Should we here reflect to former Treatie_The Conspiracy of Pontiac and the Indian War after the Conquest of Canada

great Servility therein paid to Indians, have long been oppressive

Grievances we have groaned under; and when at the last Indian Treaty held

at Lancaster, not only was the Blood of our many murdered Brethren tamely

covered, but our poor unhappy captivated Friends abandoned to Slavery

among the Savages, by concluding a Friendship with the Indians, and

allowing them a plenteous trade of all kinds of Commodities, without those

being restored, or any properly spirited Requisition made of them:--How

general Dissatisfaction those Measures gave, the Murmurs of all good

people (loud as they dare to utter them) to this Day declare. And had here

infatuated Steps of Conduct, and a manifest Partiality in Favour of

Indians, made a final Pause, happy had it been:--We perhaps had grieved in

Silence for our abandoned enslaved Brethren among the Heathen, but Matters

of a later Date are still more flagrant Reasons of Complaint.--When last

Summer his Majesty's Forces, under the Command of Colonel Bouquet, marched

through this Province, and a Demand was made by his Excellency, General

Amherst, of Assistance, to escort Provisions, &c., to relieve that

important Post, Fort Pitt, yet not one Man was granted, although never any

Thing appeared more reasonable or necessary, as the Interest of the

Province lay so much at Stake, and the Standing of the Frontier

Settlements, in any Manner, evidently depended, under God, on the almost

despaired of Success of his Majesty's little Army, whose Valour the whole

Frontiers with Gratitude acknowledge, as the happy Means of having saved

from Ruin great Part of the Province:--But when a Number of Indians,

falsely pretended Friends and having among them some proved on Oath to

have been guilty of Murder, since this War begun; when they, together with

others, known to be his Majesty's Enemies, and who had been in the Battle

against Colonel Bouquet, reduced to Distress by the Destruction of their

Corn at the Great Island, and up the East Branch of Susquehanna, pretend

themselves Friends, and desire a Subsistence, they are openly caressed,

and the Public, that could not be indulged the Liberty of contributing to

his Majesty's Assistance, obliged, as Tributaries to Savages, to Support

these Villains, these Enemies to our King and our Country; nor only so,

but the Hands that were closely shut, nor would grant his Majesty's

General a single Farthing against a savage Foe, have been liberally

opened, and the public Money basely prostituted, to hire, at an exorbitant

Rate, a mercenary Guard to protect his Majesty's worst of Enemies, those

falsely pretended Indian Friends, while, at the same Time, Hundreds of

poor, distressed Families of his Majesty's Subjects, obliged to abandon

their Possessions, and fly for their Lives at least, are left, except a

small Relief at first, in the most distressing Circumstances to starve

neglected, save what the friendly Hand of private Donations has

contributed to their Support, wherein they who are most profuse towards

Savages have carefully avoided having any Part.--When last Summer the

Troops raised for Defence of the Province were limited to certain Bounds,

nor suffered to attempt annoying our Enemies in their Habitations, and a

Number of brave Volunteers, equipped at their own Expence, marched in

September up the Susquehanna, met and defeated their Enemy, with the Loss

of some of their Number, and having others dangerously wounded, not the

least Thanks or Acknowledgment was made them from the Legislature for the

confessed Service they had done, nor any the least Notice or Care taken of

their Wounded; whereas, when a Seneca Indian, who, by the Information of

many, as well as by his own Confession, had been, through the last War,

our inveterate Enemy, had got a Cut in his Head last summer in a Quarrel

he had with his own Cousin, and it was reported in Philadelphia that his

Wound was dangerous, a Doctor was immediately employed, and sent to Fort

Augusta to take Care of him, and cure him, if possible.--To these may be

added, that though it was impossible to obtain through the Summer, or even

yet, any Premium for Indian Scalps, or Encouragement to excite Volunteers

to go forth against them, yet when a few of them, known to be the Fast

Friends of our Enemies, and some of them Murderers themselves, when these

have been struck by a distressed, bereft, injured Frontier, a liberal

Reward is offered for apprehending the Perpetrators of that horrible Crime

of killing his Majesty's cloaked Enemies, and their Conduct painted in the

most atrocious Colors; while the horrid Ravages, cruel Murders, and most

shocking Barbarities, committed by Indians on his Majesty's Subjects, are

covered over, and excused, under the charitable Term of this being their

Method of making War.

But to recount the many repeated Grievances whereof we might justly

complain, and Instances of a most violent Attachment to Indians, were

tedious beyond the Patience of a Job to endure; nor can better be

expected; nor need we be surprised at Indians Insolence and Villainy, when

it is considered, and which can be proved from the public Records of a

certain County, that some Time before Conrad Weiser died, some Indians

belonging to the Great Island or Wyalousing, assured him that Israel

Pemberton, (an ancient Leader of that Faction which, for so long a Time,

have found Means to enslave the Province to Indians,) together with others

of the Friends, had given them a Rod to scourge the white People that were

settled on the purchased Lands; for that Onas had cheated them out of a

great Deal of Land, or had not given near sufficient Price for what he had

bought; and that the Traders ought also to be scourged, for that they

defrauded the Indians, by selling Goods to them at too dear a Rate; and

that this Relation is Matter of Fact, can easily be proved in the County

of Berks.--Such is our unhappy Situation, under the Villainy, Infatuation

and Influence of a certain Faction, that have got the political Reins in

their Hands, and tamely tyrannize over the other good Subjects of the

Province!--And can it be thought strange, that a Scene of such Treatment

as this, and the now adding, in this critical Juncture, to all our former

Distresses, that disagreeable Burden of supporting, in the very Heart of

the Province, at so great an Expence, between One and Two hundred Indians,

to the great Disquietude of the Majority of the good Inhabitants of this

Province, should awaken the Resentment of a People grossly abused,

unrighteously burdened, and made Dupes and Slaves to Indians?--And must

not all well-disposed People entertain a charitable Sentiment of those

who, at their own great Expence and Trouble, have attempted, or shall

attempt, rescuing a laboring Land from a Weight so oppressive,

unreasonable, and unjust?--It is this we design, it is this we are

resolved to prosecute, though it is with great Reluctance we are obliged

to adopt a Measure not so agreeable as could be desired, and to which

Extremity alone compels.--God save the King.

_Appendix F._

CAMPAIGN OF 1764.

1. BOUQUET'S EXPEDITION.

Letter--General Gage to Lord Halifax, December 13, 1764. (Chap. XXVII.)

The Perfidy of the Shawanese and Delawares, and their having broken the

ties, which even the Savage Nations hold sacred amongst each other,

required vigorous measures to reduce them. We had experienced their

treachery so often, that I determined to make no peace with them, but in

the Heart of their Country, and upon such terms as should make it as

secure as it was possible. This conduct has produced all the good effects

which could be wished or expected from it. Those Indians have been humbled

and reduced to accept of Peace upon the terms prescribed to them, in such

a manner as will give reputation to His Majesty's Arms amongst the several

Nations. The Regular and Provincial Troops under Colonel Bouquet, having

been joined by a good body of Volunteers from Virginia, and others from

Maryland and Pennsylvania, marched from Fort Pitt the Beginning of

October, and got to Tuscaroras about the fifteenth. The March of the

Troops into their Country threw the Savages into the greatest

Consternation, as they had hoped their Woods would protect them, and had

boasted of the Security of their Situation from our Attacks. The Indians

hovered round the Troops during their March, but despairing of success in

an Action, had recourse to Negotiations. They were told that they might

have Peace, but every Prisoner in their possession must first be delivered

up. They brought in near twenty, and promised to deliver the Rest; but as

their promises were not regarded, they engaged to deliver the whole on the

1st of November, at the Forks of the Muskingham, about one hundred and

fifty miles from Fort Pitt, the Centre of the Delaware Towns, and near to

the most considerable settlement of the Shawanese. Colonel Bouquet kept

them in sight, and moved his Camp to that Place. He soon obliged the

Delawares and some broken tribes of Mohikons, Wiandots, and Mingoes, to

bring in all their Prisoners, even to the Children born of White Women,

and to tie those who were grown as Savage as themselves and unwilling to

leave them, and bring them bound to the Camp. They were then told that

they must appoint deputies to go to Sir William Johnson to receive such

terms as should be imposed upon them, which the Nations should agree to

ratify; and, for the security of their performance of this, and that no

farther Hostilities should be committed, a number of their Chiefs must

remain in our hands. The above Nations subscribed to these terms; but the

Shawanese were more obstinate, and were particularly averse to the giving

of Hostages. But finding their obstinacy had no effect, and would only

tend to their destruction, the Troops having penetrated into the Heart of

their Country, they at length became sensible that there was no safety but

in Submission, and were obliged to stoop to the same Conditions as the

other nations. They immediately gave up forty Prisoners, and promised the

Rest should be sent to Fort Pitt in the Spring. This last not being

admitted, the immediate Restitution of all the Prisoners being the _sine

qua non_ of peace, it was agreed, that parties should be sent from the

Army into their towns, to collect the Prisoners, and conduct them to Fort

Pitt. They delivered six of their principal Chiefs as hostages into our

Hands, and appointed their deputies to go to Sir William Johnson, in the

same manner as the Rest. The Number of Prisoners already delivered exceeds

two hundred, and it was expected that our Parties would bring in near one

hundred more from the Shawanese Towns. These Conditions seem sufficient

Proofs of the Sincerity and Humiliation of those Nations, and in justice

to Colonel Bouquet, I must testify the Obligations I have to him, and that

nothing but the firm and steady conduct, which he observed in all his

Transactions with those treacherous savages, would ever have brought them

to a serious Peace.

I must flatter myself, that the Country is restored to its former

Tranquillity, and that a general, and, it is hoped, lasting Peace is

concluded with all the Indian Nations who have taken up Arms against his

Majesty.

I remain,

etc.,

THOMAS GAGE.

IN ASSEMBLY, January 15, 1765, A. M.

To the Honourable Henry Bouquet, Esq., Commander in Chief of His Majesty's

Forces in the Southern Department of America.

