I. Facial expression.

/1. Sympathetic \

II. Gesture < 2. Representative (= Natural signs | Conventional

\3. Systematic (a) Arbitrary signs > especially in

(b) Grammatical signs / shortened form.

III. Mimic action.

Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, "David, St" to "Demidov" Volume 7, Slice 10 · 第 26 / 56 题