1 Ascoma either globose to flask shaped, usually with an
easily observable pore or neck (PERITHECIUM or
PSEUDOTHECIUM, figs 16, 18, 19, 22, 27, 30, 32, 34-37),
or discoid (APOTHECIUM, figs 1, 3, 4, 7, 11-14). Spores
usually 8 in each ascus (less frequently 4, 16, 32, 64,
128 etc.). Asci ellipsoid to cylindrical, borne in a
distinct hymenium, thus appearing in fascicles or
distinct groups when the fruit body is squashed. 2
- Ascoma globose to subglobose, lacking a definite pore
or neck (CLEISTOTHECIUM or GYMNOTHECIUM, figs 38, 39,
46). Asci globose to subglobose, 8-spored, not in a
distinct hymenium, appearing quite free when the fruit body
is squashed. KEY 2, 148 (p. 45)
2(1) Ascoma a PERITHECIUM or PSEUDOTHECIUM, usually dark in
some part, not opening to a disc but remaining globose
or flask shaped. Asci unitunicate, not operculate but
often with an apical pore, which may stain blue in
iodine, or bitunicate. KEY 2, 1 (p. 24)
- Ascoma an APOTHECIUM, white or lightly coloured, soft
fleshed, opening out to a disc or cushion shape when
mature. Asci unitunicate. 3
3(2) Asci opening by an operculum (fig. 8), a bilabiate
vertical split down to a subapical ring of thickening
(fig. 15), or apparently just bursting. 4
- Asci inoperculate, with an apical pore. 96
4(3) Spores 8 (occasionally 4) in an ascus, colourless,
purple or brown. 5
- Spores more than 8 in an ascus, colourless. 77
5(4) Spores remaining colourless. 6
- Spores purple or brown at maturity. 39
6(5) Apothecia with obvious hairs. 7
- Apothecia without obvious hairs (microscopic hairs up to
50µm long may be present). 14
7(6) Hairs brown. Apothecia orange, red orange or yellow
orange. (_Cheilymenia_, fig. 1) 8
- Hairs colourless. Apothecia colourless or pinkish.
(_Lasiobolus_, fig. 3) 12
8(7) Apothecia with stellate hairs. Spores 14-20 × 8-11µm.
_Cheilymenia stercorea_ (figs 1, 2)
- Apothecia without stellate hairs. 9
9(8) Spores 14.5-18 × 8-9.5µm. Asci 10-13µm diam. Apothecia
2mm diam. or more. _Cheilymenia coprinaria_
- Spores larger, 17 × 10µm or more. 10
10(9) Apothecia reddish orange, up to 1mm diam., marginal
hairs rooting, wall 2-4µm thick. Spores 21-26 ×
10-13.8µm. _Cheilymenia fimicola_
- Apothecia pale orange yellow, marginal hairs
superficial, wall up to 2µm thick. 11
11(10) Asci up to 22µm diam. Spores 17-27 × 10-14.5µm.
_Cheilymenia pulcherrima_
- Asci wider, 25µm diam. or more. Spores 23-26.5 × 13-16.5µm.
_Cheilymenia raripila_
[Illustration: FIG. 1. _Cheilymenia stercorea_, apothecium.]
[Illustration: FIG. 2. _C. stercorea_, stellate and rooted hairs.]
[Illustration: FIG. 3. _Lasiobolus ciliatus_, apothecium.]
[Illustration: FIG. 4. _Iodophanus carneus_, apothecium and spore.]
12(7) Hairs 600µm or longer. Spores 19-23 × 7-10µm.
