75
75(74) Perithecial neck with short tubercular hairs, up to 20µm
long. Spores 32-42 × 17-22µm, with a long but withering
primary appendage. Caudae in two rings, one inserted near
the base of the primary appendage, the other at the spore
apex. The individual filaments may be free, but often
clump together to form an apparently broad appendage.
_Podospora decipiens_ (figs 27, 28)
- Perithecial hairs longer. Caudae single or 4 at each end. 76
76(75) Spores with 4 caudae at each end. 77
- Spores with a single cauda at each end. 78
77(76) Spores 40-45 × 22-25µm. _Podospora gwynne-vaughaniae_
- Spores 29-40 × 16-25µm. _Podospora communis_
78(76) Spores less than 30 × 15µm. 79
- Spores larger than 30 × 15µm. 80
79(78) Spores 21-28 × 11-14µm, primary appendage 12-14 × 4µm.
Perithecia 0.3-0.5mm diam., neck setose with rigid
cylindrical hairs. Asci 200-250 × 22-26µm, broadest
in the middle. _Podospora ellisiana_
- Spores 18-23 × 11-14µm, primary appendage 4-8 × 3µm.
Perithecia 0.2-0.3mm diam., neck setose with rigid
hairs. Asci 140-210 × 19-25µm, broadest at the markedly
rounded apex. _Schizothecium pilosum_
80(78) Perithecia ca O.9-1.4mm high × 0.6-0.7(0.85)mm diam.,
neck not hairy. Spores (29)36-45 × (17.5)22-27µm,
caudae ephemeral and difficult to see, even in Indian
ink. _Podospora pyriformis_
- Perithecial neck with tufts of rigid hairs. 81
81(80) Perithecia 0.38-0.53mm high × 0.21-0.38mm diam.,
± immersed, with hairs at the neck up to 335µm long,
grouped in rigid fascicles. Spores slightly flattened
on one side, 30-37 × 18-24µm, caudae invisible in water.
_Podospora excentrica_ (figs 27, 28)
- Perithecia ca 0.8-1.4mm high × 0.4-0.7mm diam.,
semi-immersed, hairy all over, flexuous below, rigid
and pointed at the neck up to 170µm. Spores 33-45 ×
22-27µm. _Podospora perplexens_
82(71) Asci 16-32-spored. Perithecial neck with short tubercular
hairs. Spores 25-36 × 15-24µm. Caudae in two rings, one
inserted at the base of the primary appendage, the other
at the spore apex; individual filaments may be separate
or clumped to appear as a broad single appendage
(cf. _P. decipiens_). _Podospora pleiospora_
- Asci with more than 32 spores. 83
83(82) Perithecia with tufts of rigid hairs at neck. Asci with
more than 64 spores. 84
- Perithecia without tufts of rigid hairs. Asci 64-spored. 87
84(83) Spores 14-17 × 9-11µm. Asci 256-spored. Perithecia ca
500µm diam., immersed, except for the neck, which has
tapered tufts of hairs up to 300µm. _Podospora curvicolla_
- Spores larger. Perithecia semi-immersed. 85
85(84) Spores (18)20-26 × 12-16µm, caudae of 2-several filaments
covered with granules. Asci 512-spored. Perithecia up to
1mm high × 0.95mm diam., neck with rigid but
non-agglutinated hairs up to 130µm long.
_Podospora granulostriata_
- Caudae simple, without granular appearance. Asci
128-spored. Perithecia not larger than 750µm high ×
500µm diam., with rigid, non-agglutinated hairs up
to 190µm long at neck. 86
86(85) Spores 17-19 × 10-12µm. _Podospora setosa_
- Spores 19-24 × 11-16µm. _Podospora tarvisina_
(See discussion in Lundqvist (1972) on these last three names)
87(83) Spores 24-34 × 14-19µm, caudae in two rings, one inserted
at the base of the primary appendage, the other at the
spore apex; individual filaments may be separate or
clumped to appear as a broad single appendage (cf.
