father.
Footnote 21:
A form of sexual disorder not infrequent among neurotics, suggesting a
different sexual objective.
Footnote 22:
_Hirschfeld_ naturally traces this morbid tendency back to the social
ostracism of the homosexual. In my opinion that is a forced
explanation. The very proneness of the homosexuals to affective
disorders, their heightened sensibility, their morbid irritability,
their endogenous depression prove that all homosexuals are severe
neurotics. _Hirschfeld_ may be able to trace the homosexual’s acute
outbreaks of affective psychoses back to the actual conflicts. But it
is impossible to link this heightened affectivity to the feminine
attitude of the urnings. For if it were so, how could we explain the
equally distressing analogous disorders among the _urlinds_?
_Hirschfeld_ refers to the anxiety states of the homosexuals (p. 916)
and expressly states:
“This very condition is found frequently also among homosexuals who
are psychically normal so far as their home relations are concerned.”
No—they are not normal with regard to home relations, they are severe
neurotics on account of the repression of their heterosexuality.
Superficial appearances are deceptive and many a person who appears
outwardly to be the picture of health, a well balanced temperament, is
inwardly the victim of a serious neurosis.... _Hirschfeld_ refers
further to the homosexual’s proneness to persecution manias and to
delusions of reference. Concerning homosexual women he states:
“Compelled against their inclination to fulfill their marital duties
the homosexual women become very nervous and, in addition to anxiety
attacks, they suffer severe depressions.”...
How does _Hirschfeld_ know that the depressions are due to the
enforced fulfillment of marital duties? I know homosexual women who
are divorced and suffer even more; I know homosexual unmarried women,
who are as neurotic as the married women, and, like the latter, suffer
of serious depressions. All these facts prove that the homosexual pays
for his monosexuality just as dearly as the neurotic monosexual who is
heterosexual.
Footnote 23:
_Cf. Stekel, Berufswahl und Neurose, Gross’ Archiv_, vol. XIX.
Footnote 24:
_Beiträge zur Lehre von der konträrer Sexualempfindung Zeitschr. f.
Psychol. u. Neurol._, vol. VII, 1911.
Footnote 25:
I have at the present time under observation a soldier who for about
three weeks masturbated 15 times (!) daily. Advanced hypochondriac.
The motive seems to have been the development of a neurosis so he
would be freed of military service.
Footnote 26:
The history of the same patient, as given by _Ziemcke_, refers to the
same episode as follows: “At 17 years of age the first coitus with a
peasant girl, pleasurable, no disorder.” A proof that the heterosexual
episodes are always corrected in memory and modified in favor of a
homosexual predisposition.
Footnote 27:
Regarding this occurrence _Ziemcke_ relates: “Towards the last of his
studies at Kiel he brought to his room a 12-year-old boy from the
street under the pretext of carrying some books for him. When the boy
returned he suggested making some experiments on him, tapped him first
on the knee cap, then had him take off his stockings and kneel on the
edge of the lowermost cabinet drawer; next he forced the boy to stand
up stripped to the waist while he pricked him with a pen in the armpit
and under the fingernails. After that he hung him by a rope tied
around his hands, but the rope broke. Then he had the boy lie down on
the sofa, lowered his trousers so as to expose the hips and gluteal
region and proposed to pay the boy 5 pfennig for every one of 50 cane
strokes. After the 43rd stroke the boy could not endure the pain any
longer, so he increased the pay to 10 pfennig and gave him 5
additional strokes. It has been ascertained that the man had been
drinking hard the night before carousing until daylight and according
to his own testimony he was very nervous next day and had palpitation
of the heart. He also stated that he had acted impulsively; he
remembered well all the details of the occurrence but everything took
place as in a haze. After the deed he had a feeling of relief, his
usual excitement and unrest promptly subsided. Examination showed
nothing physically abnormal and absence of any serious intellectual
defect as well.”
