Sulu, the Sultan of, 140; the present Sultan, 141, 587-8; visits
Manila, 588; pension to him and chiefs, 151, 571, 580; titles of,
151; dress of, 153; across Sulu to Maybun, 153; produce of Sulu, 153;
official reception by, 154; the Sultanas of, 154. _Vide_ Moros
Sumoroy's rebellion, 103
Supa (wood), 316
Supreme Court, abolished, 56; re-established, 57; of Cebu, 57
Surigao, revolt in, 102
_Surra_, the disease, 622
_Suya_(Chinese), 118
Taal, volcano of, 17; town of, destroyed, 18-20, 166
Taft Commission, the, 562-3
Taft, William II., biographical note of, 562 (footnote); his policy
in the Islands, 564; appointed Secretary of War, 564; 613
Tagalog, meaning of the term, 164; character of, 171; hospitality
of, 172
Tagalog rebellion, the, 362 _et seq._ _Vide_ Rebellion of 1896
Tagbanuas tribe, the, 158; dress, customs, country of, 159
Taguban tribe, the, 146
Taguima, 129 (footnote)
Tamarind, 320
Tanauan destroyed, 18
Tancad, the bandit, 239
_Tanga_ (edible insect), 342
Tattarassa, Sultan, 142 (footnote), 585
Taxation, of land, 625, 629; the Internal Revenue Law of 1904, 630
Taxes under Spain, 217, 224, 228
Tayabas rebellion, 105
Taycosama, Emperor of Japan, 65
Taytay fort, 231
Telegraph service, 267
Temperature, 22; of Illana Hay coast (Mindanao Is.), 157; of Zamboanga,
535
Teng-teng, Datto, 139
Theatres, 349, 558
_Tiangui_, 304 (footnote)
Tidal wave, 23
_Tiki-tiki_, 277
Timbang, Datto, 585
Timber, 312; relative strengths of, 317
_Tinaja_, 273 (footnote)
Tindalo (wood), 316
Tindig, Paguian, the Moro, 129
Tinguian tribe, the, 126
Tinio, General Manuel, 545 (footnote)
Tiruraya tribe, the, 146
Tithes to the Church, 55
Tobacco, 292; under monopoly, 293; free trade in, 296; risks of
trade in, 298; qualities and districts, 298; cigar values, 299;
_Compania General de Tabacos_, 299; the duty on, in America, 625;
shipments of, 644
To-Kogunsama, Emperor of Japan, 70
Tonnage, 628, 647
Tordesillas, Treaty of, 25 (footnote)
Torralba, acting Gov.-General, 60; impeachment of, 79; dies a
beggar, 80
Torres, Fray Juan de, 116
Tournon, Mons. Maillard de, 84
Town Hall, 217, 226
Trade (under Spain), the early history of, 243 _et seq._; the
Mexican subsidy, 244; the _Consulado_ trading-ring, 244; the _boleta_
shipping-warrant, 244; the galleons, 245; the _Obras Pias_, 245; losses
of treasure, 246; prohibitions on, 248; penalties on free-traders,
250; the budget in 1757, 251; Spanish company failures, 252; the _Real
Compania de Filipinas_, 252; the _Compania Guipuzcoana de Caracas_,
252; foreign traders admitted, 255; Russell & Sturgis, 255; Nicholas
Loney, 255; Manila port opened to foreign trade, 256; first foreign
traders, 257; Banks, 258; the _Compania General de Tabacos_, 299 (under
America), 620; effect of the war on, 621; the carrying-trade, 628;
American traders, 628; proportion of tonnage, 628; total tonnage, 647;
the new currency, 635-7; Banks, 637-8; statistical tables, 639-50;
produce shipments, 639-46; gold and silver exports and imports,
647; exchange fluctuations, 647; proportionate table of imports and
exports, 648-50
Trading Governors, 212
Tragedy of the _Calle de Camba_, 401
Travellers, regulations affecting alien, 617
Treaties made with rebels, 396 (footnote)
Treaty of Paris (1898), text of the, 478 _et seq._
Treaty, of Tordesillas, 25 (footnote), 253; of Antwerp, 72, 253;
of the "Family Compact," 72, 87; of Paris (1703), 96; with Sultan
Mahamad Alimudin, 138; of Utrecht and the Asiento Contract, 257;
of Malacanan, 396 (footnote); of Biac-na-bato, 396, 414 (footnote);
of Navotas, 397 (footnote); of Paris (1898), 472, 478
Tree-saps, 312
Trent, Council of, the, 605 (footnote)
Trepang (_balate_), 312
Trias, General Manuel, 544, 548-9
_Tribunal_, 217, 226
Tribute, 53, 224
Tuba (beverage), 304
_Talisan_, the, 235, 547; outrages by, 236, 239, 548-9
Tupas, King of Cebu, 35
Typhoons, 355
"_Ualang sugat_," the seditious play of, 554
Union of Spain and Portugal, 72
Urbiztondo, expedition against Moros by, 139
Urdaneta, Andres de, 31, 33, 35
Utrecht, the Peace of, 257
Utto, Datto, 142
Vagrant Act, the, 568
Valenzuela, Prime Minister, banished, 83
Valenzuela, Sancho, 368; execution of, 369
Vanilla, 321
Vargas, Gov.-General Juan, impeachment of, 79
Vegetable produce, 321
Veteran civil guard, 231
Vicars, Camp, 574 (footnote)
Villa Corta, 94, 96, 98
Villalobos expedition, the, 32
Villa Fernandina, 48
Vilo, Roman, 529
Virgin of Antipolo, 267
Visayo, characteristics of the, 172
Volcano, Mayou, 16; Taal, 17
Volcano Island discovered, 32
War, the Spanish-American, 117; allocution of the Archbishop of
Madrid, 423; General Augusti's call to arms, 424; General Augusti's
proclamation, 425; volunteers reorganized, 426; the Battle of Cavite,
427; Cavite occupied, 429; Spain makes peace overtures, 458; text of
the Protocol of Peace, 459; Americans attack Manila, 462; surrender
of the city, 464; capitulation signed, 465
War of Independence, the, 484; the Philippine Republic, 486;
opening shot and Battle of Paco, 487; fight at Coloocan, 487;
fight at Gagalanging, 488; the Igorrote contingent, 488; Malabon
and Malinta captured, 489; death of Col. Egbert, 489; Santa Cruz
(Manila) in flames, 489; Battle of Marilao, 490; Malolos captured,
491; insurgent retreat to Calumpit, 492; American proclamation of
intentions, 492; Santa Cruz (La Laguna) captured, 494; Lieut. Gilmore's
expedition to Baler captured, 494; American reverse at Gingua, 495;
crossing the Bagbag River, 496; Calumpit captured, 496; burning of
S.S. _Saturnus_, 503; death of Gen. Lawton, 504; fight at Narvican,
505; capture of Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo, 507; American occupation of
Yloilo, 511-6 --of Cebu, 523--of Bojol Island, 528--of Zamboanga,
532; capture of Vicente Lucban, 545
Water-cure, 517 (footnote)
Wax, 311
Weyler, General, 417-8, 431
Wheaton, General, 488-91, 497
White ants, 340
Wild boar, 340
Wild tribes, the, percentage of in the population, 120
Wood, General Leonard, biographical note of, 576 (footnote); victory
of, at Kudarangan, 581; captures Panglima Hassan, 584
Woods, 312; relative strengths of, 317
Wright, Governor Luke E., biographical note of, 564
Xogusama, Emperor of Japan, 69
Yacal (wood), 316
Ylang-Ylang, 325
Yligan fort, 77, 231
Yloilo, the port of, 261; native government in, 511; Gen. Miller's
expedition to, 511; the Panay insurgent army, 512; panic in, 513;
incendiarism and looting in, 515; bombardment of, 516; surrenders
of insurgent leaders, 517; general surrender at Jaro, 518; the town
of, 518
Zabalburu, Gov.-General Domingo, 42
_Zaguan_, 353
Zamboanga, the fort of, 77, 133, 233; the port of, 261-2; critical
position of the Spaniards at, 531; anarchy in, 532; American occupation
of, 532; the town of, 535
Zamora, Father Jacinto, executed, 107
Zobel, Jacobo, 367 (footnote)
Printed and Bound by Hazell, Watson and Viney, LD London and Aylesbury
NOTES
[1] "Historia General de Philipinas," Chap. I., Part I., Vol. I.,
by Juan de la Concepcion published in 14 vols., Manila, 1788.
[2] "No es necessario calificar el derecho a tales reinos o dominios,
especialmente entre vasallos de reyes tan justos y Catholicos y tan
obedientes hijos de la suprema autoridad apostolica con cuia facultad
han ocupado estas regiones."--_Ibid._
[3] "Dominium a possessione coepisse dicitur."--_Law maxim_.
[4] In September, 1890, a lawsuit was still pending between the
Dominican Corporation and a number of native residents in Calamba
(Laguna) who disputed the Dominicans' claim to lands in that vicinity
so long as the Corporation were unable to exhibit their title. For this
implied monastic indiscriminate acquisition of real estate several
of the best native families (some of them personally known to me)
were banished to the Island of Mindoro.
[5] According to the Spanish Hydrographic Map, it is 8,813 feet:
the Pajal and Montano Expedition (1880) made it 10,270 feet; the
Schadenberg and Koch Expedition (1882) computed it at 10,827 feet.
[6] _Vide_ pamphlet published immediately after the event by Father
Francisco Aragoneses, P.P. of Cagsaua, begging alms for the victims.
[7] "Hist. de la Prov. de Batangas," por D. Pedro Andres de Castro
y Amades. Inedited MS. in the Bauan Convent, Batangas.
[8] MS. exhaustive report of the eruptions of Taal Volcano in
1749 and 1754, dated December 22, 1754, compiled by Fray Francisco
Vencuchillo. Preserved in the archives of the Corporation of Saint
Augustine in Manila.
[9] Still it appears that all classes were willing to risk their lives
to save their property. They were not forcibly detained in that plight.
[10] "Hist. de la Prov. de Batangas," por Don Pedro Andres de Castro
y Amades. Inedited MS. in the Bauan Convent, Province of Batangas.
[11] "Hist. de Filipinas," by Dr. Gaspar de San Agustin, 2 vols. First
part published in Madrid, 1698, the second part yet inedited and
preserved in the archives of the Corporation of Saint Augustine
in Manila.
[12] P.P. of Taal from 1572 to 1575.
[13] In the same archives of the Saint Augustine Corporation in Manila
an eruption in 1641 is recorded.
[14] During the previous century jealousy had run so high between
Spain and Portugal with regard to their respective colonization and
trading rights, that the question of demarcation had to be settled by
the Pope Alexander VI., who issued a bull dated May 4, 1493, dividing
the world into two hemispheres, and decreeing that all heathen lands
discovered in the Western half, from the meridian 100 leagues W. of
Cape Verd Island, should belong to the Spaniards; in the Eastern half
to the Portuguese. The bull was adopted by both nations in the Treaty
of Tordesillas (June 7, 1494). It gave rise to many passionate debates,
as the Spaniards wrongly insisted that the Philippines and the Moluccas
came within the division allotted to them by Pontifical donation.
[15] Probably so called from the enormous number of _patos_ (ducks)
found there.
[16] The Visayos, inhabiting the central group of the Archipelago,
tattooed themselves; a cutaneous disease also disfigured the majority;
hence for many years their islands were called by the Spaniards _Islas
de los pintados_.
[17] Legaspi and Guido Lavezares, under oath, made promises of rewards
to the Lacandola family and a remission of tribute in perpetuity,
but they were not fulfilled. In the following century--year 1660--it
appears that the descendants of the Rajah Lacandola still upheld the
Spanish authority, and having become sorely impoverished thereby,
the heir of the family petitioned the Governor (Sabiniano Manrique de
Lara) to make good the honour of his first predecessors. Eventually
the Lacandolas were exempted from the payment of tribute and poll-tax
for ever, as recompense for the filching of their domains.