_P. decipiens_/_P. pleiospora_). Perithecia ca 0.6-1.1mm
high × 0.4-0.5mm diam., covered with flexuous hairs or
rarely smooth. _Podospora myriaspora_
- Spores 15-20 × 10-15µm, caudae small, simple and
evanescent. Perithecia 0.4-0.5mm high, covered with
long flexuous hairs. _Podospora collapsa_
88(47) Spores with primary appendage. 89
- Spores without primary appendage. 93
89(88) Spores with primary appendage directed towards base of
ascus. 90
- Spores with primary appendage directed towards apex of
ascus. (_Anopodium_) 91
[Illustration: FIG. 30. Perithecia of, from left, _Coniochaeta ligniaria_,
_C. scatigena_ and _C. hansenii_. FIG. 31. Ascospores of _C. scatigena_ (l)
and _C. ligniaria_ (r).]
90(89) Spores 34-45 × 19-25µm, without caudae but surrounded
by a thin (ca 5µm) gelatinous sheath. Perithecia ca
0.5-0.7mm diam., ± smooth. _Podospora globosa_
- Spores 17-20 × 8-9.5µm, flattened on one side, convex
on the other. Perithecia 0.3-0.45µm diam., with distal
cells of agglutinated hairs fimbriate. _Podospora fimbriata_
91(89) Perithecia hairy. Spores 27-32 × 16-19µm, appendage
15-18 × 2.5-3µm. _Anopodium ampullaceum_
- Perithecia glabrous. 92
92(91) Spores 28-32 × 16-21µm, appendage 12-15 × 3-3.8µm.
_Anopodium epile_
- Spores 30-37 × 16-20µm, appendage 24-27 × 5µm.
_'Podospora' dagobertii_ (fig. 28)
(The combination in _Anopodium_ has not been made; see
Lundqvist, 1964, 1972)
93(88) Spores flattened, disc shaped, with a germ slit around
the edge. Perithecial neck with short (up to 120µm)
setae. (_Coniochaeta_, figs 30, 31) 94
- Spores ellipsoid. Perithecial neck without setae or with
very prominent (up to 950µm) tufts of agglutinated hairs. 99
94(93) Asci with numerous (64-128) spores. 95
- Asci 8-spored. 96
95(94) Spores 6-10 × 5-9 × 4-7µm. Perithecial setae up to 120µm
long. _Coniochaeta hansenii_ (fig. 30)
- Spores 13-16 × 9.5-13.5 × 5.5-8µm. Perithecial setae
up to 35µm long. _Coniochaeta_ sp.
96(94) Spores 7-9 × 6-8 × 5-6µm, slightly flattened.
_Coniochaeta leucoplaca_
- Spores larger. 97
97(96) Spores narrowly elliptical in face view (length more than
2 × width), ca 13-18 × 6-9 × 4-6µm.
_Coniochaeta saccardoi_
- Spores broadly elliptical to nearly circular in face
view (length less than 2 × width). 98
98(97) Spores (9)10-16(20) × 7.5-10(15) × (4)5-8µm. Neck setae
20-50µm long. _Coniochaeta ligniaria_ (figs 30, 31)
- Spores (16)17-23 × (10)13-19 × 7.5-10(15)µm. Neck setae
40-80µm long. _Coniochaeta scatigena_ (figs 30, 31)
99(93) Perithecial neck with prominent agglutinated tufts of
rigid setae up to 950µm long. Spores 43-54 × 20-29µm,
with apical germ pore. A gelatinous sheath which surrounds
the whole spore swells in water, and appears fringed at
the margin and radially striate. _Arnium macrothecium_
- Perithecial neck without setae. Gelatinous sheaths may be
clearly visible around spores, but are not complex in
structure. 100
100(99) Spores with germ slit along the side. Ascus with a large
and complex plug at the tip staining blue or red in KI
(other genera have asci with blue staining ascus tips,
but the feature is very pronounced in this genus and is
unlikely to be mistaken). Perithecia form singly or
severally in a stroma which is usually of limited extent,
often without a definite margin. [N.B. if orange and
with a stroma see _Selinia_, 119].
