for Adam Miller's retreat in this instance.
[111]Grace R. Hebard and E. A. Brininstool, _The Bozeman Trail_
(Cleveland: Arthur H. Clark Co., 1922), II, 229.
[112]Robert Vaughn, _Then and Now_, p. 165.
[113]Hebard and Brininstool, _op. cit._, II, 229.
[114]_Ibid._, p. 230.
[115]_Ibid._, p. 244.
[116]Anonymous. The quotations used in the Bridger stories represent the
author's organization of existing folk lore. Some of these stories
and others are given in H. M. Chittenden's _Yellowstone National
Park_.
[117]John G. White, "Souvenir," I, 134.
[118]Hiram M. Chittenden, _op. cit._, pp. 39-40.
[119]Hebard and Brininstool, _op. cit._, II, p. 243.
[120]This information was obtained by the author from Jesse M. Matlock,
formerly Mrs. William Peterson and Mabel M. White, an adopted
daughter, in an interview at Salmon City, June 7, 1943. The latter
remembers hearing Mr. Peterson express regret that the
Folsom-Cook-Peterson Expedition was not given more recognition for
its discovery. Mr. Peterson died in 1918.
[121]C. W. Cook and D. E. Folsom, "Cook-Folsom Expedition to the
Yellowstone Region 1869," _Haynes Bulletin_ (Jan. 1923).
[122]C. W. Cook, "Remarks of C. W. Cook, Last Survivor of the Original
Explorers of the Yellowstone Park Region," Yellowstone Park Library,
Mammoth, Wyoming. Two sons of Cornelius Hedges were present at the
celebration which was sponsored by The National Editorial
Association.
[123]W. T. Jackson, "The Cook-Folsom Exploration of the Upper
Yellowstone 1869," _The Pacific Northwest Quarterly_, XXXII (1941),
320-21.
[124]Hiram M. Chittenden, _Yellowstone National Park_, p. 60.
[125]Nathaniel P. Langford, _The Discovery of Yellowstone Park 1870_
(St. Paul, Minn.: J. E. Haynes, 1923), p. 80.
[126]Louis C. Crampton, _Early History of Yellowstone National Park and
Its Relations to National Park Policies_ (Washington, D. C.: United
States Government Printing Office, 1923), p. 14.
[127]Yellowstone Park Scrap Book, I, 33. Park Library, Mammoth, Wyoming.
[128]L. P. Brockett, _Our Western Empire_ (San Francisco: William
Garretson and Co., 1881), p. 1247.
[129]_Ibid._, p. 1243.
[130]Cornelius Hedges, "Yellowstone Lake," Crampton's _Early History_,
p. 110.
[131]Truman C. Everts, "Thirty Seven Days of Peril," _Scribner's
Monthly_, III (Nov. 1871), 1-17.
[132]Cornelius Hedges, "Journal," _Contributions_, Montana Historical
Society, V, 387.
[133]Nathaniel P. Langford, _op. cit._, p. 158.
[134]Gustavus C. Doane, "Report Upon the Yellowstone Expedition,"
Crampton's _Early History_, p. 138.
[135]Henry D. Washburn, "The Yellowstone Expedition," _Ibid._, p. 96.
[136]Rudyard Kipling, _American Notes_, p. 159.
[137]L. P. Brockett, _op. cit._, p. 1254.
[138]F. V. Hayden, _American Journal of Science_, III (March, 1872),
174.
[139]Arnold Hague, "The Yellowstone National Park," _Scribner's
Magazine_, XXXV (May, 1904), 519.
[140]W. Turrentine Jackson, "The Creation of Yellowstone Park," _The
Mississippi Valley Historical Review_ XXIX, 2 (September, 1942),
189-90.
[141]N. P. Langford, Preface to "The Folsom-Cook Exploration of the
Upper Yellowstone in the Year 1869," _Contributions_, Historical
Society of Montana, V (1904), 312.
[142]Truman C. Everts, _op. cit._, p. 16.
[143]H. M. Chittenden, _Yellowstone National Park_, p. 69.
[144]_Ibid._, p. 70.
[145]Louis C. Crampton, _Early History of Yellowstone_, p. 25.
[146]F. V. Hayden, "More About the Yellowstone," _Scribner's Monthly_,
III, 4 (February, 1872), 389. This article contains a summary of the
Hayden Expedition.
[147]H. M. Chittenden, _op. cit._, p. 71.
[148]In Dr. Hayden's "Brief Statement of the History of the National
Park," which he forwarded to the Secretary of the Interior, Carl
Schurz, on February 21, 1878, the following appeared: "I beg
permission to state here, that so far as I know, I originated the
idea of the park, prepared the maps, designating the boundaries, and
in connection with the Hon. W. H. Claggett [sic], then Delegate from
Montana Territory, wrote the law as it now stands.... It is now
acknowledged all over the civilized world that the existence of the
National Park, by law, is due solely to my exertions during the
sessions of 1871 and 1872." _House Executive Documents_, Forty-fifth
Congress, Second Session, 1877-78, XVII, No. 75, 3. For this item
credit is given by the author to W. Turrentine Jackson; see "The
Creation of Yellowstone National Park," _The Mississippi Valley
Historical Review_, University of Iowa, XXIX, 2 (Sept. 1942), 199.
[149]_Congressional Globe_, Forty-second Congress, Second Session,
1871-72, Part I, p. 520.
[150]_Ibid._, p. 697.
[151]W. T. Jackson, _op. cit._, p. 203.
[152]_Ibid._, pp. 204-5.
[153]Louis C. Crampton, _op. cit._, p. 31.
[154]Senator George G. Vest, a strong friend of Yellowstone, once
referred to Mr. Dawes as the father of the Park, "for he drew the
law of designation." If not the actual scribe, he was certainly the
advocate of the principles involved. See L. C. Crampton, _op. cit._,
p. 32.
[155]John Muir, _The Atlantic Monthly_, LXXXI (April, 1898), 509.
Dr. F. V. Hayden's tribute to Congress is equal to John Muir's.
Hayden said, "That our legislators, at a time when public opinion is
so strong against appropriating the public domain for any purpose,
however laudable, should reserve for the benefit and instruction of
the people a tract of 3,575 square miles, is an act that should
cause universal satisfaction through the land. This noble deed may
be regarded as a tribute from our legislators to science, and the
gratitude of the nation, and of men of science in all parts of the
world, is due them for this munificent donation." See "The
Yellowstone National Park," _American Journal_, III (April, 1872),
295-96.
[156]_Congressional Globe_, p. 697.
[157]George Catlin, _North American Indians_ (Philadelphia: 1913), II,
290.
[158]This refers to Chief Joseph's retreat which is described in Chapter
XI.
[159]Alexander Ross, _The Fur Hunters of the Far West_, p. 257.
[160]Ulrich B. Phillips, "Lectures On Early America," a series of
lectures given in Berkeley, Calif., 1932.
[161]Robert Vaughn, _Then and Now_, p. 156.
[162]_Ibid._, p. 295.
[163]James Stuart, _Contributions_, Montana Historical Society, I, 154.
[164]Edgar F. Goad, "Bandelier, Scholar of the Mesas" (Washington, D.
C.: Department of Interior Information Service, 1940), p. 13.
[165]Alexander Ross, _op. cit._, p. 183.
[166]LeRoy R. Hafen and Carl C. Rister, _Western America_ (New York:
Prentice-Hall, 1941), p. 6.
[167]The most notorious foreigners to regale themselves among western
American adventure scenes were Prince Maximilian of Wied-Neuwied,
Sir George Gore of Ireland, and the Earl of Dunraven.
Maximilian spent the summer of 1833 on the upper Missouri. He was a
shabby, toothless man, but of first-rate scientific ability. It is
said that his accounts, together with Bodmer's paintings, constitute
an important record of the period.
Sir George Gore was a millionaire who spent two years in the West.
He left a saga of ruthless slaughter and camp-life prodigality in
his wake. His parting gesture was the destruction, by fire, of all
the wagons, harness, saddles, and similar equipment. This was done
to spite the Missouri Fur Company because of their exorbitant river
transportation charges.
In 1871 the Grand Duke Alexis of Russia hunted bison on the Nebraska
plains.
[168]_Ibid._, p. 572.
[169]Granville Stuart, _Forty Years on the Frontier_, edited by Paul C.
Phillips (Cleveland: 1925), II, 104. This view was expressed by
Representative James A. Garfield. See _Congressional Record_,
Forty-third Congress, First Session, 1874, pp. 2107-9.
[170]Warren A. Ferris, _op. cit._, p. 244.
[171]_Ibid._, pp. 204-6.
[172]Dan E. Clark, _The West in American History_ (New York: Thomas Y.
Crowell Co., 1937), p. 573.