In 1884, when the fiscal reforms were introduced which abolished the
tribute and established in lieu thereof a document of personal identity
(_cedula personal_), for which a tax was levied, the last vestige of
privilege disappeared.
Descendants of Lacandola are still to be met with in several villages
near Manila. They do not seem to have materially profited by their
transcendent ancestry--one of them I found serving as a waiter in a
French restaurant in the capital in 1885.
[18] _Velas_, Spanish for sails.
[19] _Ladrones_, Spanish for thieves.
[20] Mr. Doane is reported to have died in Honolulu about June, 1890
[21] Guido de Lavezares deposed a Sultan in Borneo in order to
aid another to the throne, and even asked permission of King Philip
II. to conquer China, which of course was not conceded to him. _Vide_
also the history of the destruction of the Aztec (Mexican) and Incas
(Peruvian) dynasties by the Spaniards, in W. H. Prescott's "Conquest
of Mexico" and "Conquest of Peru."
[22] _Maestre de Campo_ (obsolete grade) about equivalent to the modern
General of Brigade. This officer was practically the military governor.
[23] According to Juan de la Concepcion, in his "Hist. Gen. de
Philipinas," Vol. I., p. 431, Li-ma-hong made his escape by cutting
a canal for his ships to pass through, but this would appear to be
highly improbable under the circumstances.
[24] Some authors assert that only Soliman rebelled.
[25] Domingo Salazar, the first Bishop of Manila, took possession in
1581. He and one companion were the only Dominicans in the Islands
until 1587.
[26] Bondage in the Philippines was apparently not so necessary for
the interests of the Church as it was in Cuba, where a commission of
friars, appointed soon after the discovery of the Island, to deliberate
on the policy of partially permitting slavery there, reported "that
the Indians would not labour without compulsion and that, unless they
laboured, they could not be brought into communication with the whites,
nor be converted to Christianity." _Vide_ W. H. Prescott's Hist. of
the Conquest of Mexico," tom. II., Chap, i., p. 104, ed. 1878.
[27] "Hist. Gen. de Philipinas," by Juan de la Concepcion, Vol. III.,
Chap, ix., p. 365, published at Manila, 1788.
[28] "Long live the Church," "Long live our King Philip V."
[29] Now the suburb of Paco. Between 1606 and 1608, owing to a rising
of the Japanese settlers, their dwellings in Dilao were sacked and
the settlement burnt.
[30] Portugal was forcibly annexed to the Spanish Crown from 1581
to 1640.
[31] Philip II.'s persecution of religious apostates during the
"Wars of the Flanders" was due as much to the fact that Protestantism
was becoming a political force, threatening Spain's dominion, as to
Catholic sentiment.
[32] Religious intolerance in Spain was confirmed in 1822 by the New
Penal Code of that date; the text reads thus: "Todo el que conspirase
directamente y de hecho a establecer otra religion en las Espanas, o a
que la Nacion Espanola deje de profesar la religion Apostolica Romana
es traidor y sufrira la pena de muerte." Articulo 227 del Codigo Penal
presentado a las Cortes en 22 de Abril de 1821 y sancionado en 1822."
[33] "Hist. Gen. de Philipinas," by Juan de la Concepeion Vol. III.,
Chap. viii.
[34] This hospital was rebuilt with a legacy left by the Gov.-General
Don Manuel de Leon in 1677. It was afterwards subsidized by the
Government, and was under the care of the Franciscan friars up to
the close of the Spanish dominion.
[35] From this date the Molucca Islands were definitely evacuated and
abandoned by the Spaniards, although as many men and as much material
and money had been employed in garrisons and conveyance of subsidies
there as in the whole Philippine Colony up to that period.
[36] "Hist. Gen. de Philipinas," by Juan de la Concepcion, Vol. VII.,
p. 48, published at Manila, 1788.
[37] Macao is held by the Portuguese since 1557. During the Union
of Spain and Portugal (1581-1640), the Dutch made two unsuccessful
attempts to seize it (1622 and 1627). This colony was the great
European-Chinese emporium prior to Hong-Kong (1841), and paid crown
rent to China up to 1848.
[38] Zuniga's History, Vol II., Chap xii., English translation,
published in London, 1814.
[39] Cronica de los P. P. Dominicos, Vol. IV., pp. 637 to 650,
edition of Rivadenayra, published in Madrid.
[40] This money constituted the Manila merchants' specie remittances
from Acapulco, together with the Mexican subsidy to support the
administration of this Colony, which was merely a dependency of Mexico
up to the second decade of last century (_vide_ Chap. xv.).
[41] Vicissitudes of Sultan Mahamad Alimudin (_vide_ Chap. x.).
[42] So tenacious was the opposition of the Austin friars, both in
Manila and the provinces, that the British appear to have regarded
them as their special foes.
From the archives of Bauan Convent, Province of Batangas, I have taken
the following notes, viz.:--The Austin friars lost P 238,000 and 15
convents. Six of their estates were despoiled. The troops killed were
300 Spaniards, 500 Pampanga natives, and 300 Tagalog natives. Besides
the Austin friars from the galleon _Trinidad_, who were made prisoners
and shipped to Bombay, 10 of their Order were killed in battle and
19 were captured and exiled to India and Europe.
[43] The prominent men in this movement were the brothers Palmero,
maternal uncles of the well-known Spanish soldier-politician, General
Marcelo Azcarraga.
Born in 1832 in Manila, General Marcelo Azcarraga was the son of
Jose Azcarraga, a Biscayan Spaniard, and his creole wife Dr. Maria
Palmero. Jose Azcarraga was a bookseller, established in the
_Escolta_ (Binondo), in a building (burnt down in October, 1885) on
the site where stood the General Post Office up to June, 1904. In
the fire of 1885 the first MS. of the first edition of this work
was consumed, and had to be re-written. Jose Azcarraga had several
sons and daughters. His second son, Marcelo, first studied law at
St. Thomas' University, and then entered the Nautical School, where
he gained the first prize in mathematics. Sent to Spain to continue
his studies, he entered the Military School, and in three years' time
obtained the rank of Captain. For his services against the O'Donnell
revolutionary movement (1854) in Madrid, he was promoted to Major. At
the age of twenty-three he obtained the Cross of San Fernando (with
pension). Having served Spain with distinction in several important
missions to Mexico, Cuba, and Sto. Domingo, he returned to Cuba and
espoused the daughter of the great banker, Fesser, who gave him a
fortune of L20,000 on the day of his marriage. In the year of Isabella
II.'s deposition (1868) he returned to Spain, promoted the Bourbon
restoration, and became Lieut.-General on the proclamation of Alfonso
XII. (1875). He then became successively M.P., Senator by election,
and life Senator. He was Minister of War under Canovas del Castillo,
on whose assassination (Aug. 8, 1897) he became Prime Minister of
the Interim Government specially charged to keep order until after
the unpopular marriage of the Princess of Asturias. After several
Ministerial changes he again took the leadership of the Government,
was lately President of the Senate, and on his retirement, at the age
of seventy-two, he received the _Toison de Oro_ (Golden Fleece)--the
most elevated Order in Spain. On his mother's side he descends from the
Philippine creole family of the Conde de Lizarraga, and is uncle to the
Conde de Albay, better known in Philippine society as Senor Govantes.
[44] It was practically a secret branch of the _Junta General de
Reformas_ authorized to discuss reforms, and created by the Colonial
Minister Becerra during the governor-generalship of General La Torre
in the time of the Provisional Government in Spain which succeeded
the deposed Queen Isabella II.
[45] He was the grandfather of one of the most conspicuous surviving
generals of the Tagalog Rebellion (1896) and the War of Independence
(1899).
[46] Jose Maria Basa was the son of Matias Basa, a builder and
contractor by trade, who made a contract with the Spanish Government
to fill up the stream which branched from the Pasig River and crossed
the _Escolta_ (Manila), where now stands the street called _Calle
de San Jacinto_. In consideration of this work he was permitted to
build houses on the reclaimed land, provided he made a thoroughfare
where the former bed of the rivulet existed. This undertaking made
his fortune. His son, Jose Maria, had several trading schemes,
the most prosperous of which was his distillery at Trozo (Manila),
which brought him large profits, and was a flourishing concern
in 1872. On being amnestied, he established himself in Hong-Kong,
where he is still living with his family in easy circumstances and
highly respected. His unbounded hospitality to all who know him, and
especially to his countrymen, has justly earned for him in Hong-Kong
the title of the "Father of the Filipinos."
Dr. Antonio Maria Regidor y Jurado, a young lawyer, was arrested
and banished to the Ladrone Islands, whence he afterwards escaped to
Hong-Kong in a foreign vessel, disguised as a priest. From that Colony
he found his way to France, where he intended to settle, but eventually
established himself in London, where he still holds a high position
as a Spanish consulting lawyer. By his marriage with an Irish lady,
he has a son and several charming daughters, his well-appointed home
being the rendezvous of all the best class of Filipinos who visit
the British metropolis.
[47] "Hist. Gen. de Philipinas," by Juan de la Concepcion, Vol. IV.,
p. 53. Published in Manila, 1788.
[48] Ibid., Vol. V., p. 429.
[49] About two per thousand of the resident Chinese were _not_
originally coolies.
[50] General Wong Yung Ho, accompanied by a Chinese Justice of the
High Court, visited Australia in the middle of the year 1887. In a
newspaper of that Colony, it was reported that after these persons
had been courteously entertained and shown the local institutions and
industries, they had the effrontery to protest against the State Laws,
and asked for a repeal of the "poll tax"--considered there the only
check upon a Chinese coolie inundation!
[51] Just before the naval engagement of Playa Honda between Dutch
and Spanish ships (_vide_ p. 75) the Dutch intercepted Chinese junks
on the way to Manila, bringing, amongst their cargoes of food, as
many as 12,000 capons.
[52] Since about the year 1885, this system, which entailed severe
losses, gradually fell into disuse, and business on _cash terms_
became more general.
[53] In old writings, laws, and documents, and in ordinary parlance up
to the evacuation by the Spaniards in 1898, the inhabitants of these
Islands (civilized or uncivilized) were almost invariably referred
to as _Indios, Indigenas, Naturales, Mestizos, Espanoles-Filipinos_,
etc., the term "Filipino" being seldom used. The Revolution of 1896
generalized the appellation "Filipino" now in common use.
Throughout this work, "Filipino" is taken as the substantive and
"Philippine" as the adjective, that being the correct English form.
The Americans, however, use "Filipino" both substantively and
adjectivally.
[54] For an exhaustive treatise on this subject the
reader is recommended to peruse A. R. Wallace's "The Malay
Archipelago." Published in London, 1869.
[55] The _Ibanacs_ are the ordinary domesticated natives inhabiting
the extreme north of Luzon and the banks of the Rio Grande de Cagayan
for some miles up. Some of them have almost black skins. I found them
very manageable.
[56] According to Father Pedro Murillo, the ancient name of Basilan
was Taguima, so called from a river there of that name.
[57] Mahometanism appears to have been introduced into the Islands
of Borneo and Mindanao by Arabian missionary prophets.
[58] It was called the _Fuerza del Pilar_, and is now the American
Moro Province military headquarters and head quartermaster's office
and depot. The image of Our Lady in a niche in the north wall is much
revered by Catholics.
[59] _Paseo de los gigantes_, the custom still existing in Spain of
introducing giant figures into popular festivities, reminding one of
Guy Fawkes.
[60] The Sultan complained that he had not been treated in Manila
with dignity equal to his rank and quality, and that he had constantly
been under guard of soldiers in his residence (this was explained to
be a guard-of-honour).
[61] Cholera has considerably reduced the population. In 1902 this
disease carried off about 10 per cent.
[62] Brunei signifies, in pure Malay, the _whole_ of Borneo Island.
[63] The Sultan told me years afterwards that his uncle's nomination by
the Spaniards troubled him very little, as he was always recognized
by his people as their sovereign. In the end intrigues were made
against Datto Harun Narrasid, who agreed to accept his nephew's vassal
sultanate of Paragua, where he died, and was succeeded by his son,
Sultan Tattarassa, whom I met in Jolo in 1904.
