in 1710 (?).
6. Bodleian Library.
7. Christie Miller’s collection, England.
8. Sir Thomas Phillipp’s collection, England; imperfect.
Rich in 1832, _Catalogue_, no. 71, had a copy which was made up, and
which he priced at £21, but would have held it at £100 if perfect.
A photo-lithographic fac-simile edition of this English text was issued
in New York from the Stevens copy in 1871-72, about 100 copies, which
is worth $20. (_Griswold Catalogue_, no. 309.) The original may be
worth $1000.
In the same year, 1590, De Bry also issued it in Latin, German, and
French. Brunet gives three varieties of the original Latin issue,
besides two varieties of a counterfeit one. The _Carter-Brown
Catalogue_, i. 322, gives the collations of the five varieties
slightly varying; cf. Sabin’s _Dictionary_, vol. iii.; Field’s _Indian
Bibliography_, no. 653. There was a second (1600) and third edition of
the German version (_Carter-Brown Catalogue_, pp. 354, 355; also for
the French, p. 329). A German translation by Cristhopher P—— is also
contained in Matthæus Dresser’s _Historien von China_, Halle, 1598; cf.
Sabin’s _Dictionary_, v. 536; _Carter-Brown Catalogue_, i. 429.
De Bry engraved the drawings which White made at Roanoke, or rather a
portion of them; for nearly three times as many as appear in De Bry,
who copied only twenty-three, are now in the collection of drawings as
preserved in the British Museum. What De Bry used may possibly have
been copies of the originals, and in any case he gave an academic
aspect to the more natural drawings as White made them. Henry Stevens
secured the originals in 1865, and in a fire at Sotheby’s in June of
that year they became saturated with water, so that a collection of
offsets was left on the paper which was laid between them. Mr. Stevens
sold the originals for £210, and the offsets for £26 5_s._, both to
the British Museum, in 1866; and his letter offering them and telling
the story is in his _Bibliotheca Historica_, 1870, cf. _Amer. Antiq.
Soc. Proc._ Oct. 20, 1866. In the Sloane Collection are also near a
hundred of White’s drawings; see E. E. Hale in _Archæologia Americana_,
iv. 21. One section of Hariot’s paper, entitled “Of the nature and
maners of the people,” appeared in the author’s original English in
the Hakluyts of 1589 and 1600, and also in De Bry, who likewise added
to his English Hariot a statement called, “The true pictures and
fashions of the people in that parte of America now called Virginia,”
etc. This statement is not in the printed Hakluyts, though it is
said by De Bry to have been “translated out of Latin into English by
Richard Hackluit.” It is there said of the pictures that they were
“diligently collected and drowne by John White, who was sent thiter
speciallye by Sir Walter Ralegh, 1585, also 1588, now cutt in copper,
and first published by Theodore De Bry att his wone chardges.” De Bry’s
engravings have often been reproduced by Montanus, Lafitau, Beverly,
etc. Wyth’s, or White’s “Portraits to the Life and Manners of the
Inhabitants,” following De Bry, with English text, was printed at New
York in 1841.
The map which accompanies Hariot’s narrative, as given by De Bry,
was procured by him from England, and is subscribed “Auctore Joanne
With,”—once De Bry writes it “Whit.” It was made in 1587, and Kohl in
his _Maps relating to America mentioned in Hakluyt_, pp. 42-46, thinks
that there can be no doubt With is John White, the captain, and that
he based, or caused to be based, his drawing on observations made by
Lane, who had been in the Chesapeake, while White had not. Stevens,
_Bibliotheca Historica_, 1870, p. 222, identifies the John White the
artist with Governor John White. A largely reduced fac-simile of this
map is herewith given, for comparison with the Coast Survey chart of
the same region. Other fac-similes of the original are given in the
Histories of North Carolina by Hawks and Wheeler, in Gay’s _Popular
History of the United States_, i. 243. It was later followed in the
configurations of the coast given by Mercator, Hondius, De Laet,
etc. The map which is given in Smith’s _Generall Historie_ as “Ould
Virginia” closely resembles White’s, which however extends farther
north, and includes the entrance of the Chesapeake. There had been
one earlier representation of “Virginia” on a map, and that was in
Hakluyt’s edition of Peter Martyr on a half globe. De Bry also gives a
bird’s-eye view of Roanoke and its vicinity.—ED.]
[224] [The original sources are also made use of by Williamson and
Wheeler in their histories of North Carolina. Some of them are printed
in Pinkerton’s _Voyages_, in Payne’s _Elizabethan Seamen_, p. 211, and
elsewhere; cf. Strachey’s _Virginia_, p. 142.—ED.]
[225] [His narrative of the first voyage was published in 1596, the
year following his voyage, and was called _The Discoverie of the large,
rich and bewtiful empire of Guiana, with a relation of the Great and
Golden Citie of Manoa (which the Spanyards call El Dorado)_, etc.
_Huth Catalogue_, iv. 1216. _Carter-Brown Catalogue_, vol. i. no. 507.
I have compared Mr. Charles Deane’s copy. There are three copies of
this in the Lenox Library, with such variations as indicate as many
contemporary editions. Quaritch recently priced a copy at £20.
Ralegh had written this tract in large part on his voyage, when he made
the map of Trinidad and that of Guiana, which he mentions as not yet
finished. Kohl, _Maps relating to America_, etc., p. 65, thinks he has
identified this drawing of Ralegh in a MS. map in the British Museum,
which was acquired in 1849. The text of the _Discoverie_ was reprinted
in Hakluyt, iii. 627; in the Oldys and Birch’s edition (Oxford, 1829)
of _Ralegh’s Works_, vol. viii.; in Pinkerton’s _Voyages_, xii. 196; in
Cayley’s _Life of Ralegh_. The Hakluyt Society reprinted it under the
editing of Sir R. H. Schomburgk, who gives a map of the Orinoco Valley,
showing Ralegh’s track. Colliber’s _English Sea Affairs_, London, 1727,
has a narrative based on it; Sabin, iv. 14414.
There was a Dutch version published at Amsterdam in 1598 by Cornelius
Claesz; and it is from this that De Bry made his Latin version,
in his part viii., 1599 (two editions), and 1625, also in German,
1599 and 1624. Also see part xiii. (1634). There were other Dutch
editions or versions in 1605, 1617, 1644. Muller, _Books on America_,
1872, no. 1268, and 1877, no. 2654; _Carter-Brown Catalogue_, i.
454. It also formed part v. of Hulsius’s Collection of Voyages, and
the _Lenox Library Bibliographical Contribution on Hulsius_ gives a
Latin edition, 1599, and German editions of 1599, 1601, 1603, 1612,
1663, with duplicate copies of some of them showing variations. See
Asher’s _Bibliography_, p. 42; Camus’s _Mémoire_, p. 97; Meusel’s
_Bibliographia Historica_, vol. iii. There are also versions or
abridgments in the collections of Aa, 1706 and 1727, and Coreal, 1722,
and 1738.
The report of Captain Lawrence Keymis was printed at London in 1596,
of which there is a copy in Harvard College Library. See _Carter-Brown
Catalogue_, vol. i. no. 500; it is also given in Hakluyt. Kohl cannot
find that either Keymis or Masham made charts, but thinks their reports
influenced the maps in Hondius, Hulsius, and De Bry.
The accusations against Ralegh in regard to his Guiana representations
have been examined by his biographers. Tytler, ch. 3, defends him;
Schomburgk shields him from Hume’s attacks; so does Kingsley in _North
British Review_, also in his _Essays_, who thinks Ralegh had a right to
be credulous, and that the ruins of the city may yet be found. Napier
in the _Edinburgh Review_, later in his _Lord Bacon and Ralegh_, clears
him of the charge of deceit about the mine. Van Heuvel’s _El Dorado_,
New York, 1844, defends Ralegh’s reports, and gives a map. See Field’s
_Indian Bibliography_ no. 1595. St. John, in his _Life of Ralegh_, ch.
xv., mentions finding Ralegh’s map in the archives of Simancas. See
also the Lives by Edwards, ch. x.; by Thompson, ch. ii.; S. G. Drake
in _N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg._, April, 1862, also separately and
enlarged; Fox Bourn’s _English Seamen_, ch. viii.; Payne’s _Elizabethan
Seamen_, pp. 327, 332; Bulfinch’s _Oregon and El Dorado_, etc. Further
examination of the quest for El Dorado will be given in volume ii.—ED.]
[226] [This was originally printed at London, 1618, pp. 45. There is a
copy in Harvard College Library and in Charles Deane’s collection.—ED.]
[227] Quoted by Neill in his _Virginia Company of London_, preface, pp.
vi, vii. The play was written by Marston and others in 1605.
[228] Purchas, iv, 1685.
[229] Neill’s _Virginia Company_, p. 16.
[230] _Generall Historie_, pp. 53-65.
[231] Wingfield’s _Narrative_, quoted by Anderson in his _History of
the Church of England in the Colony_, i. 77.
[232] The height of the chimney is 17-7/12 feet; the greatest width
10-7/12 feet; the fireplace is 7-10/12 feet wide.
[233] Archer was identified by the late William Green, LL.D., Richmond,
Va., as the author of the tract, “A Relatyon of the Discovery of our
River, from James Forte, into the Maine, made by Captain Christopher
Newport, and sincerely written and observed by a Gentleman of this
Colony,” reprinted in the _Transactions of the American Antiquarian
Society_, iv. pp. 40-65.
[234] Stith, _History of Virginia_, p. 67.
[235] _Generall Historie_, ed. 1624, p. 59.
[236] In the outfit of a settler enumerated by Smith is the item, a
complete suit of armor. It is of interest to note that portions of
a steel cuirass, exhumed at Jamestown, are in the collection of the
Virginia Historical Society at Richmond.
[237] Sainsbury’s _Calendar of State Papers_ (1574-1660), p. 8.
[238] [See chapter vi.—ED.]
[239] This was the first wife of Rolfe, whom history records in 1614
as the husband of Pocahontas. He died in 1622, leaving “a wife and
children, besides the child [Thomas] he had by Pocahontas,” for whose
benefit his brother, Henry Rolfe, in England, petitioned the Company,
Oct. 7, 1622, for a settlement of the estate of the deceased in
Virginia.
[240] The text was, Daniel xii. 3: “They that turn many to
righteousness shall shine as the stars for ever and ever.” The sermon
was published by William Welby, London, 1610.
[241] Strachey, in the Hakluyt Society’s Publications, vi. 39.
[242] The tradition is that Dutch Gap derived its name from the German
artisans brought over by Newport in 1608, and that the “glass house”
was located here. A navigable canal across its narrowest breadth, the
digging of which, for military advantages, was begun by the Federal
General, Benjamin F. Butler, has since (in 1873) been completed.
[243] Letter of Sir Thomas Dale, dated “James Towne, the 25th of May,
1611,” preserved in the Ashmole Collection of MSS. in the Bodleian
Library, Oxford, England, communicated by G. D. Scull, Esq., and
published by the present writer in the Richmond _Standard_, Jan. 28,
1882.
[244] Fragments of brick, memorials of this town, are still numerously
scattered over its site.
[245] In a letter of Governor Argall to the Company in 1617, the Rev.
Alexander Whitaker is said to have been recently drowned in crossing
James River, and another minister is desired to be sent to the colony
in his stead.
[246] Newport was after this appointed one of the six Masters of the
Royal Navy, and was engaged by the East India Company to escort Sir
Robert Shirley to Persia. Chamberlain, in _Court and Times of James
I._, i. 154.
[247] Neill’s _Virginia Company_, p. 75.
[248] [See Vol. IV.—ED.]
[249] [This statement is disputed by some.—ED.]
[250] See Hening’s _Statutes_, i. 98; Stith, 126, and Appendix no. 3.
[251] It has been assumed in America that the descendants in Virginia
of Pocahontas were limited to those springing from the marriage of
Robert Bolling with Jane, the daughter of Thomas Rolfe; but it appears
that the last left a son, Anthony, in England, whose daughter, Hannah,
married Sir Thomas Leigh, of County Kent, and that their descendants
of that and of the additional highly respectable names of Bennet and
Spencer are quite numerous. See Deduction in the Richmond _Standard_,
Jan. 21, 1882.
[252] The parish register of Gravesend contains this entry, which has
been assumed as that of the burial of Pocahontas “1616, March 21,
Rebecca Wrothe, wyffe of Thomas Wrothe, Gent. A Virginia Lady borne,
was buried in the Chancell.” Its relevancy has recently been questioned
by the Rev. Patrick G. Robert, of St. Louis, in the Richmond _Daily
Despatch_ of Sept. 10, 1881, and by Mr. J. M. Sinyanki, of London,
in the Richmond _Standard_ of Nov. 12, 1881, both of whom claim upon
tradition that the interment was in a corner of the churchyard.
[253] Stith, p. 146.
[254] Smith, _Generall Historie_, ed. 1627, p. 126.
[255] One of these indentures from the original, dated July 1, 1628,
was published by the writer in the Richmond _Standard_ of Nov. 16, 1878.
[256] The engraver was William Hole, engraver of Smith’s map of
Virginia. The arms adopted were an escutcheon quartered with the arms
of England and France, Scotland and Ireland, crested by a maiden queen
with flowing hair and an eastern crown. Supporters: Two men in armor
having open helmets ornamented with three ostrich feathers, each
holding a lance. Motto: _En dat Virginia quintum_,—a complimentary
acknowledgment of Virginia as the fifth kingdom. After the union of
England and Scotland in 1707, the motto, to correspond with the altered
number of kingdoms, was _En dat Virginia quartam_, the adjective
agreeing with _coronam_ understood, and it appeared on the titlepage
of all legislative publications of the colony until the Revolution.
Neill’s _London Company_, pp. 155-56.
[257] This was not the only material effort made. In 1621, under the
zealous efforts of the Rev. Patrick Copland (the chaplain of an East
India ship), funds were collected for the establishment of a free
school in Charles City County, to be called the East India School. For
its maintenance one thousand acres of land, with five servants and an
overseer, were allotted by the Company.
The advantage of private education, in the families at least of the
more provident of the planters, was increasingly secured by the
employment as tutors of poor young men of education, who came over from
time to time, and by indenture served long enough to pay the cost of
their transportation. Later in the seventeenth century, all whose means
enabled them to do so educated their sons in England,—a custom which
largely continued during the following century, though William and Mary
College had been established in 1692.
[258] A gentleman of the honorable family of Beverstone Castle, County
Gloucester.
[259] He was the brother of Sir Edwin Sandys, the late Treasurer of the
Company. He was born in 1577, and in 1610 visited Turkey, Palestine,
and Egypt. An account of his travels was published at Oxford in 1615.
[260] Chalmers’ _Introduction_, i. 13-16. The Ordinance and Wyatt’s
Commission may be seen in Hening’s _Statutes_, i. 110-113.
[261] In the Indian massacre of March 22, 1622, Daniel Gookin bravely
maintained his settlement. He served as a burgess from Elizabeth City,
and later returned to Ireland. His son, of the same name, becoming
a convert to the missionaries sent from New England in 1642, and
declining to take the oath of conformity, removed in May, 1644, to
Boston. He afterwards became eminent in New England, was the author
of several historical works, and held various offices of dignity and
importance.
[262] In 1687, and again in 1696, Colonel William Byrd, the first
of the name in Virginia, undertook the revival of the iron-works at
Falling Creek; but there is no record preserved of his plans having
been successfully carried out. New iron-works were, however, erected
here by Colonel Archibald Cary prior to 1760, which he operated with
pig-iron from Maryland, but in the year named he abandoned the forge
because of its lack of profit, and converted his pond to the use of a
grist-mill. The site of the works of 1622 on the western bank of the
creek, and that of Cary’s forge of 1760 on the opposite side of the
same water, have both been identified by the present writer by the
scoriæ remaining about the ground. The manufacture of iron in Virginia
was revived by Governor Alexander Spotswood at Germanna about 1716.
[263] [See chapter xiii.—ED.]
[264] These were James City, Henrico, Charles City, Elizabeth City,
Warwick River, Warrosquoyoke, Charles River, and Accomac.
[265] These magnates, who were called colonels were usually members of
the Council, and their functions were magisterial as well as military.
[266] Hening states that “there is a patent granted by Harvey 13th
April, 1636.”—_Statutes at Large_, i. 4.
[267] It was fully three quarters of a century thereafter before
Dissent became appreciable in the colony. Governor Spotswood wrote
the Bishop of London, Oct. 24, 1710: “It is a peculiar blessing
to this Country to have but few of any kind of Dissenters;” and
adds the following, which may be taken in refutation of many gross
misrepresentations of the moral and social condition of the colonists
at the period: “I have observed here less Swearing and Prophaneness,
less Drunkenness and Debauchery, less uncharitable feuds and
animositys, and less Knaverys and Villanys than in any part of the
world where my Lot has been.” He also wrote to the Council of Trade,
Dec. 15, 1710: “That happy Establishment of the Church of England,
which the Colony enjoys with less mixture of Dissenters than any other
of her Majesty’s plantations;” and to the Earl of Rochester, July 30,
1711, in ample confirmation of his earlier judgment, he wrote: “This
Government, I can joyfully assure your Lordship, is in perfect peace
and tranquility under a due Obedience to the Royal Authority and a
Gen^{ll}. Conformity to the Established Church of England.” See _The
Official Letters of Governor Alexander Spotswood_, 1710-1722, published
by the Virginia Historical Society, with Introduction and Notes by R.
A. Brock, vol. i. pp. 27 and 108.
[268] His signature is Stegge. He was the maternal uncle of Colonel
William Byrd, the first of the name in the colony, who came thither
a youth, as the heir of his large landed estate, which included the
present site of Richmond.
[269] A son of Sir George Yeardley, a former governor of Virginia, and
Lady Temperance, his wife, who was born in Virginia.
[270] The letter is given in full in Thurloe’s _State Papers_, ii. 273,
and is republished in the Richmond _Standard_ of Feb. 11, 1882, by the
present writer.
[271] Hening, ii. 24.