[173]Fredrick L. Paxson, _Recent American History of the United States_
(Boston: Prentice-Hall Co., 1937), p. 28.
[174]LeRoy R. Hafen and Carl G. Rister, _op. cit._, p. 528.
[175]D. J. Louck, "Journal," State Historian's file, Laramie, Wyoming.
[176]Helen F. Sanders, _op. cit._, p. 313.
[177]Howard R. Briggs, _Westward America_ (New York: G. P. Putnam's
Sons, 1942), p. 276.
[178]_Ibid._, pp. 279-80. In 1862, Granville Stuart collected a herd and
drove them to Bannock. Conrad Kohrs had a butcher shop there at that
time.
[179]Dorothy Gardiner, _West of the River_ (New York: Thomas Y. Crowell
Co., 1941), p. 319.
Forts were located chiefly with an eye to the protection of travel.
Some of the principal ones--Cook, on Judith River, Montana; Reno;
Phil Kearney; C. F. Smith; and Casper in Wyoming--were built in
1866. D. A. Russell near Cheyenne, Fort Shaw on Sun River, and Fort
Buford were established in 1867. Fort Laramie was built in 1849;
Fort Bridger, in 1858; Fort Stambaugh at South Pass, 1869; Fort
Steele on North Platte Crossing, 1868; and Fort Assiniboine near
Havre, 1879.
[180]Granville Stuart, _op. cit._ Other prominent stockmen were C. D.
Duncan, Robert Coburn, N. J. Dovenspeck, Amos Snyder, Adolf Baro, W.
C. and G. P. Burnett, Pat Dunlevy, James Dempsey, Chas. Ranges,
Edward Regan, N. W. McCaulley, and F. E. Lawrence.
[181]Dan E. Clark, _op. cit._, p. 596.
[182]Helen F. Sanders, _op. cit._, p. 316.
[183]Nathaniel P. Langford, _The Discovery of Yellowstone Park_, p. 181.
[184]Cornelius Hedges, _Contributions_, Montana Historical Society, V,
391.
[185]Dan E. Clark, _op. cit._, p. 625.
[186]Chief Joseph, "Chief Joseph's Own Story," as told by him on his
trip to Washington, D. C., p. 3.
[187]Francis Haines, _Red Eagles of the Northwest_ (Portland, Ore.: The
Scholastic Press, 1939), p. 234.
[188]_Ibid._, p. 238.
[189]Chief Joseph, _op. cit._, p. 9.
[190]Helen A. Howard and Dan L. McGrath, _War Chief Joseph_ (Caldwell,
Idaho: The Caxton Printers, Ltd., 1941), p. 145.
[191]Chester Anders Fee, _Chief Joseph, the Biography of a Great Indian_
(New York: Wilson-Erickson, 1936), p. 168.
[192]Francis Haines, _op. cit._, p. 262.
[193]Helen F. Sanders, _op. cit._, p. 268.
[194]_Ibid._, p. 282.
[195]W. T. Sherman, _Reports of Inspection Made in the Summer of 1877_
(Washington, D. C.: Government Printing Office, 1878), p. 34.
[196]Heister D. Guie and L. V. McWhorter, editors, _Adventures in Geyser
Land_, by Frank D. Carpenter (Caldwell, Idaho: The Caxton Printers,
Ltd., 1935), p. 279.
George F. Cowan was born in Ohio in 1842. He was with the first
volunteers during the Civil War. He attained the rank of Sergeant.
At this time he was one of Montana's leading attorneys.
[197]Chester A. Fee, _op. cit._, p. 218.
[198]Francis Haines, _op. cit._, p. 287.
[199]Heister Guie and L. V. McWhorter, _op. cit._, p. 223.
[200]Edwin J. Stanley, _Rambles in Wonderland_ (New York: D. Appleton
and Co., 1878), p. 166.
[201]Chester A. Fee, _op. cit._, p. 223.
[202]Heister D. Guie and L. V. McWhorter, _op. cit._, p. 225.
George F. Cowan's experiences were so peculiar that one is puzzled
to know whether he was the most lucky or unlucky of men. A train of
incidents followed his suffering in the Park. Near Fort Ellis the
neck yoke broke, and the Cowan party was thrown out of the carriage.
At Bozeman, when Mr. Arnold was dressing Cowan's wounds in the hotel
room, the bedstead gave way and down went the injured man.
[203]Andrew J. Weikert, "Journal of a Tour Through Yellowstone National
Park in August and September 1877," _Contributions_, Historical
Society of Montana, IV (1900), 185-99.
[204]H. M. Chittenden, _Yellowstone National Park_, p. 142. Stewart was
relieved of $260.00 and a watch.
[205]_Ibid._, p. 143.
[206]Heister D. Guie and L. V. McWhorter, _op. cit._, pp. 194-5.
Near the top of Mt. Everts, and toward its southern end, there is a
cliff formed by an ancient flow of lava. Upon a flat space, at the
foot of the cliff, one may find an inscription that reads, "Ben
Stone 1877."
[207]_Ibid._, p. 145.
[208]O. O. Howard, _Chief Joseph, His Pursuit and Capture_ (Boston: Lee
and Shephard, 1881), p. 243.
[209]Helen A. Howard and Dan L. McGrath, _op. cit._, p. 258.
[210]_Ibid._, pp. 260-1.
[211]Chester A. Fee, _op. cit._, pp. 248-9.
[212]Helen A. Howard and Dan L. McGrath, _op. cit._, pp. 271-2.
[213]This was Joseph's understanding, as revealed in all subsequent
statements.
[214]Chester A. Fee, _op. cit._, pp. 262-3.
[215]_Ibid._, p. 270.
[216]_Ibid._, p. 272.
[217]Helen A. Howard and Dan L. McGrath, _op. cit._, p. 183.
[218]Chester A. Fee, _op. cit._, p. 287.
[219]The Hayden and other government expeditions did quite a lot of
trail work in an informal manner. That is to say, they had large
parties and considerable baggage. In order to get through the forest
quite a lot of trail building became necessary.
[220]Jack E. Haynes, "The Expedition of President Chester A. Arthur to
Yellowstone National Park in 1883," _Annals of Wyoming_, January,
1942, p. 2.
[221]J. J. Leclercq, _La Terre des Marveilles_. An excerpt containing
this story is in Mercer Cook's _Portraits of Americans_ (New York:
D. C. Heath and Co., 1939), pp. 47-8.
[222]John Muir, _The Atlantic Monthly_, LXXXI (Jan. 1898), 15.
Edwin J. Stanley's _Rambles in Wonderland_ describes conditions as
of that time.
[223]P. W. Norris, _Annual Report 1880_, p. 584. See also Elno's "The
Lord of Hard Luck," _Dillon Examiner_, June 12, 1940.
[224]Heister D. Guie and L. V. McWhorter, _Adventures in Geyser Land_,
p. 71.
Texas Jack served as a guide for the Earl of Dunraven in 1874.
[225]Jones Bros. and McGill of Cody and Hougan and Phillips of Salt Lake
City, along with many others, conducted tours varying in duration
and cost. The fee varied from five to ten dollars a day per person.
[226]C. S. Walgamott, _Reminiscences_ (Twin Falls, Idaho, 1926), II, 78.
[227]John Muir, _The Atlantic Monthly_, LXXXI (April, 1898), 515.
[228]Alice W. Rollins, "The Three Tetons," _Harper's_, LXXIV (May,
1887), 876.
[229]_Ibid._
[230]Rudyard Kipling, _American Notes_, p. 126. "Buckskin Charley" was
Charles Marble; Yankee Jim's name was James George; Hofer's name was
Thomas Elwood Hofer.
[231]Yellowstone Park Scrap Book, II, 52. There are three volumes of
newspaper and magazine clippings in the Park Library at Mammoth,
Wyoming.
[232]_Ibid._, pp. 60, 123. See also I, 33, and III, 33.
[233]Alice W. Rollins, _op. cit._, p. 74.
[234]Silas S. Huntley was the guiding mind of the organization from 1892
to 1901, when H. W. Child succeeded to the management, which he held
until 1917. E. W. Bach was an active partner.
[235]The transportation setup as of 1914: Yellowstone Park
Transportation Company, Gardiner, Round Trip $25.00; Yellowstone
Western Stage Company, Yellowstone, Montana, $20.00; Holm
Transportation Company, Cody, Wyoming, five days $25.00; Wylie
Permanent Camping Company maintains permanent camps and operates a
line from Gardiner, also West Yellowstone and Camp Cody (East Gate).
The camps: Swan Lake Basin, Riverside, Upper Geyser Basin, Outlet of
Lake, Grand Canyon, Camp Cody and Tower Falls. Lunch stations at
Gibbon Geyser Basin and Thumb. Six day tour $40.00.