[64] Cottabato is derived from _Cotta_, a fort, and _Bato_, stone.
[65] By Royal Order of June, 1890, Brig.-General Arolas was appointed
Governor of Mindanao. He died in Valencia (Spain) May, 1899.
[66] According to Sonnerat, Sulu Island produced elephants!--_vide_
"Voyages aux Indes et a la Chine," Vol. III., Chap. x. I have not
seen the above statement confirmed in any writing. Certainly there
is no such animal in these islands at the present day.
[67] This building was destroyed by Colonel Arolas, April 15, 1887
(_vide_ p. 144).
[68] A few outposts had recently been established by Royal Decree. They
were all under the command of a captain, _vide_ Chap. xiii.
[69] There is another tribe in Palauan Island called _Batacs_,
with Papuan noses, curly hair, and very dark skin. Their origin is
a mystery.
[70] Alfred Marche calls this the _Tragulus ranchil_, and says it is
also to be found in Malacca, Cochin China, and Pulo Condor (_vide_
"Lucon et Palaouan," par A. Marche. Paris, 1887).
[71] By Royal Order of August 20, 1888, a concession of 12,000
to 14,000 hectares of land in Palauan was granted to Felipe
Canga-Argueelles y Villalba, ex-Governor of Puerta Princesa, for the
term of 20 years.
He could work mines, cut timber, and till the land so conceded under
the law called "Ley de Colonias Agricolas," of September 4, 1884,
which was little more than an extension to the Philippines of the
Peninsula forest and agricultural law of June 3, 1868 (_vide Gaceta de
Madrid_ of September 29, 1888). It appears, however, from the Colonial
Minister's despatch No. 515, to the Gov.-General of the Colony, dated
May 24, 1890, that the concessionaire had endeavoured to associate
himself with foreigners for the working of the concession. I myself had
received from him several letters on the subject. The wording of the
despatch shows that suspicion was entertained of an eventual intention
to declare territorial independence in Palauan. The Government,
wishing to avoid the possibility of embroilment with a foreign nation,
unfortunately felt constrained to impose such restrictions upon the
concessionaire as to render his enterprise valueless.
[72] We have several modern instances of similar volcanic disturbances
creating and demolishing land surface, on an infinitely lesser
scale--e.g., the disappearance of Krakatoa and the entire town and
busy port of Anger in 1883; the eruption which swallowed up the whole
inhabited Japanese island Torii Shima; the appearance of an entirely
new island, Nii Shima (about lat. 25 deg. N.), within the past twelve
months; and, within the historical period, the apparition of the
Kurile Islands.
[73] _Vide_ Chap. v. By way of retaliation for the expulsion of Spanish
missionaries from Japan in the l7th century, all the male Japanese
above ten years of age were ordered to leave their settlements up the
Lake. Under this order over 20,000 of them were expelled from the
Colony. There was a Japanese temple existing (though not in use as
such) in the suburbs of Manila up to last century, when Gov.-General
Norzagaray (1857-60) had it destroyed.
[74] The Spaniards must have been quite cognisant of these rites,
seeing that the Moorish invasion of Spain lasted nearly eight
centuries, namely from the year 711 up to 1492--only a couple of
decades before Legaspi's generation.
[75] Based on this tradition, Don Jose Carvajal has written a very
interesting play entitled _Ligaya_. It was produced at the National
Theatre, Manila, in 1904.
[76] Possibly the people of Tondo (Manila) learnt from the Chinese
the art of preparing that canine delicacy called _Cubang-aso_.
[77] Consequent on the American advent, wages steadily rose
proportionately to the increased cost of everything. But when,
later on, wages far exceeded the native's needs, he demanded more
and actually went on strike to obtain it!
[78] With regard to this characteristic among the Chinese, Sir John
Bowring (late Governor of Hong-Kong) affirms that the Chinese respect
their writings and traditions, whilst they do not believe a lie to
be a fault, and in some of their classical works it is especially
recommended, in order to cheat and confuse foreign intruders (_vide_
"A Visit to the Philippine Islands," by Sir John Bowring, LL.D.,
F.R.S. Manila, 1876 Spanish edition, p. 176).
[79] See the Army Regulations for the advantages granted to military
men who married Philippine-born women (_vide_also p. 53).
[80] _Catapusan_ signifies in native dialect the gathering of friends,
which terminates the festival connected with any event or ceremony,
whether it be a wedding, a funeral, a baptism, or an election of
local authorities, etc. The festivities after a burial last nine
days, and on the last day of wailing, drinking, praying, and eating,
the meeting is called the _Catapusan_.
[81] "Historia de Nuestra Senora La Virgen de Antipolo," by
M. Romero. Published in Manila, 1886.
[82] He became a prelate twenty-one years afterwards, having been
ordained Bishop of Nueva Segovia in 1671.
[83] A decree issued by Don Juan de Ozaeta, a magistrate of the Supreme
Court, in his general visit of inspection to the provinces, dated May
26, 1696, enacts the following, viz.:--"That Chinese half-castes and
headmen shall be compelled to go to church and attend Divine Service,
and act according to the customs established in the villages." The
penalty for an infraction of this mandate by a male was "20 lashes in
the public highway and two months' labour in the Royal Rope Walk (in
Taal), or in the Galleys of Cavite." If the delinquent was a female,
the chastisement was "one month of public penance in the church." The
_Alcalde_ or Governor of the Province who did not promptly inflict
the punishment was to be mulcted in the sum of "P200, to be paid to
the Royal Treasury."
[84] _Diario de Manila_, Saturday, July 28, 1888.
[85] _Vide p._ 54. According to Concepcion, there were headmen at the
time of the Conquest who had as many as 300 slaves, and as a property
they ranked next in value to gold (_vide_ "Hist. Gen. de Philipinas,"
by Juan de la Concepcion, published in Manila in 1788, in 14 volumes).
[86] _Vide_ "Recopilacion de las Leyes de Indias," Ley V. xiii.,
lib. i.
[87] Referring to Leprosy, the _Charity Record_, London, December
15, 1898, says:--"Reliable estimates place the number of lepers in
India, China, and Japan at 1,000,000. About 500,000 probably would
be a correct estimate for India only, although the official number
is less, owing to the many who from being hidden, or homeless, or
from other causes, escape enumeration."
[88] Navarrete's "Coleccion de los Viajes y Descubrimientos," tom. II.,
Nos. 12, 18. Madrid, 1825.
[89] In the turbulent ages, centuries ago, it was not an uncommon
thing for a prince or nobleman to secure his domain against seizure
or conquest by transferring it nominally to the Pope, from whom he
thenceforth held it as a papal fief.
[90] Under the Spanish Government, the See of Manila comprised the
provinces of Bulacan, Pampanga, Zambales, Cavite, La Laguna, Bataan,
Island of Mindoro, and part of Tarlac. The other part of Tarlac was in
the See of Nueva Segovia, which had (in 1896) ecclesiastical control
over 997,629 Christians and 172,383 pagans. The See of Jaro is the
one most recently created (1867).
[91] The Royal Decree setting forth the execution of this Brief was
printed in Madrid in 1773. This politic-religious Order was banished
from Portugal and Spain in 1767. In Madrid, on the night of March 31,
the Royal Edict was read to the members of the Company of Jesus, who
were allowed time to pack up their most necessary chattels and leave
for the coast, where they were hurriedly embarked for Rome. The same
Order was suppressed for ever in France in 1764.
[92] At the date of the Tagalog Rebellion (1896) the Jesuits in the
Islands were as follows: In Manila, 24 priests, 25 lay brothers, and
13 teachers; in Mindanao, 62 priests and 43 lay brothers, making a
total of 167 individuals. They were not allowed to possess real estate.
[93] _Vide_ "Catalogo de los Religiosos de N.S.P. San
Agustin." Published in Manila, 1864.
[94] The Augustinian Order was founded in the 4th century; the
Franciscan in 1210 and confirmed by Papal Bull in 1223; the Dominican
in 1261; the Recoleto in 1602; the Benedictine in 530; the Capuchin
in 1209 and the Paulist in 1625.
[95] For any further expense this might incur, 3 per cent, was deducted
from the parish priests' emoluments.
[96] "Recopilacion de las Leyes de Indias."--Ley 46, tit. 14, lib. 1 deg.,
forbids priests and members of any religious body to take part in
matters of Civil Government.
[97] In the early days of Mexican conquest, the conquered land was
apportioned to the warriors under the name of _Repartimentos_, but
such divisions included the absolute possession of the natives as
slaves (_vide_ "La vida y escritos del P. Fray Bartolome de las Casas,
Obispo de Chiapa," by Antonio Maria Fabie, Colonial Minister in the
Canovas Cabinet of 1890 Madrid).
[98] Juan Salcedo, Legaspi's grandson (_vide_ Chaps. ii. and iv.) was
rewarded with several _Encomiendas_ in the Ilocos provinces, on the
west coast of Luzon, where he levied a tribute on the natives whom
he subdued.
[99] Changed afterwards to Manila Province; now called Rizal Province
(Morong district incorporated therein) since the American occupation.
[100] "Noticias de Filipinas," by Don Eusebio Mazorca. Inedited
MS. dated 1840, in the Archives of Bauan Convent, Province of Batangas.
[101] The text reads thus:--"Para ser jefe de Provincia en estas Islas
no se requiere carrera, conocimientos ni servicios determinados, todos
son aptos y admisibles.... Es cosa bastante comun ver a un peluquero
o lacayo de un gobernador, a un marinero y a un desertor transformado
de repente en Alcalde-Mayor, sub-delegado y Capitan a guerra de una
provincia populosa, sin otro consejero que su rudo entendimiento,
ni mas guia que sus pasiones." Tomas de Comyn was an employee of
the "_Real Compania de Filipinas_" (q.v.), and subsequently Spanish
Consul-General in Lisbon.
[102] Transferred to Bais in January, 1889, in consequence of the
rise of brigandage in the S.E. of Negros Island.
The brigands, under the leadership of a native named Camartin and
another, who declared themselves prophets, plundered the planters
along that coast, and committed such notorious crimes that troops had
to be despatched there under the command of the famous Lieut.-Colonel
Villa-Abrille. The Gov.-General Valeriano Weyler went to the Visayas
Islands and personally directed the operations.
[103] From January 1, 1889, the Government Financial year was made
concurrent with the year of the Calendar.
[104] The text reads thus:--"Cada Jefe de Provincia es un verdadero
Sultan y cuando acaba su administracion solo se habla en la Capital
de los miles de pesos que saco _limpios_ de su alcaldia."--"Noticias
de Filipinas," by Don Eusebio Mazorca. Inedited MS. dated 1840. In
the archives of Bauan Convent, Province of Batangas.
[105] The text reads thus:--"Cobrando el Alcalde en palay el tributo,
solo abona al indio dos reales plata por caban; introduce en cajas
reales su importe en metalico y vende despues el palay en seis,
ocho y a veces mas reales fuertes plata cada caban y le resulta con
esta sencilla operacion un doscientos o trescientos por ciento de
ganancia.... Ahora recientito esta acusado el Ministro Interventor de
Zamboanga por el Gobernador de aquella plaza de haberse utilizado aquel
de 15,000 a 16,000 pesos solo con el trocatinte de la medida.... Se
cuenta al mismo interventor a que me refiero 50,000 a 60,000 pesos
cuando el sueldo de su empleo--oficial 2 deg. de la Contaduria--es de
540 pesos al ano."--_Ibid_.
[106] The Audit Office was suppressed and revived, and again suppressed
on January 1, 1889.
[107] There was also a tenth class _gratis_ for the clergy, army
and navy forces, and convicts, and a "_privileged_" class _gratis_
for petty-governors and their wives, Barangay chiefs and their wives,
and Barangay chiefs' assistants, called "primogenito" (primogenito
means first born--perhaps it was anticipated that he Would "assist"
his father in his gratuitous government service).