[272] _Ibid._ ii. 49.
[273] The quit-rent was one shilling for every fifty acres of land, the
latest consideration in its acquirement. It was first granted to the
Adventurers, by the Company, in tracts of one hundred acres, after five
years’ service in the colony. If planted and seated within three years,
the quantity was augmented by another hundred acres. Later, each person
removing to the colony at his own expense, with the intention to settle
and remain, was entitled to fifty acres of land. The right extended
also to every member of his family or person whose passage-money he
defrayed. These rights upon “transports” were called “head-rights,” and
were assignable.
[274] The locality of the murder is indicated by a small stream known
as Bacon Quarter Branch.
[275] It is given in a rare little tract: _An Historical Account of
some Memorable Actions, Particularly in Virginia; Also Against the
Admiral of Algier, and in the East Indies: Perform’d for the Service of
his Prince and Country_. By S^r Thomas Grantham, K^t [Motto]. London:
printed for J. Roberts, near the Oxford Arms in Warwick Lane, MDCCVI.
18º. The copy in the Virginia State Library is thought to be the only
one in this country, pp. 12, 13: “If Virtue be a Sin, if Piety be
Guilt, if all the Principles of Morality and Goodness and Justice be
perverted, we must confess that those who are called Rebels may be in
Danger of those high Imputations, those loud and severe Bulls, which
would affright Innocency, and render the Defence of our Brethren and
the Enquiry into our sad and heavy Oppressions Treason. But if there be
(as sure there is) a just God to appeal to; if Religion and Justice be
a Sanctuary here; if to plead the Cause of the Oppress’d; if sincerely
to aim at the Publick Good, without any Reservation or By-Interest; if
to stand in the Gap, after so much Blood of our Dear Brethren bought
and sold; if after the Loss of a great Part of His Majesty’s Colony,
deserted and dispeopl’d, and freely to part with our Lives and Estates
to endeavor to save the Remainder, be Treason,—Let God and the World
judge, and the Guilty die. But since we cannot find in our Hearts One
single Spot of Rebellion and Treason, or that we have in any manner
aimed at the Subversion of the Settl’d Government, or attempting the
Person of any, either Magistrate or Private Man,—notwithstanding the
several Reproaches and Threats of some who for sinister Ends were
disaffected to Us, and censure our Just and Honest Designs,—Let Truth
be bold and all the World Know the Real Foundation of our Pretended
Guilt.”
[276] This is shown by the preservation of books to this day in the
several departments of literature which are identified, by ownership
in inscribed name and date, with the homes of the Virginia planter of
the seventeenth century, many of which have fallen under the personal
inspection of the present writer, who has some examples in his own
library. A little later, private libraries were numerous in Virginia,
and in value, extent, and variety of subject embraced, the exhibit will
contrast favorably with that of any of the English colonies in America.
[277] [On the later designation of “Old Dominion,” see _Historical
Magazine_, iii. 319; and J. H. Trumbull on Indian names in Virginia in
_Historical Magazine_, xvii. 47.—ED.]
[278] The editor of the tract, “J. H.,” in his preface, says: “Some
of the books were printed under the name of Thomas Watson, by whose
occasion I know not, unlesse it were the ouer-rashnesse or mistakinge
of the workmen.”
The words “by a gentleman” got also through ignorance of the real
authorship into the titles of some copies as author, there being four
varieties of titles. It is sometimes quoted (by Purchas for instance)
by the running head-line _Newes from Virginia_. Mr. Deane edited an
edition of it at Boston in 1866. There are eight copies of it known to
be in America: one each belonging to Harvard College, S. L. M. Barlow,
and the Carter-Brown Library; two in the New York Historical Society,
and three in the Lenox Library. (_Magazine of American History,_ i.
251.) The text is the same in all cases, and those copies in which
Smith’s name is given have an explanatory preface acknowledging the
mistake. Mr. Payne Collier, in his _Rarest Books in the English
Language_, 1865, is of the opinion that Watson was the true author,
which Mr. Deane shows to be an error. An earlier, very inaccurate
reprint was made in the _Southern Literary Messenger_, February, 1845,
from the New York Historical Society’s copy. Use is also made of it in
Pinkerton’s _Voyages_, vol. xiii. [Mr. Deane suggests that the reason
Smith omitted this tract in his _Generall Historie_, substituting for
it the _Map of Virginia_, is to be found in the greater ease with which
the narratives of others in the latter tracts would take on the story
of Pocahontas, which his own words in the _True Relation_ might forbid.
Tyler, _History of American Literature_, i. 26, calls this tract of
Smith’s the earliest contribution to American literature. The latest
copy sold which we have noted was in the Ouvry Sale, London, March,
1882, no. 1,535 of its _Catalogue_, which brought £57.—ED.]
[279] A portrait of “Captaine George Percy,” copied in 1853 by Herbert
L. Smith from the original at Syon House, the seat of the Duke of
Northumberland, at the instance of Conway Robinson, Esq., then visiting
England, is among the valuable collection of portraits of the Virginia
Historical Society at Richmond. Its frame, of carved British oak,
was a present to the Society from William Twopenny, Esq., of London,
the solicitor of the Duke of Northumberland. Percy (born Sept. 4,
1586, died unmarried in March, 1632) was “a gentleman of honor and
resolution.” He had served with distinction in the wars of the Low
Countries, and his soldierly qualities were evidenced in the colony, as
well as his administrative ability as the successor of John Smith. A
mutilated hand represented in the portrait, it is said, was a memorial
of a sanguinary encounter with the savages of Virginia. The head from
this portrait is given on an earlier page.
[280] The author of the “Relatyon,” etc., was identified by the late
Hon. William Green, LL.D., of Richmond, as Captain Gabriel Archer.
[Newport’s connection with the colony is particularly sketched in
Neill’s _Virginia and Virginiola_, 1878. Neill describes the MS. which
is in the Record office as “a fair and accurate description of the
first Virginia explorations.” Mr. Hale later made some additions to his
original notes (_Amer. Antiq. Soc. Proc._, Oct. 21, 1864), where some
supplemental notes by Mr. Deane will also be found as to the origin
of the name Newport-News as connected with Captain Newport. See H.
B. Grigsby in _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._ x. 23; also _Hist. Mag._ iii.
347.—ED.]
[281] Preface to Deane’s _True Relation_, p. xxxiii. [Wingfield’s
_Discourse_ was first brought to the attention of students in 1845 by
the citations from the original MS. at Lambeth made by Mr. Anderson in
his _History of the Church of England in the Colonies_.—ED.]
[282] [The MS. was bought at Dawson Turner’s Sale in 1859 by Lilly,
the bookseller, who announced that he would print an edition of fifty
copies. (Deane’s ed. _True Relation_, p. xxxv; _Hist. Mag._, July,
1861, p. 224; _Aspinwall Papers_, i. 21, note.) It was only partly
put in type, and the MS. remained in the printer’s hands ten years,
when Mr. Henry Stevens bought it for Mr. Hunnewell, who caused a small
edition (two hundred copies) to be printed privately at the Chiswick
Press.—ED.]
[283] _Brinley Catalogue_, no. 3,800.
[284] This was reprinted in Force’s _Tracts_, i., and by Sabin, edited
by F. L. Hawks, New York, 1867.
[285] Sabin, vii. 323; Rich (1832), £1 8_s._; Ouvry Sale, 1882, no.
1,582, a copy with the autograph, “W. Ralegh, Turr, Lond.”
[286] There is a copy in Harvard College Library. (Rich, 1832, no. 121,
£1 8_s._) It was an official document of the Company.
[287] Another official publication. A copy in Harvard College Library.
(Rich, 1832, no. 122, £2 2_s._) It is reprinted in Force’s _Tracts_,
iii.
[288] But one copy is now known, which is at present in the Huth
collection (_Catalogue_, iv. 1247), having formerly belonged to Lord
Charlemont’s Library at Dublin, where Halliwell found it in 1864,
bound up with other tracts. The volume escaped the fire in London
which destroyed the greater part of the Charlemont collection in 1865,
and at the sale that year brought £63. In the same year Halliwell
privately printed it (ten copies). Winsor’s _Halliwelliana_, p. 25;
Allibone’s _Dictionary of Authors_, vol. ii. p. 1788. In 1874 it was
again privately reprinted (twenty-five copies) in London. It once more
appeared, in 1878, in Neill’s _Virginia and Virginiola_. Cf. Lefroy’s
_History of Bermuda_.
[289] Tyler’s _American Literature_, i. 42. Malone wrote a book to
prove that this description by Strachey suggested to Shakespeare the
plot of the _Tempest_,—a view controverted in a tract on the _Tempest_
by Joseph Hunter.
[290] Reprinted in Force’s _Tracts_, iii. no. 2. The dedication is
given in the _N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg._ 1866, p. 36.
[291] [There is a copy in the Lenox Library; it was reprinted (50
copies) in 1859, and again by Mr. Griswold (20 copies) in 1868. A
letter of Lord Delaware, July 7, 1610, from the Harleian MSS., is
printed in the Hakluyt Society’s edition of Strachey, p. xxiii.—ED.]
[292] [There is a copy in Harvard College Library. A very fine copy
in the Stevens Sale (1881, _Catalogue_, no. 1,612) was afterward held
by Quaritch at £25. Fifty years ago Rich (_Catalogue_ 1832, no. 131)
priced a copy at £2 2_s._ (See Sabin, xiii. 53249.) It was reprinted
in Force’s _Tracts_, vol. i. no. 7, and in 2 _Mass. Hist. Coll._ vol.
viii.—ED.]
[293] [A further account of this tract will be found in a subsequent
editorial note on the “Maps of Virginia;” and of Smith’s _Generall
Historie_ a full account will be found in the Editorial Note at the end
of Dr. De Costa’s chapter.—ED.]
[294] [Tyler, _American Literature_, i. 46; Neill, _Virginia Company_,
78; Rich (1832), no. 135, priced at £2 2_s._ Mr. Neill has told the
story of Whitaker and others in his _Notes on the Virginian Colonial
Clergy_, Philadelphia, 1877.—ED.]
[295] [The original edition is in the Lenox Library and the Deane
Collection; and copies at public sales in America have brought $150 and
$170. (Field, _Indian Bibliography_, nos. 642-43, where he cites it as
one of the earliest accounts of the Indians of Virginia; Sabin, viii.
46.) A German translation was published at Hanau as part xiii. of the
_Hulsius Voyages_ in 1617 (containing more than was afterwards included
in De Bry’s Latin), and there were two issues of it the same year
with slight variations. The map is copied from Smith’s _New England_,
not from his _Virginia_. _Carter-Brown Catalogue_, i. 491; _Lenox
Contributions_ (Hulsius), p. 15.
In 1619 De Bry gave it in Latin as part x. of his _Great Voyages_,
having given it in German the year before. _Carter-Brown Catalogue_, i.
348, 368.—ED.]
[296] [Some of them follow in chronological order:—
Norwood’s _Voyage to Virginia_, 1649; Force’s _Tracts_, vol. iii.;
_Virginia Hist. Reg._ ii. 121.
_Perfect Description of Virginia_, 1649; Force’s _Tracts_, vol. ii.;
_Virginia Hist. Reg._ ii. 60; original edition in Harvard College
Library; priced by Rich in 1832, £1 10_s._, by Quaritch in 1879, £20.
William Bullock’s _Virginia impartially Examined_, London, 1649;
Force’s _Tracts_, vol. iii. The original is now scarce. Rich in 1832
(_Catalogue_, no. 271) quotes it at £1 10_s._ (it is now worth $75).
Sabin, iii. 9145; Ternaux, 685; Brinley, 3725.
_Extract from a manuscript collection of annals relative to Virginia_,
Force’s _Tracts_, vol. ii.
_A short Collection of the most remarkable passages from the Originall
to the Dissolution of the Virginia Company_, London, 1651; there are
copies in the Library of Congress and in that of Harvard College.
_The Articles of Surrender to the Commonwealth_, March 12, 1651;
_Mercurius Politicus_, May 20-27, 1652; _Virginia Hist. Reg._ ii. 182.
_Virginia’s Cure; or, an advisive narrative Concerning Virginia;
Discovering the True Ground of that churches unhappiness_, by R. G.
1662. Force’s _Tracts_, vol. iii. The original is in Harvard College
Library.
Sir William Berkeley’s _Discourse and View of Virginia_, 1663; Sabin’s
_Dictionary_, ii. 4889.
Nathaniel Shrigley’s _True Relation of Virginia and Maryland_, 1669;
Force’s _Tracts_, vol. v.
John Lederer’s _Discoveries in Three Marches from Virginia_, 1669,
1670, London, 1672, with map of the country traversed. It was
“collected out of the Latin by Sir William Talbot, Baronet.” There is
a copy in Harvard College Library, _Griswold Catalogue_, 422; _Huth
Catalogue_, iii. 829.
There are in the early Virginian bibliography a few titles on the
efforts made to induce the cultivation of silkworms. The King addressed
a letter to the Earl of Southampton with a review of Bonœil’s treatise
on the making of silk, and this was published by the Company in 1622.
(_Harvard College Library MS. Catalogue_; _Brinley Catalogue_, no.
3,760.) The Company also published, in 1629, _Observations ... of Fit
Rooms to keepe silk wormes in_; and as late as 1655 Hartlib’s _Reformed
Virginian Silk-worm_ indicated continued interest in the subject.
This last is reprinted in Force’s _Tracts_, vol. iii. no. 13, and the
originals of this and of the preceding are in Harvard College Library.
Sabin’s _Dictionary_, viii. 121.—ED.]
[297] The _Orders and constitutions ordained by the treasvror,
covnseil, and companie of Virginia, for the better gouerning of said
companie_, is reprinted in Force’s _Tracts_, vol. iii.
[298] _Fortieth Congress, Second Session, Misc. Doc._ no. 84, _Senate_.
Another effort was made in Congress for this eminently desirable
measure in 1881. The bill introduced by Senator John W. Johnston, of
Virginia, passed the Senate, but for some reason failed in the House of
Representatives.]
[299] [While these two volumes were yet in his possession, Mr.
Jefferson, in a letter to Colonel Hugh P. Taylor, dated October 4,
1823, says, that the volumes came to him with the Library of Colonel
Richard Bland, which Mr. Jefferson had purchased,—Colonel Bland having
borrowed them of the Westover Library, and never returned them. (See H.
A. Washington’s ed. of _Jefferson’s Writings_, vii. 312.) Colonel Bland
died in October, 1776. A duplicate set of these Records (transcripts
made in Virginia some hundred and fifty years ago) are now in the
possession of Conway Robinson, Esq., of Richmond. They were deposited
with him by Judge William Leigh, one of the executors of John Randolph
of Roanoke, in whose library they were found after his death, in
1833, where they were inspected and described by the late Hugh Blair
Grigsby, before the dispersion of the library at a later period.
(_Letters of Conway Robinson and H. B. Grigsby to Mr. Deane_). These
Randolph-Leigh-Robinson volumes were examined by Mr. Deane in Richmond,
in April, 1872, just after he had inspected the Byrd-Stith-Jefferson
copy in the Law Library in Washington.—ED.]
[300] [Mr. Neill has published numerous notes on early Virginia history
in the _N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg._, namely, “English maids for
Virginia,” 1876, p. 410; “Transportation of Homeless Children,” 1876,
p. 414; “Lotteries,” 1877, p. 21; “Daniel Gookin of Virginia,” 1877,
p. 267 (see also i. 345; ii. 167; Paige’s _Cambridge_, 563, and _Terra
Mariæ_, 76).—ED.]
[301] [Colonel Aspinwall collected during his long consulship at
Liverpool a valuable American library, of about four thousand volumes
(771 titles), which in 1863 was sold to Samuel L. M. Barlow, Esq., of
New York, but all except about five hundred of the rarest volumes which
Mr. Barlow had taken possession of were burned in that city in 1864.
_Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._ xv. 2. This collection was described in a
catalogue (a few copies privately printed), _Bibliotheca Barlowiana_,
compiled by Henri Harrisse.—ED.]
[302] John Pory’s lively account of excursions among the Indians is
given in Smith’s _Generall Historie_. Neill, _N. E. Hist. and Geneal.
Reg._ 1875, p. 296, thinks that George Ruggles was the author of
several of the early tracts in Force’s _Tracts_. See Neill’s _Virginia
Company_, p. 362.
[303] [The history of the dividing line (1728) between Virginia and
North Carolina is found in William Byrd’s _Westover MSS._, printed in
Petersburg in 1841. It shows how successive royal patents diminished
the patent rights of Virginia. See _Virginia Hist. Reg._ i. and iv. 77;
Williamson’s _North Carolina_, App.—ED.]
[304] A copy of this portion of the _Records_, collated with the
original by Mr. Sainsbury, is in the library of the present writer. The
other papers of this 1874 volume included a list of the living and dead
in 1623, a Brief Declaration of the Plantation during the first twelve
years (already mentioned), the census of 1634, etc.
[305] [The Speaker’s Report of their doings to the Company in England
was printed in the _New York Hist. Coll._ in 1857. See also on these
proceedings the _Antiquary_, London, July, 1881.—ED.]
[306] [There is a copy in Harvard College Library; Rich (1832), no.
133, £2 2_s._; Brinley, nos. 3,739-40. It was reprinted in Force’s
_Tracts_, vol. iii. no. 5. Mr. Deane, _True Relation_, p. xli, examines
the conflicting accounts as to the number of persons constituting the
first immigration.—ED.]
[307] [The vexed question as to how far the convict class made part
of the early comers is discussed in Jones’s ed. Hakluyt’s _Divers
Voyages_, p. 10; _Index to Remembrancia_, 1519-1664, with citations in
_Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._ xvii. 297; _Aspinwall Papers_, i. 1, note;
E. D. Neill, _English Colonization in North America_, p. 171, and his
“Virginia as a Penal Colony,” in _Hist. Mag._, May, 1869. “It would be
wholly wrong, however, to suppose that immigrants of this sort were a
controlling element,” says Lodge in his _English Colonies_, p. 66; and
this is now the general opinion.—ED.]