[236]Yellowstone Park Scrap Book, III, 20. Also Henry D. Sedgwick, Jr.,
"On Horse Back Through Yellowstone," _World's Work_, VI (June,
1903). Two of Yancey's buildings are still standing.
[237]Scrap Book, II, 4.
[238]_Report of the Secretary of the Interior 1884_, I, 73.
[239]A corrupt and incompetent concern called The Improvement Company
started a hotel in Mammoth. In 1884 this firm attempted to secure
private ownership of land in important localities through
Congressional action. When the move failed the firm went under. Its
interests were bought by the Yellowstone Park Association which was
financed by the Northern Pacific Railway.
[240]The Norris Hotel was replaced by a camp hotel and eating house,
which served until 1900, when a new one was completed. The hotel at
Old Faithful had not been profitable and was not replaced until
1903, when Old Faithful Inn was built.
[241]J. E. Rickards, ex-Governor of Montana, to the editor of _The Salt
Lake Tribune_, July 17, 1897.
[242]Scrap Book, II, 56.
[243]_Report of the Department of the Interior 1907_, p. 533. The Boat
Company charged three dollars for a ride from Thumb to Lake Fishing
Bridge.
[244]Henry D. Sedgwick, _op. cit._, p. 3572.
[245]Scrap Book, I, 61.
[246]_Ibid._, Captain George S. Anderson earnestly prophesied that there
would not be a square mile of forest left standing in six months if
railroads were permitted to enter.
[247]Charles D. Warner, "Yellowstone National Park," _Harper's_, XCIV
(January, 1897), 323.
[248]_Annual Report 1907._ Several wells had to be dug between Norris
and Canyon.
[249]Horace M. Albright, _Park Service Bulletin_, April 14, 1934, p. 46.
[250]Lucien M. Lewis, "To the Old Stage Driver," _Overland Monthly_,
LXIX (July, 1917), 52.
[251]Yellowstone Park Automobile Regulations for the Season of 1916.
Department of the Interior _Bulletin_. Here is an example of the
procedure:
SCHEDULE A
Gardiner to Norris Miles Not earlier than Not later than
Leave Gardiner Entrance 0 6:00 A.M. 6:30 A.M.
Arrive Mammoth Hot Springs 5 6:20 7:00
Leave Mammoth Hot Springs 0 6:45 7:15
Leave 8 Mile Post 8 8:00
Arrive Norris 20 8:30 9:00
Schedule B was for the P.M.
Bicyclists were also closely regulated. Upon meeting a team the
rider was required to stop and stand between his cycle and the team.
He could not pass a team from the rear without a signal.
People on horseback were expected to observe every precaution in
passing teams of all sorts.
[252]_Reports of the Department of the Interior 1917_, p. 812.
[253]Chas. Van Tassell, _Truthful Lies_ (Bozeman, Montana, 1921).
[254]_Reports of the Secretary of the Interior 1936_, p. 132. The firms
combined in this consolidation were The Yellowstone Park Hotel Co.,
The Yellowstone Park Transportation Co., The Yellowstone Park Lodge
and Camps Co., and The Yellowstone Park Boat Company.
[255]_Ibid._, 1939, p. 300.
[256]There are two service stations in Old Faithful Camp. Some people
complain because they cannot get their favorite gasoline. However,
it would be both unsightly and impractical to allow each company a
half-dozen representatives. There are no pumps at all at Madison and
Norris stations.
[257]_Park Service Bulletin_, Nov., 1936, p. 12.
[258]Richard G. Lillard, _The Great Forest_ (New York: Alfred A. Knopf,
1948), p. 32.
[259]_Ibid._, p. 68.
[260]_Ibid._, p. 9.
[261]Hans Huth, _Yosemite, the Story of an Idea_. Reprint from the
_Sierra Club Bulletin_, March 1948, p. 48.
[262]Richard G. Lillard, _op. cit._, p. 85.
[263]Richard G. Lillard, _op. cit._, p. 256.
[264]Hugh H. Bennett, "Thomas Jefferson Soil Conservationist," U. S.
Department of Agriculture, No. 548 (1944).
[265]Karl B. Mickey, _Man and Soil_ (Chicago: International Harvester
Co., 1945), p. 17.
[266]Hans Huth, _op. cit._, p. 73.
[267]George Catlin, _The Manners, Customs, and Conditions of the North
American Indians_ (London, 1841), I, 262.
[268]Hans Huth, _op. cit._, p. 52.
[269]Walter Mulford, _Forest Influences_ (New York: McGraw Hill Book
Co., 1948), p. 15.
[270]Hans Huth, _op. cit._, p. 68.
[271]_Ibid._, p. 69.
[272]_Ibid._
[273]Hans Huth said Frederick Law Olmstead admitted failure in his
attempt to discover the origin of public parks in this country. He
attributed it to "a spontaneous movement of that sort which we
conveniently refer to as the genius of our civilization." _Ibid._,
p. 60.
[274]Richard G. Lillard, _op. cit._, p. 260.
[275]This agency was later transferred to the Department of Agriculture.
[276]Richard G. Lillard, _op. cit._, p. 264.
[277]_Ibid._, p. 270.
[278]_Ibid._ National Legislation Executive Almanac in Brief:
1876--$2,000.00, appropriated to employ a competent man to
investigate timber conditions in the United States.
June 30, 1886--Act creating Division of Forestry in Department of
Agriculture.
March 3, 1891--President authorized to establish Forest Reserves;
Yellowstone Park Timberland Reserve proclaimed by President
Harrison on March 30, 1891.
June 4, 1897--Present National Forest Act passed.
July 1, 1901--Division of Forestry becomes Bureau of Forestry.
February 1, 1905--Bureau of Forestry becomes Forest Service.
March 1, 1911--Weeks Law passed.
April 11, 1921--Snell Bill introduced in Congress.
May 2, 1921--Capper Bill introduced in Congress.
June 7, 1924--Clarke-McNary Bill signed by President.
April 30, 1928--McNary-Woodruff Act signed by President.
May 22, 1928--McSweeney-McNary Act signed by President.
Jan. 1, 1931--Creation of the Timber Conservation Board.
1937--The Norris-Doxey Act.
1944--The Cooperative Sustained Yield Act.
Other Acts closely related to the Forestry program include, Civilian
Conservation Corps, the Agricultural Adjustment Administration,
Public Works Administration, Taylor Grazing Control Act, Farm
Security Act, and Tennessee Valley Authority.
[279]"National Parks and National Forests," a statement by the National
Park Service, Department of the Interior and the Forest Service,
Department of Agriculture.
[280]Earl of Dunraven, _op. cit._, p. 34.
[281]William T. Hornaday, _Our Vanishing Wild Life_ (New York: New York
Zoological Society, 1913), p. 2.
[282]_Ibid._, p. 63.
[283]Earl of Dunraven, _op. cit._, p. 6.
[284]_Ibid._, p. 15.
[285]Extinct species include: great auk, Pallas's cormorant, Labrador
duck, Eskimo curlew, passenger pigeon, Carolina parakeet,
yellow-winged green parrot, heath hen, whooping crane, upland
plover. Other effective wild life conservation advocates were Dr.
Theodore S. Palmer, Edward H. Forbush, T. Gilbert Pearson, John B.
Burnham, and William T. Hornaday.
[286]Earl of Dunraven, _op. cit._, p. 181.
[287]_Ibid._, pp. 182-3.
[288]Nathaniel P. Langford, "The Ascent of Mount Hayden," _Scribner's
Monthly_, III (June, 1873), 133-40. The author does not necessarily
imply that Langford reached the summit.
The author has possession of a part of Mr. Leigh's diary, numerous
dictations, and items relative to "Beaver Dick."
[289]F. H. Knowlton, "The Tertiary Flowers of the Yellowstone National
Park," _The American Journal of Science_, No. 7 (July, 1896).
[290]Chittenden says that Norris Geyser Basin was discovered from the
top of Bunsen Peak in 1872. E. S. Topping and Dwight Woodruff saw a
large column of steam ascending far to the south. They made an
investigation and reported their find. The next day Mr. and Mrs. H.
H. Stone, of Bozeman, Montana, visited the basin. Mrs. Stone was one
of the first white women to enter the Park. Perhaps she was the
first excepting certain members of earlier missionary parties.
[291]N. P. Langford's Diary, Second Trip To Yellowstone 1872. MS. in
Yellowstone Park Library, Mammoth, Wyoming. Dr. Hayden and his
co-workers returned in 1878. In this investigation they made
detailed reports upon many hot springs and geysers. The season's
study, richly embellished with engravings and colored plates, was
published in Hayden's _Report_ in 1883.