Footnote 28:
The volume on _Sadism and Masochism_, in my Series on the _Disorders
of the Instincts and of the Emotions_. English version by _Van
Teslaar_.
Footnote 29:
At a meeting of the medical society in Odessa, a colleague was
presented as one who had been treated unsuccessfully by me. He
suffered compulsions of a most serious character and was one week
under my care. I had proposed three months. Nevertheless he was
brought forth as proof of the inefficacy of psychoanalysis. It
happened that colleague Dr. W. was present, and he knew that the
alleged analysis was of one week’s duration. He was able to apprise
the meeting of the fact. In a few weeks that honorable sick physician
placed himself under the professional care of Dr. W....
Footnote 30:
An “infantile sexual theory,” in which coitus is conceived
sadistically as a squeezing.
Footnote 31:
_Zentralblatt für Psychoanalyse_, Vol. IV.
Footnote 32:
_Cf._ also my essay, _Der Kampf der Geschlechter, the Struggle between
the Sexes_, in my work, _The Beloved Ego_, Moffat, Yard & Co., N. Y. I
have now under treatment a very sick woman who has gone to pieces over
a similar problem. She was anesthetic with all men. The one man who
had just once roused her during sexual intercourse she hated and could
kill.
Footnote 33:
_Havelock Ellis_ and _Moll_ (_Handbuch der Sexualwissenschaften_,
Leipzig, F. C. W. Vogel, 1912) draw attention to this fact: “Both
sexes often show a remarkable youthfulness in appearance which is
preserved late into the adult state. The love of green, which is
chiefly, normally, a favorite color with children, and especially with
girls, is often observed. A certain degree of histrionic talent is not
uncommon as well as an inclination towards tenderness, occasionally
also a feminine love of adornments and jewels. It may be said of many
of these physical and psychic characteristics that they denote a
certain degree of infantilism, and this fits in with the view that
homosexuality is traceable to aboriginal bisexuality; for the deeper
we penetrate into the life history of the individual, the nearer we
approach the bisexual stage.”
Footnote 34:
_Dr. Paul Schrecker, Die Individualpsychologische Bedeutung der
Kindheitserrinnerungen_, Zentralbl. f. Psychoanalyse, Vol. IV.
Footnote 35:
_Cp._ the novel by _Kafka_, _Die Verwandlung_ (Verlag von Kurt Wolff).
It portrays the transformation of a man into a bedbug. It is obviously
a sadistic fancy (the bedbug sucks blood). This meaning is not
imparted to the patient so as not to influence the course of his
associations.
Footnote 36:
The mouth as an erogenous zone. He expected kisses and meanwhile was
satisfied with other sweets as a substitute. He is a confirmed lover
of dainties and still relies on sweets which he is in the habit of
carrying in his pockets.
Footnote 37:
This is a thought which troubles many neurotics. It is their way of
belittling the persons who impress them and who thus make them realize
their own inferiority.
Footnote 38:
Later will be shown the sadistic meaning of this phantasy. Urine is
often a substitute for blood in the dream....
Footnote 39:
_Cp._ the boxes in the first dream (_Merchant of Venice_).
Footnote 40:
_Cp._ _Sex and Dreams: The Language of Dreams_, vol. I. Translation by
_James S. Van Teslaar_.
Footnote 41:
_Cp._ Chapter on _Maternal Body Dreams_, in work mentioned above, Vol.
II.
Footnote 42:
In the Tristan phantasy these reminiscences return. The father is the
betrayed King. The episode of the father’s departure in that dream
becomes clear only now. He died in time to avoid the experience of a
second deception in love.
Footnote 43:
_Cp._ my laws of symbolic equivalents in _Language of Dreams_: All
secretions and excreta are equal to one another as symbols.
Footnote 44:
_Raffalovich_, author of a small monograph on _Die Entwickelung der
Homosexualität_ (The Development of H.), Berlin, 1895, states in a few
pages more truths than many authors disclose in heavy volumes of
writing. He states, for instance, that “there are no distinct barriers
between heterosexuals and homosexuals.” He also emphasizes the strong
self-love of homosexuals: “They have _die Leidenschaft der
Æhnlichkeit_.”