[308] Bishop Meade’s _Old Churches and Families of Virginia_, 2 vols.
8º, 1855, Slaughter’s _History of St. Mark’s Parish, Culpeper County_,
1877, and _Bristol Parish, Dinwiddie County_, 2d edition, 1879, and the
files of the _Richmond Standard_ may be referred to for purposes of
genealogical investigation.
[309] A transcript of this “Register” is in the hands of the present
writer for preparation for publication, with an Introduction, Notes,
and Indices.
[310] A second volume, continuing the series, has been published the
present year (1882). An Introduction in vol. i. recounts the losses to
which the archives have been subjected, and enumerates the resources
still remaining.
[311] Chapter vi.
[312] This iconoclastic view was also sustained by Mr. E. D. Neill in
chapter v. of his _Virginia Company in London_, 1869, which was also
printed separately, and in chapter iv. of his _English Colonization in
America_. He goes farther than Mr. Deane, and, following implicitly
Strachey’s statement of an earlier marriage for Pocahontas, he impugns
other characters than Smith’s, and repeats the imputations in his
_Virginia and Virginiola_, p. 20. There is a paper on the marriage
of Pocahontas, by Wyndham Robertson, in the _Virginia Historical
Reporter_, vol. ii. part i. (1860), p. 67. (Cf. Field’s _Indian
Bibliography_, p. 383.) See Neill’s view pushed to an extreme in
_Hist. Mag._ xvii. 144. A writer in the _Virginia Hist. Reg._ iv. 37,
undertook to show that Kokoum and Rolfe were the same. Matthew S.
Henry, in a letter dated Philadelphia, Sept. 11, 1857, written to Dr.
Wm. P. Palmer, then Corresponding Secretary of the Virginia Historical
Society, gives us the Lenni Lenape signification of Kakoom or Kokoum,
as “‘to come from somewhere else,’ as we would say, ‘a foreigner.’”
[313] [See Maxwell’s _Hist. Reg._ ii., 189; and a note to the earlier
part of this chapter. Her story is likely still to be told with all
the old embellishment. See Prof. Schele de Vere’s _Romance of American
History_, 1872, ch. iii. A piece of sculpture in the Capitol at
Washington depicts the apocryphal scene. W. G. Simms urges her career
as the subject for historical painting (_Verses and Reviews_). She
figures in more than one historical romance: J. Davis’s _First Settlers
of Virginia_, New York, 1805-6, and again, Philadelphia, 1817, with the
more definite title of _Captain Smith and the Princess Pocahontas_;
Samuel Hopkins, _Youth of the Old Dominion_. There are other works of
fiction, prose and verse, bearing on Pocahontas and her father, by
Seba Smith, L. H. Sigourney, M. W. Moseby, R. D. Owens, O. P. Hillar,
etc.—ED.]
[314] [See an earlier note on her descendants.—ED.]
[315] Its place is sometimes supplied by a fac-simile engraved for W.
Richardson’s _Granger’s Portraits_, 1792-96. The original Mataoka or
Pocahontas picture was neither in the Brinley, the Medlicott, nor the
Menzies copies, and is not in the Harvard College, Dowse, Deane, or in
most of the known copies.
The Crowninshield copy (_Catalogue_, no. 992) had the original plate;
and that copy, after going to England, came back to America as the
property of Dr. Charles G. Barney, of Virginia, and at the sale of his
library in New York in 1870 it brought $247.50; but it is understood
that it returned to his own shelves. The Carter-Brown (1632) edition,
the Barlow large-paper copy, and one copy at least in the Lenox Library
have it.
[316] There exists at Heacham Hall, Norfolk, the seat of the Rolfes,
a portrait thought to be of Henry, the son of Pocahontas. This is the
painting mentioned by error in _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._ xiii. 425, as
of Pocahontas.
[317] Grigsby’s authority for his statements was the son of Sully,
who also painted an ideal portrait of Pocahontas. Copies of a picture
of Pocahontas by Thomas Sully, and of another painted by R. M. Sully
are in the Collections of the Virginia Historical Society, and it is
palpable that they are both mere fanciful representations. The original
of the picture which was at Cobb’s, the writer was informed by the late
Hon. John Robertson, a descendant of Pocahontas, represented “a stout
blonde English woman,”—a description which does not agree with the
picture by Robert M. Sully purporting to be a copy.
The late Charles Campbell, author of a _History of Virginia_, stated
that Thomas Sully was allowed to take the original from Cobb’s (it
being little valued), and that after cleaning it he altered the
features and complexion to his own fancy. Of the picture by Thomas
Sully he states: “The portrait I painted and presented to the
Historical Society of Virginia was copied, in part, from the portrait
of Pocahontas in the ‘Indian Gallery,’ published by Daniel Rice and Z.
Clark. In my opinion the copy by my nephew [Robert M. Sully] is best
entitled to authenticity.”
[318] There is a copy in Harvard College Library; Rich (1832), no. 165,
priced it at £2 2_s._
[319] [Force copied from the _Richmond Inquirer_ of September 1804,
where Jefferson had printed it from a copy in his possession. Another
copy was followed in the _Virginia Evangelical and Literary Magazine_
in 1820, which is the source from which it was again printed in the
_Virginia Hist. Reg._, iii. 61, 621.—ED.]
[320] [See an earlier note.—Ed.]
[321] [See _N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg._ 1861, p. 320, and
Massachusetts Archives, Colonial, 1, 475; _Democratic Review_, vii.
243, 453. For the later historians see Bancroft’s _History of the
United States_, vol. ii. ch. 14, and Centenary Edition, vol. i. ch. 20;
Gay’s _Popular History of the United States_, ii. 296; and the memoir
of Bacon by William Ware in Sparks’s _American Biography_, vol. xiii.
[Illustration: Autograph John West]
Articles of peace were signed by John West and the native kings, May
29, 1677 (_Brinley Catalogue_, 5484.)
Mrs. Aphra Behn made the events rather distantly the subject of a
drama, _The Widdow Ranter_; and in our day St. George Tucker based his
novel of _Hansford_ upon them. See Sabin, ii. 4372.—ED.
[322] In 1722 the book was reissued in London, revised and enlarged as
the author had left it, and this edition is now worth £10 10_s._ It was
again reprinted in 1855, edited by Charles Campbell. (Sabin, vol. ii.;
Brinley, 3719; Muller, 1877, no. 318, etc.) Jones’s _Present State of
Virginia_, 1724, may also be noted.
[323] [Thomas Hollis wrote in the copy of Keith which he sent to
Harvard College in 1768, “_The Society_, the glorious society,
_instituted in London for promoting Learning_, having existed but a
little while, through scrubness of the times, no other than PART I. of
this history was published, and it is very scarce.”—ED.]
[324] [Some claim to be printed in London in 1753; the copy in Harvard
College Library is of this 1753 imprint; see _Hist. Mag._ i. 59, and
ii. 61 (where it is asserted that only the title is of new make), and
the bibliographical note which Sabin added to his reprint of Stith in
1865, where he describes three varieties. There is a collation in the
_Brinley Catalogue_, no. 3,796, not agreeing with either; cf. _Hist.
Mag._ ii. 184, and _North American Review_, October, 1866, p. 605.—ED.]
[325] [Adams, _Manual of Historical Literature_, 557; _Hist. Mag._
i. 27; Field, _Indian Bibliography_, no. 1,502; Tyler, _American
Literature_, ii. 280; Allibone, ii. 2264; article by William Green in
_Southern Literary Messenger_, September, 1863.—ED.]
[326] See Charles Campbell’s _Memoir of John Daly Burk_, 1868.
[327] Sabin, iii. 9273.
[328] [C. K. Adams, _Manual of Historical Literature_, 557; _Potter’s
American Monthly_, December, 1876, the year of Campbell’s death.—ED.]
[329] [See this map in chapter i.—ED.]
[330] [The French explorations will be treated, and the illustrative
maps will be given, in Vol. IV.—ED.]
[331] Lane, in 1585, heard of houses covered with plates of metal.
_Hakluyt_, iii. 258. Others repeated similar stories about other places.
[332] Dee’s _Diary in the Publications_ of the Camden Society.
[333] [See chap. iv.—ED.]
[334] [See chapter iv.—ED.]
[335] It should be noted that Robert Salterne, who was with Pring at
Plymouth, soon after took Orders in the Church of England. This leads
to the conjecture that public worship may have been conducted at
Plymouth in 1603; though the subject is not referred to.
[336] [See chap. ix. of Vol. IV—ED.]
[337] [These transactions of the French will be noted in detail in Vol.
IV.—ED.]
[338] [This is counting Pring as the first, not usually reckoned such
however, and Champlain as the second. See the Critical Essay.—ED.]
[339] [A heliotype of this map, somewhat reduced, is given at page
198. It is the second of the ten different states of the plate. See
_Memorial History of Boston_, i. 54; and the Critical Essay—ED.]
[340] Gorges’ _Brief Narrative_, ch. xv. [The map made during the
Raleigh voyage of 1585, now with the original drawings of De Bry’s
pictures in the British Museum, shows a strait at Port Royal leading to
an extended sea, like Verrazano’s, at the west. We have been allowed by
Dr. Edward Eggleston to examine a photograph of this map.—ED.]
[341] [See chapter viii.—ED.]
[342] [See editorial note, A, at the end of this chapter.—ED.]
[343] On the signification of this word see “The Lost City of New
England” in _Magazine of American History_, i. no. 1, and printed
separately. The most notable monograph that has appeared in connection
with the general subject is that by M. Eugène Beauvois, entitled, _La
Norambegue. Découverte d’une quatrième colonie Pré-Colombienne dans le
Nouveau Monde_. Bruxelles, 1880, pp. 27-32. This very learned author
labors with great ingenuity to prove that the word is of old northern
origin, and that by a variety of transformations, which he seeks to
explain, it means Norrœnbygda, or the country of Norway; and that,
consequently, it must be regarded as showing the early occupation of
the region by Scandinavians. [Cf. also the paper by the same author
on “Le Markland et l’Escociland,” in _Congrès des Américanistes;
Compte rendu_, 1877, i. 224.—ED.] To the claim that the word is of
Indian origin we may oppose the statement in Thevet’s _Cosmographie_
(ii. 1009), evidently derived by that mendacious writer from an early
navigator, to the effect that, while the Europeans called the country
Norumbega, the savages called it Aggoncy. Father Vetromile reported
that he found an Indian who knew the word Nolumbega, meaning “still
water;” yet he does not say whether he recognized it as an aboriginal
or an imported word. [Vetromile, _History of the Abnakis_, New York,
1866, p. 49; and assented to by Murphy, _Verrazano_, p. 38. Father
Vetromile says in a letter: “In going with Indians in a canoe along
the Penobscot, when we arrived at some large sheet of water after a
rapid or narrow passage, men would say _Nolumbeghe_.” Dr. Ballard,
in a manuscript, says the coast Indians in our day have called it
_Nah-rah-bĕ-gek_.—ED.]
[344] See his account in vol. iii. p. 129 of _The Principal
Navigations, voiages, Traffiques, and Discoveries of the English Nation
made by Sea or overland, to the remote and farthest distant quarters of
the Earth at any time within the compasse of these 1600 yeeres: Divided
into three severall Volumes, according to the positions of the Regions
whereunto they were directed, etc., etc. By Richard Hakluyt, Master of
Arts, and sometime Student of Christ-Church in Oxford. Imprinted at
London by George Bishop, Ralph Newberie, and Robert Barker_, 1598; in
three volumes folio, the third, relating to America, printed in 1600.
[This edition was reprinted (325 copies) with care in 1809-12 by George
Woodfall, edited by R. H. Evans, and the reprint is now so scarce that
it brings £20 to £30. Such parts of Hakluyt’s earlier edition of 1589,
as he had omitted in the new edition (1598-1600), were reinserted by
Evans, and the completed reprint including other narratives “chiefly
published by Hakluyt or at his suggestion,” is extended to five
volumes. See an account of the earlier publications of Hakluyt in the
note following this chapter.—ED.]
[345] See _Purchas His Pilgrimes_, iii. 809.
[346] Bowen’s _Complete System of Geography_, two vols. folio, London,
1747, vol. ii. p. 686, where reference is made to Cape Lorembec. See
also Charlevoix’s reference to Cap de Lorembec, in Shea’s edition, v.
284; also some modern maps.
[347] _Descripcion de las Indias ocidentales de Antonio de Herrera_,
etc. 1601, dec. ii. lib. v. c. 3.
[348] This pilot has also been taken for Verrazano, said by Ramusio
to have been killed and eaten by the savages on this coast. See also
Biddle’s _Memoir of Sebastian Cabot_, second edition, London, 1832, p.
272. See also Brevoort’s _Verrazano the Navigator_, p. 147 [and Mr.
Deane’s chapter in the present volume.—ED.]
[349] Hakluyt, 111, 500.
[350] In 1525 the “Mary of Guilford,” 160 tons, and one year old, was
reserved for the King’s use. _Manuscripts of Henry_ VIII. iv. 752.
“John Rutt” was at one time master of the “Gabryll Royall.” In 1513 he
was master of the “Lord Sturton,” with a crew of 250 men; and, in April
of the same year, master of the “Great Galley,” 700 tons, John Hoplin
being captain. Ibid., under “Ships.”
[351] Hakluyt, iii. 208; and De Costa’s _Northmen in Maine, a Critical
Examination_, etc.,—Albany, 1870, p. 43,—[in refutation of the
arguments of Kohl in his _Discovery of Maine_, p. 281, who contends for
Rut’s exploration.—ED.]
[352] Folio, 557. A copy of the manuscript is preserved in the British
Museum, Sloane manuscripts, 1447, and one is also in the Bodleian,
Tanner manuscripts, 79. They present no substantial variations. Hakluyt
accepts the relation in his “Discourse,” 2 _Maine Hist. Coll._ ii.
115-220, [but his editor, Charles Deane, thinks it “has all the air of
a romance or fiction.” The Sloane copy was followed by P. C. T. Weston,
who privately printed it in his _Documents Connected with the History
of South Carolina_, London, 1856 (121 copies), with the following
title: “The Land Travels of Davyd Ingram and others in the years
1568-69 from the Rio de Minas in the Gulph of Mexico to Cape Breton in
Acadia.” A manuscript copy in the Sparks Collection (_Catalogue_, App.
No. 30) is called “Relaçon of Davyd Ingram of things which he did see
in Travellinge by lande for [from?] the moste northerlie pte of the
Baye of Mexico throughe a greate pte of Ameryca untill within fivetye
leagues of Cape Britton.” Mr. Sparks has endorsed it: “Many parts of
this narrative are incredible, so much as to throw a distrust over the
whole.”—ED.
[353] Purchas, iv. 1179. Ingram’s reference to Elephants reminds the
reader of the Lions of the Plymouth colonists (Dexter’s _Mourt_, p.
75). In this connection consult the _Rare Travailes_ of Job Hortop, who
was put ashore with Ingram, being twenty-two years in reaching England.
Cabeça de Vaca, who came to America with Narvaez in 1528, was six years
in captivity, and spent twenty months in his travels to escape. At
this period there were Indian trails in all directions for thousands
of miles; on these Ingram and his companions travelled. See, for the
Indian trails, _Maine Hist. Coll._, v. 326.
[354] [The Sloane text, according to Weston, has a blank for the name
of this river.—ED.]
[355] _Nouvelle France_, p. 598.
[356] _Œuvres_, iii. 22.
[357] Hakluyt, iii. 283. [See also chapter iv. of the present
volume.—ED.]
[358] Williamson’s _History of North Carolina_, i. 53.
[359] Hawks, _History of North Carolina_, i. 196., ed. 1857.
[360] _Archæologia Americana_, iv. 11; and _Colonial State Papers_, i.,
under August 12, 1585.
[361] _Calendar of Colonial State Papers_, i. no. 2.
[362] [His patent is in Hakluyt, iii. 174, and in Hazard, i. 24.—ED.]
[363] [See chapter iii. in the present volume, for notices of earlier
parts of Gilbert’s career. J. Wingate Thornton points out his pedigree
in “The Gilbert Family,” in _N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg._, July, 1850,
p. 223. In the same place, July, 1859, is one of Gilbert’s last letters
(from the state-paper office), with an autograph signature which is
copied in a later note.—ED.]
[364] See Richard Clarke’s narrative of “The Voyage for the discovery
of Norumbega, 1583,” in Hakluyt, iii. 163; [and Edward Haies’s account
of the voyage of 1583, Ibid., iii. 143, and also in E. J. Payne’s
_Voyages of Elizabethan Seamen_, London, 1880, p. 175. Soon after
Haies, in the “Golden Hind,” reached England, after seeing Gilbert, in
the “Squirrel,” disappear, _A True Reporte of the late Discoveries_
(London, 1583) came out, purporting on the titlepage to be by Gilbert;
but Hakluyt, who reprinted it in 1589 and 1600, interpreted the
initials G. P., of the Dedication, as those of Sir George Peckham,
who had in his tract urged another attempt under Gilbert’s patent, as
Captain Carlyle had done in his discourse just before Gilbert sailed,
which was also reprinted in Hakluyt. See also Hakluyt’s _Westerne
Planting_, ed. by Deane, p. 201; George Dexter’s _First Voyage of
Gilbert_, p. 4. The Rev. Abiel Holmes, D.D., printed in _Mass. Hist.
Coll._, ix. 49, a memoir of Parmenius the Hungarian, who went down in
Gilbert’s largest ship.—ED.]
[365] _Principal Navigations_, iii. 246. [Also chapter iv. of the
present volume.—ED.]
[366] Ibid., iii. 193.
[367] _A Briefe and true Relation of the Discouerie of the North
part of Virginia; being a most pleasant, fruitfull, and commodious
Soile. Made this present yeare, 1602, by Captaine Bartholomew Gosnold,
Captaine Bartholomew Gilbert, and divers other gentlemen their
associats, by the permission of the honourable Knight, Sir Walter
Ralegh, etc. Written by_ Mr. IOHN BRERETON, _one of the voyage.