_Lasiobolus macrotrichus_
- Hairs shorter, up to 600µm. 13
13(12) Asci clavate, 20µm diam. or wider. Spores 19-22 ×
10.5-13.5µm. _Lasiobolus cuniculi_
- Asci cylindrical, up to 20µm diam. Spores 18-22.5 ×
9.5-11.5µm. _Lasiobolus ciliatus_ (fig. 3)
14(6) Asci blue in iodine solution. 15
- Asci not blue in iodine. 24
15(14) Spores large, 30-42 × 15-18µm, warted, ellipsoid with
acute apices. _Thecotheus cinereus_
- Spores smaller, smooth or only finely ornamented 16
16(15) Apothecia brownish, large, 1cm diam. or more. (_Peziza_) 21
- Apothecia pale, up to 4mm diam. Asci protruding from
hymenium when ripe. 17
17(16) Apothecia white to pink, up to 2mm diam. Spores finely
verruculose, 18-25 × 8-14µm. _Iodophanus carneus_ (fig. 4)
- Apothecia pale, variously coloured when fresh, but drying
darker. Spores smooth. (_Thecotheus_) 18
18(17) Spores apiculate at each end, smooth. 19
- Spores not apiculate, 20-22 × 8-10µm. _Thecotheus agranulosus_
19(18) Spores with a collar at the base of the apiculus. 20
- Spores without a collar at the base of the apiculus,
16-21 × 8-12µm. _Thecotheus apiculatus_
20(19) Apothecia white. Spores 20-22 × 10-12µm, apiculus
4-6µm diam. _Thecotheus perplexans_
- Apothecia yellowish. Spores 12-15 × 7.5-9µm, apiculus
2.5-3.5µm diam. _Thecotheus africanus_
21(16) Spores smooth, without guttules. 22
- Spores verruculose or spinulose, 15-18 × 8-9µm, with 1
guttule. Paraphyses with clavate apices, with brown
contents. Apothecia asymmetrical, extended on one side.
_Peziza pleurota_
22(21) Spores 19-24 × 10.5-14µm. Apothecia yellowish brown,
up to 10cm diam. _Peziza vesiculosa_
- Spores up to 10µm wide. 23
23(22) Apothecia ca 1cm diam., umber with a paler margin.
Spores 15-22 × 9-10µm. _Peziza bovina_
- Apothecia up to 2cm diam., pale brown. Spores 13-16
× 7-9µm. _Peziza fimeti_
24(14) Apothecia robust, up to 4mm diam., orange or with brownish
or purple tints. 25
- Apothecia smaller, rarely more than 1mm, pale, yellowish
green, orange, grey or chestnut. 32
25(24) Apothecia orange or red. 26
- Apothecia discrete, brownish or purple. (_Fimaria_) 27
26(25) Apothecia crowded, 1-3mm diam., orange, with a granular
surface. Asci up to 190 × 15µm. Spores 15-18.5 ×
7-9.5µm. Paraphyses strongly clavate to apex up to 14µm
diam, filled with orange granules. _Coprobia granulata_
- Apothecia discrete, 1-2mm diam., orange or red. Asci
240 × 10-12µm. Spores 12-15 × 7-8µm. Paraphyses yellow,
only slightly swollen from 2µm to 3-4µm at apex.
_Ascophanus bresadolae_
27(25) Spores 8-9.5 × 4-4.5µm. _Fimaria equina_
- Spores larger. 28
28(27) Spores 20-38 × 10-13µm. _Fimaria hepatica_
- Spores shorter. 29
29(28) Spores 10-13 × 7-9µm. _Fimaria porcina_
- Spores 13-17 × 7-11µm. 30
30(29) Disc punctate with asci. Paraphysis tips swollen up to
3-5µm. Spores 14.5-16 × 9.5-11µm. _Fimaria leporum_
- Disc not punctate with asci. Paraphysis tips not or
only slightly swollen. 31
31(30) Apothecia pale yellowish. Spores 13-15.5 × 7.5-8.5µm.
_Fimaria theioleuca_
- Apothecia chestnut/purplish brown. Spores 14-17 ×
7-8.5µm. _Fimaria cervaria_
32(24) Spores less than 10µm long. 33
- Spores mostly longer than 10µm. 36
33(32) Paraphyses markedly capitate to 5-6µm, with yellowish
green contents. Apothecia dull at first, yellowish at
maturity. Spores 7-10 × 2-4.5µm.