(_Hypocopra_, fig. 32) 101
- Spores without germ slits, but often asymmetrical, and
with a small papilla at the basal end. Asci without
complex apical plug. (_Sordaria_, fig. 33) 107
101(100) Spores mostly less than 25µm long. 102
- Spores more than 25µm long. 104
102(101) Spores 9-14 × 6-7µm. _Hypocopra parvula_
- Spores larger. 103
103(102) Stroma with a brown hyphal mat between perithecial necks.
Spores 19-27 × 10-14µm. _Hypocopra equorum_ (fig. 32)
- Stroma with white hyphae between black perithecial
necks, becoming smooth. Spores 23-25 × 12-14µm.
_Hypocopra brefeldii_
104(101) Ascospores up to 15µm wide. 105
- Ascospores 15µm or wider. 106
105(104) Ascospores 25-31 × 10-15µm, distinctly flattened on one
side. Ascus plug blue in KI, but becoming reddish.
_Hypocopra planispora_
- Ascospores 26-32 × 13-14µm, ellipsoid and narrowed
towards their ends. _Hypocopra stephanophora_
106(104) Ascospores 27-43 × 16-20µm. _Hypocopra merdaria_
- Ascospores 38-50 × 19-24µm. _Hypocopra stercoraria_
107(100) Spores up to 10µm long. 108
- Spores 10µm or longer. 109
108(107) Asci 8-spored. Spores 8 × 4µm. _Sordaria minima_
- Asci ca 128-spored. Spores 5-8 × 4-5µm.
_Sordaria polyspora_
109(107) Spores relatively narrow, at least twice as long as wide,
22-26 × 9-12µm. Gelatinous sheath broad, distinct.
_Sordaria alcina_
- Spores relatively broad, less than twice as long as wide.
110
110(109) Spores mostly 25µm or longer. 111
- Spores up to 25µm long. 112
111(110) Spores (21)23-29(30) × 14.5-17(18)µm, with apiculate
base. Gelatinous sheath broad, distinct. Asci 240-300
× 20-24µm. _Sordaria superba_
- Spores (26)28-35 × (17)18-22µm, with slightly apiculate
base. Gelatinous sheath broad, distinct. Asci 280-350 ×
30-35µm. _Sordaria macrospora_
112(110) Spores with gelatinous sheath absent or very thin,
19.5-25 × 15.5-19µm. _Sordaria humana_ (fig. 33)
- Spores with gelatinous sheath, up to 15µm diam. 113
113(112) Spores obovoid to broadly ellipsoid, 18-23 × 12-15µm.
_Sordaria lappae_
- Spores ellipsoid, 17-25 × 10-14µm.
_Sordaria fimicola_ (fig. 33)
[Illustration: FIG. 32. _Hypocopra equorum_, perithecium with limited
stroma, and detail of ascus tip with blue staining plug and spore. FIG. 33.
Ascospores, from left, of _Sordaria fimicola_, _S. humana_ and _Sphaerodes
fimicola_.]
114(3) Spores 20-28 × 12-16µm, with subacute ends, each with a
germ pore. _Gelasinospora adjuncta_
- Spores larger. 115
115(114) Asci 4-spored. Spores 24-29 × 15-18µm, with rounded ends
and one germ pore. _Gelasinospora tetrasperma_
- Asci 8-spored. Spores 26-3 _Gelasinospora cerealis_
116(4) Perithecia orange to golden, often gregarious, almost
spherical, necks ca 50µm diam., 15µm high, setae at
ostiole hyaline, up to 35 × 3µm. Spores limoniform,
with a germ pore at each end, 15-25 × 9-16µm.
_Sphaerodes fimicola_ (fig. 33)
- Perithecia yellow or reddish brown (darker when filled
with mature spores), neck 50µm long, with setae at the
ostiole 40-70µm long. Spores dark brown to black,
limoniform, 20-34 × 11-17µm, with apical germ pore.