The Address of the Representatives of the Freemen of the Province of

Pennsylvania, in General Assembly met

SIR:

The Representatives of the Freemen of the Province of Pennsylvania, in

General Assembly met, being informed that you intend shortly to embark

for England, and moved with a due Sense of the important Services you have

rendered to his Majesty, his Northern Colonies in general, and to this

Province in particular, during our late Wars with the French, and

barbarous Indians, in the remarkable Victory over the savage Enemy, united

to oppose you, near Bushy Run, in August, 1763, when on your March for the

Relief of Pittsburg, owing, under God, to your Intrepidity and superior

Skill in Command, together with the Bravery of your Officers and little

Army; as also in your late March to the Country of the savage Nations,

with the Troops under your Direction; thereby striking Terror through the

numerous Indian Tribes around you; laying a Foundation for a lasting as

well as honorable Peace, and rescuing, from savage Captivity, upwards of

Two Hundred of our Christian Brethren, Prisoners among them. These eminent

Services, and your constant Attention to the Civil Rights of his Majesty's

Subjects in this Province, demand, Sir, the grateful Tribute of Thanks

from all good Men; and therefore we, the Representatives of the Freemen of

Pennsylvania, unanimously for ourselves, and in Behalf of all the People

of this Province, do return you our most sincere and hearty Thanks for

these your great Services, wishing you a safe and pleasant Voyage to

England, with a kind and gracious Reception from his Majesty.

Signed, by Order of the House,

JOSEPH FOX, Speaker.

2. CONDITION AND TEMPER OF THE WESTERN INDIANS.

Extract from a letter of Sir William Johnson to the Board of Trade, 1764,

December 26:--

Your Lordships will please to observe that for many months before the

march of Colonel Bradstreet's army, several of the Western Nations had

expressed a desire for peace, and had ceased to commit hostilities, that

even Pontiac inclined that way, but did not choose to venture his person

by coming into any of the posts. This was the state of affairs when I

treated with the Indians at Niagara, in which number were fifteen hundred

of the Western Nations, a number infinitely more considerable than those

who were twice treated with at Detroit, many of whom are the same people,

particularly the Hurons and Chippewas. In the mean time it now appears,

from the very best authorities, and can be proved by the oath of several

respectable persons, prisoners at the Illinois and amongst the Indians, as

also from the accounts of the Indians themselves, that not only many

French traders, but also French officers came amongst the Indians, as

they said, fully authorized to assure them that the French King was

determined to support them to the utmost, and not only invited them to the

Illinois, where they were plentifully supplied with ammunition and other

necessaries, but also sent several canoes at different times up the

Illinois river, to the Miamis, and others, as well as up the Ohio to the

Shawanese and Delawares, as by Major Smallman's account, and several

others, (then prisoners), transmitted me by Colonel Bouquet, and one of my

officers who accompanied him, will appear. That in an especial manner the

French promoted the interest of Pontiac, whose influence is now become so

considerable, as General Gage observes in a late letter to me, that it

extends even to the Mouth of the Mississippi, and has been the principal

occasion of our not as yet gaining the Illinois, which the French as well

as Indians are interested in preventing. This Pontiac is not included in

the late Treaty at Detroit, and is at the head of a great number of

Indians privately supported by the French, an officer of whom was about

three months ago at the Miamis Castle, at the Scioto Plains, Muskingum,

and several other places. The Western Indians, who it seems ridicule the

whole expedition, will be influenced to such a pitch, by the interested

French on the one side, and the influence of Pontiac on the other, that we

have great reason to apprehend a renewal of hostilities, or at least that

they and the Twightees (Miamis) will strenuously oppose our possessing the

Illinois, which can never be accomplished without their consent. And

indeed it is not to be wondered that they should be concerned at our

occupying that country, when we consider that the French (be their motive

what it will) loaded them with favors, and continue to do so, accompanied

with all outward marks of esteem, and an address peculiarly adapted to

their manners, which infallibly gains upon all Indians, who judge by

extremes only, and with all their acquaintance with us upon the frontiers,

have never found any thing like it, but on the contrary, harsh treatment,

angry words, and in short any thing which can be thought of to inspire

them with a dislike to our manners and a jealousy of our views. I have

seen so much of these matters, and I am so well convinced of the utter

aversion that our people have for them in general, and of the imprudence

with which they constantly express it, that I absolutely despair of our

seeing tranquillity established, until your Lordships' plan is fully

settled, so as I may have proper persons to reside at the Posts, whose

business it shall be to remove their prejudices, and whose interest it

becomes to obtain their esteem and friendship.

The importance of speedily possessing the Illinois, and thereby securing

a considerable branch of trade, as well as cutting off the channel by

which our enemies have been and will always be supplied, is a matter I

have very much at heart, and what I think may be effected this winter by

land by Mr. Croghan, in case matters can be so far settled with the

Twightees, Shawanoes, and Pontiac, as to engage the latter, with some

chiefs of the before-mentioned nations, to accompany him with a garrison.

The expense attending this will be large, but the end to be obtained is

too considerable to be neglected. I have accordingly recommended it to the

consideration of General Gage, and shall, on the arrival of the Shawanoes,

Delawares, &c., here, do all in my power to pave the way for effecting it.

I shall also make such a peace with them, as will be most for the credit

and advantage of the crown, and the security of the trade and frontiers,

and tie them down to such conditions as Indians will most probably

observe.

NOTE.

Of the accompanying maps, the first two were constructed for the

illustration of this work. The others are fac-similes from the surveys of

the engineer Thomas Hutchins. The original of the larger of these

fac-similes is prefixed to the _Account of Bouquet's Expedition_. That of

the smaller will be found in Hutchins's _Topographical Description of

Virginia_, etc. Both of these works are rare.

_Index._

Abbadie. See _D'Abbadie_.

_Abenakis_, some of them present at the battle of the Monongahela,

88, 114.

Abercrombie, General James, has a force of 50,000 men, 96;

fails in his attack on Ticonderoga, 98, 99.

Acadia ceded to the English crown, 79;

disputes respecting its boundaries, _ib._;

reduced by Col. Monkton, 92;

the inhabitants transported, _ib._

Albany, meeting of colonial delegates there, 83;

a rendezvous for Indian traders, 117.

_Algonquin_ family of Indians, found over a vast extent of territory,

35;

their inferiority to the Iroquois, 40;

points of distinction, _ib._;

their legends, 40;

and religious belief, 41;

Algonquin life, 38, 39.

Allegory uttered by Pontiac, 153-155.

Ambuscade at the Devil's Hole, 330;

a convoy lost there, 330;

another ambuscade, 331.

Amherst, Sir Jeffrey, afterwards Lord Amherst, takes Louisburg, 98;

also Ticonderoga and Crown Point, 100;

captures Montreal, 110;

sends a force to take possession of the western posts, 126;

his contempt and careless treatment of the Indians, 138 _note_,

147;

his letter to Major Gladwyn, 182 _note_;

his uncomfortable position, 297;

his inadequate comprehension of the Indian war, 298;

takes measures to reinforce the frontier garrisons, 299, 300;

hears of the murders near Detroit, 301;

determines on "quick retaliation," 301;

wishes to hear of no prisoners, 302;

his blustering arrogance, 303 _note_;

proposes to infect the Indians with small-pox, 304;

his anger at the feeble conduct of the Pennsylvania Assembly, 344;

resigns his office as commander-in-chief, 346;

his ignorance of Indian affairs, 388.

_Andastes_, swept away before the Iroquois, 32;

a remnant of them at Conestoga, 359 _note_.

Armstrong, Colonel, his expedition against the Indians on the upper

Susquehanna, 346.

_Atotarho_, name of the presiding sachem of the Iroquois: strange

legend concerning the first of the name, 23, 24.

Baby, a Canadian near Detroit, supplies food to the garrison, 186;

scene between him and Pontiac, 193;

befriends the garrison, 214.

Ball-play, Indian, described, 250;

a prelude to the massacre at Michillimackinac, 250.

Barbarity, Indian, shocking instances of, 28, 61, 175, 176, 180

_note_, 201 _note_, 221, 252, 262, 290 _note_, 336, 337.

Bartram, John, the botanist, quoted, 26, 27 _note_.

Beaujeu, a French captain, leads a sortie of French and Indians

against Braddock's army, 88;

wounded in the fray, 90.

Bedford, Fort, repels an Indian attack, 283;

crowded with fugitives, 306;

reinforced, 317.

Beletre, captain, commandant at Detroit, 128;

surrenders to Major Rogers, 129.

Bird, Dr. Robert M., his story of "Nick of the Woods," 358.

_Blacksnake_, a Seneca warrior, 331 _note_.

Blane, Lieutenant Archibald, commands at Fort Ligonier, 306;

successfully defends the fort against an attack of the Indians,

308, 309;

vents his complaints of the service, 389.

Bloody Bridge fight, 229 _et seq._;

great loss of the English, 234.

Boscawen, Admiral Edward, captures a French squadron previous to a

declaration of war, 84;

and thus begins the war of 1755, 85;

the act condemned by English writers, 85 _note_.

Bouquet, Colonel Henry, his history, 297;

his letter to Sir Jeffrey Amherst, 295;

an excellent officer, 298;

his correspondence with Amherst and others about the war, 299 _et

seq._;

his "truculent letter" to Amherst about extirpating the Indians,

302;

hears of the destruction of the frontier garrisons, 302;

he will try to send the small-pox among the Indians, and proposes

to hunt them with English dogs, 304;

is displeased with the surrender of Presqu' Isle, 308;

complains of the negligence of the people of Pennsylvania, 310;

his campaign against the Indians, 315 _et seq._;

difficulties and dangers of the march, 317;

attacked by the Indians at Bushy Run, 319;

his masterly stratagem, 322;

and complete success, 323.

See _Appendix_ D.