_Thelebolus microsporus_ (fig. 5)
- Paraphyses only slightly inflated above, without
coloured contents. Apothecia whitish or grey. 34
34(33) Spores 5-7 × 3-4µm. Asci 38-42 × 6-7µm. Apothecia smoky
grey, 0.3-0.4mm diam. _Ascophanus cinerellus_
- Spores larger. Apothecia pale, white or yellowish. 35
35(34) Apothecia up to 1.2mm diam. Asci short stalked, 40-55 ×
8-12µm. Spores 7.5-9 × 4.5-5.5µm. _Coprotus glaucellus_
- Apothecia 0.2-0.5mm diam. Asci attenuate below, 65-85 ×
10-15µm. Spores 8-10 × 5-6.5µm. _Coprotus lacteus_
36(32) Apothecia chestnut brown up to 1mm diam. Asci 160 ×
13µm. Spores 13-16 x 8-11µm. Paraphyses forked, with
swollen tips. _Ascophanus misturae_
- Apothecia lighter coloured. Asci less than 150µm long. 37
37(36) Spores 14-18 × 9-11µm. Apothecia pale yellow/orange, up
to 1.5mm diam. Asci cylindrical, 110-150 × 12-15µm.
Paraphyses yellowish, slightly inflated to 4-5µm at
apices. _Coprotus ochraceus_
- Spores less than 15µm long. Apothecia up to 0.6mm diam.
Asci less than 100µm long. 38
[Illustration: FIG. 5. _Thelebolus microsporus_, ascus and paraphysis.]
[Illustration: FIG. 6. _Ascodesmis microscopica_, ascospores.]
38(37) Apothecia bright yellow. Asci cylindrical clavate,
attenuate below, 65-90 × 10-15µm. Spores 12-14 ×
6-8.5µm. Paraphyses branched, apices inflated to
4-5µm, with yellow contents. _Coprotus aurorus_
- Apothecia white/pale yellow, with darker margin. Asci
broadly clavate, stalked below 40-55 × 15-30µm.
Spores 9-15 × 6.5-9.5µm. Paraphyses inflated above to
5-8µm, hyaline. _Coprotus granuliformis_
39(5) Spores spherical or broadly ellipsoid, brown, ornamented
with warts, anastomosing ridges or a reticulum. Asci
clavate. Apothecium without excipulum.
(_Ascodesmis_, fig. 6) 40
- Spores ellipsoid or spherical, hyaline at first, then
purple, becoming brown at maturity; epispore smooth,
finely verruculose, warted or cracked. Asci cylindrical.
Excipulum present. 45
40(39) Spores 18-21.5 × 13.5-17.5µm. _Ascodesmis macrospora_
- Spores up to 16µm. 41
41(40) Spores ± spherical, L/B ratio mostly up to 1.2. 42
- Spores ± broadly ellipsoidal, L/B ratio mostly 1.2 or more. 43
42(41) Spores ornamented with round warts, 8.5-11 × 8.3-10µm.
_Ascodesmis nana_
- Spores ornamented with a network of ridges, 10.5-14 ×
9-12µm. _Ascodesmis sphaerospora_
43(41) Spores with a prominent reticulum of ridges (fig. 6),
11-15.5 × 8-13.5µm. Apothecia 150-300µm diam.
_Ascodesmis microscopica_ (fig. 6)
- Spore ornament not a reticulum. 44
44(43) Spores with 1 simple or branched ridge and isolated or
occasionally connected warts, 11-14.5 × 7-11.5µm.
Apothecia up to 500µm diam. _Ascodesmis porcina_
- Spores with isolated warts, some joined to form short
ridges, but not a reticulum, often capitate, 9.5-12.5
× 7.5-10µm. Apothecia 50-150µm diam. _Ascodesmis nigricans_
45(39) Spores separate in the ascus. (_Ascobolus_) 46
- Spores firmly joined together, both in the ascus and
after ejection (fig. 10). (_Saccabolus_) 66
46(45) Spores spherical. 47
- Spores ellipsoid. 48
47(46) Spores 10.5-13.5µm, epispore with numerous but isolated
warts. _Ascobolus brassicae_ (figs 8, 9)
- Spores 11.5-13.5(15)µm, epispore with subparallel
occasionally anastomosing lines. _Ascobolus crosslandii_
48(46) Spores very large, mostly 50-70 × 25-35µm, almost oblong
with rounded ends, typically with few cracks in the
epispore. _Ascobolus immersus_ (figs 7, 9)
- Spores smaller, with epispore smooth, warted or with cracks.