Whereunto is annexed a Treatise of_ Mr. EDWARD HAYES. 4º, London. Geor.
Bishop, 1602.
[Of Brereton’s book there are copies in Harvard College Library
(imperfect) and in Mr. S. L. M. Barlow’s collection. One in the Brinley
sale, No. 280, was bought for $800 by Mr. C. H. Kalbfleisch of New York.
This narrative is followed in Strachey’s _Historie of Travaile_, book
ii. ch. 6. Thornton in notes _c_ and _d_ to his speech “Colonial
Schemes of Popham and Gorges,” at the Popham celebration, enumerates
the evidences of the intended permanency of Gosnold’s settlement.
The site of Gosnold’s fort on Cuttyhunk was identified in 1797 (see
Belknap’s _American Biography_), and again in 1817 (_North American
Review_, v. 313) and 1848 (Thornton’s _Cape Anne_, p. 21).—ED.]
[368] 3 _Mass. Hist. Coll._, vol. viii. This reprint was made from a
manuscript copy sent from England by Colonel Aspinwall. _Proceedings_,
ii. 116.
[369] _Purchas his Pilgrimes_, iv. 1651; also in 3 _Mass. Hist.
Coll._, viii. [A French translation of the accounts of Gosnold’s and
Pring’s voyages appeared at Amsterdam, in 1715, in Bernard’s _Receuil
de Voiages au Nord_; and in 1720, in _Relations de la Louisiane,
etc._—Sabin’s _Dictionary_, ii. p. 102.—ED.]
[370] [This _Versameling_ was issued in 1706-7 at Leyden in two forms,
octavo and folio, from the same type, the octavo edition giving the
voyages chronologically, the folio, by nations. It was reissued with
a new title in 1727. Muller, _Books on America_, 1872, no. 1887; and
1877, no. 1. Sabin, _Dictionary_, i. 3.—ED.]
[371] This subject was first brought to the attention of students by
a paper on “Gosnold and Pring,” read before the New England Historic
Genealogical Society [by B. F. De Costa], portions of which were
printed in the Society’s _Register_, 1878, p. 76. This shows the
connection between the voyage of Gosnold and the letter of Verrazano.
See also, “Cabo de Baxos, or the place of Cape Cod in the old
Cartology,” in the _Register_, January, 1881 [by Dr. De Costa], and
the reprint, revised. New York: T. Whittaker, 1881. Also Belknap’s
_American Biography_, ii. 123.
[372] “_New England_ was originally a Part of that Tract Stiled
_North-Virginia_, extending from _Norimbegua_ (as the old Geographers
called all the continent beyond South-Virginia) to Florida, and
including also _New York_, _Jersey_, Pensylvania, Maryland, Virginia,
_and Carolina_. Though Sir _Walter Raleigh’s_ Adventures and Sir
_Francis Drake’s_ were ashore in this Country, yet we find nothing
very material or satisfactory either as to its Discovery or its Trade,
till the Voyage made hither in 1602 by Captain _Gosnold_, who, having
had some Notion of the Country from Sir _Francis Drake_, was the first
Navigator who made any considerable Stay here, where he made a small
Settlement, built a fort, and raised a Platform for six Guns.”—Bowen’s
_Complete System of Geography_, London, 1747, ii. 666. [There is a
long note on the landfall of Gosnold on the Maine coast, in Poor’s
_Vindication of Gorges_, p. 30.—ED.]
[373] The relation of Pring’s voyage is derived from Purchas, iv. 1654
and v. 829, where it is attributed to Pring himself. [It should be
noted that the identifying of Whitson Harbor with the modern Plymouth
was first brought forward by Dr. De Costa in the _N. E. Hist. and
Geneal. Reg._, January, 1878. It has generally been held that Pring
doubled Cape Cod, and reached what is now Edgartown Harbor in Martha’s
Vineyard, or some roadstead in that region. Such is the opinion of
Bancroft, i., cent. ed., 90; Palfrey, i. 78; Barry, i. 12; and Bryant
and Gay, i. 266—all these following the lead of Belknap.—ED.]
[374] _Voyages and Travels_, London, 1742, ii. 222. See on Raleigh’s
Patent, Palfrey’s _New England_, i. 81, _note_. [Also chapter iv. of
the present volume.—ED.]
[375] _Divers voyages touching the discouerie of America and the
Islands adiacent vnto the same, made first of all by our Englishmen,
and afterwards by the Frenchmen and Britons, etc., etc. Imprinted at
London for Thomas Woodcocke, dwelling in paules Church-Yard, at the
signe of the blacke beare_, 1582. [See further in the note following
this chapter.—ED.]
[376] _The Principall Navigations, Voiages, and Discoveries of the
English Nation, made by Sea or over Land, to the most remote and
fartherest distant quarters of the Earth, etc. Imprinted at London
by George Bishop and Ralph Newberie, Deputies to Christopher Barker,
Printer to the Queenes most excellent Maiestie_, 1589. See further in
the note following this chapter.—ED.
[377] _Virginia richly valued, By the description of the maine land of
Florida, her next neighbor, etc., etc._ London, 1609.
[378] [See Editorial note, B, at the end of this chapter, and the
chapter on “The Cabots.”—ED.]
[379] Hakluyt of Yatton. See _Divers Voyages_, ed. 1850, p. v. _note_.
[380] _American Biography_, ii. 135.
[381] Mr. McKeene in the _Maine Hist. Coll._, v. 307; _Hist. Mag._, i.
112.
[382] _Maine Hist. Coll._, vi. 291.
[383] _Memorial Volume_, published by the Maine Historical Society,
p. 301. Other writers have treated the subject, or touched upon it in
passing, and some from time to time have changed ground,—one blunder
leading to another.
[Belknap had employed a well-known Massachusetts navigator, Captain
John Foster Williams, to track the coast with an abstract of Rosier’s
journal in hand. His theory, even of late years, has had some
supporters like William Willis, in _Maine Hist. Coll._, v. 346. R. K.
Sewall in his _Ancient Dominions of Maine_, 1859, and _Hist. Mag._, i.
188, follow McKeene; as does Dr. De Costa himself in the Introduction
to his _Voyage to Sagadahoc_, and General Chamberlain in his _Maine,
her place in History_. George Prince was the first to advocate the
George’s River, and his views were furthered by David Cushman in the
same volume of the _Maine Hist. Coll._ Prince, in 1860, reprinted
Rosier’s _Narrative_, still presenting his view in notes to it.
This essay by Prince incited Cyrus Eaton, a local historian (whose
story has been told touchingly by John L. Sibley in the _Mass. Hist.
Soc. Proc._, xiii. 438), to the writing of his _History of Thomaston,
Rockland, and South Thomaston_, which he published at the age of
eighty-one years, having prepared it under the disadvantage of total
blindness. In this (ch. ii.) the theory of George’s River is sustained,
as also in Johnson’s _Bristol, Bremen, and Pemaquid_, and in Bancroft.
See p. 218.
More recent explorations to ascertain Waymouth’s anchorage are
chronicled in the _Boston Daily Advertiser_, Aug. 23, 1879, and June
11, 1881.—ED.]
[384] The writer has two sketches of the mountains as seen from
Monhegan; yet the _Maine Hist. Coll._, vi. 295, inform the reader that
“the White Mountains with an elevation above the level of the sea
of 6,600 feet, being distant 110 miles, could not on account of the
curvature of the earth be seen from the deck of the “Archangel,” even
with a naked eye.”
[385] 3 _Mass. Hist. Coll._, viii. 122.
[386] _The Historie of Travaile into Virginia Britannia; expressing the
cosmographie and comodities of the country, togither with the manners
and customes of the people, gathered and observed as well by those who
went first thither, as collected by William Strachey, Gent._ Edited by
R. H. Major for the Hakluyt Society, London, 1849. p. 159.
[387] _Œuvres_, iii. 74. “Il nous dit qu’il y auoit un vaisseau à dix
lieues du port, qui faisoit pesche de poisson, & que ceux de dedans
auoient tué cinq sauuages d’icelle riuiere, soubs ombre amitié: &
selon la façon qu’il nous despeignoit les gens du vaisseau, nous les
lugeasmes estre Anglois, & nommasmes l’isle où ils estoient la nef:
pour ce que de loing elle en auoit le semblance.”
[388] _A True Relation of the most prosperous voyage made this present
yeare, 1605, by Captaine George Waymouth, in the Discouery of the Land
of Virginia: where he discouered 60 miles of a most excellent River;
together with a most fertile land. Written by Iames Rosier, a Gentleman
employed in the voyage. Londini, Impensis Geor. Bishop, 1605._ [The
copy of this tract in the Brinley sale, no. 280, was bought by Mr. C.
H. Kalbfleisch, of New York, for $800. There are other copies in the
New York Historical Society’s Library and in the private collection of
Mr. S. L. M. Barlow.—ED.]
[389] Purchas, iv. 1659.
[390] 3 _Mass. Hist. Coll._, viii. 125. Mr. Sparks procured a
transcript of the Grenville copy, and this was used by the printer in
this reprint.
[391] _Pilgrimage_, London, 1614, p. 756.
[392] _A Brief Relation of the Discovery and Plantation of New
England_, London, 1622, pp. 2-4.
[393] _Generall Historie of New England_, London, 1624, pp. 203-4.
[394] Sir Ferdinando Gorges’ _Briefe Narration of the Originall
Undertakings of the advancement of plantations into the parts of
America, especially showing the beginning, progress, and continuance
of that of New England_, London, 1658, pp. 8-10. When first published,
Sir Ferdinando had been dead some years, and his grandson, Ferdinando
Gorges, Esq., included it in a general work, _America Painted to the
Life_, etc.
[395] Fourth Series, i. 219.
[396] _Maine Hist. Coll._, iii. 286, with an introduction by W. S.
Bartlet.
[397] _A Relation of a Voyage to Sagadahoc, now first printed from
the original manuscript in the Lambeth Palace Library_, edited with
preface, notes, and appendix, by the Rev. B. F. De Costa. Cambridge,
John Wilson & Son, University Press, 1880. [The Preface reviews the
story of the settlement; and the Appendix reprints the extracts from
Gorges, Smith, Purchas, and Alexander, from which, previous to the
publication of Strachey’s account, all knowledge of the colony was
derived.—ED.]
[398] _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, xviii. (1880-1881) 82, 117.
[399] Smith’s _Generall Historie_, p. 203.
[400] [The literary history of this controversy is traced more minutely
in the Editorial note C, at the end of this chapter.—ED.]
[401] [The Gorges papers, which might prove so valuable, have not
been discovered. Dr. Woods examined some called such, in Sir Thomas
Phillipps’s collection, but they proved unimportant. Hakluyt, _Westerne
Planting_, Introduction, p. xx. The grant from James I. to Gorges,
April 10, 1606, covering the coast from 34° to 45° north latitude, and
which was afterwards the cause of not a little controversy with the
Massachusetts colonists, is given in Hazard’s _Historical Collections_,
i. 442, and in Poor’s _Vindication of Gorges_, p. 110.—ED.]
[402] See _Nova Britannia_, London, 1609, p. 1, no. vi., p. 11, in
_Force’s Tracts_, vol. i.
[403] It should also be observed that Captain John Mason says: “Certain
Hollanders began a trade, about 1621, upon the coast of New England,
between Cape Cod and Delaware Bay, in 40° north latitude, granted to
Sir Walter Raleigh in 1584, and afterwards confirmed and divided by
agreement by King James, in 1606. The plantations in Virginia have been
settled about forty years; in New England about twenty-five years. The
Hollanders came as interlopers between the two, and have published a
map of the coast between Virginia and Cape Cod, with the title of “New
Netherlands.” _Calendar of State-papers_ (Colonial), 1574, p. 166, by
Sainsbury, London, 1860, p. 143, under April 2 (1632?). Mason is in
error respecting the beginning of the Dutch trade, which was in 1598.
[404] For studies and speculations concerning Sabino, Monhegan,
Penobscot, and other names found in Maine, see Dr. Ballard in the
_Report of the United States Coast Survey_, 1848, p. 243. Also
Williamson’s _History of Maine_, i. 61, and the Rev. Dr. Henry Martyn
Dexter’s edition of _Mourt’s Relation_, p. 83. [See Dr. Ballard on the
location of Sasanoa’s River in _Hist. Mag._, xiii. 164.—ED.]
[405] Published by the Hakluyt Society in their volume edited by Asher,
and entitled _Henry Hudson the Navigator_, London, 1860, p. 45. See
also Read’s _Historical Inquiry concerning Henry Hudson_, etc., 1866,
with the _Sailing Directions of Henry Hudson, prepared for his use in
1608, from the Old Danish of Ivar Bardsen, with an introduction and
notes; also a dissertation on the Discovery of the Hudson River_, by B.
F. De Costa, Albany, Joel Munsell, 1869. Also, Petitot’s _Memoires_,
vol. xx. 141, 232, 421. [See further in ch. x. of the present
volume.—ED.]
[406] Purchas, iv. 1758 and 1664.
[407] Purchas, iv. 1827.
[408] _Brief Narration_, c. xiv. See also Pinkerton’s _Voyages_, xiii.
206.
[409] See Biard’s Letter in Carayon’s _Première Mission_, p. 62.
[410] _Relations des Jésuites_, Quebec, 1858, 3 vols., vol. i. p. 44.
[411] _Colonial State Papers_, 1574, vol. i. articles 18 and 25, 1613.
[412] For authorities see Champlain’s _Œuvres_, iii. 17; also,
Lescarbot’s _Nouvelle France_, ed. 1618, lib. iv. c. 13. A translation
of the narrative of Father Biard is given in _Scenes in the Isle of
Mount Desert_, by B. F. De Costa, New York, 1869. [Further accounts of
these proceedings will be given in Vol. IV. of the present history.—ED.]
[413] See _A Description of New England: or The Observations and
Discoueries of Captain Iohn Smith (Admirall of that Country), in the
North of America, in the year of our Lord 1614: with the successe of
sixe Ships that went out the next yeare, 1615, and the accidents befell
him among the French men of Warre: with the proofe of the present
benefit this countrey affoords, whither this present yeare, 1616, eight
voluntary ships are gone to make further Tryall. At London printed by
Humfrey Lownes for Robert Clerke; and are to be sould at his house
called the Lodge, in Chancery lane, ouer against Lincolnes Inne, 1616._
Also _The Generall Historie of Virginia, New England, and the Summer
Isles ... from their first beginning An^o. 1584, to the present, 1626_.
London, 1632. [See note D, at the end of this chapter.—ED.]
[414] _Brief Narration_, in _Maine Hist. Coll._, ii. 27, and Dexter’s
_Mourt’s Relation_, p. 86.
[415] _Generall Historie._
[416] Bradford’s _Plimouth Plantation_ in 4 _Mass. Hist. Coll._, iii.
95. _Mourt’s Relation_ says that Hunt took seven Indians from Cape
Cod. Dexter’s _Mourt’s Relation_, p. 86. Dermer says that Squanto was
captured in Maine.
[417] See the Hakluyt Society’s publication, edited by Markham, _The
Hawkins Voyages_, 1878.
[418] See the letter in _N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg._, 1874, p.
248; and the Cotton Manuscripts, British Museum. Also Neill’s
_Colonization_, p. 91.
[419] Gorges in _Brief Narration_, ch. xiv., and _New England’s
Trials_, p. 11, in Force’s _Tracts_. _Briefe Relation of the President
and Council_, Purchas, iv. 1830; also in 3 _Mass. Hist. Coll._, i.
Prince’s _New England Chronology_, Boston, 1736, p. 64, and Dermer’s
letter in 2 _New York Hist. Coll._, i. 350.
[420] _Doc. Hist. of New York_, i. [This is a map “Della nuova Belgia
è parte della nuova Anglia,” of which a portion is given in fac-simile
in chapter ix. of the present volume. The editor of the _Doc. Hist._
gives no clew to its origin, but it can be traced to Carta II., in
Robert Dudley’s _Dell Arcano del Mare_, Firenze, 1647.—ED.] See, on the
tourists in the New World, _Verrazano the Explorer_, p. 65.
[421] [It may be worth mentioning that the map in the _Libro di
Benedetto Bordone_, 1528, gives “Norbegia” as the form of the name.
_Carter-Brown Catalogue_, no. 91. The matter will be further considered
in connection with the French explorers in another volume.—ED.]
[422] [It is described in the _Catalogue of the MS. Maps, etc., in the
British Museum_, 1844, i. 23; and map no. 17 shows the east coast of
North America from 6° N. to 51° N.; and no. 20, both hemispheres. Malte
Brun describes it in his _Histoire de la Géographie_, Ed. Huot., i.
631.—ED.]
[423] [See further on this map in the chapter on “The Cabots,” where a
fac-simile is given.—ED.]
[424] This map embraces the country from Newfoundland to Florida,
showing a part of the Gulf of Mexico. It is found in a collection of
eleven beautifully executed maps, bound in one large volume, preserved
in the British Museum. [Cf. Kohl’s _Maps, Charts, etc., mentioned in
Hakluyt_, 1857, p. 16; and Collinson’s _Frobisher’s Voyages_, published
by the Hakluyt Society.—ED.] See _Verrazano the Explorer_, New York,
1880, p. 56. This map shows the _Euripi_ of Nicholas of Lynn. See
_Inventio Fortunata_.
[425] _The Private Diary of John Dee_, edited by Halliwell, and
published by the Camden Society, 1842, P. 5. [This diary is written on
the margins of old almanacs, which were discovered in the Ashmolean
Museum. Halliwell calls Disraeli’s account of Dee, in his _Amenities of
Literature_, correct and able. Winsor’s _Halliwelliana_, p. 5.—ED.]
[426] [It measures 3¾ by 2¼ inches; and is carefully drawn on vellum,
and accompanied by another, sketchily drawn, of the same date.
_Catalogue of MS. Maps, etc., in the British Museum_, 1844, i. 30.—ED.]
[427] Dee’s _Diary_, p. 16, and Hakluyt, iii.