[292]Lewis R. Freeman, _Down the Yellowstone_ (New York: Dodd, Mead and
Co., 1922), p. 57.
[293]P. W. Norris, _Annual Report 1880_, p. 7.
[294]R. Kipling, _American Notes_, p. 174. Also see T. A. Jagger's
article, "Death Gulch, A Natural Bear Trap," _Popular Science_, LIV
(February, 1899), 5-6.
[295]Jack Ellis Haynes states that A. F. Norris, C. M. Stephens, and J.
Davis spent the winter of 1879-80 in the headquarters building at
Mammoth.
[296]William Ludlow, _Report to the War Department 1875_, pp. 36-7. Mr.
Ludlow made a reconnaissance from Carrol, Montana to Yellowstone
Park and returned.
[297]Yellowstone Scrap Book, II, pp. 37, 56.
[298]_Report of the Secretary of the Interior 1884_, II (Washington, D.
C.: Government Printing Office, 1885), p. 565.
[299]_Ibid._, 1889, III, p. 133.
[300]Some of these territorial officials, known in local parlance as
"rabbit catchers," formed an alliance with the assistant
superintendent. By this means the latter shared, as informers, the
fines levied by themselves. H. M. Chittenden, _op. cit._, p. 113.
[301]_Ibid._, p. 134. See also _Report_ for 1906, p. 522 and _The
Independent_, Butte, Montana, Nov., 1895.
[302]H. M. Chittenden, _op. cit._, p. 114.
[303]_Report of the Secretary of the Interior_, II, 873.
[304]_Report of the Secretary of the Interior_, III (1889), 134.
[305]_Ibid._, p. 133.
[306]Henry H. Lewis, "Managing a National Park," _The Outlook_, LXXIV
(August, 1903), 1037.
[307]_Report of the Secretary of the Interior 1889_, III, 129.
[308]_Ibid._, p. 130.
[309]Jack Ellis Haynes, _Haynes Guide_, p. 160.
[310]Emerson Hough, "Yellowstone Park Game Exploration," _Forest and
Stream_, XLIII, Nos. 8-12. A series of articles covering this
exploration appeared in each issue from March until August 25, 1894.
[311]T. J. Patterson, Yellowstone Park Scrap Book, I, 124.
[312]S. B. M. Young's _Annual Report 1897_, p. 779.
[313]Benjamin Drew, _Souvenir List_, Mammoth, Wyoming. One of the
victims was struck over the head with the Winchester; whereas a
Chicago lady was able to get a snapshot of the desperado. Rewards
offered aggregated $1,100.00.
[314]Heister D. Guie and L. V. McWhorter, _Adventures in Geyser Land_,
p. 64. Also Earl of Dunraven, _op. cit._, p. 206.
[315]Frederick Remington, _Pony Tracks_ (New York: Harper and Bros.,
1895), p. 192.
[316]Arnold Hague, "Soaping Geysers," _Science_, XIII (May 17, 1889),
384. Dr. Arnold Hague and John H. Renshawe of the Geological Survey
studied the Park in 1883.
[317]John Muir, "The Yellowstone National Park," _The Atlantic Monthly_,
LXXXI (April, 1898), 520.
[318]Land in the reserves adjacent to the Park yield 30¢ per acre from
lumbering and 50¢ for grazing; whereas the water storage value alone
is $12.50. Then, too, there are extensive agricultural improvements
contingent upon the water supply. These would approximate $30.00 per
forest acre. Statement made to the author by range supervisor, Faber
Eaton, on August 9, 1943.
[319]_Annual Report of the Acting Superintendent 1894_, p. 661.
[320]There have been exceptions to the rule. Certain animals have been
classed as predators at given times and thinned out.
[321]The average sagebrusher (camper) considers bears as an unmitigated
nuisance. Because of them, he must exercise vigilance at all times
or his food will be carried away.
[322]_Reports of the Department of the Interior 1918_, p. 827.
Strong demands were also made to open the Park for sheep grazing.
[323]_Report of the Secretary of the Interior 1938_, p. 6.
[324]Yellowstone Scrap Book, I, 57.
[325]_Ibid._
[326]_Report of the Acting Superintendent of Yellowstone National Park
1895_, p. 824.
[327]These stations were located at Norris, Riverside, Fountain, Upper
Geyser Basin, Thumb, Snake River, Lake Sylvan Pass, Soda Butte,
Tower Falls, Fort Yellowstone, and Gardiner.
[328]There are more than thirty of these journals in the Park Library at
Mammoth, Wyoming.
[329]Yellowstone Scrap Book, II, 105.
[330]R. Kipling, _op. cit._, p. 153.
[331]John Muir, _op. cit._, April, 1898, p. 510.
[332]Charles D. Warner, "Yellowstone National Park," _Harper's_, XCIV
(January, 1897), 94.
[333]_Annual Report 1894_, p. 133.
[334]Eugene T. Allen and Arthur L. Day, _Hot Springs of the Yellowstone
National Park_ (Washington, D. C.: Carnegie Institution, 1935).
Although Dr. Day was the director, the work was regarded as the
valedictory of Dr. Allen.
[335]Theodore Roosevelt, "A National Park Service," _Outlook_, C (Feb.
3, 1912).
[336]S. T. Mather's "Report of The Director of The National Park
Service," _Report of the Department of the Interior 1918_, pp.
842-3.
[337]_Reports of the Secretary of the Interior 1918_, pp. 842-3.
An interesting experiment, contrary to this principle, was an
attempt in 1906 to raise twelve Sequoia _gigantea_ trees near the
arch at Gardiner entrance. All of the trees died.
[338]James Bryce, "National Parks the Need of the Future," _The
Outlook_, CII (December 14, 1912), 811.
[339]_Reports of the Secretary of the Interior 1918_, pp. 813-4.
[340]_Ibid._
[341]Ray S. Baker, "A Place of Marvels," _The Century Magazine_, LXVI
(August, 1903), 487.
[342]F. A. Boutelle, _Report of the Acting Superintendent 1889_
(Washington, D. C.: Government Printing Office, 1890), p. 148.
[343]_Report of the Secretary of the Interior 1937_, p. 49.
[344]Short terms of service were also held by Dr. Frank E. Thone, 1923,
and Alfred H. Povah, 1931.
[345]Editorial, "The Ranger Naturalist," _Nature Magazine_, XVII (April,
1931), 219.
[346]Exhibits were established at Rhyo-Travertine Gulch, Swan Lake Flat,
Beaver Dams, Nymph Lake, Tuff Cliff, and Firehole Canyon.
[347]_Report of the Secretary of the Interior 1938_, p. 13.
[348]_Ibid._, 1918, pp. 844-5.
[349]George O. Smith, "The Nation's Playgrounds," _Review of Reviews_,
XL (July, 1909), 44.
[350]Dwight L. Elmendorf, _The Mentor_, II (May 15, 1915), 13.
[351]Earl of Dunraven, _The Great Divide_ (London, 1876), p. XI.
The Scottish Earl of Dunraven visited the Park in 1874. A peak and a
pass commemorate his interest and service in informing Europeans
about Yellowstone.
[352]The date of this communication was December 20, 1810.
[353]Colter's first sheet is readily identifiable, and part of another
sheet may be segregated with the use of imagination and
understanding.
[354]Many writers have failed to identify Gap and Sage as the same
creek. They also befuddle Wind and Shoshone rivers. There is no
evidence that Colter ever heard the name of Bighorn River.
[355]The figure eight results from the fact that he went to the Yep-pe
camp, left it, came back, and left it again at the appropriate
angles.
[356]The curious errors of the map are explained in Chapter II.
[357]Lewis evidently complained to Biddle about the variations in sheets
because Clark stated in a letter to Biddle that these sheets were
all of the same scale. See Stallo Vinton, _John Colter_, p. 47.
[358]This claim will be developed subsequently.
[359]John D. Hicks, _The Federal Union_ (New York: Houghton Mifflin Co.,
1937), p. 282.
[360]The position of Henrys River, with reference to the Snake River
drainage, is almost wholly erroneous as shown on the Map of 1814.
Wisers River is fictitious. The true and original Weiser River lies
three hundred miles west.
[361]This hypothesis is based upon the findings of J. Neilson Barry of
Portland, Oregon. Mr. Barry is a profound student of Western history
and cartography. He has devoted years of intensive research in
correlating journals and geography.
[362]There is a reasonable view that holds this lake to be the only real
feature upon this section of the map and identifies it as Brooks
Lake, but Colter never saw or knew of the main branch of the Bighorn
River or its source in Brooks Lake.
[363]Clark named this mythical lake for William Eustis, who had been
representative to Congress from Massachusetts. About this time he
was Secretary of War in President Madison's cabinet.