_Melanospora brevirostris_
117(2) Asci more than 8-spored. see Key 1 at 86
- Asci with 8 or fewer spores, or asci evanescent, not
readily observed. 118
118(117) Perithecia orange/yellow, 500-1000µm diam. Spores long
(over 45µm) or 2-celled if shorter. 119
- Perithecia smaller, or black or with a neck. Spores
shorter (less than 20µm) or septate if longer. 120
119(118) Perithecia orange, 500-1000µm diam., in small groups on
a limited stroma. Spores thick walled, 48-60 × 22-26µm,
with a gelatinous sheath. _Selinia pulchra_
- Perithecia orange yellow, superficial, ca 500µm diam.,
with ostiole in a disc surrounded by silvery triangular
tufts of hyphae ca 100µm long. Spores ellipsoid,
1-septate, 12-14 × 4-5µm. _Nectria suffulta_
120(118) Perithecia reddish brown or pale, hyaline, with a
distinct neck. 121
- Perithecia black. 131
121(120) Perithecia globose, up to 250µm diam., immersed, reddish
brown, with a neck 1-3 mm long. Asci broad ellipsoid,
5-8.5µm, rapidly breaking down and difficult to see.
Spores ellipsoid-allantoid. 5.5-7 × 1.5-2µm, collecting
in a pearly droplet at the fringed tip of the
perithecial beak. _Viennotidia fimicola_ (fig. 34)
- Perithecia pyriform, very pale in colour, 60-200µm diam.,
with a neck 60-700µm long. Asci rarely visible. Spores
pointed-fusiform, 1-3 septate, often with a sheath and
clumped together in fascicles.
(_Pyxidiophora_, fig. 36) 122
122(121) Neck 95-145µm long, brown, rugose, with cells arranged
in 5-6 longitudinal rows visible in one view. Spores
38-52µm long. _Pyxidiophora badiorostris_
- Neck not brown or rugose, composed of hyaline,
irregularly arranged cylindrical cells. 123
123(122) Spores less than 45µm long. 124
- Spores more than 45µm long. 125
124(123) Spores 35-45µm long, with brown apical or subapical
patches of pigment. _Pyxidiophora brunneocapitatus_
- Spores 35-43µm long, without brown apical or subapical
patches of pigment. _Pyxidiophora microsporus_
125(123) Spores mostly 45-60µm long. 126
- Spores mostly longer than 60µm. 129
[Illustration: FIG. 34. _Viennotidia fimicola_, perithecium and spores.
FIG. 35. _Phomatospora coprophila_, perithecium, and ascus with spores.
FIG. 36. _Pyxidiophora petchii_, perithecium and spores.]
126(125) Perithecia 70-100µm diam., neck 100-190µm long. Spores
(43)48-58(65)µm long. _Pyxidiophora grovei_
- Perithecia usually less than 80µm diam. 127
127(126) Perithecial necks mostly less than 100µm long. Spores
(45)48-57(60)µm long. _Pyxidiophora arvernensis_
- Perithecial necks up to 200µm long. 128
128(127) Spores 45-53µm long. _Pyxidiophora petchii_ (fig. 36)
- Spores 53-65µm long. _Pyxidiophora schotterianus_
129(125) Spores 60-70µm long. 130
- Spores (75)80-90(100)µm. Perithecia 120-160µm diam.,
neck 220-370µm long. _Pyxidiophora bainemensis_
130(129) Perithecial necks 300-700µm long. Spores 60-70µm.
Perithecia 100-120µm diam. _Pyxidiophora spinuliformis_
- Perithecial necks 225-265µm long. Spores 65-70µm.
Perithecia 110-125µm diam. _Pyxidiophora marchalii_
131(120) Perithecia small, up to 400µm diam., with hairy necks.
Spores hyaline or pale, coppery-red en masse, extruded
in tendrils. 132
- Perithecia larger, without hairy necks. If smaller than
200µm, with spores smaller than 5 × 3µm. 134
132(131) Spores reniform, with gelatinous sheath, 3.5 × 2-3µm,
yellow, reddish brown _en masse_ in extruded tendrils.