[108] This was not included in Army Estimates, but in Civil
Government. Officers from Captain (inclusive) upwards "In expectation
of Service" and "In excess of Active Service requirements," received
only four-fifths of ordinary pay.
[109] In 1888 the "King's Regiment" was divided into two regiments,
under new denominations, viz.:--"Castillo, No. 1" (April 3), and
"Espana, No. 1" (June 18).
[110] This gentleman is at present residing in the county of Essex,
England.
[111] Under British law, a litigant is not allowed to bring and
conduct an action _in forma pauperis_ until it is proved that he is
not worth L5 after his debts are paid; and, moreover, he must obtain
a certificate from a barrister that he has _good cause of action_.
[112] According to Zuniga ("Hist. de Philipinas"), the ancient
inhabitants of Luzon Island had a kind of shell-money--the _Siguey_
shell. _Siguey_ shells are so plentiful at the present day that they
are used by children to play at _Sunca_.
[113] _Situado_ is not literally "Subsidy," but it was tantamount
to that.
[114] The values of shipments by law established were little regarded.
[115] The _Obras Pias_ (i.e., Pious Works) funds were legacies
left exclusively by Spaniards, chiefly pious persons, for separate
beneficent objects. Two-thirds of the capital were to be lent at
interest, to stimulate trade abroad, and one-third was to be a reserve
against possible losses. When the accumulated interest on the original
capital had reached a certain amount, it was to be applied to the
payment of masses for the repose of the donors' souls.
The peculations of the Gov.-General Pedro Manuel de Arandia (1754-59)
permitted him to amass a fortune of a quarter of a million pesos in
less than five years' service, which sum he left to pious works. On the
secession of Mexico (in 1819) the Government took over the _Obras Pias_
funds, to control their administration. There is reason to believe
that many of the donations were the fruits of the corrupt practices
of high officials, the legacies being for their benefit hereafter.
The funds were severally administered by the four boards of San
Francisco, Santo Domingo, the Recoletos and Santa Isabel, controlled
by one general board of management. In 1850 the Spanish Government,
in the exercise of its right (_Real patronato_) to intervene in all
ecclesiastical administrative affairs, ordered these funds to be
transferred to a banking establishment entitled the "Banco Espanol
de Isabel II.," more generally known as the "Banco Espanol-Filipino"
(q.v.). The _Obras Pias_ funds constituted the original capital of
this bank. The board, presided over by the Archbishop, still continued
to control the manipulation of these funds by the bank, the income
derived from the original capital having to be paid out in accordance
with the wills of the several founders of the fund. Up to the close
of Spanish rule, money was lent out of this fund on mortgages in and
near Manila, at six per cent. interest per annum.
[116] It happened at this date that the dues, etc., equalled 17 per
cent. on the anticipated 1,000,000 pesos, but they were not computed
by percentage. The Royal Dues were a fixed sum since about the year
1625, so that when the legal value of the shipments was much less,
the dues and other expenses represented a much higher percentage. The
charges were as follows, viz.:--
Royal Dues. P160,000
Port Dues at Acapulco. 2,000
Disbursements paid in Manila on the ship's departure. 7,500
Port and Anchorage Dues on arrival in Philippines. 500
P170,000
[117] "La Libertad del comercio de Filipinas," by Manuel Azcarraga.
[118] Mr. John B. Butler, who was born in 1800, resided many years
in Manila, and married a native wife. He died on October 4, 1855, in
London, whence his mortal remains were brought to Manila in 1860, at
the instance of his widow, and interred in Saint Augustine's Church,
near an altar on the left side of the nave. The site is marked by a
marble inscribed slab.
[119] The Peace of Utrecht, signed in 1713, settled the succession of
Philip, the French Dauphin, to the Spanish throne, whilst among the
concessions which England gained for herself under this treaty was a
convention with Spain, known as the _Asiento_ contract. This gave the
British the right to send one shipload of merchandise yearly to the
Spanish colonies of America. Nevertheless, many ships went instead of
one. An armed contest ensued (1739-42), and although the Spaniards
lost several galleons in naval combats undertaken by Admiral Vernon
and Commodore Anson, the British losses were not inconsiderable.
So prejudicial to the vital interests of Spain was the abuse of
the ceded right held to be that the earliest efforts of the first
new Cabinet under Ferdinand VI. were engaged in a revision of the
commercial differences between that country and England. England
was persuaded to relinquish the _Asiento_ contract in exchange for
advantages of greater consideration in another direction.
About a century ago England took over from Spain Nootka Sound,
a station on the Pacific coast, where a nourishing fur trade was
carried on by British settlers. The cession was accorded under a solemn
promise not to trade thence with the Spanish colonies of South America.
[120] For example: _vide_ "Memoria leida por el Secretario de la Camara
de Comercio de Manila, Don F. de P. Rodoreda, en 28 de Marzo de 1890,"
p. 6 (published in Manila by Diaz Puertas y Compania).
It remarks: "Jurado Mercantil--El expediente siguio la penosa
perigrinacion de nuestro pesado y complicado engranaje administrativo
y llevaba ya muy cerca de dos anos empleados en solo recorrer dos de
los muchos Centros consultivos a que debia ser sometido, etc."
[121] The following is an extract from the text of the preamble to
a Decree, dated March 19, 1886, relative to the organization of the
Philippine Exhibition held in Madrid, signed by the Colonial Minister,
Don German Gamazo:
"Con el se lograra que la gran masa de numerario que sale de
la Metropoli para adquirir en paises extranjeros algodon, azucar,
cacao, tabaco y otros productos vaya a nuestras posesiones de Oceania
_donde comerciantes extranjeros los acaparan con dano evidente de
los intereses materiales del pais."_
[122] (1) The "Hong-Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation,"
incorporated in 1867. Position on June 30, 1905: Capital all paid up,
$10,000,000 (Mex.): sterling reserve, L1,000,000; silver reserve,
$8,500,000 (Mex.); reserve liability of proprietors, $10,000,000
(Mex.). (2) The "Chartered Bank of India, Australia, and China,"
incorporated in 1853. Position on December 31, 1904: Capital all
paid up, L800,000; reserve fund, L875,000; reserve liability of
proprietors, L800,000.
[123] "Banco Espanol-Filipino." Position on June 30, 1905: Capital,
P1,500,000; reserve fund, P900,000. It has a branch in Yloilo.
[124] Chop dollars are those defaced by private Chinese marks.
[125] Yloilo had its "Gremio de Comerciantes" (Board of Trade),
constituted by Philippine General-Government Decree of September 5,
1884, and Manila had Chamber of Commerce. Since the Revolution Yloilo
has also a Chamber of Commerce, and Manila several of different
nationalities.
[126] _Vide Board of Trade Journal_ (British) for February and April,
1891.
[127] Manila to Yap, 1,160 miles. Yap to Ponape, 1,270 miles. Ponape
to Apra, 880 miles.
[128] "Vd cuidado de regatear," was the invitation to haggle.
[129] Weaving was taught to the natives by a Spanish priest about
the year 1595.
[130] The extra delay was quite a year, and the cause having become
common talk among the natives in the neighbourhood, many of them
suggested that an evil spirit prevented the foundations of the bridge
being built. They proposed to propitiate him by throwing live children
into the river; consequently many mothers migrated with their infants
until they heard that the difficulty was overcome.
[131] The sale of Alcohol was a Government monopoly until
1862. Molasses is sold by the _Tinaja_, an earthenware jar measuring
19 inches in height and 17 1/2 inches at the maximum diameter; it
contains 16 _gantas_ (liquid measure) = say 11 gallons.
[132] British patents for paper-making from sugar-cane fibre were
granted to Berry in 1838, Johnson in 1855, Jullion in 1855, Ruck and
Touche (conjointly) in 1856, and Hook in 1857.
[133] Since about the year 1885 a weed has been observed to germinate
spontaneously around the roots of the sugar-cane in the Laguna
Province. The natives have given it the name of _Bulaclac ng tubo_
(Sugar-cane flower). It destroys the saccharine properties of the
cane. The bitter juice of this weed has been found to be a useful
palliative for certain diseases.
[134] Extract from a letter dated September 29, 1885, from
H. Strachan, Esq., Superintendent, Government Experimental Farm,
Hyderabad, Sindh--and Extract from a letter dated February 13, 1886,
from A. Stormont, Esq., Superintendent, Government Experimental Farm,
Khandesh (_vide_ "The Tropical Agriculturist," Colombo, June 1, 1886,
p. 876 _et seq_.).
[135] The extremely fine muslin of delicate texture known in the
Philippines as _Pina_ is made _exclusively_ of pine-apple _leaf_
fibre. When these fibres are woven together with the slender filament
drawn from the edges of the hemp petiole, the manufactured article
is called _Husi_.
[136] A British patent for Manila hemp-paper was granted to Newton
in 1852.
[137] A large proportion of the product sent from Mauban to Manila
as marketable hemp is really a wild hemp-fibre locally known by the
name of _Alinsanay_. It is a worthless, brittle filament which has
all the external appearance of marketable hemp. A sample of it broke
as easily as silk thread between my fingers. Its maximum strength is
calculated to be one-fourth of hemp fibre.
[138] _Vide_ Instructions _re_ Contraband from the Treasury
Superintendent, Juan Manuel de la Matta, to the "Intendente de Visayas"
in 1843.
[139] _Instruccion General para la Direccion, Administracion y
Intervencion de las Rentas Estancadas_, 1849.
[140] Licensed depots for the sale of monopolized goods.
[141] "Hist. de Filipinas," by Gaspar de San Agustin. MS. in the
Convento de San Agustin, Manila. The date of the introduction of
cacao into these Islands is confirmed by Juan de la Concepcion in his
"Hist. General de Philipinas," Vol. IX. p. 150. Published in 14 vols.,
Manila, 1788.
[142] The word chocolate is derived from the Mexican word
_chocolatl_. The Mexicans, at the time of the conquest, used
cacao-beans as money. The grandees of the Aztec Court ate chocolate
made of the ground bean mixed with Indian corn and rocou (_vide_
W. H. Prescott's "Hist. of the Conquest of Mexico").
Chocolate was first used in Spain in 1520; in Italy in 1606; in
England in 1657, and in Germany in 1700.
[143] _Tiangui_, from the Mexican word _Tianguez_, signifies "small
market."
[144] Spanish, _Carroza_; Tagalog, _Hila_ or _Paragus_; Visaya,
_Cangas_ or _Dagandan_.
[145] British patents for papermaking from cocoanut fibre were granted
to Newton in 1852, and to Holt and Forster in 1854. A process for
making paper from the cocoanut kernel was patented by Draper in 1854.
[146] _Vide The Tropical Agriculturist_, Colombo, August 2, 1886.
[147] Not to be confounded with _Banga_,--Tagalog for a terra-cotta
water-pot.
[148] This company was formed in Hong-Kong and incorporated May 16,
1889, with a capital of P300,000 divided into 6,000 P50 shares, to take
over and work the prosperous business of Mr. H. G. Brown. Its success
continued under the three years' able management of Mr. Brown. During
that period it paid an average yearly dividend of 8-1/3%, and in
1890 its shares were freely dealt in on the Hong-Kong market at 50%
premium. On the retirement of Mr. Brown in March, 1891, the company
gradually dwindled down to a complete wreck in 1894. It is still
(year 1905) in liquidation.
[149] "Timber and Timber Trees," by Thomas Laslett (Timber Inspector
to the Admiralty). London, 1875.
[150] The same writer also makes the following interesting remark:--"Y
tal vez de aqui viene el olor (brea) como empireumatico muy notable de
los excrementos en este tiempo!" _Vide_ "Flora de Filipinos," by Father
Manuel Blanco, Vol. I., p. 228. Published in Manila in 4 vols., 1879.
[151] Clavigero's "Storia Antica del Messico."
[152] British patents for paper-making from banana fibre were granted
to Berry in 1838; Lilly in 1854; Jullion in 1855; Burke in 1855;
and Hook in 1857. In these Islands a cloth is woven from this fibre.
[153] To express juice from the small species of lemon, the fruit
should be cut from the stalk end downwards. If cut otherwise the
juice will not flow freely.