Whatever Colter drew was certainly lacking Lake Eustis, Lake Biddle,
and the Rio Grande, Arkansas, and Platte rivers. He was a simple
frontiersman who had probably never heard of Eustis or Biddle and
was not interested in mapping anything beyond his own route. Had
Lewis linked Eustis and Biddle-Riddle lakes together, a possible
approximation to Colter's draft might have appeared.
[364]In 1941, Paul J. Shamp, a US. forester, reported the discovery of
numerous petrifications in the vicinity of Pass and Scatter creeks
in the Thorofare country. This is the line of Colter's reconstructed
route.
It has been the author's desire to make a search for this missing
link of evidence by actually going over the route. In 1947, he made
a partial exploration during a three day hike. It was enough to
suggest the size of the problem.
[365]Colter may have reached Chicken Ridge by Fishhawk, Mountain, or
Lynx creeks or via Falcon, Mink, or Crooked streams. It must be
remembered that this map sheet has been much mussed up. It is
impossible to know what has been erased; yet, enough of Colter's map
remains to provide a logical basis for the above itinerary. It is
relatively unimportant which creeks he negotiated to reach Chicken
Ridge. The vitally important fact is that he drew a sketch of South
Arm from that angle which added to the Thumb makes an accurate map
of what a trapper would have seen of Yellowstone Lake.
[366]J. Neilson Barry has made the most intensive study of the Map of
1814. It is his opinion that Colter drew other map sheets besides
the one of the Buffalo Bill country. He also has hope that these
sheets may be discovered among the Lewis-Clark-Biddle papers.
INDEX
A
Absaroka Indians, 68, 74, 86
Absaroka Pass, 184, 298
Absaroka Range, 30, 42 ff., 96, 101, 104
Adams, Robert, Jr., 138
Albright, Supt. Horace M., 211, 270 ff.
Alder Gulch, 102;
gold found, 104, 161
Allard Bison Herd, 258
Allen, Dr. Eugene T., 264
Allen, G. N., 138
Alter, J. Cecil, 79
Alum Creek, 113, 181, 211
American Association for the Advancement of Science, 227
American Association of Museums, 272
American Fur Company, 94, 108
American Game Protective and Propagation Association, 225
American Journal of Science and Arts, 139
Amethyst Mountain, 104
Anderson, Capt. George S., 206, 210, 248, 260
Anderson, Ole, 216
Anthony, Sen. H. B., 140
Arbor Day, 229
Architectural Fountain Geyser, 139
Arickara Indians, 37, 61
Arnold, A. J., 172 ff.
Arthur, Pres. Chester A., 192 ff.
Ashley, Gen. William H., 81, 92
Astorians, 34
Atlantic Creek, 72, 296
Atwood, W. W., 270
Austin, ----, 103
B
Bach, E. W., 201
Baggley, George F., 273
Baker, Sergt. William, 121
Bannock Indians, 59;
description, 65, 86 ff.;
trail, 88;
defeat, 157
Barlow, Capt. J. W., survey, 137 ff.
Baronett, C. J., 105;
rescued Everts, 134;
bridge, 184;
road, 208
Bauer, Dr. C. Max, 270
Beaman, J. W., 138
Bear Paw Mountains, 187, 190
Bear River, 110
Beartooth Range, 30
"Beaver Dick" (Richard Leigh), 283
Bechler River, 27, 259
Beehive Geyser, 131, 197
Biddle, Lake, 292
Biddle, Nicholas, 50, 285, 290
Big Game Ridge, 47, 296
Big Hole, battle of, 170 ff., 180, 187
Bigfoot, Chief, 156
Bighorn Basin, 88, 112
Bighorn River, 32, 37, 42 ff., 55, 68, 290
Bison Peak, 261
Bitter Root Range, 67, 102, 170
Blackfeet Indians, 37;
attack Colter, 52 ff.;
description, 67, 74, 88, 98
Black Kettle's village, 157
Blacks Fork of Green River, 108
Blaine, Sen. James G., 136
Bonaparte, Napoleon, 28
Bonneville, Capt. B. L. E., 99;
describes bison, 153; 232
Boone and Crockett Club, 235
Bottler, Frederick, 105;
stock range, 162;
ranch, 180
Boutelle, Capt. F. A., 268
Bowles, Samuel, 226
Bozeman, John, 158
Bozeman, Montana, 117, 138, 142, 176, 180, 205
Bozeman Pass, 55
Bozeman Trail, 161
Bradbury, John, 57
Brackenridge, Henry M., 37, 57 ff.
Bridger, James (Jim), 80, 98, 101;
ancestors, 106;
description, 106 ff.;
nicknames for, 110;
Indian wives, 110;
tall tales, 110 ff.;
death of, 115, 283
Brooks Lake, 44
Brothers, Henry J., 217
Bryant, Dr. Harold, 270
"Buckskin Charley," (Charles Marble), 198, 283
Buffalo Ranch, 87
Bumpus, Dr. Hermon C., 270
Burgess, Felix, 247
Burlington Route, 202
Burns, A. E., 247
C
Cabeza de Vaca, description of bison, 153
Cache Creek, 104
California, 141;
climate of, 239;
University of, 270
Camas Creek, 94
Campfire Club of America, 235
Canyon Creek, Nez Percé fight Seventh Cavalry, 185, 186
Carnegie Geophysical Laboratory, 264
Carpenter, Frank, 172 ff.
Carpenter, Ida, 172
Carpenter, Robert E., 205, 244
Carrington, Campbell, 138, 139
Carrington, Henry B., 110
Carson, Kit, 285
Cassidy, "Butch," 163
Castle Geyser, 131
Catholic Church, 174;
services, 217
Catlin, George, 144, 221 ff.
Cauliflower Geyser, 251
Cheyenne Indians, description, 70, 157, 187
_Chicago Journal_, 139
Chicken Ridge, 47, 296
Child, H. W., 201
Chittenden, Hiram M., 210
Chittenden Road, 210
Chivington, Col. J. M., 157
Cinnabar, 199 ff., 259
Civil War, 103, 120, 153, 157
Claggett, William H., 137;
sponsored Park Bill, 140 ff.
Clark, Dr. Dan E., 162
Clark, Capt. Philo, 193
Clark, William, 42 ff.;
Colter reports to, 50, 57, 285 ff.
Clarks Fork, 42, 50, 88, 184, 259, 286, 290, 298
Clearwater River, 35;
battle of, 169
Clematis Gulch, 182, 202
Cody, William F. "Buffalo Bill," 151;
nickname, 153;
description, 233
Coffeen, Hon. Henry H., 208
Cole, Sen. Cornelius, 140
Colter, John, ancestors, 35 ff.;
joins Lisa, 37;
discovery of Park, 38 ff.;
attacked by Blackfeet, 52;
guide for Henry, 56;
reaches St. Louis, 57, 100;
route, 283 ff.
Colter Creek, 36
Colter's Hell, 40, 45, 50, 291
Colter's Peak, 58
Colville Reservation, 191
Community Chapel, 217
Condon, David de L., 270
Conger, Patrick A., 242
Conness, Sen. John, 225
Connor, Col. Patrick, 157
Conservation, 217 ff., 225;
Pres. Roosevelt's Governor's Conference, 229
Continental Divide, 25, 37, 45;
Colter crossed, 47, 99, 102, 118, 163, 259, 296
Cook, Charles W., 116, 118
Cooke, Montana, 208, 247, 259
Coronado, Francisco, 153
Cottage Hotel, 205
Counter, Hub, 196
Cowan, George F., 172 ff., 283
Cowan, Mrs. George F., describes Chief Joseph, 174
Crampton, Louis C., 211
Crazy Horse, Chief, 158, 162
Creamer, Phil, 106
Crook, Gen. George, 158
Crosby, Gov. John S., 193, 243
Crow Indians, 37, 54, 59, 86, 88, 104, 150, 184 ff., 240
Custer, Col. George A., 152, 157;
defeated, 158
Cougar Creek, 88
D
Davis, A. J., 162
Dawes, Chester M., 138
Dawes, Hon. Henry L., 138;
backed Park Bill, 141 ff.
Day, Dr. Arthur L., 264
Dead Indian Creek, 42, 50, 286, 298
Dedicatory Act, 144, 146, 202, 227, 230, 245
DeLacy, Walter W., 102 ff.;
his map, 121
Delano, Columbus, 139, 142
DeMaris Mineral Springs, 286
Devil's Den, 122
Devil's Hoof, 122
Devil's Inkwell, 122
Devil's Kitchen, 122
Devil's Slide, 122
Diamond City, Montana, 116 ff.
Dickson, John, 35 ff.
Dietrich, Richard, 180 ff.
Dingee, William, 172 ff.
Dixon, George B., 138
Doane, Lieut. Gustavus C., 121;
description of Old Faithful Geyser, 130;
with Hayden, 138, 164;
in pursuit of Nez Percé, 178 ff.