49
49(48) Epispore strongly and irregularly wrinkled with a
vesiculose layer of pigment, 11.6-16 × 6.5-9.3µm.
Paraphyses capitate up to 18µm. Apothecia up to 0.6mm
diam. _Ascobolus rhytidiosporus_
- Epispore not strongly wrinkled/vesiculose. 50
50(49) Epispore basically smooth or warted, perhaps with a few
irregular cracks. 51
- Epispore with a clear pattern of cracks or lines. 56
[Illustration: FIG. 7. Apothecia of, from left, _Ascobolus furfuraceus_,
_A. immersus_ and _A. albidus_.]
[Illustration: FIG. 8. _A. brassicae_, ascus with spores and detail of
operculum.]
[Illustration: FIG. 9. Ascospores of, clockwise from left, _A. immersus_,
_A. stictoideus_, _A. albidus_, _A. brassicae_ and _A. crenulatus_.]
51(50) Spores up to 25µm long. 52
- Spores longer, 25µm or more. 54
52(51) Epispore smooth, finely granular or punctate. Gelatinous
material unilateral, not surrounding spore. 53
- Epispore warted, spores 18.5-21(22.5) × (9)10-11.5µm,
surrounded by gelatinous sheath. _Ascobolus hawaiiensis_
53(52) Spores 18-24 × 10-13µm. Hymenial mucus greenish yellow.
Excipulum not brown. _Ascobolus mancus_
- Spores 20-25 × 11-13µm. Hymenial mucus sulphur yellow.
Excipulum with rich brown intercellular pigment.
_Ascobolus boudieri_
54(51) Epispore smooth or finely granular, spores 23-29(32)
× 12-17µm. _Ascobolus elegans_
- Epispore warted. 55
55(54) Spores with a regular pattern of warts and intact
epispore, 26-32 × 15-17.5µm.
_Ascobolus stictoideus_ (fig. 9)
- Spores with irregular patches of thicker pigment,
especially at the poles, 28-35 × 16-18µm.
_Ascobolus degluptus_
56(50) Spores mostly 18 × 10µm or larger. 57
- Spores mostly smaller than 20 × 10µm. 61
57(56) Apothecia small, mostly up to 1mm diam., colourless.
Spores 20-35 × 11-14µm, epispore cracks distant,
irregular, often anastomosing.
_Ascobolus albidus_ (figs 7, 9)
- Apothecia larger, usually 1mm diam. or more, disc
yellowish, greenish, purplish or brownish. 58
58(57) Apothecia crowded, purplish or purplish brown with
intercellular pigment. Spores 18-28 × 10-12µm, with
longitudinal anastomosing cracks.
_Ascobolus roseopurpurascens_
- Apothecia yellowish or greenish. 59
59(58) Spores 17-22 × 9.5-12µm with a few widely spaced and
irregularly oriented cracks. _Ascobolus michaudii_
- Spores with closely spaced, ± longitudinal, cracks, with
varying degrees of anastomosis. 60
60(59) Apothecia furfuraceous, sessile. Ascus wall blue in
iodine. Spores 19-28 × 10-14µm.
_Ascobolus furfuraceus_ (fig. 7)
- Apothecia smooth, substipitate. Ascus wall only faintly
blue in iodine. Spores 19-22 × 9.5-13µm.
_Ascobolus perplexans_
61(56) Apothecia large, stipitate, 5-10mm diam. Spores 16-19.5
× 8.5-10µm, with subparallel, longitudinal, only rarely
anastomosing lines. _Ascobolus lignatilis_
- Apothecia up to 2mm diam. 62
62(61) Apothecia white. 63
- Apothecia yellow, green or brownish. 64
63(62) Spores 13-17 × 7.5-8.5µm, with a coarse reticulum of fine
cracks when mature. Only recorded on grouse, capercaillie
etc. (Tetraonidae) dung. _Ascobolus carletonii_
- Spores 16-20 × 8-10µm, with a pattern of longitudinal
anastomosing cracks. Only recorded on deer dung.