[154] "Flora de Filipinas," by Father Manuel Blanco. Published in
Manila by the Augustine Order in 4 vols., 1879.
[155] For more ample details _vide_ "Rapida descripcion de la Isla
de Cebu," by Enrique Abella y Casariega. Published by Royal Order in
Madrid, 1886.
[156] Monsieur Jean Labedan, who had been the original proprietor of
the "Restaurant de Paris" in La Escolta, Manila.
[157] "Hist. de la Provincia de Batangas," por D. Pedro Andres de
Castro y Amades, 1790. Inedited MS. in the archives of Bauan Convent
(Batangas).
[158] "A Visit to the Philippine Islands," by Sir John Bowring,
Spanish translation, p. 67. Manila, 1876.
[159] An effective cure for a centipede bite is a plaster of garlic
mashed until the juice flows. The plaster must be renewed every hour.
[160] A good dish can be made of the rice-birds, known locally as
_Maya_ (_Munia oryzivora_, Bonap.; _Estrelda amandava_, Gray) and
the _Bato-Bato_ and _Punay_ pigeons (_Ptilinopus roseicollis_, Gray).
[161] According to Edouard Verreux, cited by Paul de la Gironniere
in his "Aventures d'un gentilhomme Breton aux Iles Philippines,"
p. 394 (Paris 1857), there were at that date 172 classified birds in
this Archipelago.
[162] The city walls were undoubtedly a great safeguard for the
Spaniards against the frequent threats of the Mindanao and Sulu pirates
who ventured into the Bay of Manila up to within 58 years ago. Also,
for more than a century, they were any day subject to hostilities from
the Portuguese, whilst the aggressive foreign policy of the mother
country during the 17th century exposed them to reprisals by the Dutch
fleets, which in 1643 threatened the city of Manila. Formerly the
drawbridges were raised, and the city was closed and under sentinels
from 11 o'clock p.m. until 4 o'clock a.m. It continued so until 1852,
when, in consequence of the earthquake of that year, it was decreed
that the city should thenceforth remain open night and day. The
walled city was officially styled the _Plaza de Manila_, its last
Spanish military governor being General Rizzo, who left for Europe in
December, 1898. The most modern drawbridge entrance was the _Puerta
de Isabel II_, (1861), facing the Pasig River.
[163] The Cathedral has been destroyed four times by fire and
earthquake, and rebuilt by successive archbishops.
[164] _Mariveles_.--Much historical interest is attached to this
place. It was the chief port of the _Jurisdiction of Mariveles_
under the old territorial division which comprised the island now
called Corregidor. Mariveles is now included in the Province of Bataan.
The first Spanish missionary who attempted to domesticate the natives
of the Mariveles coast was stoned by them, and died in Manila
in consequence. An insubordinate Archbishop was once banished to
Mariveles. Through the narrow channel between this port and Corregidor
Island, known as _Boca chica_, came swarms of Asiatic trading-junks
every spring for over two centuries. Forming the extreme point of
Manila Bay, here was naturally the watchguard for the safety of the
capital. It was the point whence could be descried the movements of
foreign enemies--Dutch, British, Mahometan, Chinese, etc.; it was the
last refuge for ships about to venture from the Islands to foreign
parts. Yet, with all these antecedents, it is, to-day, one of the
poorest and most primitive villages of the Colony. From its aspect
one could almost imagine it to be at the furthermost extremity of
the Archipelago. Its ancient name was _Camaya_, and how it came to
be called Mariveles is accounted for in the following interesting
legend:--About the beginning of the 17th century one of the Mexican
galleons brought to Manila a family named Velez, whose daughter was
called Maria. When she was 17 years of age this girl took the veil
in Santa Clara Convent (_vide_ p. 81), and there responded to the
attentions of a Franciscan monk, who fell so desperately in love
with her that they determined to elope to Camaya and wait there for
the galleon which was to leave for Mexico in the following July. The
girl, disguised in a monk's habit, fled from her convent, and the
lovers arrived safely in Camaya in a hired canoe, tired out after the
sea-passage under a scorching sun. The next day they went out to meet
the galleon, which, however, had delayed her sailing. In the meantime
the elopement had caused great scandal in Manila. A proclamation was
published by the town-crier calling upon the inhabitants to give
up the culprits, under severe penalties for disobedience. Nothing
resulted, until the matter oozed out through a native who was aware
of their departure. Then an alderman of the city set out in a prahu
in pursuit of the amorous fugitives, accompanied by a notary and a
dozen arquebusiers. After searching in vain all over the island now
called Corregidor, they went to Camaya, and there found the young lady,
Maria, on the beach in a most pitiable condition, with her dress torn
to shreds, and by her side the holy friar, wearied and bleeding from
the wounds he had received whilst fighting with the savage natives
who disputed his possession of the fair maiden. The search-party
found there a canoe, in which the friar was conveyed to Manila in
custody, whilst the girl was taken charge of by the alderman in the
prahu. From Manila the sinful priest was sent to teach religion and
morality to the Visaya tribes; the romantic nun was sent back to the
City of Mexico to suffer perpetual reclusion in a convent.
From these events, it is said, arose the names of _Corregidor_
(Alderman) Island, which lies between the rocks known as _Fraile_
(Friar) and _Monja_ (Nun), whilst the lovers' refuge thenceforth took
the name of _Mariveles_ (Maria Velez).
Ships arriving from foreign or Philippine infected ports were
quarantined off Mariveles, under Spanish regulations. During the
great cholera epidemic of 1882 a Lazaretto was established here.
[165] The _abacus_ consists of a frame with a number of parallel
wires on which counting-beads are strung. It is in common use in China.
[166] _Escolta_ (meaning Escort), the principal thoroughfare in the
business quarter (Binondo), is said to have been so named during the
British occupation (1762-63), when the British Commander-in-Chief
passed through it daily with his escort.
[167] On the site of this last bridge the _Puente de Barcas_ (Pontoon
Bridge) existed from 1632 to 1863, when it was destroyed by the great
earthquake of that year. The new stone bridge was opened in 1875,
and called the _Puente de Espana_.
[168] The burthen of a native play in the provinces was almost
invariably founded on the contests between the Mahometans of the
South and the Christian natives under Spanish dominion.
The Spaniards, in attaching the denomination of _Moros_ to the
Mahometans of Sulu, associated them in name with the Mahometan
Moors who held sway over a large part of Hispania for over seven
centuries (711-1492). A "_Moro Moro"_ performance is usually a
drama--occasionally a melodrama--in which the native actors, clad in
all the glittering finery of Mahometan nobility and Christian chivalry,
assemble in battle array before the Mahometan princesses, to settle
their disputes under the combined inspirations of love and religious
persuasion. The princesses, one after the other, pining under the
dictates of the heart in defiance of their creed, leave their fate
to be sealed by the outcome of deadly combat between the contending
factions. Armed to the teeth, the cavaliers of the respective parties
march to and fro, haranguing each other in monotonous tones. After a
long-winded, wearisome challenge, they brandish their weapons and meet
in a series of single combats which merge in a general _melee_ as the
princes are vanquished and the hand of the disputed enchantress is won.
The dialogue is in the idiom of the district where the performance
is given, and the whole play (lasting from four to six nights) is
brief compared with Chinese melodrama, which often extends to a month
of nights.
Judged from the standard of European histrionism, the plot is weak
from the sameness and repetition of the theme. The declamation
is unnatural, and void of vigour and emphasis. The same tone is
maintained from beginning to end, whether it be in expression of
expostulatory defiance, love, joy, or despair. But the masses were
intensely amused; thus the full object was achieved. They seemed
never to tire of gazing at the situations created and applauding
vociferously the feigned defeat of their traditional arch-foes.
[169] The favourite game of the Tagalogs is _Panguingui_--of the
Chinese _Chapdiki_.
[170] The Government House, located in the city, which was thrown down
in the earthquake of 1863, has not been rebuilt. Its reconstruction
was only commenced by the Spaniards in 1895. The Gov.-General
therefore resided after 1863 at his suburban palace at Malacanan,
on the river-side.
[171] "Aventures d'un gentilhomme Breton aux Iles Philippines,"
par Paul de la Gironniere. Paris, 1875.
[172] _Vide_ "Terremotos de Nueva Vizcaya en 1881," by Enrique Abella
y Casariega Published in Madrid.
[173] The _Katipunan League_ and _Freemasonry_ were not identical
institutions. There were many Freemasons who were leaguers, but
not _because_ they were Freemasons, as also there were thousands
of leaguers who knew nothing of Freemasonry. There is little doubt
that Freemasonry suggested the bare idea of that other secret society
called _Katipunan_, whose signs and symbols were of masonic design,
but whose aims were totally different. It is probable, too, that the
liberty which Freemasons enjoyed to meet in secret session was taken
advantage of by the leaguers. There were risings in the Islands
long before the introduction of Freemasonry. This secret society
was introduced into the Colony a little before the year 1850. In
1893 the first lodges of the Spanish Grand Orient were opened,
and there were never more than 16 lodges of this Order up to the
evacuation by the Spaniards. Each lodge had about 30 members, or,
say, a total of 500. The Spanish deputy, Dr. Miguel Morayta, in his
speech in the Spanish Congress in April, 1904, stated that General
Ramon Blanco's reply to Father Mariano Gil (the discoverer of the
_Katipunan_) was that the identity of Freemasonry with _Katipunan_
"existed only in the brains of the friars and fanatical Spaniards."
[174] By intermarriage and blood relationship Don Pedro P. Rojas is
allied with several of the best Manila families. His grandfather,
Don Domingo Rojas, a prominent citizen in his time, having become a
victim of intrigue, was confined in the Fortress of Santiago, under
sentence of death. The day prior to that fixed for his execution, he
was visited by a friend, and the next morning when the executioner
entered his cell, Don Domingo was found in a dying condition,
apparently from the effect of poison. Don Domingo had a son Jose and
a daughter Marguerita. On their father's death, they and Jose's son,
the present Don Pedro P. Rojas, went to Spain, where Dona Marguerita
espoused a Spaniard, Don Antonio de Ayala, and Don Jose obtained from
the Spanish Government a declaration stating that whereas Don Domingo
had been unjustly condemned to capital punishment, the Gov.-General
was ordered to refund, out of his own pocket, to the Rojas family
the costs of the trial. The Rojas and Ayala families then returned
to the Philippines, where Don Antonio de Ayala made a considerable
fortune in business and had two daughters, one of whom, Dona Carmen,
married Don Pedro P. Rojas, and the other wedded Don Jacobo Zobel, an
apothecary of large means and of German descent. Don Pedro P. Rojas,
who was born in 1848, has two sons and two daughters. The three
families belonged to the _elite_ of Manila society, whilst the Rojas
and the Ayalas acquired a just reputation both for their enterprising
spirit, which largely benefited the Colony, and for their charitable
philanthropy towards all classes.
[175] _Aguinaldo_ is the Spanish for Christmas-box.
[176] Part of a conversation which I had with Emilio Aguinaldo at
his house at Cauit (Cavite Viejo) on July 26, 1904.
[177] _Cauit_ signifies, in Tagalog, Fish-hook.
[178] _Sungay_ signifies, in Tagalog, Deer.
[179] _Imus_. The history of this place is interesting. In the 18th
century a banished Spaniard of distinguished family settled there
and supplied water to the natives for irrigation purposes. Some years
afterwards, on the death of his wife, this gentleman returned to Spain
and left the place in charge of a friar, Francisco de Santiago. As
the owner never claimed the property, it fell definitely into
the possession of the friars. A church was erected there at the
people's expense. Later on the friar in charge extorted from the
natives material and labour, without payment, for the building of
a manor-house, but he was poisoned soon after it was finished. His
successor was still bolder, and allowed escaped criminals to take
sanctuary in his church to show his superiority to the civil law. After
innumerable disputes and troubles with the natives, it developed
into a fine property, comprising 27,500 acres of arable land, which
the Recoletos claimed as theirs and rented it out to the natives. Its
possession was the cause of the important risings of Paran and Camerino
(_vide_ pp. 105, 106) and many other minor disturbances.