Dot Island, 207
Dragons Mouth, 45, 50, 124, 298
Driggs, Dr. Howard R., 144
Duncan, J. W., 138
Duncan, L., 180
Dunnell, Hon. Mark H., 141
Dunraven, Earl of, 80, 85, 151 ff.;
describes horse thieves, 164;
hunting, 233 ff.;
praises Park, 278
Dutcher, Mary, 234
Dutcher, Willard, 233
E
Eagle Blanket, Nez Percé, 168
Eagle Peak, 25
East Entrance, 202, 210
Eaton, Howard, 195;
trail, 195, 215
Ee-dah-how (Idaho), 27
Edmunds, Sen. George F., 140
Elk Thistle, 127;
_see_ Everts Thistle, 128
Elk-Wapiti Creek, 47, 296
Elliott, Henry W., 137, 139
Emerald Pool, 131
Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 222, 223
Emigrant Gulch, 105
Ericson, Leif, 30
Eustis Lake, 292
Everts Thistle, 128
Everts, Truman C., 120 ff.;
lost in Park, 126 ff.;
visit to Washington, D.C., 137, 283
F
Fairweather, William, 104
Falcon Creek, 296
Fall River, 259, 276
Fan Geyser, 131
Farcy, Sheriff, 193
Fee, Chester A., 177
Fergus, James, 162
Ferris, Warren A., 68;
describes geysers, 94, 100
Fetterman Massacre, 161
Firehole Basin, 98, 102, 129
Firehole Canyon, 210
Firehole Hotel, 204
Firehole River, 105, 118;
Nez Percé camp, 172, 200 ff., 227
Fisher, Capt. S. G., 177
Fishhawk Creek, 296,
Fishing Bridge, 26, 86, 87, 210;
museum, 273
Flat Mountain Arm, 47, 296
Flathead Indians, 59;
description, 66 ff.
Foller, August, 180 ff.
Folsom, David E., 116;
proposed park idea, 118, 142;
assistant superintendent, 240
Folsom-Cook-Peterson party, 30;
exploration, 116 ff.
Ford, R. S., 162
Forest fires, 253 ff.
_Forest and Stream_, 206, 242, 247 ff.
Forsyth, Lieut. William W., 247
Fort Bridger, 108
Fort Ellis, 121 ff., 138, 172
Fort Hall, 96, 99;
Bannock Reservation, 157
Fort Henry, founded, 32;
visited by Astorians, 34
Fort Laramie National Park, 83, 233
Fort Lisa (Manuel's Fort, Fort Raymond), 37, 41 ff., 54 ff., 286
Fort Mandan, 31
Fort Yellowstone, 242, 266
Fossil, 296
Fountain Geyser, 205
Fountain House, 205
Freeman, L. M., 105
G
Gallatin Range, 30, 32, 88, 291
Gallatin River, 26, 52, 94, 291
Gallatin Valley, 100
Game Ranch, 87
Gap Creek, 286
Gardiner, Montana, 199, 200, 274
Gardner, Johnson, 98
Gardner Hole, 98
Gardner River, 67, 86 ff., 122, 138
Garfield, Thomas, 247
Garrison, L. A., 12, 274, 279
Gass, Patrick, 31
Gentian Pool, 131
George, James ("Yankee Jim"), 198, 283
Giant Geyser, 130
Giantess Geyser, 105, 130
Gibbon, Gen. John, 170
Gibbon Canyon, 210
Gibbon Falls, 210
Gibbon River, 131, 227
Gilbert, Col. Charles C., 178
Gillette, Warren C., 120
Glass, Hugh, 106
Goff, ----, 200
Golden Gate, 210
Gold seekers, 101
Good, James W., 211
Goodnight Bison Herd, 258
Gore, Sir George, 154
Graham and Klamer, 204
Grand Canyon National Park, 211, 268
Grand Geyser, 130 ff.
Grand Loop Highway, 127, 195, 210, 214
Grand Prismatic Spring, 98, 131
Grand Teton National Park, 83, 274
Grant, Brogan, and Lycan, 195
Grant, John, 162
Grant, Madison, 233
Grant, Pres. Ulysses S., 142
Great Salt Lake, 110
Green River, 45, 81, 163
Green River Valley, 66, 81
Gregory, Col. J. F., 193
Grinnell, George Bird, 242
Grizzly Lake, 261
Gros Ventre Indians, 69
Grotto Geyser, 130, 131
Guernsey Lake National Park, 83
Gunnison, Capt. J. W., 114
H
Hague, Dr. Arnold, 25
Hall, A. F., 270
Hamilton, Charles A., stores, 217
Hamilton, William, 104
Hancock, Forest, 35, 36
_Harper's Magazine_, 120
Harrington, Ed., 163;
_see_ Trafton, Edward
Harris, Moses ("Black"), 100
Harris, Capt. Moses, 246;
report of robbery, 250, 266
Harrison, Pres. Benjamin, 228
Hart Mountain, 184
Hauser, Samuel T., 120 ff., 137, 163
Hayden, Carl, 211
Hayden, Dr. Ferdinand V., 102 ff.;
praise of Bridger, 112;
hears Langford, 136 ff.;
expedition, 138 ff.
Hayden Valley, 26, 45, 50;
rendezvous, 81;
bison ranch, 258, 288, 298
Hayes Act, 246
Haynes, Frank Jay, 193, 200;
first studio, 216;
arrested poacher, 247
Haynes, Jack Ellis, 200, 241, 270
Heart Lake, 239
Hedges, Cornelius, 120 ff.;
quoted, 129;
proposed park idea, 132 ff., 142, 144
Hegley, C. DeV., 138
Helena, Montana, 102, 121, 184
_Helena Daily Herald_, 132, 136, 142
_Helena Independent_, 259
Helena tourists, 180 ff.
Hellbroth Springs, 122
Hell Roaring Mountain, 122
Hellroaring Creek, 261
Hells Half Acre, 122
Henderson, Bart, 105
Henderson, Walter L., 205
Henderson's Ranch, 178
Henry, Major Andrew, 32 ff., 56, 92, 106, 291
Henrys Fork of Snake River, 88, 96, 291
Henrys Lake, 32, 88, 238
Hobart, C. T., 204
Hofer, Thomas Elwood, 198, 247
Hoffman, W., 201
Holm Transportation Company, 202
Hoodoo Creek region, 105, 240
Horseshow Cattle Company, 162
Hospital, 217
Hotels, 202 ff.
Hough, Emerson, 247
Hough, Franklin B., 228
Howard Eaton Trail, 195, 215
Howard, Gen. Oliver O., 166;
pursues Nez Percé, 169 ff.;
at Big Hole, 170;
at Henrys Lake, 178;
in Lamar Valley, 184 ff.
Howell, Ed, 247
Huntley, Child, and Bach, 201
Huntley, Silas S., 201
Huth, Dr. Hans, 226
I
Idaho, 102, 128, 160 ff.;
irrigation interests, 259;
entrance desired, 276
Improvement Company, 244
Index Peak, 104
Indian Creek, 86, 88
Innocents (Henry Plummer's gang), 163
Irving, Washington, 40, 45
Isa Lake, 27
J
Jackson, "Teton," 163
Jackson, William H., photographs, 139
Jackson Hole, 51, 96, 102, 202, 235
Jackson Lake, 44, 99, 210
Jacobs, John, 158
James, Thomas, 55 ff.
James, William, 250
Jamestown, 152
Jefferson, Pres. Thomas, 28, 221
Jefferson National Expansion Memorial, 83
Jefferson River, 26, 41, 52
Jenny, Indian wife of "Beaver Dick," 238
Jones, W. A., 86
Jordan and Howell, 195
Joseph, Chief, 148 ff.;
promise to father, 165;
description, 166;
flight, 170 ff.;
surrender, 189;
death, 191, 283
Joseph, Old Chief, 165 ff.
K
Kenck, Charles, 180;
killed, 181;
buried, 182
Kent, Hon. William, 266
Kingman, Capt. D. C., 210
Kingsley, Mary, quoted, 233
Kipling, Rudyard, quoted, 241;
poem, 281 ff.