Arrives at Fort Pitt, 325;

his dissatisfaction with the service, 390;

severely blames the government of Pennsylvania, 422;

sets out from Carlisle on an expedition against the Delawares and

Shawanoes, 424;

is displeased with Colonel Bradstreet, 424;

arrives at Fort Pitt, 426;

sends a message to the Delawares, 426;

good effect of the message, 427;

difficulties of the march through the woods, 427;

the troops cross the Muskingum, 428;

their number and fine appearance, 430;

the commander holds a council with the Delawares, 430;

his speech to them, 432-434;

effect of the speech, 434;

his decisive tone, 434;

the Indians submit and give up their captives, 435, 436;

number of the captives, 437;

meeting of friends long separated, 441-443;

some touching incidents, 443;

the troops, having accomplished their work, return home, 448;

Bouquet made a brigadier general, 449;

his death, 450.

See _Appendix_ F.

Braddock, General Edward, sails in command of a military force for

Virginia, 84;

his character, 86;

his duel with Gumley, 86 _note_;

his march through the wilderness, 87;

difficulties of the advance, _ib._;

the ambuscade, 89;

the battle, 90;

the utter defeat, 91;

Braddock's insane behavior, 92;

his death, _ib._;

the terrible carnage, _ib._;

the disgraceful rout, _ib._;

the unhappy results, 92, 93.

Bradstreet, Colonel John, captures Fort Frontenac, 78, 391;

his expedition against the north-western Indians, 392 _et seq._;

the troops leave Niagara and embark on Lake Erie, 399, 400;

he is shamefully duped by wily Indian foes, 401;

he is reprimanded by General Gage, 402 _note_;

arrives at Sandusky, 403;

his imbecility, 403;

reaches Detroit, 404;

returns to Sandusky, 413.

Brebeuf, Jean de, a Jesuit missionary, his appalling fate, 51.

Bushy Run, severe battle there with the Indians, 319 _et seq._;

the enemy repulsed, 323;

and totally routed, 323;

the losses on both sides, 324.

See _Appendix_ D.

Cadillac, La Motte, founds Detroit, 159.

Cahokia on the Illinois, a French settlement, 57, 120, 459;

described, 499;

Pontiac killed there, 499, 500.

Calhoun, a trader, betrayed by the Indians, but escapes, 280, 281.

Campbell, Lieutenant George, killed with all his command at Niagara,

332 _note_.

Campbell, Captain, commands at Detroit, 137;

discovers an Indian plot, 137, 138;

second in command, 174;

treacherously detained in captivity by Pontiac, 179, 180;

exposed by Indians to the fire of English guns, 195;

cruelly murdered by the Indians, 221, 222.

Canada, a child of the church, 49;

settled under religious impulses, 50;

characteristics of the population, 47, 160;

the fur-trade, 48;

the true interest of the colony neglected, _ib._;

Jesuit missionaries in, 50;

want of energy in the common people, 53, 57;

advantages for intercourse with the Indian tribes, 59;

the colony suffers from the hostility of the Iroquois, 61;

Canada an object of the bitterest hatred to the English colonies,

and why, 79;

surrendered to the English arms, 109;

Canadians excite the Indians to attack the English, 134, 135, 240.

Canadians compared with the people of New England, 47-49;

their false representations of the English colonists, 141;

their character, 160;

unfriendly to the English after the conquest, 134, 135, 240.

Cannibalism of the Indians, 262.

Captives taken in war by the Indians, their treatment, 28, 61, 180

_note_, 445-448, 466 _note_;

sometimes they prefer to remain with the Indians, 446.

Carlisle, Pa., a frontier town in 1760, 279;

panic among the inhabitants, 311;

deplorable scenes there, 312;

many leave the place for Lancaster and Philadelphia, 313;

it becomes the outer settlement, 336 _note_.

Carver, Capt. Jonathan, the traveller, 166;

his account of the conspiracy of Pontiac, 166 _note_, 167;

other statements made by him, 236, 237 _note_;

his description of Minavavana, the Ojibwa chief, 264, 265 _note_;

his account of the death of Pontiac, 500 _note_.

_Cayugas_, one of the Five Nations, 20.

See _Iroquois_.

Champlain, Samuel de, attacks the Iroquois, 60;

the baleful consequences, _ib._.

_Cherokees_ attacked by the Iroquois, 74;

remain quiet during the Pontiac war, 356.

_Chippewa_ Indians. See _Ojibwa nation_.

Chouteau, Pierre, one of the first settlers of St. Louis, 463;

surprising changes witnessed by him, _ib._;

the author visits him, _ib._ _note_;

remembers seeing Pontiac, 463 _note_, 498.

Christie, Ensign, defends the fort at Presqu' Isle, 209-211;

surrenders, 212;

escapes and arrives at Detroit, 213;

a further account of the matter, 288 _note_.

Church, Roman Catholic, its zeal for the conversion of the Indians,

46.

Clapham, Colonel, murdered by the Indians, 280 _note_.

Colden, Governor of New York, refuses to have the Moravian Indian

converts brought within his province, 375.

Colonies of France and England, their distinctive traits, 46, 59.

Compton, Henry, bishop of London, advises William Penn to buy land of

the Indians, 69.

Conestoga, a settlement of friendly Indians, 359;

their manner of life, 360;

suspected of hostile practices, _ib._; a massacre there, 361.

See _Appendix_ E.

Conner, Henry, Indian interpreter, his statement respecting Pontiac's

birth, 139 _note_;

his account of the disclosure of the plans of Pontiac, 164-166.

Conference of Indians with Sir William Johnson at Niagara, 395;

they ask forgiveness, 398.

Conspiracy of the Indians against the English after the French war,

131;

its causes, 131;

the English neglect to cultivate their friendship, 133;

disorders of the English fur-trade, 133;

intrusion of settlers on the Indian lands, 133;

the arbitrary conduct of Sir Jeffrey Amherst, 147;

the discontent of the Indians artfully increased by the French,

134;

Indian plot to destroy the English, 137;

a great crisis for the Indian race, 140;

the conspiracy discovered, 165, 166;

treachery of Pontiac, 169-174;

the war begins, 175;

attack on the fort at Detroit, 177, 178;

negotiation, 179;

comes to no good result, 180 _et seq._

Conyngham, Redmond, publishes an account of the massacre at

Conestoga, 361 _note_.

Council of Indians summoned by Pontiac, 151 _et seq._;

appearance of Pontiac, 152;

his speech, 153 _et seq._;

council-house at Onondaga, 21 _note_, 26, 27.

"_Coureurs de bois_," or bush-rangers, 68, 160;

their degradation, _ib._;

and superstition, 68;

excite the Indians against the English, 135.

_Creek_ nation hostile to the English, 356.

Creoles along the Mississippi, their character and modes of life,

459.

Croghan, George, his representations to the Lords of Trade, 387;

they are disregarded, 389;

sent to negotiate with the western Indians, 475;

his convoy seized by the Paxton men, 476, 477;

at Fort Pitt he meets Indians in council, 480;

finds them undecided in their plans, 480;

descends the Ohio, 484;

is attacked by the Kickapoos, 485;

arrives at Vincennes, 485;

meets with Pontiac, who offers the calumet of peace, 486;

proceeds to Detroit, 487;

holds a council there with the Indians, 487-490;

his speech to the Ottawas, 488;

outdoes the Indians in the use of figurative language, 488, 489

_note_;

his complete success, 490.

Crown Point, a French fort erected there, 79;

plan for its reduction, 86;

the plan fails, 93;

another attempt, 99;

the fort evacuated, 100.

Cumberland County, Pa., settled by the Scotch-Irish, 335.

_Cusick_, a Tuscarora Indian, the historian of his tribe, 24, 25

_notes_.

Cuyler, Lieutenant, leaves Niagara with a reinforcement for Detroit,

198;

is attacked by Indians, 199;

fate of his detachment, 200.

D'Abbadie, governor of the French, New Orleans, 472;

gives audience to the messengers of Pontiac, 473;

refuses aid, _ib._; dies, _ib._

_Dahcotah_, their estimated military strength, 265;

their hatred of the Ojibwas, 268;

their interference saves the English garrison at Green Bay, _ib._

Dalzel, Captain, leaves Niagara with a reinforcement for Detroit,

226;

attacked by the Indians, 227;

arrives at Detroit, _ib._;

his night attack on the Indians, 228;

his great bravery, 231;

falls in the action, 232.

Davers, Sir Robert, murdered by Indians, 176;

the transaction erroneously reported, 196.

_Delaware_ tribe of Indians, a brave and generous people, 36;

called also Lenni Lenape, 35;

the parent stem of the Algonquin tribes, _ib._;

subjugated by the Iroquois, 19;

recover their independence, 36;

their treaty with William Perm, 36, 70;

oppressed by his descendants, proprietors of Pennsylvania, 71-74,

84;

driven from their homes, 73;

some of them present at the battle of the Monongahela, 88;

in alliance with the French, 111;

attack the English settlements, 111;

their number estimated, 115;

where located in 1760, 116;

found at present beyond the Mississippi, 36;

incensed against the English, 134;

a Delaware prophet, his wide influence, 136;

the Delawares attack Fort Pitt, 284, 292;

attack a body of British troops at Bushy Run, 319;

are repulsed with great loss, 323;

moral effect of the affair, 326;

their hostile inroads in Pennsylvania, 345;

a party of them brought prisoners to Albany, 356;

their inveterate hostility, 410, 413;

their worthless promises, 414;

they sue for peace, 431-436.

Detroit founded, 159;

description of, 159, 160, 163;

held by a French garrison, 52, 57, 100, 126, 128;

it capitulates to the English, 129, 130;

its population at that time, 159;

character of its inhabitants, 160;

the fortifications, _ib._;

the British garrison in 1760, 163;

plan of Pontiac to seize the fort, 165, 166;

the plot revealed, 166;

See _Appendix_ C.

Pontiac in Detroit, 169 _et seq._;

attack on the fort 170, 171;

distress of the garrison, 185;

Detroit alone of all the frontier posts escapes capture by the

Indians, 204;

the garrison reinforced, 216;

Gladwyn holds a council with the Canadians, 216, 217;

his speech to them, 217;

Indian attempt to burn an armed schooner, 223;

the garrison again reinforced, 227; their numbers, 234;

a supply of provisions collected, 351;

the Ojibwas and other tribes ask for peace, _ib._;

the siege of Detroit abandoned, 353;

moral effect of the failure, 355;

the garrison continue to be harassed by Indian hostility, 404;

arrival of Bradstreet with a large military force, _ib._;

he meets the Indians in council, 405;

his absurd demands, 406;

gives great offence to the Indians, 407.