[180] "Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas," por el Dr. Antonio de Morga,
anotada por Jose Rizal. Published in Paris by Garnier freres, 1890.
[181] "El Filibusterismo (continuacion del 'Noli me
tangere')." Published in Ghent by F. Meyer-Van Loo, 1891.
[182] Father Mariano Gil died in Spain in the spring of 1904.
[183] Rizal's brother and sister were keeping (in 1904) the "_Dimas
Alang_" restaurant, 62, _Calle Sacristia_, Binondo (Manila). It is
so named after the pseudonym under which their distinguished brother
often wrote patriotic articles.
One of the ten annual official holidays, or feast days, appointed by
the Civil Commission is "Rizal Day," December 30.
The P2 banknote of the new Philippine currency bears a vignette of
Dr. Rizal.
The Manila Province of Spanish times is now called Rizal Province and
with it is incorporated what was formerly the Morong District. Probably
one-third of the towns of the colony have either a _Plaza de Rizal_,
or a _Calle de Rizal_; it is about as general as the _Piazza di
Vittorio Emanuele_ throughout Italy.
A public subscription was open for about three years to defray
the cost of a Rizal monument to be erected on the Luneta Esplanade
(Ins. Gov. Act No. 243). By March 7, 1905, a total of P103,753.89
had been collected, including the sum of P30,000 voted by the Insular
Government.
One is led to wonder what _role_ in Philippine affairs Rizal would
have assumed had he outlived the rebellion.
[184] It is alleged that this copy was removed from the archives
about April, 1898, for the defence of a certain general in Madrid.
[185] _Biac-na-bato _signifies, in Tagalog, Split Stone.
This was the third time, during the 19th century, that the Spanish
Gov.-General had been constrained to conclude a treaty with native
rebels. In 1835 a certain Feliciano Paran raised the standard of
revolt against the friars' claim to the Imus estate (Cavite), and
after many fruitless attempts to suppress him, and much bloodshed,
the _Treaty of Malacanan_ was signed by the rebel chief and the
Gov.-General. Paran was then appointed Colonel of Militia with the
monthly pay of P50. He lived peacefully in _Calle San Marcelino_,
Manila, until a fresh outbreak (led by another) occurred, when the
Spaniards made this a pretext to seize Paran and deport him to the
Ladrone Islands (_vide_ p. 105).
In 1870, during the command of General La Torre, a certain
Camerino held the Province of Cavite for a long time against the
Spaniards. Camerino's plan was to remain in ambush whilst the
rank-and-file of the Spaniards advanced, and then pick off the
officers. So many of them were killed that influence was brought
to bear on the General, who consented to sign the _Treaty of
Navotas_. Camerino was appointed Colonel of Militia and lived in Trozo
(Manila) until the Cavite rising in 1872, when he and six others were
executed for their past deeds (_vide_ p. 106).
[186] The original of the above document was read in public session
of Congress in Madrid, on June 16, 1898, by the Deputy Senor Muro.
[187] _Vide_ Pedro A. Paterno's allusion to this at p. 399.
[188] Manuel Godoy, of obscure family, was originally a common soldier
in the Guards. He became field-marshal, Duke of Alcudia, Grandee of
Spain, Councillor of State, and Cavalier of the Golden Fleece. For his
intervention in the Peace of Basilea he received the title of Principe
de la Paz. Baldomero Espartero was a successful general, who brought
the first Carlist war to a close and concluded the Treaty of Vergara
(1839), for which (in 1840) he was granted the titles of Duque de la
Victoria and Principe de Vergara.
[189] This steamer came into Manila flying the French ensign, and
painted to resemble one of the Russian Volunteer Fleet, to avoid
capture on the way.
[190] The precise terms of the treaty or agreement made between
the representative of the Philippine Government and the rebel
chiefs are hitherto enveloped in mystery; but even though all the
personal testimony referred to in this chapter were impugned, there
is convincing circumstantial evidence that Emilio Aguinaldo and
his followers received a very considerable amount of money from the
Philippine Treasury _conditionally_. In the Suit No. 6 of 1899 in the
Supreme Court of Hong-Kong, T. Sandico and others _versus_ R. Wildman
(all the original filed documents of which I have examined), sworn
evidence was given to show that $200,000 Mexican of the sum received
by Aguinaldo was deposited in his name in the Chartered Bank of India,
Australia and China. It is not feasible to suppose that this sum was
paid to or accepted by Aguinaldo _unconditionally_.
[191] On February 15, 1898, the U.S. man-of-war _Maine_, whilst lying
in the harbour of Havana, was, accidentally or intentionally, blown
up, causing the death of 266 of her crew. Public opinion in America
attributed the disaster to Spanish malice. The Spaniards indignantly
repudiated this charge and invited an official inquest. Again, at the
Conference of December 6, 1898, the Spanish Commissioners of the Peace
Commission at Paris proposed an additional article to the treaty "to
appoint an International Commission to be entrusted with investigating
the causes of, and responsibility for, the _Maine_ catastrophe,"
but the proposal was rejected by the American Commissioners.
[192] Mirs Bay has _since_ become British, being included in the
extended Kowloon Concession on the mainland of China opposite
Hong-Kong.
[193] The distance from Corregidor Island to Manila City is 27 miles.
[194] In July, 1904, I saw five rusty hulls--remnant of the Spanish
fleet--afloat in Cavite harbour.
[195] Admiral Patricio Montojo, born in 1831, entered the navy at the
age of 14. After the Battle of Cavite he left for Europe in October,
1898, and was committed to prison, March 3, 1899, pending the trial
by court-martial which condemned him to compulsory retirement from
the service. He died in 1902, aged 71 years.
[196] _Vide_ Senate Document No. 62, Part II., 55th Congress, 3rd
Session, pp. 350-6. Published by the Government Printing Office,
Washington, 1899.
[197] The _Macabebes_ who came so conspicuously into prominence
during the Rebellion of 1896 are the inhabitants of the town of
Macabebe and its dependent wards, situated in Lower Pampanga, near
the Hagonoy River. They are the only Filipinos who have persistently
and systematically opposed the revolutionary faction of their own free
will, without bribe or extraneous influence. No one seems to be able to
explain exactly why they should have adopted this course. They aided
the Spaniards against the rebels, and also the Americans against the
insurgents. All I have been able to learn of them in the locality is
that they keep exclusively to themselves, and have little sympathy
for, and no cordial intercourse with, the natives of other towns,
either in their own province or elsewhere. A generation ago the
Macabebes had a bad reputation for their petty piratical depredations
around the north shore of Manila Bay and the several mouths of the
Hagonoy River, and it is possible that their exclusiveness results
from their consciousness of having been shunned by the more reputable
inhabitants. The total population of Macabebe is about 14,000.
[198] The finding of the court says: "Pasara a la seccion de reserva
del Estado Mayor General del Ejercito con incapacidad para obtener
destinos y sin figurar en la escala de los de dicha categoria." Signed
by Canuto Garcia de Polavieja, dated April 28, 1899, and published
in the _Gaceta de Madrid_.
[199] It seems almost incredible that, even at this crisis, the
Spaniards still counted on native auxiliaries to fight against their
own kith and kin.
[200] _Vide_ Senate Document No. 62, Part II., 55th Congress,
3rd Session, p. 282. Published by the Government Printing Office,
Washington, 1899.
[201] Captain T. Bentley Mott, A.D.C to General Merritt, writing in
_Scribner's Magazine_ (December, 1898) says: "Neither the fleet nor
the army was, at this time, ready for a general engagement. The army
did not have, all told, enough ammunition for more than _one day_
of hard fighting, and only a part of this was in the camp." Admiral
Dewey had then been in possession of Manila bay and port three months
and 12 days.
[202] _Vide_ Senate Document No. 62, Part II., 55th Congress, 3rd
Session, p. 491.
[203] "The Spanish Commander-in-Chief fled from the city shortly
before it was attacked." Senate Document 62, Part II., 55th Congress,
3rd Session, p. 146.
[204] Barasoain is another parish, but it is only separated from
Malolos by a bridged river. It is only five minutes' walk from Malolos
Church to Barasoain Church. Since the American advent the two parishes
have been united.
[205] For want of space I am obliged to omit the summary of all the
debates in the Revolutionary Congress of 1898, printed reports of
which I have before me.
[206] _Vide_ Senate Document No. 62, Part II., 55th Congress,
3rd Session, p. 371. Published by the Government Printing Office,
Washington, 1899.
[207] _Vide_ Senate Document No. 62, Part I. of the 55th Congress, 3rd
Session. Published by the Government Printing Office, Washington, 1899.
[208] The Treaty was ratified by the Senate by 57 votes to 27 on
February 6, 1899.
[209] The Paco church was an ancient, imposing building; to-day there
is not a stone left to show that it ever existed, and the plot is
perfectly bare.
[210] General Diego de los Rios was remaining in Manila to negotiate
with the insurgents the liberation of the Spanish prisoners (_vide_
p. 477).
[211] The decree says:--"Seeing that the Spanish garrison in Baler,
consisting of a handful of men, isolated, without hope of succour,
is, by its valour and constant heroism worthy of universal admiration,
and in view of its defence, comparable only with the legendary valour
of the sons of the Cid and of Pelayo, I render homage to military
virtues, and, interpreting the sentiments of the Philippine Republic,
on the proposal of my Secretary of War, and in agreement with my
Council of State, I hereby decree as follows, viz.:--That the said
forces shall no longer be considered our prisoners, but our friends,
and consequently the necessary passes shall be furnished them enabling
them to return to their country. Given in Tarlac on the 30th of June,
1899. The President of the Republic,--_Emilio Aguinaldo_."
[212] After the war I visited this former insurgent stronghold. Of
the ancient church three walls and a quarter of the roof were left
standing. There was nothing inside but shrubs, which had grown up to
3 feet high. In front of the church ruins stood an ironical emblem
of the insurgents' power in the shape of an antiquated Spanish
cannon on carriage, with the nozzle broken off. Judging from the
numerous newly-erected dwellings in this little town, I surmise that
three-fourths of it must have been destroyed during the war.
[213] A Chinese half-caste Pampango. I knew him intimately as a
planter. He was deported to and died a prisoner in the Island of Guam
in 1901.
[214] In 1905 one of the wealthiest men in the Colony was arrested and
brought to trial on the charge of having paid, or caused to be paid,
the sum of P 20 to an outlaw in Batangas Province. After putting the
accused to a deal of expense and annoyance, the Government suddenly
withdrew from the case, leaving the public in doubt as to the justice
or injustice of the arraignment.
[215] A very intelligent man who was appointed Civil Governor of La
Laguna Province when the war terminated.
[216] Early in 1905 the Court of Nueva Ecija passed sentence of
imprisonment for life on this man for murder.
[217] Raymundo Melliza, a Visayan lawyer, who afterwards became
Provincial Governor of Yloilo, is the son of Cornelio Melliza, of Molo,
a man much respected both by natives and foreigners.
[218] A verbal statement made to me by ex-insurgent General Pablo
Araneta, which I took down in writing at the time of the interview.
[219] When I asked ex-General Pablo Araneta the same question he
naively explained to me that it was thought if the Americans came
ashore and found the town in ruins they would relinquish their
undertaking!
[220] The See of Jaro was created in 1867. The town was already rich
with its trade in _pina_ and _jusi_ (_vide_ p. 283, footnote). Up to
1876 Yloilo town was merely a group of houses built for commercial
convenience.
[221] _Vide_ p. 169. _Castila_ in the North; _Cachila_ in the South;
signifying European, and said to be derived from the Spaniards'
war-cry of _Viva Castilla!_
[222] "Water-cure" was a method adopted by the Americans. Water was
poured down the throat of the victim until the stomach was distended to
the full; then it was pressed out again and the operation repeated. The
pretext for this mode of torture was to extort confession; but it
was quite inefficacious; because the victim was usually disposed to
say anything, true or false, for his own salvation. The "water-cure"
operation, in vogue for awhile all over the Islands, proved fatal in
many cases. It is now a penal offence (Phil. Com. Act 619, Sec. 2).