_Ascobolus sacchariferus_
64(62) Spores 14.5-16 × 8-9µm, epispore lines not densely
crowded. _Ascobolus cervinus_
- Spores smaller, epispore with densely crowded, rarely
anastomosing cracks. 65
65(64) Apothecia greenish yellow, furfuraceous, with crenulate
margin. Spores 9.5-15 × 6-8µm.
_Ascobolus crenulatus_ (fig. 9)
- Apothecia brownish yellow to brown, smooth, with
undifferentiated margin. Spores 12.5-14.5 × 7-8.5µm.
_Ascobolus minutus_
66(45) Asci 4-spored. Spore clusters 42-58 × 14-20µm. Spores
16.5-23 × 9.5-12µm, smooth to finely punctate, but with
a thick cap or girdle of reticulated or warted pigment.
_Saccobolus quadrisporus_
- Asci 8-spored. 67
67(66) Spore clusters ± globular, 17-26(39) × 15-20µm. 68
- Spore clusters elongated, 2-3 times as long as wide. 69
68(67) Spore clusters compact, subglobose, with only the
exposed surface of spores pigmented, ornamented with
small and coarse warts. _Saccobolus dilutellus_
- Spores loosely united in cluster, ornamented with
small isolated warts covering most of their surface.
_Saccobolus globuliferellus_
69(67) Apothecia yellow. Spores in 4 rows of 2 longitudinally
arranged spores (fig. 10). 70
- Apothecia hyaline or violaceous (some mature darker).
Spores in 2 rows of 3 and 1 row of 2 (fig. 10). 73
70(69) Spore clusters 40µm or longer. 71
- Spore clusters up to 40µm long. 72
71(70) Spore clusters 50-71 × 16-25µm. Spores 22-29 ×
8.5-14.5µm, smooth or rarely finely punctate, with
distant irregular cracks. _Saccobolus glaber_ (fig. 10)
- Spore clusters 43-51 × 14-17µm. Spores 16-22 × 7.5-9µm,
with fine isolated warts. _Saccobolus citrinus_
72(70) Spores 14-17.5(19.5) × 7.5-8.5(10)µm, easily separated
at maturity. Spore clusters becoming shorter and more
rounded with maturity. Apothecia up to 300µm diam.,
inconspicuous due to their solitary nature and the
predominantly brownish colour due to the mature spores.
_Saccobolus truncatus_ (fig. 10)
- Spores 11.5-13.5 × 5.5-6.5µm. _Saccobolus minimus_
73(69) Apothecia white, covered with tapering squamules
composed of septate hyphae. Spore clusters 38-43 ×
15-17µm. Spores 16-17.5 × 7-8.5µm, smooth or finely
punctate. _Saccobolus caesariatus_
- Apothecia not white, without tapering scales. 74
74(73) Spore clusters mostly over 40µm long. 75
- Spore clusters mostly under 40µm long. 76
75(74) Spore clusters 38-62 × 14-19µm. Spores 13-21.5 ×
6.5-9.5µm, smooth, finely warted or with reticulate
cracks. Apothecia 0.2-2mm diam.
_Saccobolus versicolor_ (fig. 10)
- Spore clusters 42-60 × 18-24µm. Spores very coarsely
warted, 17.5-23 × 8.5-10µm (inc. warts). _Saccobolus beckii_
[Illustration: FIG. 10. Spore clusters of, from left, _Saccobolus
versicolor_, _S. glaber_ and _S. truncatus_.]
76(74) Spore clusters compact, 26-43 × 13-19µm. Spores 13.5-18
× 7.5-9.5µm, epispore with fine or coarse warts.
Apothecia 0.3-0.8mm diam. _Saccobolus obscurus_
- Spore clusters elongated, 28-37 × 10-13µm. Spores
10-14.5 × 5-7.5µm, epispore smooth or very finely
granular. Apothecia 0.1-0.3mm diam.
_Saccobolus depauperatus_
77(4) Asci operculate or bursting, without a subapical ring.
