+----------------+---------------------+------------------------+-----------------------+-------------------+
| Modern. | Ptolemy. [Greek] | Ulugh Beg. | Tycho Brahe. | Meaning. |
+----------------+---------------------+------------------------+-----------------------+-------------------+
| |
| Northern constellations (21). |
| ----------------------------- |
| |
| Ursa minor Arktou mikras Stellae Ursi minoris Ursa minor, Cynosura Little Bear |
| asterismhost |
| |
| Ursa major Arktou megales a. S. Ursi majoris Ursa major, Helice Great Bear |
| |
| Draco Drakontos a. S. Draconis Draco Dragon |
| |
| Cepheus Kepheos a. S. Cephei Cepheus Cepheus |
| |
| Booetes Bootou a. S. Vociferatoris Booetes, Arctophylax Ploughman |
| | |
| Corona borealis Stephanou Boreiou a. S. Coronae or Phecca Corona borea Northern Crown |
| |
| Hercules Tou en gonasin a. S. Incumbentis genubus Engonasi, Hercules Man kneeling |
| |
| Lyra Lyras a. S. [tou] Shelyak or Lyra, Vultur cadens Lyre |
| Testudo |
| |
| Cygnus Ornithos a. S. Gallinae Olor, Cygnus Bird, Swan |
| |
| Cassiopeia Kassiepeias a. S. Inthronatae Cassiopeia Cassiopeia |
| |
| Perseus Perseos a. S. Bershaush or Portans Perseus Perseus |
| Caput Larvae |
| |
| Auriga Heniochou a. S. Tenentis habenas Auriga, Heniochus, Charioteer |
| Erichthonius |
| |
| Serpentarius Ophiouchou a. S. Serpentarii Ophiuchus, Serpentarius Serpent-holder |
| |
| Serpens Oreos ophiouchou a. S. Serpentis Serpens ophiuchi Serpent |
| |
| Sagitta Oistou a. S. Sagittae Sagitta or Telum Arrow |
| |
| Aquila Aetou a. S. Aquilae Aquila or Vultur volans Eagle |
| |
| Delphinus Delphinos a. S. Delphini Delphinus Dolphin |
| |
| Equuleus Hippou protomes a. S. Sectionis equi Equuelus, Equi sectio Colt |
| |
| Pegasus Hippou a. S. Equi majoris Pegasus, Equus alatus Pegasus, Horse |
| |
| Andromeda Andromedas a. S. Mulieris catenatae Andromeda Andromeda |
| |
| Triangulum Trigonou a. S. Trianguli Triangulus, Deltoton Triangle |
| |
| |
| Zodiacal constellations (12). |
| ----------------------------- |
| |
| Aries Kriou a. S. Arietis Aries Ram |
| |
| Taurus Taurou a. S. Tauri Taurus Bull |
| |
| Gemini Didymon a. S. Gemellorum Gemini Twins |
| |
| Cancer Karkinou a. S. Cancri Cancer Crab |
| |
| Leo Leontos a. S. Leonis Leo Lion |
| |
| Virgo Parthenou a. S. Virginis, Sumbela Virgo Virgin |
| |
| Libra Chelon a. S. Librae Libra Balance |
| |
| Scorpio Skorpiou a. S. Scorpionis Scorpius Scorpion |
| |
| Sagittarius Toxotou a. S. Sagittarii, Arcum Sagittarius Archer |
| |
| Capricornus Aigokerotos a. S. Capricorni Capricornus Goat |
| |
| Aquarius Hydrochoou a. S. Effusoris aquae, Aquarius Water-pourer |
| Situla |
| |
| Pisces Ichthyon a. S. Piscis Pisces Fishes |
| |
| |
| Southern constellations (15). |
| ----------------------------- |
| |
| Cetus Ketous a. S. Ceti Cete Sea-monster, |
| Whale |
| |
| Orion Orionos a. S. Gigantis Orion Orion |
| |
| Eridanus Potamou a. S. Fluminis Eridanus fluvius River |
| |
| Lepus Lagoou a. S. Leporis Lepus Hare |
| |
| Canis major Kynos a. S. Canis majoris Canis major Great Dog |
| |
| Canis minor Prokynos a. S. Canis minoris Canis minor, Procyon Little Dog |
| |
| Argo Argous a. S. Navis Argo navis Ship |
| |
| Hydra Hydrou a. S. Hydri Hydra Sea-serpent |
| |
| Crater Krateros a. S. Craterae Crater Bowl |
| | |
| Corvus Korakos a. S. Corvi Corvus Crow |
| |
| Centaurus Kentaurou a. S. Centauri Centaurus, Chiron Centaur |
| |
| Lupus Theriou a. S. Ferae Wild beast |
| |
| Ara Thymiateriou a. S. Thuribuli Censer, Altar |
| |
| Corona australis Stephanou notiou a. S. Coronae australis Southern Crown |
| |
| Piscis australis Ichthyos notiou a. S. Piscis australis Southern Fish |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