Asci spherical, evanescent. Perithecia black, spherical,
200-400µm diam., with cylindrical neck up to 300µm long,
with sparse pointed hairs. _Microascus longirostris_
- Spores larger, not reniform. Perithecia up to 300µm diam. 133
133(132) Perithecial necks long, up to 750µm, with terminal hairs
up to 1500µm, curved or circinate at tips. Spores
limoniform, 7-10.5 × 5.5-7µm. _Lophotrichus ampullus_
- Perithecial necks short, ca 50µm, with long straight
tapering hairs. Spore shape limoniform/variable, 6-7.5 ×
5-5.5µm, with prominent germ pores. _Lophotrichus bartletti_
134(131) Perithecia up to 150µm diam., immersed but for a conical
neck 50-75µm high. Asci 50 × 2-2.5µm. Spores minute,
cylindrical, 3.5-4.5 × 1.75-2.5µm.
_Phomatospora coprophila_ (fig. 35)
- Perithecia more obvious, often hairy, or tomentose when
young. Immature spores up to 70µm long, wavy
cylindrical, with a row of globules inside and a short
thin appendage at each end. (see _Cercophora_, 49)
135(1) Perithecia immersed, surrounded at the neck by a very
limited flange-like stroma which is easily overlooked.
see _Hypocopra_, 101
or if orange see _Selinia_, 119
- Stroma very conspicuous. 136
136(135) Perithecia in a subglobose group at the tip of the
stromatic stalk. Spores with germ slit and gelatinous
sheath. (_Podosordaria_) 137
- Perithecia not in a terminal head. 139
137(136) Stalk short, 3-5mm. Spores (12)14-19 × 6-9µm, slightly
flattened on one side. _Podosordaria leporina_
- Stalk long, 1-6cm. Spores larger. 138
138(137) Spores 21-24 × 11-12µm. Stromatic stalk hairy.
_Podosordaria tulasnei_
- Spores 40-60 × 20-30µm. Stromatic stalk not hairy.
_Podosordaria pedunculata_
139(136) Stroma externally black, rooted or partially immersed
in the dung, expanding at the surface to form a white
disc up to 15mm diam., punctate with black perithecial
ostioles. (_Poronia_) 140
- Stroma not as above. 141
140(139) Spores 18-26 × 7-12µm, bean shaped, with gelatinous
sheath. Stroma deeply rooted. Especially on horse dung.
_Poronia punctata_
- Spores (22)25-32(35) × (12)14-18µm, oblong ellipsoid to
slightly fusiform. Stroma not deeply rooted. Especially
on rabbit dung near the sea. _Poronia erici_
141(139) Stroma spreading over surface of dung or filamentous.
Spores ellipsoid to slightly flattened on one side,
with germ slit. (Xerophilic fungi developing after
long periods of relatively dry incubation).
(_Wawelia_) 142
- Stroma clavate, black, partly immersed to superficial,
usually aggregated in small groups, ca 1-1.5mm high
× 0.6-0.7mm diam., each containing a single perithecium.
Spores ellipsoid with germ pore and gelatinous sheath.
(_Bombardioidea_) 146
142(141) Stroma spreading on substrate, black brown, firm but
not brittle. Ascomata globose, 0.5-1mm, with white
hyphae at neck. Spores broad limoniform, 15-19
× 9-10µm. _Wawelia effusa_
- Perithecia globose to pyriform, black, brown or dark
grey, produced laterally along the length of fine
stromatal strand growing from the dung. 143
143(142) Asci 4-spored. 144
- Asci 8-spored. 145
144(143) Spores 15-18 × 9-12µm. Perithecia up to 400µm diam.,
dark grey at maturity, single or clustered, the ostiole
with a crown of silvery white hyphae. Stromata up to
30 × 0.1-0.5mm. _Wawelia_ sp.
- Spores 6-8 × 4-6µm. Stromata conical, white, 5-12
× 1-2mm. _Wawelia regia_
145(143) Perithecia hairy, globose, 350-500µm diam., stromatal
strands up to 25mm long. Spores ellipsoid, flattened
on one side, 9-12 × 6-8µm. _Wawelia octospora_
- Perithecia villose with conidiophores, globose,
230-420µm diam., produced laterally on stromatic
filaments 20-30 × 0.1-0.3mm. Filaments pink at first,
with a white pointed tip, becoming brown, velvety with
conidiophores. Spores ellipsoid to flattened on one
side, 7.5-9.5 × 3-4.5µm. _Wawelia_ sp. (fig. 37)
[Illustration: FIG. 37. _Wawelia_ sp., stromatic filaments with perithecia
growing from a rabbit pellet, ascospores, and conidiophore and conidia.]