Spores ellipsoid. 78
- Apothecia white, often minutely hairy at the margin.
Ascus dehiscing by a vertical slit; the slit is
prevented from running right down the ascus by a
subapical ring of thickening. Spores ellipsoid-fusiform.
(_Ascozonus_, figs 14, 15) 90
78(77) Asci 16-spored. Spores ellipsoid, 11-16 × 7-10µm.
_Coprotus sexdecemsporus_
- Asci more than 16-spored. 79
79(78) Asci 32-spored. 80
- Asci more than 32-spored. 84
80(79) Asci very large, nearly 0.5mm long, spores 30-35 ×
13-17µm (32-40 × 20-24µm in Kimbrough, 1969). Apothecia
pale coloured. _Thecotheus pelletieri_
- Asci and spores smaller. 81
81(80) Spores 10µm or longer. 83
- Spores up to 10µm long. 82
82(81) Spores ellipsoid, with minute scattered warts visible
under oil-immersion, 7-9 × 4-4.5µm. Apothecia densely
crowded, 90-120µm diam., with 8-13 asci. Asci 32-55
× 16-18µm with (24-)32 spores. Paraphyses 1.5-2µm,
clavate to 4-4.5µm. _Thelebolus caninus_
- Spores subacute at apices, ca 6 × 4µm (described as
'minute'; this value is suggested by Boudier's comparison
with _R. dubius_, for which measurements are given).
Apothecia densely crowded, tawny yellowish-brown.
_Ryparobius brunneus_
83(81) Spores 10-12.5 × 5-7.5µm. Asci clavate, 75-100 ×
20-30µm. Paraphyses enlarged to 6µm at apex.
_Coprotus albidus_
- Spores 13.5-17.5 × 7-8µm. Asci 10-15 per apothecium,
120-175 × 50-75µm. Paraphyses filiform.
_Coprotus rhyparobioides_
84(79) Asci with up to 64 spores. 85
- Asci with many more than 64 spores--impractical to count. 86
85(84) Asci 64-spored, broad clavate with short stalk, 80-130
× 30-60µm. Spores 8-12 × 4-7µm. _Coprotus niveus_
- Asci broadly clavate with up to 64 spores, 60-100 ×
20-30µm. Spores 7-10 × 4.5-5.5µm. Apothecia superficial,
on the surface of the substrate, yellowish brown,
gregarious, united into a crust. _Thelebolus crustaceus_
86(84) Apothecia superficial, 400-600µm diam., with prominent,
acuminate, superficial, 1-2-septate hairs, 80-190µm
long, often roughened towards their apex, with one
1000+-spored ascus, 110-240 × 15-27µm. Spores very
variable, 6.5-16 × 3.7-8.8µm (mostly 7.5-13 × 4.5-7µm).
_Lasiobolus monascus_
- Apothecia minute, rarely above 350µm diam., globose and
immersed in substrate when young. Asci broad globose,
with 100-200 spores. Usually only 1-3 asci in each
apothecium, which dehisce by bursting at the apex. 87
(Other _Ryparobius_ spp. will key out here [e.g. _R. dubius_,
_R. myriosporus_, _R. pachyascus_ and _R.
polysporus_]. They all have scattered to gregarious,
immersed to semi-immersed apothecia 100-200µm diam.,
with relatively few asci, each with 100-250 ellipsoid
to subacuminate ca 5-7 × 3-4µm spores. There are
insufficient modern observations to allow their
identification and separation with confidence).
87(86) Apothecia with a few, but obvious, setae. Spores 9 × 7µm
or larger. 88
- Apothecia without setae. Spores ellipsoid, 6-9 × 3.5-4µm. 89
88(87) Spores ellipsoid, 9-11 × 7-9µm. Setae up to 600µm long.
_Trichobolus zukalii_
- Spores subglobose, 11-12 × 10-11µm. Setae up to 300µm long.
_Trichobolus sphaerosporus_ (fig. 11)
89(87) Apothecia and asci large, 170-250µm diam.
_Thelebolus stercoreus_ (fig. 12)
- Apothecia and asci small, rarely above 80-90µm diam.