In Edmund Halley's southern catalogue (_Catalogus stellarum
australium_), published in 1679 and incorporated in Flamsteed's
_Historia coelestis_ (1725), the following constellations are
named:--Piscis australis, Columba Noachi, Argo navis, Robur Caroli, Ara,
Corona australis, Grus, Phoenix, Pavo, Apus or Avis Indica, Musca apis,
Chameleon, Triangulum australe, Piscis volans, Dorado or Xiphias, Toucan
or Anser Americanus, and Hydrus. Flamsteed's maps also contained Mons
Menelai. This list contains nothing new except Robur Caroli, since
Columba Noachi (Noah's dove) had been raised to the skies by Bartschius
in 1624. The constellation Robur Caroli and also the star Cor Caroli
([alpha] Canum Venaticorum) were named by Halley in honour of Charles
II. of England.
In 1690 two posthumous works of Johann Hevelius (1611-1687), the
_Firmamentum sobiescianum_ and _Prodromus astronomiae_, added several
new constellations to the list, viz. Canes venatici (the Greyhounds),
Lacerta (the Lizard), Leo minor (Little Lion), Lynx, Sextans Uraniae,
Scutum or Clypeus Sobieskii (the shield of Sobieski), Vulpecula et Anser
(Fox and Goose), Cerberus, Camelopardus (Giraffe), and Monoceros
(Unicorn); the last two were originally due to Jacobus Bartschius. In
1679 Augustine Royer introduced the most interesting of the
constellations of the southern hemisphere, the Crux australis or
Southern Cross. He also suggested Nubes major, Nubes minor, and Lilium,
and re-named Canes venatici the river Jordan, and Vulpecula et Anser
the river Tigris, but these innovations met with no approval. The
Magellanic clouds, a collection of nebulae, stars and star-clusters in
the neighbourhood of the south pole, were so named by Hevelius in honour
of the navigator Ferdinand Magellan.
Many other star-groupings have been proposed from time to time; in some
cases a separate name has been given to a part of an authoritatively
accepted constellation, e.g. Ensis Orionis, the sword of Orion, or an
ancient constellation may be subdivided, e.g. Argo (ship) into Argo,
Malus (mast), Vela (sails), Puppis (stern), Carina (keel); and whereas
some of the rearrangements, which have been mostly confined to the
southern hemisphere, have been accepted, many, reflecting nothing but
idiosyncrasies of the proposers, have deservedly dropped into oblivion.
Nicolas Louis de Lacaille, who made extended observations of the
southern stars in 1751 and in the following years, and whose results
were embodied in his posthumous _Coelum australe stelliferum_ (1763),
introduced the following new constellations:--Apparatus sculptoris
(Sculptor's workshop), Fornax chemica (Chemical furnace), Horologium
(Clock), Reticulus rhomboidalis (Rhomboidal net), Caela sculptoris
(Sculptor's chisels), Equuleus pictoris (Painter's easel), Pyxis nautica
(Mariner's compass), Antlia pneumatica (Air pump), Octans (Octant),
Circinus (Compasses), Norma _alias_ Quadra Euclidis (Square),
Telescopium (Telescope), Microscopium (Microscope) and Mons Mensae
(Table Mountain). Pierre Charles Lemonnier in 1776 introduced Tarandus
(Reindeer), and Solitarius; J. J. L. de Lalande introduced Le Messier
(after the astronomer Charles Messier) (1776), Quadrans muralis (Mural
quadrant) (1795), Globus aerostaticus (Air balloon) (1798), and Felis
(the Cat) (1799). Martin Poczobut introduced in 1777 Taurus
Poniatovskii; Bode introduced the Honores Frederici (Honours of
Frederick) (1786), Telescopium Herschelii (Telescope of Herschel)
(1787), Machina electrica (Electrical machine) (1790), Officina
typographica (Printing press) (1799), and Lochium funis (Log line); and
M. Hell formed the Psalterium Georgianum (George's lute).
The following list gives the names of the constellations now usually
employed: they are divided into three groups:--north of the zodiac, in
the zodiac, south of the zodiac. Those marked with an asterisk have
separate articles.
_Northern_ (28).
*Andromeda *Cepheus *Hercules Pegasus
*Aquila *Coma Berenices Lacerta *Perseus
*Auriga *Corona borealis *Leo minor *Sagitta
*Booetes *Cygnus Lynx Serpens
Camelopardus *Delphinus *Lyra Triangulum
*Canes venatici Draco { Ophiuchus *Ursa major
*Cassiopeia Equuleus {*Serpentarius *Ursa minor
*Vulpecula et Anser
_Zodiacal_ (12).
*Aquarius *Capricornus *Libra *Scorpio
*Aries *Gemini *Pisces *Taurus
*Cancer *Leo *Sagittarius *Virgo.
_Southern_ (49).
Antlia Columba Noachi Lupus Puppis
(pneumatica) Corona australis Malus Recticulum
Apus Corvus Microscopium Sculptor
*Ara Crater Monoceros (Apparatus
Argo Crux Musca australis sculptoris)
Caela sculptoris Dorado Norma Scutum Sobieskii
(Caelum) *Eridanus Octans Sextans
*Canis major Fornax chemica *Orion Telescopium
Canis minor Grus Pavo Toucan
Carina Horologium Phoenix Triangulum australe
*Centaurus *Hydra Pictor Vela
*Cetus Hydrus (Equuleus Volans
Chameleon Indus pictoris) (Piscis volans)
Circinus Lepus Piscis australis
(C. E.*)