Kittams, Walter H., 235
Klamer, Henry E., 216
Kohrs, Conrad, 162
L
Lacey, John F., 233
Lacey Act, 246
Lake Biddle, 44
Lake Eustis, 45
Lake Hotel, 250
Lamar Creek, 86, 88
Lamar River, 27, 50, 86, 88, 117, 139;
Nez Percé flight, 184 ff., 238, 298
Lamar Unit or Buffalo Ranch, 258
Lamar Valley, 104
Lane, Franklin K., Secretary of the Interior, 264;
report of, 267
Langford, Nathaniel P., 118 ff.;
quoted, 129;
comment on Hedges' remarks, 132;
lectures, 134;
advocacy of Park idea, 136 ff., 144, 164;
made superintendent of Park, 238
LaNoue, Francis D., 273
Lapwai, 36;
Indian Reservation, 166, 188
Larocque, Antoine, 31
Lava Creek, 86, 88, 296
Leigh, Richard ("Beaver Dick"), 238, 283
Leitner, William B., 138
Lewis and Clark, missed Yellowstone Park, 31 ff.; 41, 71, 165,
232;
journals, 285
Lewis Lake, 98, 102
Lewis, Meriwether, 35, 57
Lewis, Samuel, 285 ff.;
concealed map, 296
Libby, Rube, 104
Lincoln, Pres. Abraham, 225
Lincoln, Robert T., 191
Lindsley, C. A., 266, 273
Lion Geyser, 131
Lisa, Manuel, meets Colter, 36 ff., 56
_Literary Messenger_, 96
Little Bighorn, battle of, 152 ff.
Little Bighorn River, 158
Little Plume, Chief, 150
Little Rosebud River, 184
Livingston, Montana, William Clark party, 31, 217
_Livingston Post_, 259
Livingston, Robert, 28
Logan, William B., 138
_London Times_, 142
Looking Class, Chief, 189
Lord, Cecil A., 212
Louisiana Purchase, 27
L'Ouverture, Toussaint, 28
Lower Falls of Yellowstone, 26
Lower Geyser Basin, 86 ff., 102;
Folsom party, 118;
Marshall House, 200 ff., 246
Lower Yellowstone River, 104
Ludlow, William, 242
Lynx Creek, 296
Lystrup, Herbert T., 264
M
Madison Junction, 118;
Washburn camp, 131, 144, 172;
museum, 273
Madison River, 26, 32, 52;
Bannock route, 88 ff., 101, 102;
Nez Percé flight, 170, 181
Madison River Valley, 162 ff., 291
Mann, Charles, 172, 174
Many Wounds, 89
Mammoth Hot Springs, 88, 122;
Hayden's visit, 138, 181 ff., 198, 205, 208;
stores built, 216, 235, 241;
museum, 273
Map of 1814, 41 ff., 285 ff.
Maple Creek, 88
Marble, Charles, 198
Marias River Valley, 67
Marler, George, 264
Marsh, George P., 223
Marshall, J. W., 200
Marshall and Goff, 203
Mary Mountain, 85, 173, 204, 208
Mather, Stephen Tyng, 264 ff.;
founded National Park Service, 269;
monument to, 277
Matthews, Larry, 199 ff.
Maximilian, Prince of Wied, 154
McBride, James, 273
McCartney, James C., 182 ff.;
hotel, 202
McConnell, Pvt. George W., 121
McGuirck, Matthew, 203
McIntyre, Robert N., 12, 272
McKenzie, Kenneth, 68
Meek, Joe, 78, 93
Meldrum, Hon. John W., 248
Menard, Pierre, 56
Midway Geyser Basin, 87
Miles, Col. Nelson A., 158;
pursuit of Nez Percé, 186 ff.
Miller, F. W., 270
Miller Creek, 85 ff.
Minaret Falls, 122
Ming, John, 162
Minnetaree Indian Village, 56
Missouri Fur Company, 32, 37;
Bridger joins, 108
Missouri River, 31, 71, 137, 155;
Nez Percé cross, 186, 223
Mitsiadazi, Minnetaree for Yellowstone, 31
Monarch Geyser, 198
Monida and Yellowstone Stage Line, 202
Monroe, James, 29
Montana, meaning of, 70;
gold miners, 102;
camps, 103, 157 ff., 186, 243;
penitentiary, 250, 258, 260
Montana Post, 116
Monument Geyser Basin, 240
Moran, Thomas, 137, 139
Morgan, George W., 142
Mormons, 157, 217
Morning Glory Pool, 131
Morton, J. Sterling, 229
Mount Holmes, 86, 88;
fire lookout, 253
Mount Washburn, 123, 176, 210;
fire lookout, 253
Mud Volcano, 25, 50;
Washburn's visit to, 124, 176, 180, 184, 298
Muir, John, quoted, 145, 222;
praises soldiers, 262
Murdock, Nelson, 274
Murphy, Con, 164
Myers, Henry, 172
N
National Association of Audubon Societies, 235
National Lumber Manufacturers' Association, 230
National Forest Service, 229
National Park Service, 211, 217;
director of, 265 ff.;
praised by visitors, 272;
research and education, 270, 274, 277
Naturalist Division, 270 ff.
_New York Tribune_, 120
New York Zoological Society, 225, 226
Nez Percé Creek, 85, 173 ff., 200
Nez Percé Indians, 66, 89;
befriended Lewis and Clark, 165 ff.;
in flight, 170 ff.;
surrender, 189
Nichols, William M., 215
Noble, John W., 228
Norris Geyser Basin, 86, 87, 198, 200 ff.;
visited by Langford, 239, 246;
trapping in, 247
Norris Museum, 273
Norris, Philetus W., 85, 91;
found trapper initials, 92;
annual report, 202;
road building, 208, 236, 240 ff.
North American Cattle Company, 162
North Entrance Gate, 200, 201
Northeast Entrance, 212
Northern Pacific Railroad, 199 ff., 259
O
Oastler, Frank R., 270
Obsidian Cliff, 86;
Bridger story, 113, 208
Ogallala, Nebraska, 159 ff.
Ogdens Hole, 81
Old Faithful Geyser, 29;
named, 129 ff., 197;
abuse of, 251
Old Faithful Inn, 199, 205, 264
Old Faithful Station, 210
Oldham, Albert, 172, 174, 178
_Omaha Herald_, 105
Omohondro, John ("Texas Jack"), 151, 195
Orange Mound, 241
Osborn, Henry Fairfield, 224, 233
Otter Creek, 181 ff., 269
Overhanging Cliff, 210
_Overland Monthly_, 137
P
Pacific Creek, Colter's route on, 47, 296
Page, Andrew S., alias John Andrews, 247
Park Curio and Coffee Shop, 216
Parnell, Lieut. William R., 168, 169
Pass Creek, 47, 296
Paxson, Dr. Frederic L., 164
Peale, Dr. A. C., 25, 138
Pelican Cone fire lookout, 253
Pelican Creek, 50, 184;
poaching on, 247, 298
Pemmican, 64
Perry, Capt. David, 168 ff.
Peterson, William, 116 ff.
Pfister, Frederick, 180
Piegan Indians, 99, 150
Pierre's Hole, 81
Pike, Zebulon M., 150
Pinchot, Gifford, 229
Piper, Edward, 159
Pleasant Valley, 203
Plummer, Henry, 163
Poker Joe, 173 ff.
Pomeroy, Sen. Samuel C., 140 ff.
Postal Service, 218
Potts and Colter attacked, 52
Potts, Daniel T., letter about geysers, 93
Potts, Robert, 93
Povah, Alfred H., 270
Powder River, 110, 157;
cattle company, 162
Prairie Cattle Company, 162
Pritchett, George A., rescued Everts, 134
Protective Act, 145, 248, 254
Protestant church services, 217
Pryor, Anna K., 216
Pryors Fork, 42, 286
Pryors Gap, 42, 286
Purple Mountain fire lookout, 253
Q
Quadrant Mountain, 88
R
Radersburg, Montana, tourists from, 172, 176, 180
Railroads, 154 ff.
Rainbow Pool, 131
Rain-in-the-Face, Chief, 158
Rawn, Capt. Charles C., 170
Raymond, Israel Ward, 225
Raymond, R. W., 126
Raynolds, Capt. W. F., 101
Red Cloud, Chief, 158, 161, 162
Redington, J. W., 177
Reebe, Charles, 250
Rendezvous, origin of, 81;
description, 82 ff.
Riverside Station, 27, 200, 203, 246
Roberts, Joseph, 180 ff.
Roche Juane, French for Yellowstone, 31
Rocket Geyser, 131
Rocky Mountains, 51, 62, 67;
trappers of, 71;
"college," 74, 92, 141
Rocky Mountain Fur Company, 81, 93, 108
_Rocky Mountain Gazette_, 142
Rogers, Supt. Edmund B., 274 ff.
Roosevelt, Pres. Theodore, dedicates arch, 200;
conservation policies, 229 ff.
Ross, Alexander, 66;
describes trappers, 76;
quoted, 148, 151
Russell, Dr. Carl P., 270
Russell, Osborne, journeys in the park, 96 ff.