Footnote 45:
Page 248, of the German edition. “The neurotic’s attachment to the
family is an overcorrection of former lack of love and is induced by a
feeling of remorse.” “Poets formulate a longing for love because of
their inability to love and that drives them to their continuous chase
after love adventure. Love becomes the overstressed idea and the
unattainable ideal of poets.” “The poet differs from the criminal
because he is aware of his incapacity to love as a handicap, and from
hatred and scorn of humanity he turns to love his fellow men.”
Footnote 46:
_Domestikation und die secundären Geschlechtsmerkmale. Zeitschrift f.
Sexualwissenschaft_, Vol. III, No. 6–7, 1916.
Footnote 47:
An excellent account of the history of homosexuality may be found in
the work of _Hirschfeld_ (_loc. cit._).
Footnote 48:
Politics, II. Quoted after _Havelock Ellis_ and _I. A. Symonds_, _Das
konträre Geschlechtsgefühl_, Leipzig, George H. Wiegands Verlag, 1896.
Footnote 49:
_Die dorische Knabenliebe_ (_Ihre Ethik and ihre Idee_), _Rheinisches
Museum f. Philologie_ (Neue Folge), vol. 69, 1907.
The authors prove that boy love in Hellas was introduced by the
Dorians. Although traces of the custom are found also among the
Ionians, boy love, like knighthood, became fashionable in Greece
through the Dorians. “It was permitted only to the free citizen, the
knight, while slaves were forbidden to indulge in the practice often
under penalty of death. The practice was regulated by strict rules and
became a state institution. In Sparta, Crete, Thebes the training for
(arety) ἀρεθή, among the dominant class was based on pederasty. The
lovers in Sparta were held to a strict accountability for their
‘companions’ who became attached to them from their 12th year; so that
they and not their youthful companions were punished for any shameful
act on the part of the latter.” “The battlefield at _Chaironeia_ was
covered with the lovers ... lying in pairs.” In Crete the choice of
boy lovers assumed the form of bridal theft. The lover advised the
boy’s family of his intention of stealing the boy. If the family did
not like the “match” it tried to avoid the capture of the boy. The
higher the lover’s social position the greater was the honor felt by
the boy and his family. The chosen one was afterwards sent home
carrying gifts....
In fact, at Thebes, Thera and in Crete _such unions even enjoyed
religious sanction_. “The engagement of the lovers or rather their
physical union certainty occurred under the protection of some god or
hero at Thera and at Thebes. At Thebes we find the language
unmistakably clear in the high archaic field inscriptions of the
Seventh Century, chiselled in large letters upon the holy promontory
near the City, at a distance of 50–70 meters from the temple of
_Apollo Karneios_ and on the holy site dedicated to _Zeus_. They read
as follows: “On this holy place, under protection of _Zeus_, _Kerion_
has consummated his union with the son of _Bathykles_ and proclaiming
it proudly to the world dedicates to it this imperishable memorial.
And many Thereans with him, and after him, have united themselves with
their boys on this same holy spot.””
At Crete it was considered a shame for a boy to possess no knightly
lover. On the other hand it was a great honor for a boy to be wanted
by many lovers.
For the lovers and for the boys these relations had an excellent
effect. Each was inspired to do his best in order to prove his mettle
and be ἀγαθός ανήρ (_agathoi anyr_). The heroic tales even took note
of this love. The wondrous deeds of a _Herakles_ were carried out in
honor of the male lover _Eurystheus_. Repelling a wooing knight was
considered ignominious,—a blot on one’s honor. _Plutarch_ relates the
story how _Aristodamus_ struck down with his sword an obstinate boy:
“Man gerät unwilkürlich in die Sprache unseres ritterlichen
Ehrenkomments,”—states _Bethe_.