146(141) Asci 8-spored. Spores 20-31 × 9.5-15µm.
_Bombardioidea bombardioides_
- Asci 4-spored. 147
147(146) Spores 24-34 × 15-19(20)µm. Basal germ pore less
distinct than the apical one.
_Bombardioidea serignanensis_
- Spores 34-43 × 16-22µm. Distinct germ pore at each end
of spore. _Bombardioidea stercoris_
148 Fruit bodies solitary or in small groups, each a
(key 1,1) subglobose, fertile, light brown head on a slender
sterile stalk. Head soon bursting to expose the yellow
ochraceous spore mass. On mixtures of bird droppings,
cast pellets and decaying animal material. 149
- Fruit bodies superficial, lacking a distinct stalk. 150
149(148) Spores 5-8 × 2-3µm. Head 1-2mm diam.
_Onygena corvina_ (fig. 38)
- Spores 7-9 × 4-6µm, 4-5µm. Head 2-4mm diam.
_Onygena equina_
150(148) Fruit bodies with an external wall of loosely
anastomosing and interwoven hyphae, and with ±
specialised terminal cells (GYMNOTHECIA, fig. 39). 151
- Fruit bodies with a well defined parenchymatic wall
(CLEISTOTHECIA, fig. 46). 161
151(150) Gymnothecia with simple thin-walled, ± uniform and
poorly developed hyphae constituting the outer hyphal
sheath. 152
- Gymnothecia with thick-walled hyphae modified at their
ends into appendages, or if thin-walled then always
accompanied by appendages (i.e. curled, toothed or
pointed hyphae). 155
[Illustration: FIG. 38. _Onygena corvina_, habit sketch, ascus and
ascospore.]
152(151) Gymnothecia red-orange to brick-red. Ascospores orange,
subglobose to ellipsoid, with an equatorial furrow,
smooth, 4.5-5.5 × 3.5-4.5µm. _Arachniotus ruber_ (fig. 40)
- Gymnothecia white or yellow, never orange or brick-red.
Ascospores without an equatorial furrow. 153
153(152) Gymnothecia white. Ascospores hyaline, ellipsoid,
smooth, 3-4 × 2-2.5µm. _Arachniotus candidus_
- Gymnothecia distinctly pigmented, yellow or brown.
Ascospores larger than 4µm. 154
154(153) Gymnothecia yellow brown. Ascospores orange to brownish,
slightly lenticular, smooth or slightly roughened,
5-6.5 × 3.3-4.6µm. _Arachniotus confluens_
- Gymnothecia lemon yellow. Ascospores lemon yellow,
lenticular, smooth, 5-6 × 3-4.5µm. _Arachniotus citrinus_
[Illustration: FIG. 39. Habit sketch of a gymnothecium and ascus. FIGS
40-45. Spores and peridial hyphae. FIG. 40. _Arachniotus ruber._ FIG. 41.
_Myxotrichum chartarum._ FIG. 42. _Gymnoascus californiensis._ FIG. 43.
_Gymnoascus reesii._ FIG. 44. _Ctenomyces serratus._ FIG. 45. _Arthroderma
curreyi._]
155(151) Gymnothecia possessing only thick pigmented hyphae. 156
- Gymnothecia possessing ± thin, hyaline hyphae with only
a few, although often distinctive, appendages (i.e.
comb-shaped end cells or dumb-bell shaped asperulate
cells accompanying twisted and bent hyphae). 160
156(155) Gymnothecia brown-black or dark greenish-grey, with
external hyphae with spine-like branches and septate,
hooked appendages. Ascospores orange brownish, ovate,
delicately striate, 4-5.2 × 2.4-3.3µm.
_Myxotrichum chartarum_ (fig. 41)
- Gymnothecia never black, and, if possessing thick-walled
hyphae, then appendages never septate. Ascospores smooth,
or if ornamented then asperulate or echinulate. 157
157(156) Gymnothecia rose to orange-brown or yellowish.