[428] [We can only regret that Gilbert’s “cardes and plats that were
drawn with the due gradation of the harbours, bayes, and capes, did
perish with the admirall.” Haies in Hakluyt.—ED.]
[429] See reproduction in the _Historical and Geographical Notes_ of
Henry Stevens, 1869, and another in chapter i. of the present volume.
[A fac-simile has also been separately issued in London, worth about
thirty shillings. The map, which is a considerable advance on earlier
maps and shows the English tracks down to about 1584, is dedicated to
Hakluyt by F. G. (initials which have so far concealed the true name),
and is so rarely found in copies that its presence more than doubles
the value of the book, which without it may be put at eight guineas.
Fifty years ago a good copy with a genuine map was not worth more than
four guineas,—now twenty guineas. Rich’s _Catalogue_, 1632, No. 68. The
_Carter-Brown Catalogue_, No. 370, does not show the map.—ED.]
[430] _Atlas zur Entdeckungsgeschichte Amerikas_, by Kunstmann and
others, Munich, 1859, Plate xiii. [The original is said, in Markham’s
_Davis’s Voyages_, p. 361, to be preserved in Dudley’s own copy of the
_Arcano del Mare_, at Florence. The large map of 1593 in _Historiarum
Indicarum Libri xvi_. _Maffeii_, also gives place to Norumbega; as does
Wytfliet’s edition of _Ptolemy_, 1597. The _Speculum Orbis-terrarum_ of
Cornelius de Judaeis, published at Antwerp, 1593, has a map, “Americæ
pars borealis, Florida, Baccalaos, Canada, Corterealis.” The German
edition of Acosta, 1598, gives a map of Norumbega and Virginia, making
them continuous. _Carter-Brown Catalogue_, nos. 517, 520.—ED.]
[431] Preserved in the Library of the Middle Temple. A tracing is in
possession of the writer, from which a sketch of a section is given in
note E, following this chapter.
[432] [See note F, at the end of this chapter.—ED.]
[433] See _Cabo de Baxos, or the Place of Cape Cod, in the old
Cartology_, by B. F. De Costa, New York, 1881, p. 7.
[The Editor dissents from the views given in this elaborate tract and
adopted in the text of the present chapter; and thinks that Cape Cod,
and not Sandy Hook, is the conspicuous peninsula which appears on the
early maps. In the general coast-line Cape Cod is a protuberant angle,
while Sandy Hook is in the bight of a bay which forms an entering
angle, and, unlike Cape Cod, is of no significance in relation to the
trend of the continental shore. There is the least difficulty, in the
matter of the bearings of one point from another, with considering
this feature to be Cape Cod; and we must remember that the compass was
the only instrument of tolerable precision which the early navigators
had, and its records are the only ones to be depended upon. It is
accordingly never safe to discard the record of it, unless under strong
convictions as to a misreading of its evidence. The Editor does not
receive such convictions from the moderate variations of latitude,
which often were one or two degrees or even more out of the way in the
old maps; nor from the coast names, which by no means were constant in
position, and were not infrequently sadly confused and made to appear
more than once under translated forms. The process of copying such from
antecedent maps was far more liable to error than the transmission
of the general direction and the sinuosities of the coast line. The
cartographers sometimes scattered names, seemingly for little purpose
but to fill up spaces. Coast names, before settlements were fixed, were
of the utmost delusiveness, except sometimes in the case of isolated
features, not to be confounded.—ED.]
[434] [See vol. iv. of this present work.—ED.]
[435] On the variations found in ten different impressions of the
map, see Winsor, in the _Memorial History of Boston_, i. 52 [where a
section of it, with the portrait of Smith, is given in heliotype. A
reduced heliotype of the whole map is given herewith. Hulsius, when he
translated Smith’s book for his voyages, made an excellent reproduction
of the map, which appears in three of his sections. The earliest of the
modern reproductions was that in 3 _Mass. Hist. Coll._, iii. Palfrey
has given it, reduced by photolithography, but not very satisfactorily,
in his _New England_, i. 95. It was re-engraved by Swett in 1865 for
Veazie’s edition of the _Description_, and the plate was subsequently
altered to correspond with later states of the original plate, and in
this condition appears in Jenness’s _Isles of Shoals_. It is reduced
from this re-engraving in Bryant and Gay’s _United States_, i. 518.—ED.]
[436] In his _Description_, p. 67, Smith says, “At last it pleased Sir
_Ferdinando Gorge_, and Master Doctor _Sutliffe_, Deane of Exceter, to
conceve so well of these proiects and my former imployments, as induced
them to make a new adventure with me in those parts, whither they have
so often sent to their continuall losse.”
[437] See his _Henry Hudson in Holland_, printed at The Hague, 1859,
pp. 43-66.
[438] _Beschryvinghe van der Samoyeden Landt in Tartarien_, etc.,
Amsterdam, 1612. The language on the map is, “ende by Westen Nova
Albion in mar del sur.” See also _Henry Hudson in Holland_, which shows
how Hudson happened to make his voyage to our coast.
[439] _Verrazano the Explorer_, 1881, p. 57. Hakluyt, iii. 737.
Endicott, in 1661, called New England “This Patmos;” _Calendar of State
Papers, America and the West Indies_, London, 1880, p. 9.
[440] _True Travels_, p. 58.
[441] [It however still kept its place on the maps of De Laet, 1633,
1640, etc.—ED.]
[442] Bourne (d. 1582) first issued almanacs with _Rules of Navigation_
in 1567. In 1578 he printed an account of sea devices, making in it
the earliest mention of Humphrey Cole’s invention of the log. Cruden’s
_History of Gravesend_, 1843.
[443] In Dexter’s _Congregationalism_, pp. 277-78, are citations of
English State Papers relating to this voyage and to journals of it.
[444] Dexter, _Congregationalism_, p. 314.
[445] Neal, _History of the Puritans_, iii. 347.
[446] Preface to _Christian Institutions_.
[447] Dexter, _Congregationalism_, pp. 395, 397.
[448] A full and evidently impartial account of this dissension, its
method and its results, though anonymous, was published in London in
1575, under the title of _A Brieff discours off the troubles begonne at
Franckford, in Germany, Anno Domini 1554, Abowte the Booke of common
prayer and Ceremonies, and continued by the Englishe men there to
thende of Q. Maries Raigne, in the which discours the gentle reader
shall see the very originall and beginnenge off all the contention that
hath byn, and what was the cause off the same (no place given)_. This,
with an Introduction, was reprinted in London in 1846, as _A Brief
Discourse of the Troubles begun at Frankfort in the Year 1554, about
the Book of Common Prayer and Ceremonies_.
[449] _Exhort. ad Castita_, c. 7.
[450] _Village Communities_, p. 201.
[451] In Morton’s _New England Memorial_.
[452] Morton, p. 76.
[453] New York, 1880.
[454] The works of John Strype include _Historical Memorials_, six
volumes; _Annals of the Reformation_, seven volumes; and his _Lives_
of Cranmer, Parker, Whitgift, Grindall, Aylmer, Cheke, and Smith,
published at Oxford, 1812-1828, which should be accompanied by a
_General Index_, by R. T. Lawrence, in two volumes.
Gilbert Burnet’s _History of the Reformation of the Church of England_
was originally published in London in three volumes in 1679, 1681, and
1715. There have been various editions since.
[455] University Press, Cambridge. Cf. _The Zurich Letters._
[456] [Cf. the Critical Essay appended to the chapter on the “Pilgrim
Church” in the present volume.—ED.]
[457] _The Laws of Ecclesiastical Polity_, London, 1594. The seventh
and eighth books did not appear till 1618; and the whole was issued
together in 1622. There have been various editions since.
[458] _Literature of Europe_, ii. 166.
[459] _Constitutional History of England._
[460] _The History of the Puritans, or Protestant Nonconformists:
from the Reformation in 1517 to the Revolution in 1688. Comprising an
Account of their Principles, their Attempts for a Further Reformation
in the Church, their Sufferings, and the Lives and Characters of their
Most Considerable Divines._ By Daniel Neal, M.A. Cf. Bohn’s edition of
Lowndes, p. 1655.
[461] _The Inner Life of the Religious Societies of the Commonwealth,
considered principally with Reference to the Influence of Church
Organization on the Spread of Christianity._ By Robert Barclay. London,
1876, 4º, 700 pp.
[462] [See the chapter on “The Founding of Pennsylvania” in the present
volume.—ED.]
[463] _A History of the Free Churches of England, from A. D. 1688 to A.
D. 1851._ By Herbert S. Skeats. London, 1868.
[464] See the _Annual Congregational Year-Book_.
[465] _Bampton Lectures_, p. 68.
[466] Among the more important volumes of a historical character
prompted by the occasion above referred to, may be mentioned, _English
Puritanism, its Character and History, etc._ (by P. Bayne); _The Early
English Baptists_ (by B. Evans); _Church and State Two Hundred Years
Ago_ (by J. Stoughton); _and English Nonconformity_ (by R. Vaughan).
[467] _Leaders of the Reformation; English Puritanism and its
Leaders,—Cromwell, Milton, Baxter, Bunyan_; and _Rational Theology and
Christian Philosophy in England in the Seventeenth Century._ These
works were published in 1859, 1861, and 1872, respectively, and there
have been later editions.
[468] _Dissent in its Relations to the Church of England: Eight
Lectures, on the Bampton Foundation, preached before the University of
Oxford in 1871._ By George Herbert Curteis, M.A., London, 1872.
[469] _History of Free Churches of England_, p. 14.
[470] _Constitutional History_, chap. iv.
[471] _The Church and Puritans: a Short Account of the Puritans; their
Ejection from the Church of England, and the Efforts to restore them._
By D. Mountfield, M.A., Rector of Newport, Salop. London, 1881.
[472] _The Organization of the early Christian Churches: Eight Lectures
delivered before the University of Oxford, in the year 1880. Bampton
Lectures._ By Edwin Hatch, M.A. London, 1881.
[473] _Christian Institutions: Essays on Ecclesiastical Subjects._ By
Dean Stanley, of Westminster. London, 1881.
[474] [Cf. also chapter ix.—ED.]
[475] _N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg._ xviii. 20.
[476] _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._ xii. 98.
[477] _Calendar of Domestic State Papers_, Aug. 18, 1603.
[478] _Historical Magazine_, iii. 358.
[479] _Eighth Report of Royal Commission on Hist. MSS._, pt. 2, p. 45;
Hanbury’s _Memorials_, i. 368.
[480] In the household of this Countess (widow of the fourteenth
Earl), Thomas Dudley, later one of the founders of Massachusetts, was
steward. The patentee did not go with the emigrants, and is never heard
of again. Another John Whincop was matriculated at Trinity College,
Cambridge, in July, 1618, graduated B.A. in 1622, was a member of the
Westminster Assembly in 1643, and died Rector of Clothall, Herts, May
6, 1653, in his fifty-second year.
[481] [We only know this compact in the transcript given in _Mourt’s
Relation_, and in the copy which Bradford made of it in his MS. history.
[Illustration]
Its last surviving signer was John Alden, who died in Duxbury, Sept.
12, 1686, aged eighty-seven; though that passenger of the “Mayflower”
longest living was Mary, daughter of Isaac Allerton, who became the
wife of Elder Thomas Cushman (son of Robert Cushman), and she died in
1699, aged about ninety.—ED.
[482] By New Style the 21st; through an unfortunate mistake originating
in the last century (Palfrey’s _History of New England_, i. 171) the
22d has been commonly adopted as the true date.
[483] _Mourt’s Relation_, p. 21. Mr. S. H. Gay has suggested (_Atlantic
Monthly_, xlviii. 616) that this landing was not at Plymouth, but on
the shore more directly west of Clark’s Island (Duxbury or Kingston),
and that consequently the commemoration of a landing at Plymouth on
that day rests on a false foundation; but the Rev. Henry M. Dexter,
D.D., has conclusively shown (_Congregationalist_, Nov. 9, 1881) that
the soundings must have led the explorers, unless the deep-water
channels have unaccountably changed since then, directly to the
neighborhood of the rock which a chain of trustworthy testimony on the
spot identifies as the first landing-place of any of the “Mayflower”
company within Plymouth Harbor. Tradition divides the honor of being
the first to step on Plymouth Rock between John Alden and Mary Chilton,
but the date of their landing must have been subsequent to December 11.
[484] [The burials of that first winter were made on what was later
known as Coale’s Hill, identical with the present terrace above the
rock.
[Illustration]
It perpetuates the name of one of the early comers.—ED.
[485] Printed in 1854 in _Mass. Hist. Coll._ vol. xxxii, with
Introduction by Mr. Charles Deane; also separately (one hundred
copies). [The original parchment was discovered, in the early part of
this century, in the Land Office in Boston; and having been used by
Judge Davis when he edited Morton’s _Memorial_, was again lost sight
of till just before it fell to Mr. Deane to edit it. Besides the
autographs of the Duke of Lenox, the Marquis of Hamilton, the Earl of
Warwick, Lord Sheffield, and Sir Ferdinando Gorges, it bore one other
signature, of which a remnant only remains. It is now at Plymouth.—ED.]
[486] Bradford’s _History_, xi.; _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, August,
1866, p. 345.
[487] _Mass. Hist. Coll._, xxviii. 298.
[488] [The main parts of it were also reprinted in the Congregational
Board’s edition of Morton, in 1855. There is a memoir of Hunter in
_Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, xvii. 300.—ED.]
[489] Priest, Tinker and Soule, are names found in the records of
parishes near Scrooby (Palfrey’s _History of New England_, i. 160),
and it is not unlikely that Degory Priest, Thomas Tinker, and George
Sowle, of the “Mayflower,” may have come from this region. It is also
said by Mr. W. T. Davis (_Harper’s Magazine_, lxiv. 254, January, 1882,
“Who were the Pilgrims?”), that a William Butten’s baptism is found in
Austerfield, under date of Sept. 12, 1589. But it would be hazardous
to identify this man of thirty-one years with the “William Butten, a
youth, servant to Samuel Fuller,” who died on the “Mayflower’s” voyage
to America. It is also believed that Miles Standish was a scion of the
Standish family of Duxbury Hall, Lancashire. [This view is encouraged,
if not established, by the expressions of Standish’s own will, which
is printed in _N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg._, v. 335. The story of
Standish’s career has been more than once reviewed of late years, on
account of the efforts, not yet completed, to erect a tower to his
memory on Captain’s Hill, in Duxbury. Its proposed height is not yet
reached; and when completed, it will bear his effigy on its top. There
were _Proceedings_ printed to commemorate the consecration of the
ground, Aug. 17, 1871, and on laying the corner-stone, in 1872. It is
known that Standish was never of the Pilgrim communion; and “Was Miles
Standish a Romanist?” is discussed in _Mag. of Amer. Hist._, i. 390.
The inventory of his books is given in _N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg._,
i. 54. Bartlett, _Pilgrim Fathers_, and the illustrated edition of
Longfellow’s _Poems_, 1880, give some views connected with the English
family. On the descendants of the Captain, see _N. E. Hist. and Geneal.
Reg._, 1873, p. 145; Winsor’s _Duxbury_; Savage’s _Dictionary_, etc.
Of the origin of Carver, their first governor, nothing is known. Cf. N.
B. Shurtleff, in _N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg._, 1850, p. 105; 1863,
p. 62; and 1872, p. 333. The Howlands were long supposed to be his
descendants through the marriage of his daughter to the Pilgrim John
Howland, and the modern inscription on the latter’s monument on the
Burial Hill, at Plymouth, repeats a story seemingly disproved by the
recovery of Bradford’s manuscript history, which states that Howland
married a daughter of another Pilgrim, Edward Tilley. A recent revision
of the story, by W. T. Davis, in the _Boston Daily Advertiser_, Nov.
25, 1881, rather urging the traditional belief, was met by Charles
Deane, in _Ibid._, Dec. 7, 1881, who showed that John Howland, Jr., was
born in Plymouth, in 1626, and could not have sprung from an earlier
marriage of John, Sr., with Carver’s daughter. The decision turns upon
the identity of “Lieutenant Howland,” as mentioned by Sewall, being met
near Barnstable. It is barely possible that Joseph Howland, and not
John, Jr., was meant; but Joseph did not live at Barnstable, as John,
Jr. did. Cf. _Historical Magazine_, iv. 122, 251; and _New England
Historical and Genealogical Register_, 1860, p. 13, 1880, p. 193.—ED.]
[490] [Cf. Mr. Deane’s memorandum, in _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._,
October, 1870, p. 403.—ED.]
[491] [This book contains a full exposition of the influence which
the Plymouth Pilgrims exerted upon the New England Congregational
system. Cf. further Dr. Jas. S. Clark’s _Congregational Churches in
Massachusetts_, 1858; the Appendix to the Congregational Board’s
edition of Morton’s _Memorial_; and Dexter’s _Congregationalism_, p.
415.—ED.]
[492] [Winslow’s tract was reissued unchanged in 1649, as _The Danger
of tolerating Levellers in a Civill State_. There are copies in the
Lenox, Charles Deane, and Carter-Brown libraries. A copy is worth,
perhaps, $100. Winslow’s report of Robinson’s sermon seems to have been
a reminiscence of his own, twenty-five years after the event. It is not
decided when it was delivered. It has usually been held to represent
advanced and liberal views; but Dr. Dexter dissents, and says that
“polity, and not dogma, is the keynote of the still noble farewell.”
See _Congregationalism_, etc., pp. 403, 409; and Palfrey’s _History of
New England_, i. 157. The whole subject of Robinson’s relation to the
Leyden congregation is treated by Dr. Dexter, p. 359; and of his union
with Johnson’s church at Amsterdam, on p. 318, note. The only copies of
the original edition of 1646 known to the Editor are in Dr. Dexter’s
and the Carter-Brown libraries.—ED.]
[493] [Dr. O. W. Holmes has thrown a little light on contemporary life
in Leyden from _Scaligerana_, in _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._ (June, 1874),
xiii. 315.—ED.]