Devil's Hole, near Niagara, described, 330;

a convoy attacked there by Indians, _ib._;

the fearful issue, 331.

Dieskau, Louis Auguste, Baron, sails from Brest with troops for

Canada, 84;

his defeat at Lake George, 94-95;

wounded dangerously, but not mortally, 95, 96 _note_.

Dinwiddie, Robert, Lieutenant-Governor of Virginia, remonstrates

against French encroachment, 80.

_Dionondadies_, or Tobacco Nation, 30.

Dogs, proposal to hunt the Indians with them, 304;

the plan given in detail, 305 _note_.

Easton, Pa., peace there made with the Indians, 111.

Ecuyer, Captain Simeon, commander at Fort Pitt, 279;

his letters to Colonel Bouquet quoted, 279, 280 _note_, 282, 284,

293;

his answer to the proposal to surrender, 285;

his answer to a similar and subsequent demand, 292;

his precautions for the safety of the fort, 295 _note_;

his gallant conduct, 294;

his discontent at the service, 390.

Elder, John, pastor at Paxton, Pa., his creditable military career,

343;

his report to Governor Perm, 343 _note_;

his character, 360;

preaches to armed men, _ib._;

endeavors to divert the Paxton men from their murderous design, but

in vain, 363;

his letter to Colonel Burd, 365 _note_.

See _Appendix_ E.

Eliot, Charles, brave action of his, 312.

English colonies, their characteristics as contrasted with those of

France, 46, 47, 48, 59, 64;

neglect to cultivate the friendship of the Indians, 65, 131;

plan for a union of these colonies, 83;

its failure, and the reason why, 84;

English colonies, their exposure to Indian hostility, in 1760, 147;

how far they extended at that time, 277.

English treatment of the Indians, 65, 131, 140, 147;

English parsimony towards them, 131.

See _Appendix_ B.

English fur-trade badly conducted, 133;

profligacy of the traders, _ib._;

treatment of the Indians by the soldiers in garrison, _ib._

_Eries_, Indian tribe, destroyed by the Iroquois, 32.

Etherington, Captain George, commands at Michillimackinac, 246;

is warned of danger, _ib._;

his disregard of the warning, _ib._;

his extreme carelessness, 250;

the massacre of his men, 251;

he is taken by the Indians, 206, 251;

his letters quoted, 205, 266;

how he passed the night after the massacre, 256, 257;

his complimentary letter to Colonel Bouquet on his promotion, 450.

Fire, torture by, inflicted by Indians, 28, 51, 61, 201 _note_,

290, 303 _note_.

Fisher, Sergeant, murdered by the Indians, 175;

treatment of his body, _ib._

Forbes, General John, drives the French from Fort Du Quesne, 98,

111, 113.

Forest of the West, 114;

routes and modes of travel through it, 117-120;

the scattered Indian and French settlements, 115, 120;

the forest garrisons, 121;

hunters and trappers, 122.

Fort Du Quesne, built by the French, 86;

Braddock's approach to it, 87;

taken by General Forbes, 98, 113;

the fort destroyed and rebuilt, 278;

and the name changed to Fort Pitt, 118.

Fort Le B[oe]uf, taken by the Indians after a gallant defence, 287,

288.

Fort Ligonier, 279;

attacked by Indians, 283, 308, 309;

the fort is reinforced and holds out to the end, 316.

Fort Miami taken by the Indians, 207.

Fort Pitt, originally Fort Du Quesne, 118, 126;

its commanding position, 278;

built on the ruins of the old fort, 278;

two roads from it to the English settlements, 278;

exposed to danger from the Indians, 279, 285;

strength of the garrison, 284;

attacked by Indians, 285;

the Indians frightened and withdraw, 286;

the surrender of the fort twice demanded, 286, 292;

a vigorous attack by the Indians, 294;

the attack ineffectual, 295;

the fort reinforced and secured from further danger, 324, 325;

brief history of the siege by one of the garrison, 325 _note_.

Franklin, Benjamin, his account of the murder of Indians in Lancaster

jail, 364 _note_;

his energetic conduct in providing for the defence of Philadelphia,

377.

Fraser, Lieutenant Alexander, accompanies Croghan in an embassy to

the Indians, 475;

visits the country of the Illinois, 481;

his account of that country, 459 _note_;

is ill-treated and his life in danger, 481;

Pontiac saves his life, 482;

descends the Mississippi and arrives at New Orleans, _ib._

French colonies, their distinctive characteristics, 46 _et seq._;

devotion to the Romish church, 47, 48;

engaged in the fur-trade, 48;

their lack of energy, 53;

have an extended military frontier, 48, 56;

French plan to exclude the Anglo-Saxon race from the valley of the

Mississippi, 56;

French expeditions against the Iroquois, 60-62;

French influence among the Indians widely extended, 63, 65;

instances of French inhumanity, 65, 66;

complaisance towards

the savages, 66;

French blood mingles largely with Indian, 67, 163;

the French in the Ohio valley, 74;

obtain an influence over the Iroquois, 74, 75;

and over the Indians on the Ohio, 82;

occupation of Fort Du Quesne, 87;

driven from all their possessions in North America, 109;

French settlements in the Illinois valley, 120;

French policy towards the Indians, 132 _note_.

See _Appendix_ B.

Frontenac, Count, Governor of Canada, aids the enterprises of La

Salle, 55;

his expedition against the Iroquois, 61, 62;

cultivates the friendship of other Indians, 66;

burns alive an Iroquois prisoner, _ib._

Frontier of Virginia, 333;

of Pennsylvania, 334;

the frontiersman described, 333, 334.

Frontiers of the English provinces, 277;

how guarded, 277;

ravaged by the Indians, 296;

sufferings of the settlers, 306;

difficulties of communication between the outposts and the settled

country, 309;

the frontiers desolated, 335 _et seq._;

consternation of the settlers, 336;

fearful scenes enacted, 337 _et seq._;

general distress, 342;

the number slain or captivated during four months, 357;

the frontier people make loud complaints of neglect, 357;

their resentment against the Quakers, _ib._;

their intense hatred of the Indians, 358.

See _Appendix_ E.

Fur-trade as carried on from Canada, 48, 59, 63;

from the English colonies, 63, 68;

the _coureurs de bois_, renegades from civilization, 68;

fur-trade, mode of operation, 118;

equipment and character of the fur-trader, 119, 122;

difficulties, hardships, and dangers of the way, 119, 120;

the call for energy and courage, 121;

character and habits of the existing trapper and hunter in the far

west, 121, 122;

the white savage compared with the red, 121;

fur-trade as conducted by the English; its great faults, 133;

bad character of the English traders, 133;

French fur-traders inflame the resentment of the Indians, 134, 240.

Gage, General Thomas, present at Braddock's defeat, 89;

receives a severe wound, 91;

his singular testimony concerning Pontiac, 191;

succeeds Amherst as commander-in-chief, 348;

sends a body of troops to Philadelphia, to protect it against the

Paxton rioters, 376.

Galissonniere, Count, his plan of French colonization, 57.

Gallatin, Albert, quoted, 18, 32, 33.

Gates, General Horatio, present at Braddock's defeat, 89;

severely wounded, 91.

Gladwyn, Major, commands at Detroit, 143, 157;

the hostile plans of Pontiac disclosed to him, 165;

his precautions, 167;

scene between him and Pontiac, 170, 171;

his letters to General Amherst, 172 _note_, 187 _note_;

suffers Pontiac to escape, 171, 172, 174;

refuses to abandon the fort, 184;

Pontiac in vain endeavors to terrify him, 216;

Gladwyn holds a council with the Canadians, 217-220;

his speech to them, 217;

obtains a supply of provisions, 351;

proposes to exterminate the Indians by a free sale of RUM, 352, 353

_note_.

Gladwyn, schooner, on her return to Detroit from Niagara, is attacked

by Indians, 235, 236;

gallant defence by the crew, 235;

saved by a desperate expedient, 236.

Glendenning, Archibald, killed by the Indians, 337;

masculine spirit of his wife, 338.

Gnadenhutten, Pa., a Moravian missionary station, destroyed, 367.

Goddard, an English fur-trader, 244.

Godefroy, a Canadian, summons Fort Miami to surrender, 208;

goes to Illinois as interpreter to an English embassy, 408;

saves Morris's life, 409;

stands firmly by his captain, 410-413.

Gordon, Lieutenant, commander at Fort Venango, 289;

tortured to death by the Indians, 290;

roasted alive during several nights, 303 _note_.

Gorell, Lieutenant J., extracts from his journal, 118;

commands at Green Bay, 265;

his important duties, _ib._;

his prudent conduct, 266;

his speech to the Menomonies, 266, 267;

embarks with his garrison, 268;

arrives at Montreal, 268.

Goshen, N. Y., false alarm there; its singular cause, 329.

Gouin, ----, a Canadian, cautions Gladwyn, 165;

endeavors the security of British officers, 179;

his account of transactions near Detroit, _Appendix_ C., 201

_note_.

Grant, Mrs. Anne, her erroneous account of the murder of Sir Robert

Davers, 196 _note_.

Grant, Captain, in the disastrous affair at Bloody Bridge, 229, 230,

233.

Gray, Captain, falls in the fight at Bloody Bridge, 232.

Gray, a soldier at Presqu' Isle, 286;

escapes massacre, 287.

Gray, Thomas, his "Elegy in a Country Church-Yard," repeated by

Wolfe, the night before his death, 104.

Green, Thomas, a trader, slain by the Indians, 281 _note_.

Green Bay, a French settlement, 52, 57;

taken possession of by the English, 130;

its early history, 239;

an important post, 265;

abandoned by its commander, but its garrison preserved 267, 268.