[223] Otong in olden times was a place of importance when the galleons
put in there on their way to and from Mexico, taking the longer route
in order to avoid the strong currents of the San Bernardino Straits.
Under the old territorial division, the Jurisdiction of Otong
comprised all Panay Island (except a strip of land all along the
north coast--formerly Panay Province, now called Capis) and a point
here and there on the almost unexplored Negros coast. Galleons were
sometimes built at Otong, which was on several occasions attacked by
the Dutch. Yloilo at that time was an insignificant fishing-village.
[224] A half-caste Chinese family of large means and local influence.
[225] Esteban de la Rama is of the family of the late Isidro de la
Rama, a well-known prosperous and enterprising Yloilo merchant. Pedro
Regalado, personally known to me, is the son of my late friend Jose
Regalado, at one time a wealthy middleman, who, however, lost his
fortune in adverse speculations. Pedro Regalado and I were, at one
time, together in Hong-Kong, where he learnt English. On the entry
of the American troops into Yloilo he was imprisoned on a charge
of disaffection, but shortly released and appointed a government
interpreter.
[226] The protest contained the following significant clauses, viz:
(1) "Ceder a tal exigencia en vista de la superioridad de las armas
Americanas. (2) No tener poder, ni la provincia ni todos los habitantes
juntos, de ejecutar actas como esta, prohibidas por el Presidente de
la Republica, Senor Emilio Aguinaldo."--Extracts taken by myself from
the official copy of the protest.
[227] The approximate number of prisoners was as follows, viz:--
Military Officers (including Gen. Leopoldo Garcia Pena) 200
Military Regular troops 8,000
Civil Servants and private Civilians and families 560
Ecclesiastics and Nuns (including Bishop Hevia
Campomanes, of the diocese of Nueva Segovia 400
Total in long captivity, about 9,160
Taken prisoners and released voluntarily, or through
personal influences, or escaped from the camps--about 1,840
Approximate Grand Total 11,000
[228] Baron Honore Frederic Adhemar Bourgeois du Marais, a Frenchman of
noble birth and noble sentiments, was the son of Viscount Bourgeois du
Marais. Born at Bourg Port, in the Algerian province of Constantina,
in 1882 he left Europe with a party of gentlemen colonists in the
s.s. _Nouvelle Bretagne_, intending to settle in Port Breton, in
Australasia. The vessel having put into Manila, she was detained
for debt, but escaped from port in the teeth of a hurricane. A
Spanish gunboat went in pursuit and brought her back, and Baron Du
Marais decided to remain in the Philippines. For several years he
was associated with his countryman M. Daillard in the development
of the Jalajala Estate (_vide_ p. 360). On M. Daillard's decease
he became the representative of the "Compania Tabacalera" at their
vast estate of Santa Lucia (Tarlac), which prospered under his able
management. His wonderful tact in the handling of natives secured their
attachment to him. After fifteen years' absence from home he went to
Europe to recruit his health, returning to the Islands in November,
1898. After the ill-fated mission of humanity referred to above, his
body lay hidden in the jungle for nearly two years, until November,
1900, when it was discovered and brought to Manila for interment
at the Paco cemetery. The funeral, which took place on November 25,
was one of the most imposing ceremonies of the kind ever witnessed in
Manila. Monsignor Chapelle officiated at the _Requiem_ mass celebrated
at the Cathedral in the presence of the chief American authorities,
the French and Spanish Consuls-General and representatives of the
foreign residents, Chambers of Commerce, the Army and Navy, the Clubs,
the Press, and every important collectivity. The cortege was, moreover,
escorted by a large body of troops to the last resting-place of this
gallant hero.
[229] By Royal Decree of June, 1897, a _Philippine Loan_ was
authorized, secured on Custom-house revenue and general guarantee of
Spain. The Loan was for 200 millions of pesetas in hypothecary bonds
of the Philippine Treasury, bearing 6 per cent, interest, redeemable
at par in 40 years.
Series A. 250,000 Bonds of 500 pts. = 125 millions
Series B. 750,000 Bonds of 100 pts. = 75 millions
First issue of 100 millions A at 92 per cent. was made on July 15,
1897.
[230] Born at Aliaga (Nueva Ecija) June 17, 1877, he raised a troop
of rebels in his native town and joined General Llaneras. Appointed
colonel in June, 1897, he was one of the chiefs who retired to
Hong-Kong after the alleged Treaty of Biac-na-bato. He returned to
the Islands with Aguinaldo, and became a general officer at the age
of twenty-three years.
[231] At one time Cornelio Felizardo had an American in his gang. This
degenerate, Luis A. Unselt, was fortunately captured and sentenced,
on April 6, 1904, to twenty-five years' imprisonment as a deserter
from the constabulary and bandit.
Previous to this event, the piracy of Johnston and Hermann in the
southern islands caused much sensation at the time.
In September, 1905, it was rumoured that, in order to escape capture,
Cornelio Felizardo had committed suicide.
One can judge of the ferocity of these men by Clause 3 of what Julian
Montalon calls his Law No. 9. Dated April 10, 1904, it says:--
"The Filipino who serves the American Government as scout,
constabulary or secret-service man, who does not sympathize with
his native country, shall, if caught, immediately suffer the
penalty of having the tendons of his feet cut, and the fingers
of both hands crushed."
There were many cases of cutting off the lips; two victims of this
atrocity were brought to Manila in 1905, during _El Renacimiento_
trial (_vide_ p. 550).
[232] This establishment was put up for sale by tender in 1904. The
prospectus stated as follows:--
Revenue for one year gold $332,194.17
Disbursements for one year 198,338.93
Profit $133,855.24
Reserve price one million dollars gold. Conditions of payment
one-third cash, and two-thirds in three annual payments with six per
cent. interest per annum guaranteed by mortgage on the building and
plant or other acceptable security. It was not stated whether the
sale included a monopoly of army supply.
[233] _Sampaloc_ signifies _Tamarind_ in Tagalog.
[234] The first Philippine club was opened on November 6, 1898.
[235] The _carromata_ is a two-wheeled spring vehicle with a light
roof to keep off the sun and rain. In Spanish times it was commonly
used by the natives in Manila and by all classes in the provinces,
being a light, strong, and useful conveyance.
[236] _Vide_ "Official Roster of the Officers and Employees in the
Civil Service in the Philippine Islands." Manila, Bureau of Public
Printing, 1904.
[237] Independent Offices, i.e., not under control of a Civil
Commission Secretary.
[238] Under the "Cooper Bill," which came into operation on March 20,
1905, the Insular Government was authorized to increase the salaries
of the Chief Justice and the associated judges to $10,500 and $10,000
gold respectively. Under the same Act, judges of First Instance can
be called upon to serve in the Supreme Court when needed to form a
quorum, for which service they are allowed ten pesos per day besides
their travelling expenses from and to the place of their permanent
appointments. By Philippine Commission Act No. 1,314, the salaries
of the Chief Justice and associate judges were fixed at $10,000 each.
[239] "Report of the Philippine Commission, 1900." Published by the
Government Printing Office, Washington, 1901.
[240] Mr. William H. Taft, the first Civil Governor of the Philippines,
was born at Cincinnati (Ohio) on September 15, 1857. His father was
a jurist of repute, diplomat, and member of the Cabinet. After his
preparatory schooling in his native town, W. H. Taft graduated at
Yale University in 1878, studied law at Cincinnati and was called
to the bar in 1880. Since then he held several legal appointments
up to the year 1900, when he became a district judge, which post he
resigned on being commissioned to the Philippine Islands.
[241] _Vide_ Senate Document No. 331, Part I., 57th Congress,
1st Session.
[242] Mr. Luke E. Wright, the second Civil Governor and first
Gov.-General of the Philippines, was born in Tennessee in 1847, the
son of Judge Archibald Wright. At the age of sixteen he took arms in
the Confederate interest in the War of Secession. Called to the bar
in 1868, he became a partner in his father's firm and held several
important legal appointments. At the age of twenty-four he became
Attorney-General, and held this post for eight years. A Democrat in
politics, he is a strong character, as generous and courteous as he
is personally courageous.
[243] "Should we wish the Filipino people to judge of Americans by the
drunken, truculent American loafers who infest the small towns of the
Islands, living on the fruits of the labour of Filipino women, and who
give us more trouble than any other element in the Islands? Should we
wish the Filipino people to judge of American standards of honesty
by reading the humiliating list of American official and unofficial
defaulters in these Islands?"--_Extract from Governor W. H. Taft's
speech at the Union Reading College, Manila, in 1903, quoted in_
"Population of the Philippines," _Bulletin I, p. 9. Published by the
Bureau of the Census, 1904_.
[244] From a statement kindly furnished to me by the Adjutant-General,
Colonel W. A. Simpson (Manila).
[245] A "contract" Surgeon or Dental Surgeon is a civilian who comes
to the Islands on a three-years' contract. He is only temporarily an
Army officer.
General Officers' pay is as follows; viz.:--
Lieut.-General, Active Service $11,000; retired $8,250 gold.
Maj.-General, Active Service $7,500; retired $5,625 gold.
Brig.-General, Active Service $5,500; retired $4,125 gold.
The monthly pay of a private serving in the Islands is $15.60 gold.
[246] _Hadji_ signifies Knight, a title which any Mahometan can assume
after having made the pilgrimage to Mecca.
[247] The Americans occupied and the Spaniards evacuated Jolo on May
20, 1899.
[248] _Vide_ Report of the Secretary of War for 1902, p. 18.
[249] Camp Vicars is said to have an elevation of 2,000 feet above
the sea. Lake Lanao is reputed to be 1,500 feet above sea-level.
[250] _Vide_ Captain J. J. Pershing's Report to the Adjutant-General
in Manila, dated Camp Vicars, Mindanao, May 15, 1903.
[251] _Vide_ Brig.-General Sumner's Report to the Adjutant-General
in Manila, dated Zamboanga, Mindanao, June 13, 1903.
[252] Maj.-General Leonard Wood, born October 9, 1860, was a doctor
of medicine by profession. On the outbreak of war with Spain he
was appointed Colonel of the First Volunteer Cavalry in Cuba, with
Mr. Roosevelt (now the United States President) as Lieut.-Colonel. At
the close of the war he was promoted to Brig.-General, and on December
13, 1899, received the appointment of Military Governor of Cuba,
which he held until the government of that island was transferred to
Senor Palma Estrada, the first President of the Cuban Republic. To
his brilliant reputation for statesmanship gained in the Antilles,
General Wood has now added the fame of a successful organizer of the
Southern Philippines. Beloved by his subordinates, his large-hearted
geniality wins him the admiration of all who know him, and even the
respect of the savage whom he had to coerce.
[253] _Mindanao_, the name of this southern island, signifies "Man
of the Lake."
[254] The limits and area of that portion of the Island under civil
government are defined in Philippine Commission Acts Nos. 127 and 128,
amended by Act No. 787. It is approximately all that land north of 8 deg.
N. lat. and east of 123 deg. 34' E. long.
[255] Under the above-cited Act No. 787, any military officer, from the
commander of the district downwards, holding concurrent civil office
in the province receives his army pay, plus 20 per cent, of the same
as remuneration for his civil service. The combined emolument of a
major-general as military commander and provincial governor would,
therefore, be $9,000 gold.
[256] Under Spanish rule the Moro country was divided thus:--Seven
districts, namely, Zamboanga, Misamis, Surigao, Davao, Cottabato,
Basilan, and Lanao, all under the Gov.-General of Mindanao. Jolo was
ruled independently of Mindanao under another governor.
[257] Up to June 30, 1904, there was a total of 12 municipalities
organized.
[258] Philippine Commission Act No. 787, Section 13, Clause II,
provides that the Moro Government is to "vest in their local or tribe
rulers as nearly as possible the same authority over the people as
they now exercise." Clause L: "To enact laws for the abolition of
slavery, and the suppression of all slave-hunting and slave trade."