[494] See a memoir of Mr. Sumner, by R. C. Waterston, in the _Mass.
Hist. Soc. Proc._, xviii. 189. also, a report of his speech at
Plymouth, in 1859, in the _Hist. Mag._, iii. 332; and in the _N. E.
Hist. and Geneal. Reg._, 1859, p. 341.
[495] With the specific title: _John Robinson, Prediker der Leidsche
Brownistengemeente en grondlegster der Kolonie Plymouth_. Leiden, 1846.
[What is known of Robinson’s family and descendants can be learned from
the _New England Historical and Genealogical Register_, 1860, p. 17;
1866, pp. 151, 292. The question of the Rev. John Robinson, of Duxbury,
being a descendant, was set at rest negatively by Dr. Edward Robinson,
in his _Memoir of the Rev. William Robinson_, New York. 1859.—ED.]
[496] The story of the manuscript and of its transmission to our times
is given by the editor of the present volume, in the _Mass. Hist. Soc.
Proc._, vol. xix.,—a paper also issued separately (75 Copies).
[497] [They are also given in Steele’s _Chief of the Pilgrims_, p. 316;
in Neill’s _English Colonization_, ch. vi.; in Poor’s _Gorges_; and in
the English calendars, _Colonial_, i. 43.—ED.]
[498] The Bibliographical Appendix to Dr. H. M. Dexter’s
_Congregationalism as seen in its Literature_, mentions nine of these
imprints, viz., nos. 459, 467, 470, 475, 476, 478, 481, 482, 495.
Three or four others are also known. See the _Brinley Catalogue_,
no. 530. [Brewster’s career has been made the subject of an extended
memoir, _Chief of the Pilgrims_, Philadelphia, 1857, as it is somewhat
unsatisfactorily called. It has merit in tracing the European existence
of the Pilgrim Church, but is unfortunately disfigured (p. 350) in a
minor part by some genealogical fabrications imposed upon the author,
the Rev. Ashbel Steele. (Cf. Savage’s _Genealogical Dictionary, sub_
“Brewster.”) Dr. Dexter, _N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg._, 1864, p. 18,
in examining the evidence for his birth, puts it in 1566-67; so that at
his death, in 1644, he was seventy-seven, or possibly seventy-eight.
See Mr. Neill, _Hist. Mag._, xvi. 69, and cf. Mr. Deane, _Mass. Hist.
Soc. Proc._, xii. 98; also Poole’s _Index_, p. 160.
The well-known trembling autograph of the Elder (given in fac-simile
on an earlier page) is one of the sights in the Record Office at
Plymouth, where it appears attached to a deed, as recorded,—a practice
not uncommon in the days when the colony was small. This was long
thought to be the only signature known, while it was a cause of some
surprise that no one of the four hundred volumes of his library (given
by title in his inventory,—_Plymouth Wills_, i. 53) had been identified
by bearing his autograph. Three of these books, however, have since
been found,—one a Latin Chrysostom, Basil, 1522, now in the Boston
Athenæum, bears his autograph, with the motto, “Hebel est omnis Adam,”
which is also found, as shown in the fac-simile in Steele’s _Chief of
the Pilgrims_, in another volume, similarly inscribed, now at Yale
College Library. The fact that the Athenæum volume bears evidence, in
another inscription, of having belonged to Thomas Prince, the grandson
of the Elder, and son of the governor of the colony of the same name,
and of his receiving it in July, 1644, while the Elder died in the
preceding April, would seem to indicate that the Pilgrim’s collection
of books was distributed among his relatives. The Rev. Dr. Dexter,
in his _Congregationalism_, gives a fac-simile of an autograph of
Brewster written at an earlier period than the others; and this is
found in a third volume belonging to Dr. Dexter, and numbered 211 in
his _Bibliography_. Hunter, in his _Founders of New Plymouth_, p. 86,
has shown how close a resemblance the autograph of James Brewster, the
master of the hospital near Bawtry, and friend of Archbishop Sandys,
bears to the Elder’s signature.—ED.]
[499] [Dr. Punchard’s work was unfortunately left incomplete. See
_N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg._, 1880, p. 325, and _Mass. Hist. Soc.
Proc._, xviii. 3. The painstaking student will doubtless compare these
works with Dr. Waddington’s _Hidden Church_ and _Cong. Hist._, in
which, however, Dr. Dexter seems to have little confidence. (Cf. his
_Congregationalism_, pp. 70, 201, 211, 262, 322, and his article in
the _Cong. Quarterly_, 1874.) The _Hidden Church_ was published in
1864, with an Introduction by E. N. Kirk. (Cf. _N. E. Hist. and Geneal.
Reg._, 1864, p. 219; and 1881, p. 195.)
In the archives of the English Church at Amsterdam there is a document,
signed by Ant. Walæus and Festus Hommius, theological professors at
Leyden, dated May 25-26, 1628, testifying to Robinson’s exertions to
remove the schisms between the various Brownist congregations in the
Low Countries, and his resolution, upon discouragement, to remove
“to the West Indies, where he did not doubt to effect this object.”
A photo-lithographic copy of this paper has been issued (Muller’s
_Books on America_, 1877, no. 2,780). The contemporary rejoinders to
Robinson’s arguments can be seen in Samuel Rutherford’s _Due Rights of
Presbyteries_, London, 1644.
The student will not neglect Hanbury’s _Historical Memorials relating
to the Independents_, London, 1639-44; R. Baillie’s _Anabaptism_,
London, 1647, and Catherine Chidley’s _Justification of the Independent
Churches_ (? 1650). The distinction between the Puritans and the
Pilgrims is maintained in Dr. Waddington’s books; in Dr. I. N. Tarbox’s
papers in the _Congregational Quarterly_, vol. xvii., and in the _Old
Colony Hist. Soc. Papers_, 1878; in an appendix, p. 443, to Punchard,
vol. iii.; in Benjamin Scott’s _Lecture_, London, 1866, reprinted in
the _Hist. Mag._, May, 1867, from which is mostly derived a paper in
_Scribner’s Monthly_, June, 1876. Scott also printed a lecture, “An
Hour with the Pilgrim Fathers and their Precursors,” in 1869. (Cf.
_N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg._, 1871, p. 301; also, see _Hist. Mag._,
May and November, 1867; October, 1869; _Essex Institute Hist. Coll._,
vol. iv., by A. C. Goodell; besides Baylies, Palfrey, Barry, etc.) Dr.
Dexter, _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, xvii. 64, has pointed out a curious
instance of tampering with one of Robinson’s books. See further, _Mass.
Hist. Soc. Proc._, x. 393, and _N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg._, 1859, p.
259.—ED.]
[500] [This charge was first printed by Morton in his _Memorial_,
and the earliest mention of it known is in some papers of the Record
Office, London, printed in the _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, December,
1868, p. 385. Neill, in his _English Colonization_, p. 103, intimates
that Jones may have purposely guided his vessel to Cape Cod from an
understanding with Pierce and Gorges. Neill identifies the “Mayflower”
captain with Jones of the “Discovery,” a vessel despatched to Virginia.
(Cf. Young’s _Chronicles_, p. 102, and Palfrey’s _New England_, i.
163.) O’Callaghan, _New Netherland_, i. 80, rejects the bribe theory.
The name of Jones is preserved in Jones River, shown on the map of
Plymouth Bay on a previous page.—ED.]
[501] [Our chief accounts of Bradford, other than from his own
writings, are derived from Mather’s _Magnalia_, and from Hunter’s
_Founders of New Plymouth_. Belknap, in his _American Biography_, gives
a judicious summary of what was then known, and there is a brief one in
Cheever. Besides what may be found in the general histories, the reader
can find other accounts in Tyler’s _American Literature_, i. 116; by
J. B. Moore in _Amer. Quart. Reg._ xiv. 155, and in his _Governors of
New Plymouth_, etc.; by W. F. Rae in _Good Words_, xxi. 337; in the
_Congregational Monthly_, ix. 337, 393. His will is in the _N. E. Hist.
and Geneal. Reg._, 1851, p. 385; and an account of his Bible in same,
1865, p. 12. For accounts of his descendants, see genealogy by G. M.
Fessenden in _Register_, 1850, pp. 39, 233; also, 1855, pp. 127, 218;
1860, pp. 174, 195. Cf. also Durrie’s _Index to American Genealogies_,
and Savage’s _Genealogical Dictionary_.
Bradford’s views on the Separatist movement, and on church government,
are given in several “Dialogues between Old Men and Young Men;” one
of which, written in 1648, and copied in the Records by Morton, is
given by Dr. Young in his _Chronicles_, and another, probably written
in 1652, was printed with comments by Charles Deane in the _Mass.
Hist. Soc. Proc._, October, 1870, vol. ix. p. 396. See also the
Congregational Board’s edition of Morton’s _Memorial_. A letter of
Bradford to Governor Winthrop on the early relations of the Plymouth
Colony with the Bay, dated Feb. 6, 1631-32, is now in the possession
of Judge Chamberlain, of the Boston Public Library; and, with its
signatures of Bradford and his associates, it is the most precious
autograph document of the Pilgrims in private hands. It is printed in
_N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg._, ii. 240, annotated by Charles Deane.
Some verses by Bradford, illustrating in a slender way the colony’s
early history, were referred to in his will, and were printed as a
fragment in _Mass. Hist. Coll._, iii. 77, by Dr. Belknap. The original
manuscript came with Belknap’s papers to the Society,—_Proceedings_,
iii. 317. Other verses of a similar character were printed in 3
_Collections_, vii. 27; still others are edited by Mr. Deane in
_Proceedings_, xi. 465.—ED.]
[502] [Smith gave an abstract of Mourt in his _Generall Historie_; then
Purchas, vol. iv., condensed it; and this condensation was reprinted,
with notes, in 1802, by Dr. Freeman in _Mass. Hist. Coll._, viii. 203;
but in 1819 Dr. Freeman and Judge Davis procured from a copy in the
Philadelphia Library the parts omitted by Purchas in _Ibid._, xix.
26. (Cf. _Proceedings_, i. 279.) Dr. Young first printed it entire in
his _Chronicles_. Dr. Cheever, in 1848, gave it with disorderly and
homiletical editing in his _Journal of the Pilgrims_. Dr. Dexter used
Charles Deane’s copy. There are other copies in the Carter-Brown and S.
L. M. Barlow libraries. (Cf. _Brinley Catalogue_, no. 1,909; _Menzies
Catalogue_, no. 1,447; _Crowninshield Catalogue_, no. 742; and _N. E.
Hist. and Geneal. Reg._, 1849, p. 282, and 1866, p. 281.) Rich, in
his 1832 _Catalogue_, 164 and 171, priced a copy at £2 2_s._, and in
his 1844 _Catalogue_ at £1 8_s._; Quaritch recently held one at £36.
Doctors Young and Dexter agree that “G. Mourt” must represent George
Morton. A previous note has given Dr. Dexter as the best authority for
tracing the localities named in this journal. See, also, Freeman’s
_Cape Cod_ and De Costa’s _Footprints of Miles Standish_.
Mourt makes no record of the landing from the “Mayflower” being upon a
_rock_, nor does he indicate the precise spot, or fix a commemorative
day. In an earlier note mention has been made of a recent controversy
on these points. Mr. Gay found an earlier opponent than Dr. Dexter in
Mr. William T. Davis, _Boston Daily Advertiser_, Nov. 17, 1881, to
which Mr. Gay replied, Nov. 30, 1881; and again Mr. Davis rejoined,
Dec. 3, 1881. As to the mistake of celebrating the 22d instead of the
21st December, which arose from the Committee of the Old Colony Club
adding for the change of style one day too many, a Committee of the
Pilgrim Society in 1850 recommended a change in the commemoration day;
but though for a few years followed, it has not effected a permanent
compliance, and by a recent vote of the Society the 22d has been
re-established. The 1850 Report was printed. (Cf. _N. E. Hist. and
Geneal. Reg._, iv. 350, 369) Mr. Gay, in the _Popular History of the
United States_, i. 393, takes another view of the mistake. It was in
1769 that the Plymouth people determined to institute a celebration,
and fixed upon the day, December 11, Old Style, when the exploring
party from the “Mayflower,” then in Provincetown harbor, first landed
on the mainland and explored it.
Attempts have been made to trace the earlier and later career of
the “Mayflower.” Mr. Hunter, in an appendix to his _Founders of New
Plymouth_, p. 186, has shown how common the name was. She is thought to
have been identical with one of Winthrop’s fleet ten years later; but
the slaver “Mayflower,” with which she has been sometimes identified,
was a larger vessel. Cf. _N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg._, 1871, p. 91,
and 1874, p. 50; _Calendar of State Papers_, Domestic Series, April 12,
1588.
Of Samoset, the Indian whom the colonists first encountered after
landing, there are accounts in Dexter’s edition of Mourt’s _Relation_;
Sewall’s _Ancient Dominion of Maine_, p. 101; _Popham Memorial_, by
Professor Johnson, p. 297; Thornton’s _Pemaquid_, p. 54; and in _Maine
Hist. Coll._, v. 186.
Mourt’s _Relation_ and Winslow’s _Good News_ give the earliest
accounts of the Indians in the Pilgrims’ neighborhood, who had been
nearly exterminated by a recent plague. (_Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._,
v. 130.) Of Massasoit and his family,—this chief being the nearest
sachem,—Fessenden’s _History of Warren, R. I._, gives an account.
See also E. W. Peirce’s _Indian History, Biography, and Genealogy
pertaining to the good Sachem Massasoit and his descendants_, North
Abington, 1878. Drake, in his _Book of the Indians_, book ii. chap.
ii., and in the _N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg._, 1858, p. 1, examines
the colonists’ relations with the Indians. See _Congregational
Quarterly_, i. 129, for a paper, “Did the Pilgrims wrong the Indians?”
Their efforts to Christianize them are examined in the Appendix to the
Congregational Board’s edition of Morton’s _Memorial_.
It was at Plymouth (1631-1633) that Roger Williams drew up his treatise
attacking the validity of the titles acquired under the patents
granted by the king, in accordance with the common-law principle
as understood at the time. Acceptance of his views as to the sole
validity of the Indian title would have disturbed the foundations of
the colony’s government; and it was not without satisfaction that the
authorities saw Williams return to the Bay, where his factious and
impracticable views on civil policy, quite as much or even more than
any views on theology, led to his subsequent banishment. The later
history of Williams was Massachusetts’ best vindication. Charles Deane
has thoroughly examined his position as regards the patent, with an
amplitude of references, in the Mass_. Hist. Soc. Proc._, February,
1873.—ED.]
[503] [The bibliography of this famous discourse is traced in the
_N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg_, April, 1861, p. 169; and in the
_Hist. Mag._, ii. 344; iv. 57; v. 89. Cf. Sabin’s _Dictionary_, v.
156. Dr. Dexter notes three copies,—his own, the Bodleian’s, and
Charles Deane’s. The sermon has been several times reprinted; is
given in part by Dr. Young; also in the _Cushman Genealogy_, and was
photo-lithographed (60 copies), in 1870, from Dr. Dexter’s copy, then
in Mr. Wiggin’s hands, with a historical and bibliographical preface
by Charles Deane. Dexter, _Congregationalism_, App., p. 30, gives the
reprints.—ED.]
[504] [It was printed in London in 1624. There are copies in Charles
Deane’s and the Carter-Brown collections. Rich (1844), £1 8_s._
Purchas, vol. iv., abridged it; and his abridgment was printed in
_Mass. Hist. Coll._, viii. 239, with omissions supplied in xix. 74;
cf. also _Proceedings_, i. 279. Young first printed it entire in his
_Chronicles_, from a copy formerly in Harvard College Library; it is
also in the Appendix of the Congregational Board’s edition of Morton’s
_Memorial_.—ED.]
[505] [See a memoir of Judge Davis by Convers Francis, in 3 _Mass.
Hist. Coll._, x. 186.—ED.]
[506] [The second edition, Boston, 1721, had a supplement by Josiah
Cotton, with changes of title, indicating perhaps successive
impressions. The third edition appeared in 1772, at Newport. In 1826 an
edition appeared at Plymouth, followed the same year by Judge Davis’s
at Boston. The last edition was issued by the Congregational Board in
1855, with notes and appendix of Bradford’s account of the church from
the Colony records, and Winslow’s visit to Massasoit, from his _Good
Newes_. The Harvard College copy of the 1669 edition has autographs
of “W. Stoughton” and “John Danforth.” The Prince Library copy is
imperfect, restored in manuscript, and has Prince’s notes. There were
different imprints to the 1721 edition, the Harvard copy reading,
“Reprinted for Daniel Henchman;” Charles Deane’s copy has “Reprinted
for Nicholas Boone;” otherwise the two seem to be alike. See _Brinley
Catalogue_, nos. 329, 330; Dexter’s _Congregationalism_, App. p. 94;
_Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, vi. 427; Tyler’s _American Literature_, i.
126.—ED.]
[507] [Certain of the letters, being the correspondence between the
Plymouth and New Netherland Colonies in 1627, are reprinted in the _New
York Hist. Coll._, 2d series, vol. i. See an account of the MS. in
Cheever’s _Journal of the Pilgrims_, chap. xxiii.—ED.]
[508] [_Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, i. 246, 279. S. G. Drake added a fifth
part and an index to Baylies’, when he reissued the remainder-sheets of
the original work, giving an account of the 1628 Kennebec patent, with
an old map of that region. See, also, for the Pilgrims’ experiences on
the Kennebec, R. H. Gardiner’s paper in the _Maine Hist. Coll._ ii.,
and the _N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg._, 1855, p. 80, and 1871, pp. 201,
274; for their Penobscot experiences, J. E. Godfrey’s paper in _Maine
Hist. Coll._ vii. 29.—Ed.]
[509] [An “Old Colony Historical Society,” whose seat is at Taunton,
began to publish papers of a Collection in 1878. The local aspect of
the colony’s history is traced in various town and parish histories, to
which clews will be found in F. B. Perkins’s _Check List of American
Local History_, Colburn’s _Massachusetts Bibliography_, and in the
historical sketch prefixed to the _Plymouth County Atlas_, Boston, 1879.