Greenbrier, Va., attack on, 337.

"Griffin," the first vessel built on the upper lakes, 54;

her voyage on Lakes Erie and Huron, _ib._

Heckewelder, John, Moravian missionary, relates a curious story of

the superstitious regard of Indians for insane persons, 283.

Hendrick, the Mohawk chief, slain at the battle of Lake George, 94.

Henry, Alexander, pioneer of the English fur-trade in the extreme

North-west, 241;

his adventures, 241;

his interview with an Ojibwa chief, 241-243;

attacked by a party of Ottawas, 244;

an Ojibwa chief takes a liking to him, 246;

and warns him of danger, 247;

escapes the massacre at Michillimackinac, 252;

his account quoted, 251-255;

his extreme danger, 253;

his life spared, and the manner thereof, 252 _et seq._;

his further adventures, 256-258, 263;

painted and attired like an Indian, 264;

extract from Henry's Travels, 395, 396;

he is delivered from captivity and brought safely to Niagara, 400.

_Hodenosaunee_, the Indian name for the Five Nations, 19.

Holmes, Ensign, commander of Fort Miami, discovers a plot of the

Indians against the English, 143;

the fort is taken, and he is killed by the Indians, 207.

Hopkins, Mr., of Wyoming, escapes the massacre there, 347, 348.

Howe, Lord, killed at Ticonderoga, 98.

Hughes, John, of Lancaster, Pa., details of his plan to hunt the

Indians with dogs, 305 _note_.

_Hurons_ or _Wyandots_, their population, 30;

had characteristics in common with the Iroquois, 31;

their utter ruin and dispersion, 32;

present at Braddock's defeat, 88;

their population estimated, 115;

their energy, 117;

a conquered people, 114.

Iberville, Lemoine d', founds the colony of Louisiana, 56.

_Illinois_ nation of Indians, 37;

tribes of which that nation was composed, 501 _note_.

Illinois River, the region described, 452 _et seq._;

its early colonization, 456-458;

character of the first settlers, 458;

the population, its numbers and location, 459;

the Indians of that country, 460, 461;

the English take possession of Fort Chartres, and of the Illinois

country, 471, 491.

Insanity, persons laboring under it, superstitious regard of Indians

for, 283.

Indian summer described, 353, 354.

Indians, their general character, 15;

all live by the chase, _ib._;

their pride and self-consciousness, 15;

they cannot endure restraint, _ib._;

influence of the sachems, what, _ib._;

distinction between the civil and military authority, _ib._;

the Indian inflexibly adheres to ancient usages, 17;

division into clans, _ib._;

the _totems_, or symbols of the clans, _ib._;

peculiar character of the clan, _ib._;

its privileges, 18;

division of the Indian population into three great families, _ib._;

their dwellings and works of defence, 25;

their mode of life, 27;

their legendary lore, 40;

and religious belief, 41;

the unity of God unknown to them, 42;

the Indian character often mistaken, _ib._;

the Indian strangely self-contradictory, _ib._;

his character summed up, 43-45;

treatment of Indians by the French, 64-67;

by the English, 63;

by William Penn, 69;

by his sons, 71;

by the Quakers, 70, 71;

attitude of the Indian tribes towards the English in 1755, 78;

their alarm at the appearance of the French on the waters of the

Ohio, 82;

the French conciliate them, 83;

effect on them of Braddock's defeat, 92;

attached to the French interest, 114;

estimate of the Indian population in 1760 in the present territory

of the United States, 115;

striking instance of Indian acuteness, 123 _note_;

their feelings at the surrender of Detroit, 129;

intense hatred of the English takes possession of the Indians, 131;

its manifestations, _ib._;

treatment of the Indians by the English, 131, 132 _note_, 141;

plot formed for the destruction of the English, 137, 138;

their imperfect preparation for the war, 145;

defects of their social system, _ib._;

without any central authority, _ib._;

their chiefs had no power but of advice and persuasion, 146;

Indians will not submit to restraint or discipline, _ib._;

they are capricious and unstable, _ib._;

often desert their leaders, 146;

they are formidable in small detached parties only, _ib._;

they are fond of war and ready to engage in it, _ib._;

they never fight but when sure to win, 147;

alert and active, crafty and treacherous, they cause wide-spread

havoc, but carefully avoid collision with a foe, _ib._;

Indians prone to quarrel, 151;

Indian council, 151 _et seq._;

war-dance, 176;

Indian attack on Detroit, 177 _et seq._;

idea of military honor, 184;

courage, 185;

sad effect of whiskey, 200;

Indians fight from ambush, 198;

Indian barbarity.

See _Barbarity, Indian_.

Indians attempt to destroy an armed schooner, 223;

their prolonged blockade of Detroit, 224;

a curious instance of Indian friendship, 246;

Indian ball-play, 250;

fearful massacre by Indians at Michillimackinac, 251 _et seq._;

cannibalism, 262;

revulsion of feeling, 262, 264;

Indian faithlessness, 147, 250, 281, 282;

Indians fight in ambuscade, 330, 344;

cannot stand before border riflemen, 344;

great conference of Indians at Niagara, 395 _et seq._;

veneration of Indians for the rattlesnake, 395 _note_;

to some white people Indian life has charms, 446;

Indians of the Illinois, 460;

council of Indians meet Sir William Johnson at Johnson Hall, 327;

again at Niagara, 395;

council at Detroit, 487-490;

Indians are pleased when white men adopt their figurative language,

489 _note_.

_Iroquois_, or Five Nations, afterwards Six Nations, 19;

the term often applied to the entire family of which they were a

part, _ib._;

their extended conquests, _ib._

See _Appendix_ A.

Causes of their success, 20;

tribal organization, _ib._;

their manner of conducting public business, 21;

divided into eight clans, _ib._;

great power of this system, _ib._;

descent of the sachemship in the female line, 22;

extensive prevalence of this custom, _ib._ _note_;

origin of the Iroquois, 23;

Indian tradition concerning it, 23, 24;

their fantastic legends, 24, 25;

rude state of the arts among them, 25;

their agriculture, _ib._;

their fortifications and strongholds, _ib._;

their dwellings, 26;

their life of excitement, 27;

preparation for war, 28;

return from war, _ib._;

fiendish cruelty, _ib._;

their boundless pride, 29;

military strength, _ib._;

destroy the Hurons, 31;

and several other Indian nations, _ib._;

their cruel treatment of captives, 32;

their licentiousness, 33;

their god of thunder, 41;

attack made on them by Champlain, 60;

they become the irreconcilable foes of the French colonies, _ib._;

their attack on Montreal, 61;

their extreme ferocity, _ib._;

expedition of Frontenac against them, 61, 62;

their rancor abates, 62;

irritated against the English and why, 74;

influence over them gained by Sir William Johnson, 76.

See _Appendix_ A.

They assume to dispose of lands in Pennsylvania, 72, 83;

treaty of alliance with them, 84;

they induce the Delawares to make peace with the English, 111;

flock to the British standard, 114;

estimate of their numbers, 115;

what their approach to civilization, 116;

meet Sir William Johnson in council, and are restrained by him from

war against the English, 327;

the Senecas already at war with them, 137, 142, 290, 296, 327;

the Iroquois send a message to the Delawares, exhorting them to

bury the hatchet, 328;

a war-party of the Iroquois goes out to fight the Delawares, 356;

their success, _ib._

Jacobs, mate of schooner Gladwyn, orders the vessel blown up, 235;

lost in a storm, 236 _note_.

Jamet, Lieutenant, at Michillimackinac slain by the Indians, 251,

266.

Jenkins, Lieutenant Edward, taken prisoner by the Indians, 206;

his letter, 207 _note_.

Jesuit missionaries in Canada, 50 _et seq._;

their religious zeal and enterprise, 51;

their sufferings, 52;

slender results, _ib._;

lead the van of French colonization, _ib._;

the firm auxiliaries of French power, _ib._

Jogues, Isaac, a Jesuit missionary, a captive among the Iroquois,

51;

tortured by them, _ib._;

his death, _ib._

Johnson, Sir William, settles on the Mohawk River, 76;

trades with the Indians, _ib._;

acquires great influence over them, _ib._

See _Appendix_ A.

Becomes a major-general and a baronet, 76;

repeatedly defeats the French, 77, 93-96, 100;

his death, 77;

his good and bad qualities, _ib._;

his noble figure, 493;

his estimate of the Indian population, 115;

his annoyance from Indians, 118 _note_;

his statement of the French policy toward the Indians and its

results, 132 _note_;

his letters quoted, 65 _note_, 328 _note_;

his influence keeps the Indians around him quiet, 296;

convokes a council of the Six Nations and persuades them not to

attack the English, 327;

arms his tenantry, 329;

their numbers, 328 _note_;

offers fifty dollars each for the heads of two noted Delaware

chiefs, 355;

sends messengers to the north-western tribes, 392;

meets a conference of Indians at Niagara, 395 _note_;

his interview with Pontiac at Oswego, 492 _et seq._;

his address, 494;

his indecision at the outbreak of the Revolution, 77;

his death, _ib._

Johnston, Captain, cut off with nearly all his men, 331, 332 _note_.

Jonois, a Jesuit priest, 205;

commended for humanity, 206, 256, 257, 259;

visits Detroit, 205, 259.

Kaskaskia, a French settlement, 57, 120.

Kickapoos attack George Croghan, 484, 485.

L'Arbre Croche, a settlement of the Ottawa Indians, 244, 258, 259,

268.

La Butte, interpreter to Major Gladwyn at Detroit, 171;

goes with a message to Pontiac, 178;

his fidelity suspected, 182;

Major Gladwyn confides in him, 187 _note_.

Laclede, Pierre, the founder of St. Louis, 463.

Lake George, called Lac St. Sacrement, 97;

battle of, 93-96;

the lake described, 97;

the scene of active warfare, _ib._

Lallemant, Gabriel, missionary among the Hurons, tortured with fire,

51;

his lingering death, _ib._

Lancaster, Pa., jail, Indians lodged there for safety, 362;

the jail broken open and the Indians killed, 363, 364;

an account of the affair by Franklin, 364 _note_.