Appendages curved or irregularly branched and pointed,
never verticillately branched. Ascospores smooth, or
at most asperulate. 158
- Gymnothecia red-brown with appendages verticillately
branched. Ascospores 3-4.5 × 2-2.8µm, yellowish brown,
lenticular. _Actinodendron verticillatum_
158(157) Gymnothecia rosy pink when young, becoming browner,
with spines and curved, non-septate hairs. Ascospores
hyaline, globose to subglobose, asperulate,
3-5 × 2.5-4µm. _Gymnoascus californiensis_ (fig. 42)
- Gymnothecia yellow. Ascospores smooth. 159
159(158) Gymnothecia yellow to yellow-brown, without elongated
appendages but with thick-walled branches, few of
which are pointed. Ascospores globose-ellipsoid,
yellow to brownish, 3-4.5 × 3.5µm.
_Gymnoascus reesii_ (fig. 43)
- Gymnothecia golden yellow to reddish-brown, with
acute-ended appendages. Ascospores lenticular, smooth,
hyaline, 2.5-3.5 × 2-2.5µm. _Pseudogymnoascus roseus_
160(155) Gymnothecia orange brown, with comb-like appendages.
Ascospores slightly lenticular, pale orange, 3.3-3.6
× 2-2.6µm. _Ctenomyces serratus_ (fig. 44)
- Gymnothecia whitish to pale ochraceous, particularly
when dry, with few appendages but those present twisted
and bent, and their branches constricted with regular
or irregular dumb-bell shaped cells. Hyphal walls
asperulate or with protuberances. Ascospores smooth,
lenticular, hyaline, 2.4-3.3 × 2µm.
_Arthroderma curreyi_ (fig. 45)
161(150) Asci relatively large, 100-200-spored, 1-3/fruit body.
'Cleistothecia' minute, <100 (rarely <250)µm diam.,
immersed. see _Thelebolus_ etc. (Key 1, 86)
- Asci with 8 or fewer spores. 162
162(161) Ascospores purple at maturity, large, 50-70 × 25-35µm,
epispore with a few longitudinal cracks.
see _Ascobolus immersus_ (Key 1, 48)
- Ascospores smaller, hyaline, yellow, olivaceous, brown
or black. 163
163(162) Ascospores olivaceous, brown or black, at least in part. 164
- Ascospores aseptate, hyaline, yellow or other pale colours. 174
164(163) Ascospores 4-celled (cf. _Sporormiella_), with germ
slits, readily fragmenting. Asci clavate, bitunicate.
Cleistothecia black, shiny, up to 500µm diam. 165
- Ascospores 1- or 2-celled. 166
165(164) Ascus stalk up to 20µm long. Ascospores 25-32 × 5µm.
_Preussia vulgaris_
- Ascus stalk 30-60µm long. Ascospores 26-38 × 5-7µm.
_Preussia funiculata_ (fig. 47)
166(164) Ascospores 2-celled. 167
- Ascospores 1-celled. 170
167(166) Spores unequally 2-celled, one brown ellipsoid, with an
apical germ pore, 10-12 × 6.5-7.5µm, the other a basal
hyaline, cylindrical pedicel, 6-8 × 3µm. Cleistothecia
black, globose, up to 250µm diam., covered with
flexuous brown hairs up to 1mm long. Asci evanescent.
_Zopfiella erostrata_
- Spores equally 2-celled. 168
168(167) Spores not constricted at the septum, ellipsoid,
golden-brown, 25-30 × 10-15µm with 1-3 guttules in
each cell. Cleistothecia gregarious on a mycelial mat,
whitish to pale orange, up to 500µm diam.
_Heleococcum aurantiacum_ (fig. 48)
- Spores hyaline, divided into two almost globose cells
by the constricting septum. Ascomata superficial,
globose, dark coloured. (_Mycoarachis_) 169
169(168) Asci 8-spored, 5.5-11µm diam. Spores 5-5.5 × 3-3.5µm.
_Mycoarachis inversa_
- Asci 4-spored, 6-6.5µm diam. Spores 4.5-5 × 2-2.5µm.