S
Sage, Mrs. Russell, 234
Sage Creek, 286
St. Louis, 56, 106, 285, 290
Salmon River Mountains, 67
Salt Fork, 296
Sand Creek Massacre, 157
San Ildefonso, treaty of, 28
Santa Fe Railroad, 154
Sapphire Pool, 131
Sapsucker, Chief, 69
Sawtelle, Gilman, 238
Sawyer, Edmund J., 270
Schonborn, Anton, 138
Schurz, Carl, 228
Scoda, Oscar, 196
Scott, Capt. George L., 247
Scotts Bluff National Park, 83
_Scribner's Magazine_, 120, 137 ff.
Searight, George, 162
Shamp, Paul J., 47, 296
Sharps rifle, 154
Sheridan, Col. Michael V., 193
Sheridan, Gen. Phil H., 120, 144, 150, 157;
with Pres. Arthur, 193;
friend of Park, 245, 260
Sherman, Gen. William T., 157;
tours Park, 170;
praised Chief Joseph, 190
Shively, ----, 172, 184
Shoshone Indians, 59;
description, 66, 88
Shoshone Lake, 90, 98, 102;
visited by Folsom party, 118
Shoshone Point, 250
Shoshone River, 27;
called Stinking Water, 40, 286;
called Mick-ka-appa, 42, 104;
South Fork of, 296
Sitting Bull, 158, 162, 187
Skinner, Curtis K., 273
Skinner, M. P., 270
Slough Creek, 261
Smith, Hoke, 242
Smith, Jacob, 120, 122, 132
Smith, Jedediah, 77, 93, 285
Smith, Willard E., 51
Smoot, Sen. Reed, 266
Snake Creek, 187
Snake River, South Fork of, 47, 90 ff.;
Barlow visits, 139, 254, 259, 288, 296
Snake River Valley, North Fork explored by Henry, 32 ff., 66, 162,
291
Snow Pass, 88
Snowy Range, 30
Soda Butte, 246
Soda Butte Creek, 88, 104, 259
Solution Creek, 47, 296
South Arm of Lake, 47, 292, 296
South Entrance, 87, 202
South Pass, 34, 290
Splendid Geyser, 131
Spurgin, Capt. W. F., 208
Stagecoach, 195;
drivers, 196 ff.
Standing Rock Reservation, 158
Stager, Gen. Anson, 193
Stevens Creek Area, 274
Stevenson, James, 137
Stevenson Island, 87
Stewart, Jack, 180
Stickney, Benjamin, Jr., 120, 127, 163
Stock Growers Association, 162
Stone, Benjamin, 180 ff.
Stone, H. H., 239
Story, Nelson, 161
Stuart, Granville, 103, 162
Stuart, James, 69, 103, 120, 151
Stuart, Robert, 34
Sturgis, Col. S. D., 184 ff.
Sulphur Mountain, 180
Sundry Civil Bill, 245
Sunlight Creek, 286
Swan Land and Cattle Company, 162
Switzer, Charles, 250
T
Targhee Forest, 66
Tarter, Bob, 163
Teller, Henry M., 222, 223
Terry, Gen. Alfred H., 158
Teton Mountains, 34, 123, 238, 274, 281
Texas long drive, 158, 193
"Texas Jack" (John Omohondro), 151, 195
Theller, Lieut. Edward R., 168
Thomas, Cyrus, 138
Thone, Dr. Frank E., 270
Thoreau, Henry D., 222, 223
Thorofare Creek, 47, 296
Three Forks, 26, 32, 44, 52, 56, 112
Thumb of Lake, 45, 99;
Washburn camp, 129, 288 ff.
Toll, Supt. Roger W., 274
Topaz Spring, 131
Topping, Capt. E. S., 203
Tower Creek, 88;
Folsom party on, 117, 122
Tower Falls, 88, 104;
named, 122 ff., 176, 208
Trafton, Edward B. (alias Ed Harrington), 251, 283
Trappers, nicknames of, 73, 81;
"A. B. C.'s," 74;
prayer of, 76;
routine, 78;
cache, 78;
clothes, 79;
rendezvous, 81, 82 ff.
Tree, Judge Lambert, 204
Trischman, Elizabeth, 216
Trumbull, Sen. Lyman, 140 ff.
Trumbull, Walter, 120 ff., 132, 137
Trunbull, Dr. C. S., 138
_Truthful Lies_, 214
Tu-hul-hul-sote, Chief, 166, 168;
death of, 189
Tukuarika, Sheepeater Indians, 59;
description, 67;
disappearance, 86
Turban Geyser, 131
Twain, Mark, 30
Two Ocean Pass, 27, 47, 51, 87, 101, 296
TyGee, Chief, 66
U
Um-till-lilp-cown, 174
Union Cattle Company, 162
Union Pacific Railroad, 202
Union Pass, 101, 290
Upper Geyser Basin, 94;
missed by Bridger, 112;
visited by Washburn, 129 ff.;
store built, 216;
Langford's second visit, 238, 246
Upper Yellowstone Falls, 26, 92
Upper Yellowstone River, 45, 47, 288, 296
Utah, meaning of, 70, 163
Utah Northern Railroad, 202
V
Vandalism, 251 ff.
Vaughn, Robert, describes Bridger, 107
Verendrye, Sieur de, 32
Vest, Sen. George G., 192
Victor, Frances Fuller, quoted, 81
Vigilantes, of Montana, 121, 163
Virginia City, Montana, 102, 116, 142, 181, 184, 200
W
Wagon Box Massacre, 161
Wakefield, George W., 201
Wal-ait-its, 168
Wallowa Valley, 165,
Walsh, Sen. Thomas J., 259
Ward, Charles W., 234
Warner, Charles D., 262
Washakie, Chief, 59
Washburn, Henry D., 103;
briefed by Folsom, 118;
in charge of expedition, 120 ff.;
account of trip, 132;
death, 137
Washburn-Langford-Doane Expedition, 30, 90, 116, 120 ff.;
encounters rustlers, 163, 226
_Wasp, The_, 96
Waters, Col. E. C., 206
Watson, W. Verde, 264
Wayant, H. W., 104
Wear, David W., 204, 245
Wedded Trees, 261
Weikert, A. J., 180 ff.
We-Saw, 86
West Entrance, 88, 200, 202, 208
West Thumb of Lake, 47, 50, 86, 210, 298
West Yellowstone, Montana, 202, 213
Western Air Lines, 213
_Western Monthly_, 120
White Bird, Chief, 166, 168
White Bird Canyon, 168
White Hawk, 89
Whitman, Dr. Marcus, 111
Whittaker, George, 221
Wilcox, Albert, 234
Wilcox, Hon. T. Paul, 248
Wilkie, Leslie, 180 ff.
Williams, Pvt. John, 121
Willow Park, 193, 247
Wilson, Pres. Woodrow, 265
Winchester rifle, 154
Wind River Indian Trail, 87, 93
Wind River Mountains, 34, 69
Wind River Valley, 101, 162
Wohlbrandt, Philip H., 212
Woodring, Samuel T., 273
Woolsey, William, 196
Wylie, William W., 205 ff.
"Wylie Way," 206
Wyoming, meaning of, 70, 157 ff., 243
Wyoming Stock Growers Association, 164
Y
Yale University, 270
Yancey, "Uncle" John, 203
"Yankee Jim" (James George), 198, 283
Yeager, Dorr G., 270
Yellowstone Boat Company, 206
Yellowstone Canyon, 104, 114;
visited by Folsom party, 118;
described by Washburn, 123 ff., 246, 247, 261, 269
Yellowstone Canyon Hotel, 205
Yellowstone Lake, visited by Colter, 45 ff., 58, 85, 87;
strange sounds above, 90, 104, 123;
Washburn party exploration of, 126;
Hayden party at, 139, 259, 288 ff.
Yellowstone Lake Hotel, 205
Yellowstone National Park, act creating, 227;
bill, 139 ff. (_see also_ Dedicatory Act);
golden anniversary, 118;
first superintendent, 238;
Langford's second visit, 238 ff.
Yellowstone Park Association, 201, 205
Yellowstone Park Company, 217
Yellowstone Park Improvement Company, 200
Yellowstone Park Stage Line, 201
Yellowstone Park Transportation Company, 201, 205, 214 ff.
Yellowstone Plateau, 161, 162
Yellowstone Timber Reserve, 228
Yellowstone Valley, 176
Yep-pe Indians, 42 ff., 286 ff.
Yosemite National Park, 141, 145, 225 ff.
Yosemite School of Natural History, 270
Young, Brigham, 150
Yount, Harry, 241
Yount's Peak, 26
[Illustration: Indian and Explorer]
[Illustration: YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK]
Transcriber's Notes
--Silently corrected a few typos.
--Retained publication information from the printed edition: this eBook
is public-domain in the country of publication.
--In the text versions only, text in italics is delimited by
_underscores_.