Langlade, Charles, a resident at Mackinaw 251;

a witness of the massacre and careless about it, 252, 253;

kindness of his wife, 254;

he surrenders Mr. Henry to his pursuers, 255;

saves Henry's life, 256;

his heartlessness, 257;

he and his father the first white settlers in Wisconsin, 251

_note_.

La Salle, Robert Cavelier de, his great design, 53;

his character, 54;

builds his first vessel on the upper lakes, _ib._;

his voyage on Lakes Erie and Michigan, _ib._;

penetrates the region of the Illinois, 55;

his difficulties and embarrassments, _ib._;

descends the Mississippi, _ib._;

reaches its mouth, and takes possession of the whole immense valley

for Louis XIV, 56;

ruin of his final expedition, _ib._;

his death, _ib._;

a further account of him, 456, 457.

La Verandrye attempts to reach the Rocky Mountains, 63;

penetrates to the Assinniboin River, _ib._

Legends of the Iroquois, their monstrous character, 24, 25, 40;

of the Algonquins, 41, 42.

_Lenni Lenape_, see _Delawares_.

Leslie, Lieutenant, at Michillimackinac, 250;

taken by the Indians, 251, 268.

Loftus, Major, his abortive attempt to ascend the Mississippi, 469,

470.

Loskiel, Moravian missionary, quoted, 282.

Louisiana colonized, 56.

Macdonald, James, of Detroit, his account of the detention of two

British officers, 181 _note_;

his account of the death of Capt. Campbell, 222 _note_.

McDougal, Lieutenant, of Detroit, visits the Indian camp and is

treacherously seized, 179;

the McDougal MSS. quoted, 189;

escapes, 222.

McGregory, Major, attempts the fur-trade, but fails, 63.

Meloche, at his house two British officers are confined, 181, 187;

further notice of the house, 230.

_Menomonies_, their location, 265;

friends of the English in Pontiac's war, 268.

_Miami_ nation of Indians, 37;

friendly to the English, 78;

retained their ancient character, 117.

Miami fort. See _Fort Miami_.

Michillimackinac, a French settlement and fort, 52, 57;

taken possession of by the English, 130;

captured by the Indians, 205;

the approach to it described, 238;

description of the place itself, 239, 249, 263;

import of the name, 239;

tradition concerning the name, 263 _note_;

early history of the place, 239;

its population in 1763, _ib._;

Indian tribes in the vicinity, 240;

they join in the conspiracy of Pontiac, 245;

strength of the garrison at the time, 245;

warnings of danger, 246;

the evening before the massacre, 247;

the morning of the massacre, ball-play, 249;

the massacre, 251;

shocking scenes, 252;

followed by an Indian debauch, 256;

the Indians leave the place, 264.

See _Appendix_ C.

Military honor, Indian idea of it, 146, 184.

Minavavana, the great Ojibwa chief, called also the Grand Sauteur,

241;

his interview with Alexander Henry, 241-243;

his character and influence, 245;

leads the attack on Michillimackinac, 259;

his speech to the Ottawas, _ib._;

releases Mr. Henry, 261;

description of him from Carver's Travels, 264 _note_;

comes to Detroit to ask for peace, 487.

Missionary labors among the Indians by the Jesuits, 50 _et seq._,

64;

by the English, 64.

_Mohawks_, attack the Penobscot Indians, 19 _note_.

"Mohog all devil!" 19 _note_.

Mongrel population, French and Indian, 68, 163.

Monkton, General, reduces Acadia, 92;

commands under Wolfe in the expedition against Quebec, 103;

in command at Fort Pitt, 126.

Monongahela River, passage of by Braddock's army, 87, 89;

Battle of, 90-92.

Montcalm (Louis Joseph de St. Veran), Marquis of, takes Oswego, 97;

captures Fort William Henry, _ib._;

repels the attack of General Abercrombie on Ticonderoga, 98, 99;

commands the army in opposition to Wolfe, 101;

his defeat and death, 109.

Montour, Captain, makes a successful inroad upon the Indians, 356.

Montreal, attack on it by the Iroquois, 61;

surrenders to the English forces, 110.

Moravian missions in Pennsylvania, 367;

the converts involved in danger from both the French and the

English, _ib._;

murder of some of them, 368;

the mission broken up and the converts removed to Philadelphia,

369;

sent thence to New York, 374, 375;

insulted by the mob, 369;

not allowed to enter New York or to stay in New Jersey, 375;

brought back to Philadelphia, 376;

remain there a whole year, 385.

Morris, Captain, goes on an embassy to the Illinois country, 407;

his interview with Pontiac, 408;

holds a council with the Indians, 409;

encounters a band of savage warriors, 410;

he is a captive among the Indians, 411;

expects to be tortured, 412;

is released, _ib._;

abandons his mission and returns to Detroit, 413;

reference to his published journals, _ib._;

returns home, meeting with disaster on the way, 415, 416.

_Neutral Nation_, why so named, 30;

their destruction by the Iroquois, 31.

New England, population contrasted with that of Canada, 47 _et

seq._;

their energy and patient industry, 48;

did not obtain Indian lands but by purchase, 70 _note_.

New York, Province of, suffers from Indian hostilities, 328.

Niagara, French fort there, 46, 57, 62;

attack on it by the English, 77;

failure of the attack, 92;

another attempt, 99;

the fort surrenders, 100;

great conference of Indians there, 395 _et seq._

Ohio River, no Indians dwelt on its banks, 120.

Ohio Company, formed, and for what purpose, 80.

Ohio Valley, proposal to secure it for the English, 80;

French settlements there, 57;

further encroachments, 74, 80 _et seq._;

alarm of the Indians of that vicinity, 82;

Ohio Indians at war with the English, 111;

estimate of their numbers, 115;

the Ohio valley described as it was in 1760, 114 _et seq._;

its population, 114 _et seq._;

routes of travel, 117;

modes of travel, 117-120.

_Ojibwa_ nation of Indians, 38;

check the career of Iroquois conquest, _ib._;

their modes of life, 39;

sufferings in winter, _ib._;

some of them present at the battle of the Monongahela, 88;

join Pontiac in his attack on the English, 177, 186;

notice of their village on Mackinaw, 240;

a party of them described, 241;

interview with Alexander Henry, 241-243;

their slaughter of the English garrison at Michillimackinac, 250

_et seq._;

hated by the Dahcotahs, 267;

the Ojibwas ask for peace, 351;

they consult their oracle, 393;

the answer received, 394;

peace concluded, 399.

_Oneidas_, a tribe united in confederacy with four others, 20.

See _Iroquois_.

Onondaga, council-house at, 21 _note_;

description of it, 26, 27 _note_, 115.

_Onondagas_, a tribe included in the Confederacy of the Five Nations,

20.

See _Iroquois_.

Oswego, an English fort there, 63;

taken by the French, 66, 97, 113.

_Ottawas_, 38;

present at the battle of the Monongahela, 88;

led by Pontiac, _ib._;

their village near Detroit, 163;

their attack on Detroit, 177, 180;

notice of their village near Mackinaw, 240;

a party of them visit Mackinaw and threaten English fur-traders,

244;

take English prisoners from the Ojibwas, 258;

a party of them take possession of Michillimackinac, 258;

collision with the Ojibwas, 258 _et seq._;

they incite the Delawares to war against the English, 285;

the Ottawas refuse to bury the hatchet, 352;

they meet Sir William Johnson at Niagara and make peace, 398;

at Detroit they meet George Croghan for a like purpose, 488.

Ourry, Captain Lewis, commander at Fort Bedford, 306;

his slender force, 306, 307;

his correspondence with Col. Bouquet, _ib._

Owens, David, diabolically kills and scalps his own Indian wife and

several of her relations, 419, 422.

Paully, Ensign, a captive to the Indians, 202;

adopted as one of them, 203;

makes his escape, 221.

Paxton, in Pennsylvania, character of its inhabitants, 359;

its worthy minister, John Elder, 360;

a party of men proceed from this place and murder six friendly

Indians, 360 _et seq._;

the survivors of the massacre lodged in Lancaster County jail, 362.

See _Appendix_ E.

The act causes great excitement, 365;

the deed justified from Scripture, 366;

the rioters march on Philadelphia to kill the Moravian converts,

373;

alarm of the citizens, 374, 378;

measures for defence, 377;

treaty with the rioters, 381;

they withdraw, 382;

a party of them make prize of Croghan's goods, 476, 477;

they escape punishment and set the government at defiance, 478.

Pawnee woman saves the life of Alexander Henry, 252;

the Pawnee tribe, 252 _note_.

Penn, William, his treatment of the Indians, 69;

pays twice for his lands, 70 _note_;

his sons pursue a contrary policy, 70.

Pennsylvania, treatment of the Indians in, 69 _et seq._;

the "walking purchase," 71;

shameful conduct of the proprietors, 72, 83;

Pennsylvania wasted by Indian war, 111;

extent of its settlements in 1760, 278;

the province refuses aid to its defenders, 310, 316;

distress of the inhabitants on its frontier, 313;

the frontier described, 334;

origin and character of the inhabitants, _ib._;

the frontier settlers betake themselves to flight before Indian

ravage, 336;

general distress, 342;

measures of defence opposed by the Quakers in the Assembly, 343;

warfare along the Susquehanna, 346 _et seq._;

contests of the Assembly with the proprietary governors, 349;

vigorous measures at length adopted, 376.

Penobscot Indians attacked by the Mohawks, 19 _note_.

Philadelphia, a place of outfit for the Indian trade, 118;

the Moravian converts removed thither, 369;

great alarm felt at the approach of the Paxton boys, 373;

the people called to arms, 377;

extreme excitement, 378;

treaty with the rioters, 381.

See _Appendix_ E.

Picquet, a Jesuit missionary, 52;

engages in military enterprises, 75.

Pittman, Captain, does not ascend the Mississippi, 470, 471.

Pittsburgh (Fort Du Quesne) occupied by the English, 81;

by the French, 87;

its capture by General Forbes, 98.