These local histories usually contain more or less genealogical
information about the descendants of the “first comers,” as those
who came in the first three vessels (“Mayflower,” 180 tons, in 1620;
“Fortune,” 55 tons, in 1621; “Ann,” 140 tons, and “Little James,” 44
tons, 1623) are distinctively called; and various family histories
have also traced the spread of Pilgrim blood throughout the American
States. Savage’s _Geneal. Dict. of N. E._, and the bibliographies of
American genealogies by Whitmore and Durrie, will indicate these. Dr.
N. B. Shurtleff published the long-accepted list of the “Mayflower”
passengers in the _N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg._, i. 47 (also
separately privately printed); but several errors were corrected on the
recovery of the Bradford manuscript, and the true list is printed in
that _History_.—ED.]
[510] [A memoir of Dr. Young by Chandler Robbins will be found in 4
_Mass. Hist. Coll._, ii. 241.—ED.]
[511] _N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg._, 1863, p. 366.
[512] [A Dutch translation of this, published in 1859, may indicate the
interest still felt in the story in the land of their exile.—ED.]
[513] _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, xiii. 390.
[514] See _N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg._, i. 114.
[515] See _Ibid._, iv. 367.
[516] [It was remodelled in 1880, when a fragment of the rock, which
was taken from the larger portion in 1774, and after having been kept
before the Court House till 1834, when it was placed before this hall,
was taken back to its original site beneath the present monumental
canopy.—ED.]
[517] The family tradition fixes the painting of it in 1651, and
Vandyke, to whom it has been assigned, died in 1541. See the _Mass.
Hist. Soc. Proc._, xv. 324, for a notice of an alleged portrait of
Miles Standish; also _Memorial History of Boston_, i. 65.
[518] [See Dr. Waddington’s description of a picture in one of the
compartments of the Lords’ corridor at Westminster, representing
with some misconception the same scene. _Historical Magazine_, i.
149. Sargent’s picture of the landing at Plymouth, well known from
engravings, is in Pilgrim Hall. _N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg._, iv.
193.—ED.]
[519] [This monument, after a design by Hammatt Billings, was
originally intended to be one hundred and fifty feet high; but it
was reduced nearly one-half, as the necessary subscriptions failed.
It bears a colossal figure of Faith, and four other typical figures
surrounding the base, not all of which are yet in place. _N. E. Hist.
and Geneal. Reg._, 1857, p. 283.—ED.]
[520] [This well-known production is for the historical student much
disfigured by abundant anachronisms, which, as it happens, do not
conduce to the effect of the poem. _Crayon_, v. 356; _Mag. of Amer.
Hist._, April, 1882.—ED.]
[521] [A collection of the minor commemorative poems, edited by
Zilpha H. Spooner, was published as _Poems of the Pilgrims_, Boston,
1882, with photographs of associated localities. Cf. _Boston Daily
Advertiser_, April 22, 1881.—ED.]
[522] The stories of these two colonies are told respectively in
chapters v. and vi.
[523] The records of the Council for New England frequently refer to
the subject of the renewal of their patent. Under the date of Aug.
6, 1622, we read: “Forasmuch as it has been ordered by the Lords of
his Majesty’s Privy Council that the Patent for New England shall be
renewed, as well for the amendment of some things therein contained as
for the necessary supply of what is found defective,” etc. Then follow
some minutes of additional changes desired by the patentees themselves.
[524] [See Vol. IV. chap. iv.—ED.]
[525] “Mr. Glanvyle moveth to speed the bill of fishing upon the coast
of America, the rather because Sir Ferdinand Gorge hath executed
a patent since the recess. Hath, by letters from the Lords of the
Council, stayed the ships ready to go forth.
“Mr. Neale _accordant_, that Sir Ferdinando hath besides threatened to
send out ships to beat off from their free fishing, and restraineth the
ships, _ut supra_.
“Sir Edward Coke, that the patent may be brought in; and Sir T.
Wentworth, that the party may be sent for.
“Ordered, the patent shall be brought in to the Committee for
Grievances upon Friday next, and Sir Jo. Bowcer [Bourchier, one of
the patentees] and Sir Ferdinando his son, to be sent for, to be then
there, if he be in town, Sir Ferdinando himself being captain of
Portsmouth” (Plymouth).
On the 24th, “Neale moveth again concerning ... restraint of fishing
upon the coasts of ... it may be brought in at the next ... for
grievances and the Com....
“Ordered, the patent, or in the default thereof [a copy?], shall be
considered of by the said com[mittee] in the afternoon. Sir Jo. Barr
[Bowcer?...] attend the said committee at that time.”—_Journal of the
House of Commons._
[526] See chapter viii.
[527] Two parts of the territory were to be divided among the
patentees, and one third was to be reserved for public uses; but the
entire territory was to be formed into counties, baronies, hundreds,
etc. From every county and barony deputies were to be chosen to
consult upon the laws to be framed, and to reform any notable abuses;
yet these are not to be assembled but by order of the President and
Council of New England, who are to give life to the laws so to be made,
as those to whom it of right belongs. The counties and baronies were
to be governed by the chief and the officers under him, with a power
of high and low justice,—subject to an appeal, in some cases, to the
supreme courts. The lords of counties might also divide their counties
into manors and lordships, with courts for determining petty matters.
When great cities had grown up, they were to be made bodies politic
to govern their own private affairs, with a right of representation
by deputies or burgesses. The management of the whole affair was to
be committed to a general governor, to be assisted by the advice and
counsel of so many of the patentees as should be there resident,
together with the officers of State. There was to be a marshal for
matters of arms; an admiral for maritime business, civil and criminal;
and a master of ordnance for munition, etc. (Cf. the Council’s “Briefe
Relation,” in 2 _Mass. Hist. Coll._, ix. 21-25; S. F. Haven’s Lecture
before the Massachusetts Historical Society, Jan. 15, 1869, on _The
History of the Grants_, etc., pp. 18, 19.)
[528] Tradition has preserved the name of “Winter Harbor” there, and
this name appears on a map of the New England coast, which is one of
the collection known as Dudley’s _Arcano del Mare_, issued at Florence
in 1646, and of which a reduced fac-simile is given herewith. Dudley
was an expatriated Englishman, of the Earl of Leicester, and had a
romantic story, which has been told by Mr. Hale in the _Amer. Antiq.
Soc. Proc._, 1873. Dudley’s first wife had been a sister of Cavendish,
and he is otherwise connected with American exploration; but there is
no evidence that he had much other material for this map than Smith and
the Dutch. [Dudley and his cartographical labors are also brought under
notice in chap. ii. of the present volume, and in chap. ix. of Vol.
IV.—ED.]
[529] Of thirty-six meetings recorded to have been held between May
31, 1622, and June 28, 1623, Sir F. Gorges was present at thirty-five
meetings; Sir Samuel Argall, thirty-three; Goche, treasurer,
twenty-two. The average attendance at a meeting was but four. One half
the patentees originally named in the grant never attended a meeting.
[530] The record says that there was presented to the King “a plot of
all the coasts and lands of New England, divided into twenty parts,
each part containing two shares, and twenty lots containing the said
double shares, made up in little bales of wax, and the names of twenty
patentees by whom these lots were to be drawn.” The King drew for three
absent members, including Buckingham, who had gone to Spain. There were
eleven members present, who drew for themselves. Nine other lots were
drawn for absent members.
[531] Yet it should be mentioned here that the grant to the Marquis,
afterward Duke, of Hamilton of land between the Connecticut River and
Narragansett, which lay dormant during his life, was claimed by his
heirs at the Restoration, and at a later period, but was not allowed.
The grant to the Earl of Sterling, between St. Croix and Sagadahoc, was
in 1663 sold by his heir to Lord Clarendon, and a charter for it was
granted next year to the Duke of York.
[532] Palfrey’s _History of New England_, ii. 51-56.
[533] Ibid. pp 57, 403-405; _Transactions of the American Antiquarian
Society_, iii. 281-300.
[534] [See chap. x. of the present volume, and chap. x. of Vol. IV.—ED.]
[535] See chapter x.
[536] Hilton’s Point (Dover) about the year 1640 was called North-ham,
in compliment to Thomas Larkham, who in that year arrived there from
North-ham in England. Wiggin was governor here five years, George
Burdett two, John Underhill three, and Thomas Roberts one.
[537] It is by virtue of this agreement that the lands are still held.
[538] [The so-called Endicott Rock, with its inscription dated 1652,
fixed the northern limits of New Hampshire at the headwaters of the
Merrimac River, and as part of Massachusetts. Cf. _Granite Monthly_, v.
224; _N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg._, i. 311; _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._,
xviii. 400; _New Hampshire Historical Collections_, iv. 194.—ED.]
[539] Bacon, quoted by Palfrey, i. 535, 536.
[540] [What purported to be a portrait of Haynes appeared in C. W.
Elliott’s _History of New England_; but it was later proved to be a
likeness of Fitz John Winthrop, and the plate was withdrawn. Cf. _Mass.
Hist. Soc. Proc._, xii. 213.—ED.]
[541] At last, in 1696, what was termed “owning the covenant” was
first introduced into the church at Hartford. Under the influence of
the synod held in Boston in 1662 of Massachusetts churches alone,
the “Half-Way Covenant” had been adopted in that colony. A want of a
closer union among the churches was a growing feeling in the colony
of Connecticut not provided for by the Cambridge Platform; and the
Saybrook Platform, the result of a Connecticut synod held in 1708,
was an attempt to provide for this want. This ecclesiastical document
was printed in New London in 1710, in a small, thin volume called a
_Confession of Faith_, etc.; and is the first book, says Isaiah Thomas,
printed in Connecticut. Trumbull, i. 471, 482.
[542] Palfrey’s _History of New England_, vol. iii. p. 238.
[543] See Belknap, _History of New Hampshire_, i. 5. It was also
printed by Dr. Benj. Trumbull, _History of Connecticut_, vol. i. 1818,
App., from a copy furnished by Chalmers, under the impression that it
had been “never before published in America,” and has since appeared in
Brigham’s _Charter and Laws of New Plymouth_, pp. 1-18, Baylies’ _New
Plymouth_, i. 160, and in the _Popham Memorial_, pp. 110-118.
[544] _Sabin’s Dictionary_, no. 52,619,—very rare.
[545] [Dr. Haven also contributed to the _Memorial History of Boston_,
i. 87, a chapter on the subject of these early patents and grants. He
closed a valuable life Sept. 5, 1881. Cf. _Amer. Antiq. Soc. Proc._,
October, 1881, and _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, xix. 4, 63.—ED.]
[546] See _Amer. Antiq. Soc. Proc._, for October, 1868, pp. 34, 35;
_Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, May 1876, p. 364.
[547] See _Amer. Antiq. Soc. Proc._ for October, 1875, pp. 49-63.
Most of the grants of the Council are extant, either in the original
parchments or in copies; and many of them have been printed. Some
enterprising scholar will probably one day bring them all together in
one volume, with proper annotations. It would be a convenient manual of
reference.
[548] The rare list of these names in duplicate inserted in some copies
of Smith’s tract may be seen in his _Generall Historie_, p. 206. [The
map itself, with some account of it and of Smith, may be found in
chapter vi. of the present volume.—ED.]
[549] [See a previous page.—ED.]
[550] See Hutchinson’s _History of Massachusetts_, i. 9; Belknap’s _New
Hampshire_, App. xv.
[551] Bradford, _Plymouth Plantation_, pp. 89, 90; Brigham, _Charter
and Laws of New Plymouth_, pp. 36, 49, 50, 241; 1 _Mass. Hist. Soc.
Coll._, iii. 56-64. For the discussion of questions of European and
Aboriginal right to the soil, see Sullivan, _History of Land Titles
in Mass._, Boston, 1801, and John Buckley’s “Inquiry, etc.,” 1 _Mass.
Hist. Soc. Coll._, iv. 159.
[552] But cf. _Magazine of American History_, 1883, p. 141; and Davis’s
_Ancient Landmarks of Plymouth_, p. 61. I should add here that it has
been recently suggested to me as a possible alternative, that this seal
is that of the Council for the Northern Colony of Virginia.
[553] The name “Massachusetts,” so far as I have observed, is first
mentioned by Captain Smith, in his _Description of New England_,
1616. He spells the word variously, but he appears to use the term
“Massachuset” and “Massachewset” to denote the country, while he
adds a final s when he is speaking of the inhabitants. He speaks of
“Massachusets Mount” and “Massachusets River,” using the word also in
its possessive form; while in another place he calls the former “the
high mountain of Massachusit.” To this mountain, on his map, he gives
the English name of “Chevyot Hills.” Hutchinson (i. 460) supposes
the Blue Hills of Milton to be intended. He says that a small hill
near Squantum, the former seat of a great Indian sachem, was called
Massachusetts Hill, or Mount Massachusetts, down to his time. Cotton,
in his Indian vocabulary, says the word means “a hill in the form of
an arrow’s head.” See also Neal’s _New England_, ii. 215, 216. In the
Massachusetts charter the name is spelled in three or four different
ways, to make sure of a description of the territory. Cf. Letter of J.
H. Trumbull, in _Amer. Antiq. Soc. Proc._, Oct. 21, 1867, p. 77; and
_Memorial History of Boston_, i. 37.
[554] See S. F. Haven’s “Origin of the Massachusetts Company,” in
_Archæologia Americana_, vol. iii.
[555] This matter is discussed by Dr. Haven in the Lecture above cited,
pp. 29, 30; and by the present writer in _Memorial History of Boston_,
i. 341-343, _note_. See also Gorges, _Briefe Narration_, pp. 40, 41.
[556] It is printed in Hutchinson’s _Collection of Papers_, 1769; and
also in vol. i. of the _Colony Records_.
[557] See 4 _Mass. Hist. Coll._, vii. 159-161.
[558] [In six volumes, royal quarto; cf. _Massachusetts Historical
Society Lectures_, p. 230; _N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg._, 1848, p.
105; and 1854, p. 369. They were published at $60, but they can be
occasionally picked up now at $25.—ED.]
[559] [See Memoir and portrait in _N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg._,
1870, p. 1; cf. _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, xiv. 113; and _Historical
Magazine_, xvii. 107.—ED.]
[560] [Dr. Palfrey (vol. iii. p. vii) has pointedly condemned it, and
the arrangement will be found set forth in the _N. E. Hist. and Geneal.
Reg._, 1848, p. 105. Besides much manuscript material (not yet put
into print) at the State House, and in the Cabinet of the Historical
Society, and the usual local depositories, mention may be made of some
papers relating to New England recorded in the _Sparks Catalogue_, p.
215; and the numerous documents in the Egerton and other manuscripts,
in the British Museum, as brought out in its printed _Catalogues
of Manuscripts_, and Colonel Chester’s list of manuscripts in the
Bodleian, in _Historical Magazine_, xiv. 131. Mr. S. L. M. Barlow,
of New York, has an ancient copy of the Records of the Massachusetts
Company (_Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, iii. 36).
Brodhead’s prefaces to the published records of New York indicated
the sources of early manuscript material in the different Government
offices of England, equally applicable to Massachusetts; but these
records have now been gathered into the public Record Office, some
account of which will be found in Mr. B. F. Stevens’s “Memorial,”
_Senate, Miscellaneous Documents_ no. 24, 47th Congress, 2d session,
and in the _London Quarterly_, April, 1871. It requires formality and
permission to examine these papers, only as they are later than 1760.
The calendaring and printing of them, begun in 1855, is now going on;
and Mr. Hale has described (in the _Christian Examiner_, May, 1861)
the work as planned and superintended by Mr. Sainsbury. Three of these
volumes already issued—_Calendar of State Papers, Colonial America_,
vol. i., 1574-1660; vol. v., 1661-1668; vol. vii., 1669—are of much
use to American students. Mr. F. S. Thomas, Secretary of the public
Record Office, issued in 1849 a _History of the State Paper Office and
View of the Documents therein Deposited_. Mr. C. W. Baird described
these depositories in London in the _Magazine of American History_, ii.
321.—ED.]
[561] [A list of the publications of this Society, brought down,
however, no later than 1868, will be found in the _Historical
Magazine_, xiv. 99; and in 1871 Dr. S. A. Green issued a bibliography
of the Society, which was also printed in its _Proceedings_, xii. 2.
The first seven volumes of its first series of _Collections_ were
early reprinted. Each series of ten volumes has its own index. The
Society’s history is best gathered from its own _Proceedings_, the
publication of which was begun in 1855; but two volumes have also been
printed, covering the earlier years 1791-1854. The first of these
dates marks the founding of this the oldest historical society in
this country. Its founder, if one person can be so called, was Dr.
Jeremy Belknap, who was one of the earliest who gave the writing of
history in America a reputable character. His _Life_ has been written
by his granddaughter, Mrs. Jules Marcou, and the book is reviewed by
Francis Parkman in the _Christian Examiner_, xliv. 78; cf. _Mass.
Hist. Soc. Proc._, i. 117; iii. 285; ix. 12; xiv. 37. His historical
papers are described by C. C. Smith in the _Unitarian Review_, vii.
604. The two principal societies working parallel with it in part,
though professedly of wider scope, are the American Antiquarian
Society, at Worcester (not to be confounded with the Worcester Society
of Antiquity,—a local antiquarian association), and the New England
Historic, Genealogical Society, in Boston. The former has issued the
_Archæologia Americana_ and _Proceedings_ (cf. _Historical Magazine_,
xiv. 107); while the latter has been the main support of the _New
England Historical and Genealogical Register_, which has published
an annual volume since 1847, and these have contained various data
for the history of the Society. Cf. 1855, p. 10; 1859, p. 266; 1861,
preface; 1862, p. 203; 1863, preface; 1870, p. 225; 1876, p. 184, and
reprinted as revised; 1879, preface, and p. 424, by E. B. Dearborn.