With that act the knight transferred his ἀρετή (arety), knighthood,
upon the boy. It had a symbolic meaning. Among the Spartans the
pæderast was called εἰοπνήλας (eiopnylas), from εἰοπνειν (eiopnein),
meaning, _the one who blows something in_ (the inblower). But what was
it that the pederast blew into the boy? Clearly the πνευμα (pneuma),
the soul, a belief which has come down from the oldest period (Bible)
surviving to this day in Christianity. According to primitive
conceptions the soul of man resided in his various secreta and
excreta. Urine, fæces, blood and semen were magical substances
inasmuch as they contained the life principle. With his male seed the
Dorian endowed his boy with knightly prowess. (Similarly the savages
in New Guinea drink the urine of the chieftain in order to acquire his
skill and strength. _Bethe_ mentions numerous similar instances.) The
semen was regarded as the seat of the soul.
_Bethe_ points out also that the liver, the heart and more
particularly the _phallus_ were similarly identified with the soul.
The reader is referred to the original study for further details.
The remarkable notion of blowing one’s soul into another _a
posteriori_, is traced by the author to primitive beliefs. Animals
showed no objection to these love-offerings; and men who ascribed
magical properties to urine and fæces undoubtedly lacked any feeling
of revulsion against these excreta.... Since the anus was looked upon
as the portal for angry demons, why should not the benevolent magical
power of heroes be introduced the same way?
“The notion which led to the development of pæderasty as a State
Institution among the Dorians, could not long endure. It had to give
way finally.... But boy love persisted as a widespread custom and
stood throughout antiquity and throughout the whole extent of Greek
culture as a necessary feature of decent superior Greek citizenship.
The Christian church fought the heathen custom from the beginning and
was the first to drive pæderasty from Christian society; unable to
root it out by spiritual means, it adopted criminal punishment in the
year 342.”
That is, briefly, the philologist’s account, who also states that
during the pre-Doric period (_Homer_, for instance) the custom of boy
love had as yet no roots as an Institution.
Footnote 50:
_Zur Psychologie der Vita Sexualis, Allg. Zeitschr. f. Psychol._,
1894.
Footnote 51:
I am unable to corroborate the contention of _Ferenczi_ in his _Zur
Nosologie der männlichen Homosexualität_ (_Homoerotik_), published in
_Zeitschrift f. ärztl. Psychoanalyse_, Vol. II, 189, 1914. He assumes
two forms of homosexuality: 1. _the passive subject-homoerotic_, who
represents an inborn state and stands for an intermediary type in
_Hirschfeld’s_ sense and is incurable and 2. the _active
object-homoerotic_, a type he describes as a special form of
compulsion neurosis. The passive type never consults the physician for
his trouble,—he is a genuine homosexual; the active type is unhappy
over his condition, he shows the typical symptoms. Both share in
common the peculiarity that their own sex is an essential condition
for the attainment of their love-object and remains so throughout
life.
I have seen many homosexuals who are interchangeably active or
passive. On the other hand I have seen active homosexuals who were
very much troubled over their condition and passive homosexuals who
have been cured. Incidentally I may mention that _Ferenczi_ borrows
thoughts from my essay on _Masken der Homosexualität_, without
indicating the source. Since _Freud_ has decreed against me his
anathema, the narrower Freudian school looks upon my work as common
property to be appropriated at will by any one.
Footnote 52:
_Handbuch der Sexualwissenschaften_, p. 664.
Footnote 53:
A new orientation in matters of sexual morality is on the way in spite
of tremendous opposition. I refer those interested to _Eulenburg’s_
excellent work, _Moral und Sexualität_ (Verlag, Marcus & Webster,
Bonn, 1916).
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TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES
1. Silently corrected obvious typographical errors and variations in
spelling.
2. Retained archaic, non-standard, and uncertain spellings as printed.
3. Enclosed italics font in _underscores_.