[259] From a statement kindly furnished to me by the Military and
Provincial Governor, Maj.-General Leonard Wood, June, 1904.
[260] At Malabang about 500, at Parang-Parang 205, and at Jolo 744.
[261] _Kudarangan Cotta _was situated on the north bank of the Rio
Grande. Datto Piang's fort stands at the junction of this river and the
Bacat River. Fort Reina Regente, established in this neighbourhood,
was the most inland Spanish stronghold in Mindanao, and was at one
period in Spanish times garrisoned by 800 to 1,000 convict troops
(_disciplinarios_).
[262] _Panglima_ signifies General, or Chief of Warriors.
[263] The father of Mr. J. Schueck was a German sea captain, who got
into trouble with the Spaniards because he traded directly with the
Sultan of Sulu. His ship and all he possessed were seized, and Captain
Schueck decided to settle in the Island under the protection of the
Sultan. He took a Mora wife, became a very prosperous planter, and the
Spaniards were eventually only too glad to cultivate his friendship. He
died in 1887, leaving three sons; one is the gentleman mentioned above,
another is the military interpreter, and the third manages the fine
property and trading interests of the family. Mr. J. Schueck's two
sisters-in-law are Moras.
[264] _Vide_ Legislative Council Act No. 51, relative to the Pearl
Fisheries, in which the Sultan claims hereditary right. Also "Annual
Report of Maj.-General George W. Davis, 1903," containing Colonel
W. M. Wallace's report to the Adjutant-General to the effect that
at Cagayan de Jolo, on May 21, 1903, he gave instructions that the
Sultan's emissaries were not to be allowed to collect the customary
P5 per capita of tribute.
[265] _Vide_ Report of the Moro Province for the fiscal year ending
June 30, 1904.
[266] Under the _Homestead Law_, 39.54 acres of Government land
may be acquired by any citizen of the Philippine Islands or of the
United States, and 2,530 acres by a corporation. The grant or sale
of such land is subject to occupancy and cultivation of the acreage
for a period of not less than five years, and during that period the
purchaser or grantee cannot alienate or encumber the land or the title
thereto. Six consecutive months' absence from the land, during the
above period of five years, cancels the grant. The land granted under
this Act cannot be seized for debt contracted prior to the grant. Many
applications have already been made for land under this Act.
[267] "No teacher or other person shall teach or criticize the doctrine
of any Church, religious sect, or denomination, or shall attempt to
influence the pupils for or against any Church or religious sect in
any public school established under this Act. If any teacher shall
intentionally violate this section, he or she shall, after due hearing,
be dismissed from the public service. _Provided, however_, that it
shall be lawful for the priest, or minister of any church established
in the town where a public school is situated ... to teach religion
for one half an hour three times a week in the school building to
those public school pupils whose parents or guardians desire it,"
etc.--Section 16 of the Public School Act, No. 74.
[268] Placido Louis Chapelle, Archbishop of New Orleans, was born
in France in 1842, and, at the age of seventeen years, emigrated to
America, where he entered the priesthood. In 1894 he received the
mitre of Santa Fe, and in 1897 that of New Orleans. In 1898 he was
appointed Apostolic Delegate to Cuba, Porto Rico, and the Philippine
Islands. His mission ended, he returned to New Orleans, where he died
of yellow fever in August, 1905.
[269] _Vide_ Senate Document No. 190, p. 62, 56th Congress, 2nd
Session.
[270] _Ibid_., p. 221.
[271] At the outbreak of the Rebellion (1896) the total number of
friars of the four Orders of Dominicans, Agustinians, Recoletos,
and Franciscans in these Islands was 1,105, of whom about 40 were
killed by the rebels. There were, moreover, 86 Jesuit priests, 81
Jesuit lay brothers and teachers, 10 Benedictines, and 49 Paulists;
but all these were outside the "friar question."
[272] _Vide_ Senate Document No. 190, p. 2, 56th Congress, 2nd Session.
[273] Bernardino Nozaleda, a native of Asturias, Spain, of rustic
parentage, was originally a professor in Manila, where he became
Archbishop in 1889. In 1903 he was nominated for the archbishopric of
Valencia, Spain, but the citizens absolutely refused to receive him,
because of evil report concerning him.
[274] In May, 1904, Father Singson was appointed by His Holiness
Domestic Prelate of the Pope, with the title of Monsignore.
[275] Report of the Secretary of War for 1902, p. 234. Published
in Washington.
[276] I was in Italy during the whole of the negotiations. The Italian
clerical press alluded to the outcome as a diplomatic victory for
the Vatican.
[277] The Franciscan Order is not allowed by its rules to possess any
property. It therefore had no agricultural lands, and no other property
than dwelling-houses for members, two convents, and two infirmaries.
[278] _Vide_ Senate Document No. 112, p. 27, 56th Congress, 2nd
Session; and Senate Document No. 331, p. 180 of Part I., 57th Congress,
1st Session. Published by the Government Printing Office, Washington.
[279] _Vide_ speech of Gov.-General (then styled Civil Governor)
Luke E. Wright on assuming office on February 1, 1904. Reported in
the _Manila Official Gazette_, Vol. II., No. 5, dated February 3, 1904.
[280] This condition was termed "frailuno." In its application to the
European it simply denoted "partisan of the regular clergy." Its
popular signification when applied to the native was a total
relinquishment of, or incapacity for, independent appreciation of
the friars' dicta in mundane matters.
[281] Since the Treaty of Paris (1898) the Spanish friars are
foreigners in these Islands. The Philippine clergy oppose a foreign
monopoly of their Church. They declare themselves competent to
undertake the cure of souls, and claim the fulfilment of the Council
of Trent decrees which prohibit the regular clergy to hold benefices,
except on two conditions, viz.:--(1) as missionaries to non-Christians,
(2) as temporary parish priests in christian communities where
qualified secular clergy cannot be found to take their places. The
crux of the whole question is the competency or incompetency of
the Philippine clergy. The Aglipayans allege that Pope Leo XIII.,
in the last years of his pontificate, issued a bull declaring the
Filipinos to be incompetent for the cure of souls. They strongly resent
this. Whether the bull exists or not, the unfitness of the Philippine
clergy to take the place of the regular clergy was suggested by the
Holy See in 1902 (_vide_ p. 599).
The Council of Trent was the 18th oecumenical council of the Church,
assembled at Trent, a town in the Austrian Tyrol, and sat, with
certain interruptions, from December 13, 1545, until December 4,
1563. Nearly every point of doubt or dispute within the Catholic
Church was discussed at this Council. Its decrees were confirmed and
published by Pope Pius IV. in 1564 by papal decree, being a brief
summary of the doctrines known as the Profession of the Tridentine
Faith, commonly called also the Creed of Pius IV.
[282] Monsignor Ambrogio Agius, born on September 17, 1856,
of a distinguished Maltese family, entered on his novitiate at
the Benedictine Monastery of Ramsgate, England, on September 8,
1871. Having finished his studies of philosophy and theology in Rome,
he was ordained as priest on October 16, 1881, in the Cathedral of
Santo Scolastico at Subiaco. He then returned to England, but in
1895 he was called to Rome, where for nine years he held several
ecclesiastical offices. His ability was observed by Pope Leo XIII.,
and by his successor Pius X., who raised Ambrogio Agius to the dignity
of titular Archbishop of Palmyra and appointed him Apostolic Delegate
to the Philippine Islands in the year 1904, in succession to the late
Monsignor Giovanni Guidi.
[283] The Census Report of 1903 shows the Civilized male population
twenty-one years of age and over to be as follows: of Superior
Education 50,140, Literate 489,609, and Illiterate 1,137,776.
[284] _Vide Official Gazette_, Vol. II., No. 4, dated January 27, 1904.
[285] Under the Act of Congress which authorized the taking of
the census, dated July 1, 1902. it is provided (Section (6) that a
Philippine Assembly shall be created two years after the publication of
the Census Report. This publication, complete in four volumes, having
been issued on March 27, 1905, the following day the Gov.-General at
Manila notified by proclamation that "in case a condition of general
and complete peace, with recognition of the authority of the United
States, shall have continued in the territory of these Islands, not
inhabited by Moros or non-christian tribes, and such facts shall have
been certified to the President by the Philippine Commission, the
President, upon being satisfied thereof, shall direct the Philippine
Commission to call, and the Commission shall call, a general election
for the choice of delegates to a popular assembly of the people of
the said territory in the Philippine Islands, which shall be known as
the _Philippine Assembly_, and which provides also that after the said
Assembly shall have been convened and organized, all the legislative
power heretofore conferred on the Philippine Commission in that
part of these Islands not inhabited by Moros or other non-christian
tribes shall be vested in a Legislature consisting of two Houses--the
Philippine Commission and the Philippine Assembly. In witness whereof
(etc., etc.) this 28th day of March, 1905."
[286] At Baguio, in the mountain region of the Benguet district, at an
altitude of about 5,000 feet, the Insular Government has established
a health-resort for the recreation of the members of the Civil
Commission. The air is pure, and the temperature so low (max. 78 deg.,
min. 46 deg. Fahr.) that pine-forests exist in the neighbourhood, and
potatoes (which are well known all over the Islands for many years
past) are cultivated there. The distance from Manila to Baguio, in
a straight line, would be about 130 miles. By this route--that is
to say, by railway to Dagupan, 120 miles, and then by the 55-mile
road (opened in the spring of 1905)--the travelling distance is 175
miles. The new road runs through a country half uninhabited, and leads
to (commercially) nowhere. The amount originally appropriated for the
making of this 55-mile road was $75,000 gold (Philippine Commission
Act No. 61). Up to January, 1905, $2,400,000 gold had been expended
on its construction. It is curious to note that this sum includes
$366,260 gold taken from the Congressional Relief Fund (_vide_
p. 621). A further appropriation of $17,500 gold has been made for its
improvement, with the prospect of large sums being yet needed for this
undertaking, which is of no benefit whatever to the Filipinos. They
need no sanatorium, and Europeans have lived in the Islands, up to 30
years, without one. The word _Baguio_ in Tagalog signifies Hurricane.
[287] _Vide_ "Population of the Philippines," Bulletin 1, published by
the Department of Commerce and Labour. Bureau of the Census, 1904,
Washington. Census taken in 1903 under the direction of General
J. P. Sanger, U.S. Army.
[288] There are four separate official returns, each showing different
figures.
[289] _Vide_ "Population of the Philippines," Bulletin 1, published
by the Department of Commerce and Labour. Bureau of the Census,
1904, Washington.
[290] Under the provisions of Articles XII., XIII. and XIV.,
Immigration Regulations for the Philippine Islands of June 7, 1899.
[291] _Vide_, Report of the Municipal Board of Manila for the fiscal
year ending June 30, 1904, p. 32.
[292] Report on the Commerce of the Philippine Islands, prepared in
the Bureau of Insular Affairs, War Department, Washington, 1903.
[293] The Japanese Government is making an effort to produce cane
sugar in Formosa sufficient for Japan's consumption.
[294] "Ever since the occupation of these Islands by the American army,
four years ago, the price of labour has steadily increased.... It is
needless to say that every industry will be profoundly affected by
this." _Vide_ Notes in "Monthly Summary of Commerce of the Philippine
Islands," May, 1903. Prepared in the Bureau of Insular Affairs,
War Department, Washington.
[295] _Vide_ statement of Governor W. H. Taft before the U.S. Senate,
January 31, 1902, in Senate Document No. 331, Part I., 57th Congress,
1st Session, p. 258.
[296] _Vide_ Report of the Moro Province for the fiscal year ending
June 30, 1904, p. 27.
[297] In the years 1888-97 the circulation of Mexican and
Spanish-Philippine dollars (pesos) was computed at about 36,000,000.
[298] The "International Banking Corporation": Capital paid up,
L820,000; reserve fund, L820,000. The "Guaranty Trust Company":
Capital, reserves, and undivided profits, about $7,500,000 gold.
[299] Shipments to Hong-Kong are often goods in transit for United
States.