Pontiac, his origin, 139 _note_;

leads the Ottawas out in the attack on Braddock's force, 88, 139;

his interview with Rogers, 127;

his haughty behavior, 128;

his character, 128, 164, 173;

submits to the English, 127, 128;

his extensive influence among the Indians, 138;

his commanding energy, 139;

a fierce, wily savage, 139, 164, 173;

his great qualities, 139, 192;

his enduring fame, 193;

in alliance with the French, 139;

sends ambassadors to excite the Indians over all the West, 141;

listens to the falsehoods of the Canadians, 141;

resolves on war with the English, _ib._;

the proposal accepted, 142;

he collects a multitude of Indians in a council, 151;

his appearance, 152;

his speech, 153 _et seq._;

allegory told by him, 153-155;

his plan for an attack on Detroit, 156, 157;

performs a calumet dance within its walls, 157;

Pontiac at home, 164;

his plan to seize Detroit, 165, 166;

the plot revealed, 166. See _Appendix_ C.

Pontiac admitted to the fort, 170, 174;

finds that his designs are known, 171;

his treachery, 172, 173;

scene between him and Gladwyn, 171, 172, 173;

Gladwyn permits him to escape, 172, 173;

Pontiac throws off the mask, 174;

the war begins, 175;

Pontiac enraged, 176;

the war-dance, _ib._;

attack on the fort, 177, 178;

his duplicity, 179;

detains two British officers, 181;

threatens to burn Gladwyn alive, 186;

visited by a deputation of Canadians, 187-190;

his speech to them, 188-190;

provides supplies of food for his followers, 190;

issues promissory notes for the payment, 191;

is desirous of learning war from Europeans, _ib._;

General Gage's account of him, 191;

Major Rogers's account, 192;

account of him by William Smith, 192 _note_;

his magnanimity illustrated by anecdotes, 193, 194;

number of his followers, 203;

tries to terrify Gladwyn into a surrender, 216;

sends messengers to the Indians of Mackinaw, 245, 263;

his long-cherished hopes of assistance from France come to an end,

352;

his message to Gladwyn announcing this result, 352;

abandons the siege of Detroit, 353;

his interview with Captain Morris on the Maumee River, 408, 409;

his hopes crushed, but his spirit whole, 465;

goes to the Illinois country, _ib._;

is aided by the French settlers there, 466;

they deceive him with hopes of aid from France, 466;

Neyon, the French commandant, discourages him, 467;

rouses the tribes of the Illinois to war, 468;

sends messengers, with similar intent, to the Indians in Southern

Louisiana, 471;

and to New Orleans, 472;

they return without success, 474;

Pontiac saves the life of Lieutenant Fraser, 481;

seizes a cargo of English goods, 483;

his followers forsake him, and he finds that all is lost, 483;

offers the English envoy, Croghan, the calumet of peace, 486;

his speech to the Indian tribes assembled at Detroit, 489;

meets Sir William Johnson at Oswego, 493;

promises a full compliance with the English demands, 496;

still supposed to cherish thoughts of vengeance, 497;

visits St. Louis, 498;

appears in French uniform, _ib._;

his assassination at Cahokia, 499, 500;

buried near St. Louis, 500;

his death avenged, 501.

See _Appendix_ B. and C.

Post, Christian Frederic, a Moravian missionary, visits the Ohio

Indians to detach them from the French interest, 112;

extracts from his journal, 112 _note_;

succeeds in his errand, 113.

Pothier, a Jesuit priest, endeavors to restrain the Wyandots from

hostilities, 183.

_Pottawattamies_, kindred of the Ojibwas, 38;

located near Detroit, 129, 163;

and near the head of Lake Michigan, 204.

Presbyterians of Pennsylvania, their stiffness of character, 335;

hated by the Quakers, 366;

the Quakers hated by them, 377;

mutual recrimination, 384.

See _Appendix_ E.

Presqu' Isle, on Lake Erie, fortified by the French, 80, 121;

occupied by the English, 126;

taken by the Indians, 208;

a false report respecting the capture, 286.

Price, Ensign George, commander at Fort Le B[oe]uf, 287;

his gallant but unavailing defence, 288, 289;

arrives at Fort Pitt, 287, 290.

Prideaux, General, killed at Niagara, 100.

Prophet, among the Delawares: his wide influence, 136;

excites the Indians to war, _ib._;

exhorts them to bury the hatchet, 480.

Quakers of Pennsylvania: their treatment of the Indians, 69;

anticipated in their policy by the Puritans of New England, 70;

their love of the Indians runs to dangerous extremes, 71;

persuade the Indians to cease their hostilities, 111;

Quaker assemblymen oppose measures of defence, and justify the

Indians in their raids on the settlements, 343, 348;

their own security due to their remoteness from the scene of

danger, 348;

the Quakers alarmed at the approach of the Paxton men, 373;

their dilemma, 373;

they concur in measures for the defence of Philadelphia, 377;

and thus abandon their favorite principle.

Quaker principles no security from the tomahawk, 348 _note_.

Quebec, strongly fortified, 100;

surrenders to the English, 109.

Rangers, description of this species of force, 124;

their services, 124;

their reputation, _ib._;

a body of them under Rogers sent to take possession of the western

posts, 126.

Rattlesnake superstitiously venerated by the Indians, 395 _note_, 456

_note_.

Robertson, Captain, murdered by Indians, 176.

Rogers, Major Robert, commander of the Rangers, 124;

described, 124;

wanting in correct moral principle, 125;

tried for meditated treason, _ib._;

his miserable end, _ib._;

his published works, 125, 126 _note_.

See _Appendix_ B.

Sent to take possession of the Western posts, 126;

passes up Lakes Ontario and Erie, _ib._;

his interview with Pontiac, 127;

his statements respecting the detention of two British officers,

181, 182 _note_;

his account of Pontiac, 192;

Rogers and Pontiac, 193;

comes to Detroit with a reinforcement, 227;

engaged in the fight at Bloody Bridge, 231, 232, 233.

"Royal Americans," a regiment so denominated, 298;

of what material composed, _ib._

Rum: a proposal to exterminate the Indians by the free sale of this

article, 353 _note_.

Sacs and Foxes, their location, 265;

defeated by the French near Detroit, 189 _note_;

a party of Sacs visit Michillimackinac, 249.

Sandusky, fort, captured by the Indians, 203.

Sault Ste. Marie, a military post, 239;

abandoned by the English, 265.

Schlosser, Ensign, taken prisoner by Indians, 204, 205.

School children, with their master, murdered and scalped by the

Indians, 338, 339.

Schoolcraft, Henry R., quoted, 17, 22, 24, 164, 166.

Scotch-Irish in Pennsylvania, 335;

their peculiarities, _ib._

Seneca Indians join in the plot against the English, 137, 142;

a party of them take and destroy Venango, 290, 296;

destroy a convoy at the Devil's Hole, 331;

make peace with the English, 397.

See _Iroquois_.

_Shawanoes_, scattered widely after their defeat by the Iroquois,

37;

driven again from their homes, 74;

carry on hostilities against the English, 111;

their number estimated, 115;

their villages, 117;

Colonel Bouquet compels them to sue for peace, 436.

Shippen, Edward, a magistrate of Lancaster, gives to Governor Bain an

account of the massacre in Lancaster jail, 364 _note_.

See _Appendix_ E.

Shippensburg, Pa., crowded with fugitives from the frontiers, 316

_note_.

Small-pox, proposal to infect the Indians with it, 304, 305;

this disease found to exist among them, 304 _note_.

Smith, James, commands a body of border riflemen, 345;

adopts the Indian costume and tactics, _ib._;

a further account of him, 345 _note_;

heads a predatory expedition of Paxton men, 476;

his narration of the affair, 478 _note_.

Smith, Matthew, a leader among the Paxton men, 360;

conducts a party of men against the Indians at Conestoga, 361;

the massacre, 361;

Smith's narration of the affair, 361 _note_;

he threatens to fire on his minister's horse if not allowed to

pass, 363;

leads in the massacre of Indians in Lancaster jail, _ib._;

conducts an armed rabble to Philadelphia, with a purpose to kill

the Moravian Indians, 372;

proceeds to Germantown, and there halts, 379;

treaty with the rioters, 381.

See _Appendix_ E., pp. 543-547.

Smith, William, of New York, his account of Pontiac, 192 _note_.

Smollett's history of England, quoted in reference to the "Royal

Americans," 297 _note_.

Solomons, an English fur-trader, 244.

Spangenburg, a Moravian bishop, attends the great Iroquois council at

Onondaga, 21 _note_;

his account of it, _ib._

St. Ange de Bellerive, commander of the French fort Chartres, 464;

keeps the Indians quiet, _ib._;

has a visit from Pontiac, 468;

to whom he refuses aid, 468, 482.

St. Aubin, a Canadian, 165;

his account of the siege of Detroit, _Appendix_ C.

St. Ignace, mission of, 240.

St. Joseph River, a French fort there, 54, 57;

taken possession of by the English, 130;

the fort captured by Indians, 204.

St. Louis founded by Laclede, 463;

surprising changes there in the memory of the living, 463.

St. Pierre, Legardeur de, French commandant on the waters of the

Ohio, 81.

Stedman, conductor of a convoy, escapes from the Indians, 330.

Stewart, Lazarus, a leader of the Paxton men, 362;

apprehended on a charge of murder, 366;

escapes to Wyoming, _ib._;

issues a "declaration," _ib._;

the document quoted, 357 _note_;

favorable character of him given by Rev. John Elder, 365 _note_.

Superstitious regard of Indians for insane persons illustrated by a

curious story, 283;

superstitious regard for rattlesnakes, 395 _note_, 456 _note_.

Susquehanna River, its banks a scene of Indian warfare, 345 _et seq._

Thunder, god of, 41.

Ticonderoga, its position, 97;

repulse of the English there, 98, 99;

taken by General Amherst, 100.

_Totems_, emblems of clans, 17, 18, 21;

their influence, 21.

Tracy, a fur-trader, at Mackinaw, 251.