_Mycoarachis tetraspora_
170(166) Asci broad-clavate, (1)-2-(3)-spored, 30-50 × 13-18µm.
Spores brown-black with short ridges and warts,
subglobose, 12-15.5 × 11-12.5µm, with a single germ pore.
_Copromyces bisporus_ (fig. 49)
- Asci 8-spored. 171
171(170) Spores globose, sooty brown, 3µm diam. Cleistothecia
gregarious, with basal spirally coiled appendages,
black, 100-200µm diam., partially immersed in a white
to red felty hyphal mat. _Pleuroascus nicholsonii_
- Spores larger, ellipsoid or limoniform. 172
[Illustration: FIG. 46. Habit sketch of cleistothecia. FIGS 47-54. Asci and
spores. FIG. 47. _Preussia funiculata._ FIG. 48. _Heleococcum aurantiacum._
FIG. 49. _Copromyces bisporus._ FIG. 50. _Arachnomyces nitidus._ FIG. 51.
_Orbicula parietina._ FIG. 52. _Roumegueriella rufula._ FIG. 53.
_Aphanoascus stercoraria._ FIG. 54. _Pseudeurotium ovale._]
172(171) Spores olivaceous, limoniform, usually with an apical
germ pore. Perithecia greyish or greenish, abundantly
hairy, branched or simple, straight or curly. Asci
pedicellate, soon disappearing. see _Chaetomium_ at 5
- Spores darker, with 1 or more minute germ pores.
Cleistothecia distinctly but not abundantly hairy. 173
173(172) Spores smoky brown, broadly ovoid, 9-14 × 6-9µm.
Cleistothecial hairs short, up to 30µm.
_Thielavia wareingii_
- Spores dark brown, flattened limoniform, 13-16 × 10-13
× 8-9µm. Cleistothecial hairs of two types, some smooth,
dark brown, arising from the base up to 3mm long,
others greyish green, rough, up to ca 120µm.
_Thielavia fimeti_
174(163) Cleistothecia produced within a common arachnoid
mycelial mass. Spores smooth or minutely asperulate,
yellow to yellow-brown, broadly ellipsoid, 4-5 × 3-5µm.
_Aphanoascus fulvescens_
- Cleistothecia single or gregarious, but not on or in
a mycelial mass. 175
175(174) Cleistothecia 170-750µm diam., covered with long
(several mm when extended), thick-walled, aseptate,
helical appendages. Asci clavate cylindrical,
evanescent, 35-62 × 12-21µm. Spores ellipsoid, hyaline,
12-17 × 9-12µm. _Lasiobolidium spirale_
- Cleistothecia without coiled appendages. 176
176(175) Cleistothecia with hairs or appendages. 177
- Cleistothecia smooth. 178
177(176) Cleistothecia black, shining, 100-200µm diam., with dark
brown-black thick-walled hairs with hooked tips. Asci
8-15µm diam. Spores straw or copper coloured, ellipsoid,
4-7 × 3.5-4.5µm with de Bary bubble and a germ pore at
each end. _Kernia nitida_
- Cleistothecia reddish brown, less than 1mm diam., with
long simple appendages curled at the tips. Spores
hyaline, oblate, 3.55 × 2-3µm.
_Arachnomyces nitidus_ (fig. 50)
178(176) Ascospores globose, larger than 9µm. 179
- Ascospores ellipsoid, up to 9µm. Asci always subglobose. 180
179(178) Ascospores, smooth, 9-13µm. _Orbicula parietina_ (fig. 51)
- Ascospores ornamented, 13-24µm Asci subglobose.
Cleistothecia ochraceous, becoming yellowish brown
or flushed cinnamon. _Roumegueriella rufula_ (fig. 52)
180(178) Ascospores hyaline, then faintly yellowish, minutely
spiny, 2.5-3 × 2-2.5µm. Cleistothecia pale, then
dark brown. _Aphanoascus stercoraria_ (fig. 53)
- Ascospores hyaline, then brown, smooth, 5.5-6 × 3.5-4µm.
Cleistothecia dark brown from the beginning.
_Pseudeurotium ovale_ (fig. 54)