_Thelebolus nanus_ (fig. 13)
90(77) Asci 16(-24)-spored. Spores not closely aggregated into
an imbricated mass, 13-14 × 6µm (8-9 × 4µm)[1].
Apothecial hairs rough, subulate. _Ascozonus parvisporus_
- Asci with 32 or more spores. 91
91(90) Asci 32-spored. Spores 16.5-18 × 4.5-5µm (11-12 ×
3-3.5µm)[1]. Apothecia with a single row of sharp,
pointed, roughened hairs. _Ascozonus crouanii_
- Asci more than 32-spored. 92
92(91) Asci 48-spored. Spores spindle-shaped, 12-14.5 × 2.5-4µm.
_Ascozonus leveillei_
- Asci more than 48-spored. 93
93(92) Asci 64-spored. 94
- Asci more than 64-spored. 95
94(93) Apothecia with a short base of globose cells, with
minutely roughened marginal hairs up to 30 × 8µm. Spores
elliptic-fusoid, 12-14 × 3-5µm.
_Ascozonus woolhopensis_ (figs 14, 15)
- Apothecia sessile, with aseptate smooth hairs. Spores
21 × 7.5µm (13-14 × 4.5-5µm)[1]. _Ascozonus cunicularis_
[Illustration: FIG. 11. _Trichobolus sphaerosporus_, apothecium.]
[Illustration: FIG. 12. _Thelebolus stercoreus_, apothecium.]
[Illustration: FIG. 13. _T. nanus_, mature and immature apothecia, and
detail of ascus dehiscence.]
[Illustration: FIG. 14. _Ascozonus woolhopensis_, apothecium and apothecial
hair.]
[Illustration: FIG. 15. _A. woolhopensis_, ascus with spores and detail of
dehiscence.]
95(93) Apothecia with a short base of globose cells, with
short, irregular hairs. Asci 64-96-spored Spores
elliptic-fusoid, 14-14.5 × 5-5.5µm (10-15 × 3.5-4µm)[1].
_Ascozonus leveillanus_
- Apothecia sessile, dotted with hairs in connate groups
of 2-3. Asci with 128 or more spores. Spores 10 × 5µm
(7 × 3.5µm)[1]. _Ascozonus subhirtus_
96(3) Apothecia stalked. 97
- Apothecia not stalked. 98
97(96) Apothecia up to 2mm diam., with a short cylindrical stalk,
light brown. Asci 150 × 10µm. Spores hyaline, with 2 oil
drops, occasionally 1-septate, 13-15 × 4.5µm.
_Lanzia cuniculi_
- Apothecia up to 3mm diam., pale olivaceous to grey, with
a long, slender, reddish-brown stalk arising from a
sclerotium in the dung. Asci 30-40 × 4-5µm. Spores
ellipsoid, grey-brown, 4-4.5 × 2µm. _Martininia panamaensis_
98(96) Spores 7-11(14) × 1.75-2.75µm. ellipsoid, ellipsoid-
fusiform or slightly clavate. Apothecia yellowish brown
when fresh, drying darker, up to 1mm diam. Asci 42-60 ×
7.5-9µm, pore weakly blue in iodine. _Pezizella albula_
- Spores and asci smaller. 99
99(98) Spores linear, 3-5 × 1µm. Asci 30 × 5µm, cylindrical
with a short stipe. Paraphyses not clavate but fused
to form an epithecium. Apothecia pale pellucid,
0.5-1mm diam. _Orbilia leporina_
- Spores longer, subulate, curved. 100
100(99) Spores 7-8.5 × 1.2-1.8µm. Asci 36-40 × 3-5µm, gradually
tapering to a short base. Paraphyses enlarged to 3µm at
apex, covered with brown granules. Apothecia light brown,
0.4-1.mm diam. _Orbilia fimicola_
- Spores 8-10.55 × 0.9-1µm. Asci 30-45 × 3µm,
cylindrical-clavate with narrow tapering base and
truncate apex. Paraphyses 2µm diam., the tips with a
crust-like secretion fusing together to form a shiny
epithecium. Apothecia white to yellowish, 180-700µm diam.
_Orbilia fimicoloides_