Traders among the Indians, their bad character, 63;

many of them killed, 281, 282;

treacherous conduct of the Indians towards them, 283.

Treacherous conduct of Indians, 146, 250, 281, 283, 288.

Treatment of captives taken in war, 28, 61, 180 _note_.

Treatment of Indians by the French, 64-67;

by the English, 64, 131, 132 _note_, 141;

by William Penn, 69;

by his sons, 70, 71;

by the Quakers, 69, 70;

by the New England people, 70.

Treaty of 1763, its probable effect on the Indians had it been made

sooner, 147, 148.

Trent, Captain, occupies the site of Pittsburg, 81;

obliged to leave it, 82.

Tribute exacted by the Iroquois, what, 19 _note_.

_Tuscaroras_, a later member of the _Iroquois_ confederacy, 20;

removal from North Carolina, 33.

Union of the colonies proposed, 83.

Union of the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers, 452.

Venango, on the Alleghany River, 278;

destroyed by the Indians and the garrison slaughtered, 290;

the remains visible many years after, 291 _note_.

Vincennes, a French settlement, 120, 278.

Virginia troops, their good conduct at the time of Braddock's defeat,

91;

Virginia wasted by Indian war, 111;

character of the settlers of Western Virginia, 333;

extent of settlement, 334;

ravages of the Indians, 337, 338;

energetic measures taken to protect the settlers, 344.

"Walking Purchase," the, a fraudulent transaction, 71;

its consequences, 72.

Walpole, Horace, his low opinion of General Braddock, 86.

Wampum, of what made, 141 _note_;

its uses, 142 _note_;

what the spurning of it denotes, 113 _note_;

used in making a treaty, 401 _note_;

black wampum and its use, 473.

_Wapocomoguth_, an Ojibwa chief, visits Detroit with proposals of

peace, 351.

War, Indian appetite for it, 146;

their mode of preparation for it, 27;

wars of the Iroquois with other Indians, 31-33;

with the French, 61, 62;

war of 1755, 84-110;

of the Indians of Ohio against the English, 111;

war-parties of Indians, how formed, 145;

Indian wars, how conducted, 146, 147;

preparation for war, how made, 148-150;

the war-feast, 149;

prognostics of the war, 159;

the war dance, 176;

the war instigated by Pontiac begins, 177;

end of the war, its distresses, 496.

War of 1755, its beginning, 84;

its peculiar character, 85;

plan formed for 1755 by the English ministry, 86;

plan for 1759, 99.

Washington, George, sent to remonstrate against French encroachment,

80;

his interview with the French commandant on the waters of the Ohio,

81;

surprises and captures a party of French on the Monongahela, 82;

sustains the attack of a superior force of French and Indians,

_ib._;

his calm behavior at the time of Braddock's defeat, 89.

_Wawatam_, an Ojibwa chief, his singular friendship for Alexander

Henry, 246;

warns Henry of danger, 247;

the warning disregarded, _ib._;

procures the release of Henry from those who had him in their

power, 260, 261;

again preserves the life of Henry, 264.

Webb, General, his dastardly conduct, 113.

Wilderness of the West described, 114;

its vastness, its small and scattered Indian population, 115;

estimate of the number, _ib._;

hunters and trappers, their character and habits, 122, 123.

Wilkins, Major, commands at Niagara, 331;

conducts an expedition against the Indians, 332;

meets with disaster, _ib._;

the failure of the expedition announced at Detroit, 353.

William Henry, Fort, its position, 97;

taken by Montcalm, 97;

massacre there, 66, 97.

Williams, Colonel Ephraim, slain at the battle of Lake George, 94.

Williamson, an English trader, procures the assassination of Pontiac,

499, 500.

_Winnebagoes_, their location, 265.

Winston, Richard, trader at St. Joseph's, his curious letter, 205

_note_.

Wisconsin, first white settlers in it, 252 _note_.

Wolfe, General James, arrives before Quebec, 100;

his character, 101;

difficulties of his situation, 101, 102;

repeats Gray's "Elegy," 104;

occupies the Plains of Abraham, 106;

the battle, 107, 108;

death of Wolfe in the arms of victory, 109.

Wyandots, or Hurons, where situated, 30;

their early prosperity, 31;

fiercely attacked and slaughtered by the Iroquois, 31;

a fugitive remnant left, 31, 38;

their energy of character, 33, 117;

their steadiness in fight, 33, 34;

their village near Detroit, 129, 163;

they join in the conspiracy of Pontiac, 142;

some of them do this under coercion, 183;

a body of them surprise Cuyler's detachment, 200;

a party of them capture Fort Sandusky, 202.

Wyoming Valley, settled from Connecticut, 347, 366;

massacre of the settlers, 347.

FOOTNOTES:

[Footnote 1: Many Indian tribes bear names which in their dialect signify

_men_, indicating that the character belongs, _par excellence_, to them.

Sometimes the word was used by itself, and sometimes an adjective was

joined with it, as _original men, men surpassing all others_.]

[Footnote 2: The dread of female infidelity has been assigned, and with

probable truth, as the origin of this custom. The sons of a chief's sister

must necessarily be his kindred; though his own reputed son may be, in

fact, the offspring of another.]

[Footnote 3: Schoolcraft, _Oneota_, 172.

The extraordinary figures intended to represent tortoises, deer, snakes,

and other animals, which are often seen appended to Indian treaties, are

the totems of the chiefs, who employ these devices of their respective

clans as their sign manual. The device of his clan is also sometimes

tattooed on the body of the warrior.

The word _tribe_ might, perhaps, have been employed with as much propriety

as that of _clan_, to indicate the totemic division; but as the former is

constantly employed to represent the local or political divisions of the

Indian race, hopeless confusion would arise from using it in a double

capacity.]

[Footnote 4: For an ample view of these divisions, see the _Synopsis_ of

Mr. Gallatin, _Trans. Am. Ant. Soc._ II.]

[Footnote 5: It appears from several passages in the writings of Adair,

Hawkins, and others, that the totem prevailed among the southern tribes.

In a conversation with the late Albert Gallatin, he informed me that he

was told by the chiefs of a Choctaw deputation, at Washington, that in

their tribe were eight totemic clans, divided into two classes, of four

each. It is very remarkable that the same number of clans, and the same

division into classes, were to be found among the Five Nations or

Iroquois.]

[Footnote 6: A great difficulty in the study of Indian history arises from

a redundancy of names employed to designate the same tribe; yet this does

not prevent the same name from being often used to designate two or more

different tribes. The following are the chief of those which are applied

to the Iroquois by different writers, French, English, and German:--

Iroquois, Five, and afterwards Six Nations; Confederates, Hodenosaunee,

Aquanuscioni, Aggonnonshioni, Ongwe Honwe, Mengwe, Maquas, Mahaquase,

Massawomecs, Palenachendchiesktajeet.

The name of Massawomecs has been applied to several tribes; and that of

Mingoes is often restricted to a colony of the Iroquois which established

itself near the Ohio.]

[Footnote 7: Francois, a well-known Indian belonging to the remnant of the

Penobscots living at Old Town, in Maine, told me, in the summer of 1843,

that a tradition was current, among his people, of their being attacked in

ancient times by the Mohawks, or, as he called them, Mohogs, a tribe of

the Iroquois, who destroyed one of their villages, killed the men and

women, and roasted the small children on forked sticks, like apples,

before the fire. When he began to tell his story, Francois was engaged in

patching an old canoe, in preparation for a moose hunt; but soon growing

warm with his recital, he gave over his work, and at the conclusion

exclaimed with great wrath and earnestness, "Mohog all devil!"]

[Footnote 8: The tribute exacted from the Delawares consisted of wampum,

or beads of shell, an article of inestimable value with the Indians. "Two

old men commonly go about, every year or two, to receive this tribute; and

I have often had opportunity to observe what anxiety the poor Indians were

under, while these two old men remained in that part of the country where

I was. An old Mohawk sachem, in a poor blanket and a dirty shirt, may be

seen issuing his orders with as arbitrary an authority as a Roman

dictator."--Colden, _Hist. Five Nations_, 4.]

[Footnote 9: The following are synonymous names, gathered from various

writers:--

Mohawks, Anies, Agniers, Agnierrhonons, Sankhicans, Canungas, Mauguawogs,

Ganeagaonoh.

Oneidas, Oneotas, Onoyats, Anoyints, Onneiouts, Oneyyotecaronoh,

Onoiochrhonons.

Onondagas, Onnontagues, Onondagaonohs.

Cayugas, Caiyoquos, Goiogoens, Gweugwehonoh.

Senecas, Sinnikes, Chennessies, Genesees, Chenandoanes, Tsonnontouans,

Jenontowanos, Nundawaronoh.]

[Footnote 10: "In the year 1745, August Gottlieb Spangenburg, a bishop of

the United Brethren, spent several weeks in Onondaga, and frequently

attended the great council. The council-house was built of bark. On each

side six seats were placed, each containing six persons. No one was

admitted besides the members of the council, except a few, who were

particularly honored. If one rose to speak, all the rest sat in profound

silence, smoking their pipes. The speaker uttered his words in a singing

tone, always rising a few notes at the close of each sentence. Whatever

was pleasing to the council was confirmed by all with the word Nee, or

Yes. And, at the end of each speech, the whole company joined in

applauding the speaker by calling Hoho. At noon, two men entered bearing a

large kettle filled with meat, upon a pole across their shoulders, which

was first presented to the guests. A large wooden ladle, as broad and deep

as a common bowl, hung with a hook to the side of the kettle, with which

every one might at once help himself to as much as he could eat. When the

guests had eaten their fill, they begged the counsellors to do the same.

The whole was conducted in a very decent and quiet manner. Indeed, now and

then, one or the other would lie flat upon his back to rest himself, and

sometimes they would stop, joke, and laugh heartily."--Loskiel, _Hist.

Morav. Miss._ 138.]

The Conspiracy of Pontiac and the Indian War after the Conquest of Canada · 第 35 / 37 章

Should we here reflect to former Treaties, the exorbitant Presents, and