To these associations may be added the Essex Institute, of Salem, the
Connecticut Valley Historical Society (begun in 1876), the Dorchester
Antiquarian Society, the Old Colony Historical Society (cf. the chapter
on the Pilgrims),—all of which unite historical fellowship with
publication,—and the Prince Society, an organization for publishing
only, whose series of annotated volumes relating to early Massachusetts
history is a valuable one.—ED.]
[562] It is a volume of great value, and brings from $10 to $15 at
sales. It is sometimes found lettered on the back as vol. iii. of the
_History_. A third edition of the _History_ was published in Boston in
1795, with poor type and poor paper. [A reprint of the _Papers_ was
made by the Prince Society in 1865. For other papers of Hutchinson,
see 2 _Mass. Hist. Coll._, x., and 3 Ibid., i.; cf. _N. E. Hist. and
Geneal. Reg._, 1865, P. 187. A controversy for many years existed
between the Historical Society and the State as to the custody of
a large mass of Hutchinson’s papers. This can be followed in the
Society’s _Proceedings_, ii. 438; x. 118, 321; xi. 335; xii. 249; xiii.
130, 217; and in _Massachusetts Senate Documents_, no. 187, of 1870.
These papers, mostly printed, are now at the State House.—ED.]
[563] See _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, i. 286, 397, 414; and xi. 148; also
a full account of Hutchinson’s publications in Ibid., February, 1857;
cf. Sabin, _Dictionary_, xi. 22. A correspondence between Hutchinson
and Dr. Stiles, upon his history, is printed in _N. E. Hist. and
Geneal. Reg._, 1872, pp. 159, 230.
[564] Cf. a Memoir of Minot, in _Mass. Hist. Coll._, vol. viii.
[565] A fourth volume, carrying the record to 1741, was published in
1875; and since Dr. Palfrey’s death a fifth volume has been announced
for publication under the editing of his son.
[566] Good copies of the original folio edition, with the map, bring
high prices. One of Brinley’s copies, said to be on large paper (though
the present writer has a copy by his side much larger), brought $110.
The Menzies copy (no. 1,353) sold for $125. See “The Light shed upon
Mather’s Magnalia by his Diary” in _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, December,
1862, pp. 402-414; Moses Coit Tyler, _History of American Literature_,
ii. 80-83. Of the map, Dr. Douglass says (i. 362): “Dr. Cotton Mather’s
map of New England, New York, Jerseys, and Pennsylvania is composed
from some old rough drafts of the first discoveries, with obsolete
names not known at this time, and has scarce any resemblance of the
country. It may be called a very erroneous, antiquated map.” [See
Editor’s note following this chapter. For some notes on the Mather
Library, see _Memorial History of Boston_, vol. i. p. xviii. The
annexed portrait of Mather resembles the mezzotint, of which a reduced
fac-simile is given in the _Memorial History of Boston_, i. 208, and
which is marked COTTONUS MATHERUS, _Ætatis suæ LXV_, MDCCXXVII. _P.
Pelham ad vivum pinxit ab origine fecit et excud._ Its facial lines,
however, are stronger and more characteristic. It may be the reduction
made by Sarah Moorhead from the painting, thus mentioned by Pelham,
for the purpose of the engraving. It is to be observed, however, that
the surroundings of the portrait are different in the engraving. This
same outline, but reversed, characterizes a portrait of Mather, which
belongs to the American Antiquarian Society at Worcester, and which is
said to be by Pelham. Paine’s _Portraits, etc., in Worcester_, no. 5;
W. H. Whitmore’s _Peter Pelham_, 1867, p. 6, where the Pelham engraving
is called the earliest yet found to be ascribed to that artist.—ED.]
[567] See what Beverly says of him in the Preface to his _History of
Virginia_, 1722. The numerous maps in his book were made by Herman
Moll, a well-known cartographer of that day. Oldmixon’s name appears
only to the dedication prefixed to the first edition.
[568] _Carter-Brown Catalogue_, iii. nos. 281, 855; and 510, for the
Bishop of Winchester’s examination of Neal’s _History of the Puritans_.
[569] [These supplementary parts have been reprinted in 2 _Mass. Hist.
Coll._, vii. It was republished in Boston in 1826, edited by Nathan
Hale. Mr. S. G. Drake, having some sheets of this edition on hand,
reissued it in 1852, with a new titlepage, and with a memoir of Prince
and some plates, etc., inserted. It has been again reprinted in Edward
Arber’s _English Garner_, 1877-80, vol. ii. Prince’s own copy, with his
manuscript notes, is noted in the _Brinley Catalogue_, no. 350. Mr.
Deane has several sheets of the original manuscript of this work.—ED.]
[570] A memoir of Dr. Douglass, by T. L. Jennison, M.D., was published
in _Medical Communications of the Massachusetts Medical Society_, vol.
v. part ii., Boston, 1831. Cf. _Memorial History of Boston_, Index;
Sabin, v. 502; _Carter-Brown Catalogue_, iii. 899.
[571] [This is reprinted in full in Force’s _Tracts_, ii. It was
printed in 1630, and original copies are in Mr. Deane’s and in the
Lenox libraries; cf. also _Brinley Catalogue_, nos. 373, 2,704;
_Crowninshield Catalogue_, no. 744; _Carter-Brown Catalogue_, vol. ii.
no. 371.—ED.]
[572] [The Journal of Higginson, which is a relation of his voyage,
1629, is in Hutchinson’s _Collection of Papers_, and an imperfect
manuscript which that historian used is in the Cabinet of the
Historical Society. His _New England’s Plantation_ is reprinted in
Young’s _Chronicles_; in _Amer. Antiq. Soc. Coll._, iii. 79; in Force’s
_Tracts_, vol. ii.; and in _Mass. Hist, Coll._, vol. i. The narrative
covers the interval from July to September, 1629, and three editions
were issued in 1630; the Lenox Library has the three, and Harvard
College Library has two,—one imperfect. Rich, _Catalogue_ (1832), nos.
186, 191; _Brinley Catalogue_, no. 312; _Carter-Brown Catalogue_, vol.
ii. nos. 362, 363; _Menzies Catalogue_, no. 927 ($66.)—ED.]
[573] [This, besides being in Young’s _Chronicles_, can be found in
Force’s _Tracts_, vol. ii., with notes by John Farmer; and in the _N.
H. Hist. Coll._, vol. iv., following a manuscript more extended than
the text given on its first appearance in print in _Massachusetts, or
the First Planters_; 1696, copies of which are noted in the Prince (p.
37) and Carter-Brown (vol. ii. no. 1,494) catalogues.—ED.]
[574] [This tract was reprinted in Boston in 1865, and also in 3 _Mass.
Hist. Coll._, iii. There are copies of the original in Mr. Deane’s,
Harvard College, and the Carter-Brown (_Catalogue_, ii. 379) libraries.
Cf. the editorial note at the end of chap. vi., and _Memorial History
of Boston_, i. p. 50.—ED.]
[575] The volume was reissued in 1635, 1639, and 1764. The Prince
Society reprinted the volume in 1865, with a prefatory address by
the present writer. [Copies of the original edition are noted in the
_Carter-Brown Catalogue_, ii. no 421 (later editions, nos. 433, 469);
and _Brinley Catalogue_, no. 377. Cf. also Rich, _Catalogue_ (1832),
no. 296, and (1844) priced at £1 8_s._ Mr. Deane’s copy of the _first_
edition has ninety-eight pages, besides the Indian words. The Rice
copy brought $200. Cf. _Menzies Catalogue_, no. 2,187. The second and
third editions had each eighty-three pages, besides an appendix of
Indian words. The 1764 edition has an anonymous introduction, perhaps
by Nathaniel Rogers (_Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, November, 1862) or James
Otis (Ibid., September, 1862). Mr. Deane reprints this preface.—ED.]
[576] Mr. Charles Francis Adams, Jr., recently prepared a new edition
of Morton’s book for publication by the Prince Society. It is
accompanied by a memoir of Morton.
[577] [There has been a strange amount of misdating in respect to this
book. The _Mondidier Catalogue_ (Henry Stevens) gives it, “Printed
by W. S. Stansby for Rob. Blount, 1625.” (Sabin, _Dictionary_, xii.
51,028.) The _Sunderland Catalogue_, iv. no. 8,684, gives it 1627,—a
date followed by Quaritch in a later catalogue. Cf. Rich, _Catalogue_
(1832), no. 218; (1844), priced at £1 8_s._; Menzies, no. 1,440, $160;
_Carter-Brown Catalogue_, ii. 443; _Memorial History of Boston_, i. 80.
It is included in Force’s _Tracts_, ii.—ED.]
[578] His tract of twenty-three pages is entitled _A True Relation
of the Late Battell fought in New England between the English and
the Salvages_, etc., London, 1637. [There was a reissue in 1638 of
the first edition, and a second edition the same year, which last is
in Harvard College and the Prince libraries. There is an account of
Vincent by Hunter in 4 _Coll._, i. Cf. Rich (1832), _Catalogue_, no.
221; _Crowninshield Catalogue_, no. 766; _Carter-Brown Catalogue_, ii.
448, 461, 462; Field, _Indian Bibliography_, no. 1,606.—ED.]
[579] His tract was entitled, _Newes from America_, etc., London, 1638.
[There is a copy in Harvard College Library and in Charles Deane’s. Cf.
also, Rich (1832), no. 220, and _Carter-Brown Catalogue_, ii. 460, with
fac-simile of title.—ED.]
[580] [It was again reprinted in a volume on the _Mohegan Case_ in
1796 (cf. _Brinley Catalogue_, no. 2,085; Menzies, 1,338, $40); and
afterward, following Prince’s edition, in 2 _Mass. Hist. Coll._, viii.
120; and in New York by Sabin, in 1869. Field’s _Indian Bibliography_,
no. 1,021. Cf. references on Mason in _Memorial History of Boston_, i.
253.—ED.]
[581] It is also reprinted in some copies of Dodge’s edition of
Penhallow’s _Indian Wars_ Cincinnati, 1859. Cf. Sabin, _Dictionary_,
vii. 165; and accounts of Gardiner in Thompson’s _Long Island_, i. 305,
and 3 _Mass. Hist. Coll._, x. 173.
[Illustration]
Further references on the Pequot War will be found in _Memorial
History of Boston_, i. 255; and in the _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, May,
1860, will be found a letter from Jonathan Brewster describing its
outbreak.—ED.
[582] [More extensive references will be found in _Memorial History of
Boston_, i. 176, and _Harvard College Library Bulletin_, no. 11, p.
287.—ED.]
[583] See Hutchinson, i. 435.
[584] [Ward is better known, however, by his _Simple Cobler of Aggawam
in America_, which passed through four editions in London in 1647,—a
rarity now worth six or seven pounds; _Carter-Brown Catalogue_, ii.
624; _O’Callaghan Catalogue_, 2,351; _Menzies Catalogue_, no. 2,038,
etc. It was not reprinted in Boston till 1713, and again, edited by
David Pulsifer, in 1843. Mr. John Ward Dean published a good memoir of
Ward in 1868. The book in question is no further historical than that
it illustrates the length to which good people could go in vindication
of intolerance, in days when Antinomianism and other aggressive views
were troubling many.—ED.]
[585] [The _Abstract_ is also in Force’s _Tracts_, iii. A note on
the bibliography of the subject will be found in _Memorial History
of Boston_, i. 145. Cf. _Brinley Catalogue_, p. 108; _Carter-Brown
Catalogue_, ii. 483; Sabin, no. 52,595. Mr. Deane has a copy.—ED.]
[586] A list of books there printed from 1540 to 1599 may be seen in
the _Carter-Brown Catalogue_, i. 131-135.
[587] [Something of its bibliographical history is told with references
in _Memorial History of Boston_, i. 458-460. Of two copies of the
original edition there mentioned, one, the Fiske copy, is now in the
Carter-Brown library (_Catalogue_, ii. 470); another, the Vanderbilt
copy, has since been burned in New York.—ED.]
[588] For a list of Daye’s and Green’s books see Thomas’s _History of
Printing_, 2d ed.; and other references to the early history of the
press in New England will be found in _Memorial History of Boston_, i.
ch. 14.
[589] It was reprinted in 3 _Mass. Hist. Coll._, iii. A new edition,
with learned notes and an introduction by the editor, Dr. J. Hammond
Trumbull, was published in Boston in 1867. [A portion of the manuscript
is in the cabinet of the Historical Society, and a fac-simile of a
page of it is given herewith, together with the accompanying statement
on the manuscript in the hand of the learned Boston antiquary, James
Savage, of whom there is a memoir by G. S. Hillard in _Mass. Hist.
Soc. Proc._, xvi. 117. Cf. _N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg._, i. 81. The
autograph of Lechford is from another source. The Ebeling copy is
certainly no longer unique, though the book is rare enough to have been
priced recently in London at $75. Cf. Sabin, _Dictionary_, x. 158;
_Carter-Brown Catalogue_, ii. 506, 545; _Brinley Catalogue_, no. 322;
Menzies, no. 1,202. There is a note-book of Lechford preserved in the
American Antiquarian Society’s Cabinet.—ED.]
[590] [A portrait of Cotton of somewhat doubtful authenticity, together
with references on his life, will be found in _Memorial History of
Boston_, i. 157.—ED.]
[591] [The best bibliographical record of the books in Cotton’s
controversy with Williams, as indeed of most of the points of this
present essay, is the appendix of Dexter’s _Congregationalism_; a
briefer survey, grouping the books in their relations, is in _Memorial
History of Boston_, i. 172. See a later page under “Rhode Island.”—ED.]
[592] This is the earliest edition of this famous book; and I know of
but two copies of it,—one before me, and one in the Thomason Library
in the British Museum. Mr. Arthur Ellis, in his _History of the First
Church in Boston_, has given a fac-simile of the titlepage. An edition
was printed at Cambridge in 1656, of which a copy is in the library of
the late George Livermore.
[593] Palfrey, _New England_, ii. 184.
[594] In 1725 the _Results of Three Synods ... of the Churches of
Massachusetts_, 1648, 1662, _and_ 1669, was reprinted in Boston. Cf.
_Carter-Brown Catalogue_, iii. no. 362.
[595] A copy of the rare first edition is in the library of the
American Antiquarian Society, from which twenty copies were reprinted
by Mr. Hoadly, Secretary of State of Connecticut, in 1858. The
important subject of this confederation is sufficiently illustrated in
a lecture by John Quincy Adams, in 1843, published in 3 _Mass. Hist.
Coll._, ix. 187. [See references to reprints of the articles, and notes
on the Confederacy in _Memorial History of Boston_, i. 299.—ED.]
[596] Copies of Winslow’s book are very rare, and are worth probably
one hundred dollars or more, being rarely seen in the market. [There
are copies in the Carter-Brown Library (_Catalogue_, ii. 600, with
fac-simile of title), and in Mr. Deane’s collection. The second edition
appears in the _Brinley Catalogue_, no. 691.—ED.] Gorton’s book, also
rare, has been reprinted by Judge Staples, with learned notes, in the
_Rhode Island Historical Society’s Collections_, vol. ii. [and is also
in Force’s _Tracts_, vol. iv. There are copies in the Prince, Charles
Deane, Carter-Brown (_Catalogue_, ii. 589, with a long note), and
Harvard College libraries. Cf. also Sabin’s _Dictionary_, vii. 352, and
_Brinley Catalogue_, no. 578.—ED.] While writing this note there has
come to my hand no. 17 of Mr. S. S. Rider’s _Rhode Island Historical
Tracts_, containing “A Defence of Samuel Gorton and the Settlers of
Shawomet,” by George A. Brayton. See other authorities noted in the
_Memorial History of Boston_, i. 171, and in Bartlett’s _Bibliography
of Rhode Island_.
[597] Child’s book was reprinted in part in 2 _Mass. Hist. Coll._, iv.
107. It was reprinted in 1869 by William Parsons Lunt, with notes by
W. T. R. Marvin. A copy of the original edition is in the library of
the Boston Athenæum, and in that of John Carter Brown (_Catalogue_, ii.
608), which also has a copy of Winslow’s _New England’s Salamander_
(_Catalogue_, ii. 623), and there is another in Harvard College
Library. This is also reprinted in 3 _Mass. Hist. Coll._, ii. 110. The
Remonstrance and Petition of Child and others, and the Declaration in
answer thereto, may be seen in Hutchinson’s _Papers_, p. 188 _et seq_.
[598] [For an account of this book and its history, and much relating
to the embodiment of the Indian speech in literary form, see Dr. J. H.
Trumbull’s chapter on “The Indian Tongue and the Literature fashioned
by Eliot and others,” in _Memorial History of Boston_, i. 465, with
references there noted.—ED.]
[599] That part relating to the college was published in an early
volume of the _Collections_ of the Massachusetts Historical Society.
[600] The originals of these tracts, with one exception, are in the
possession of the writer, and they are for the most part in the
Carter-Brown Library; and seven of them are published in 3 _Mass.
Hist. Coll._, vol. iv. [Further bibliographical detail can be found in
Dr. Dexter’s _Congregationalism_; Sabin, _Dictionary_; Dr. Trumbull’s
_Brinley Catalogue_, p. 52; Field’s _Indian Bibliography; Memorial
History of Boston_, i. 265, etc.; and more or less of the titles
appear in the Menzies (nos. 1,475, 1,815, 1,816, 2,124, 2,125),
O’Callaghan (nos. 852, etc.), and Rich (1832, nos. 237, 261, 263,
273, 280, 287, 292, 304, 316, 355) catalogues. Some of these Eliot
tracts were used in compiling the postscript on the “Gospel’s Good
Successe in New England,” appended to a book _Of the Conversion of
... Indians_, London, 1650 (Sabin, xiii. 56,742). Eliot’s own _Briefe
Narrative_ (1670) of his labors has been reprinted in Boston, and in
the appendix of the reprint is a list of the writers on the subject.
Letters of Eliot, dated 1651-52, on his labors, are in the _N. E. Hist.
and Geneal. Reg._, July, 1882. For an alleged portrait of Eliot and
references, see _Memorial History of Boston_, i. 260, 261. A better
engraving has since appeared in the _Century Magazine_, 1883.—ED.]