Bay of All Saints, State of Bahia. It consists of a lower town, which is
little more than an irregular, narrow, and dirty street, stretching about 4
miles along the shore; and an upper town, larger and much better built,
with various outlying suburbs. The harbour is one of the best in South
America; and the export trade, chiefly in sugar, cotton, coffee, tobacco,
hides, piassava, and tapioca, is very extensive. Pop. 348,000. The State,
area 164,600 sq. miles, pop. 3,013,007, has much fertile land, both along
the coast and in the interior.
BAHIA BLANCA, a seaport of the Argentine Republic, on a bay of same name
opening into the Atlantic, about 350 miles south-west of Buenos Ayres; it
is a rising place connected by railway with the capital, and a terminus of
other railways from the interior. It carries on a considerable trade
directly with Europe, exporting mutton, wheat, &c. Pop. 75,000.
BAHR (baer), an Arabic word signifying sea or large river; as in
Bahr-el-Huleh, the Lake Merom in Palestine; Bahr-el-Abiad, the White Nile,
Bahr-el-Azrek, the Blue Nile, which together unite at Khartoum.
BAHRAICH (bae-r[=a]ch'), a flourishing town of India, in Oudh, Faizabad
division. It carries on a good local trade, and has a shrine that attracts
many Hindu and Mohammedan pilgrims. It is the seat of an American Methodist
mission. Pop. 27,304.
BAHREIN (bae'r[=i]n) ISLANDS, a group of islands in the Persian Gulf, in an
indentation on the Arabian coast, since 1867 under British protection. The
principal island, usually called Bahrein, is about 27 miles in length and
10 in breadth. It is in general very flat and low, and the soil is not very
fertile except in a few places; but irrigation is employed and excellent
dates are grown. The principal town is Menamah or Manama; pop. 30,000. The
smaller island of Moharrek, separated by a shallow strait 2 miles wide,
contains the town of Moharrek, the present seat of government; pop. 25,000.
The Bahrein Islands are chiefly noted for their pearl-fisheries, which were
known to the ancients, and which employ in the season from 2000 to 3000
boats manned by from 8 to 20 men each. Total pop. estimated at 110,000.
BAHR-EL-GHAZAL, a large river of Central Africa, a western tributary of the
White Nile (or Bahr-el-Abiad). It flows through a very swampy region, and
is liable to inundations. The head of steam navigation is Meshra-er-Rek.
The river gives its name to a province of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan,
yielding ivory, rubber, timber, &c., and suited for cotton growing.
BAIADEER. See _Bayadere_.
BAIAE (b[=i]'[=e]), an ancient Roman watering-place on the coast of
Campania, 10 miles west of Naples. Many of the wealthy Romans had country
houses at Baiae, which was a favourite resort of Horace. Ruins of temples,
baths, and villas still attract the attention of archaeologists.
BAIKAL (b[=i]'k[.a]l), a large freshwater lake in Eastern Siberia, 360
miles long, and about 50 in extreme breadth, interspersed with islands; in
the line of the great Siberian Railway. It is surrounded by rugged and
lofty mountains; contains seals, and many fish, particularly salmon,
sturgeon, and pike. Its greatest depth is over 4000 feet. It receives the
waters of the Upper Angara, Selenga, Barguzin, &c., and discharges its
waters by the Lower Angara. It is frozen over in winter.
BAIKIE, William Balfour, born in the Orkney Islands 1824, died at Sierra
Leone 1863. He joined the British navy, and was made surgeon and naturalist
of the Niger Expedition, 1854. He took the command on the death of the
senior officer, and explored the Niger for 250 miles. Another expedition,
which started in 1857, passed two years in exploring, when the vessel was
wrecked, and all the members, with the exception of Baikie, returned to
England. With none but native assistants he formed a settlement at the
confluence of the Benue and the Quorra, in which he was ruler, teacher, and
physician, and within a few years he opened the Niger to navigation, made
roads, and established a market.
BAIL, the person or persons who procure the release of a prisoner from
custody by becoming surety for his appearance in court at the proper time;
also, the security given for the release of a prisoner from custody. In the
United States bail is a matter of right in all cases where a sentence of
death cannot be pronounced, and even in such a case it may be allowed by
one of the judges.
BAILDON, an urban district in the W. Riding of Yorkshire, about 5 miles
north of Bradford, with worsted manufactures, chemical works, and quarries.
Pop. (1921), 6527.
BAILEN (b[=i]-len'), a town of Southern Spain, province Jaen, with
lead-mines. Pop. 8334.
BAILEY (b[=a]'li), the name given to the courts of a castle formed by the
spaces between the circuits of walls or defences which surrounded the keep.
BAILEY, or BAILY, Nathaniel, an English lexicographer, school teacher at
Stepney, and author of several educational works. His _Dictionary_,
published in 1721, passed through a great many editions.
BAILEY, Philip James, English poet, born near Nottingham, 1816, called to
the bar 1840, died 1902. He published _Festus_, his best work, in 1839;
_The Mystic_, 1855; _The Age_, 1858; and _The Universal Hymn_, 1867.
BAILIE, or BAILLIE, a municipal officer or magistrate in Scotland,
corresponding to an _alderman_ in England. The criminal jurisdiction of the
provost and bailies of royal burghs extends to breaches of the peace,
drunkenness, adulteration of articles of diet, thefts not of an aggravated
character, and other offences of a less serious nature.
BAILIFF, a civil officer or functionary, subordinate to someone else. There
are several kinds of bailiffs, whose offices widely differ, but all agree
in this, that the keeping or protection of something belongs to them. In
England the sheriff is the monarch's bailiff, and his county is a
bailiwick. The name is also applied to the chief magistrates of some towns,
to keepers of royal castles, as of Dover, to persons having the
conservation of the peace in hundreds and in some special jurisdictions, as
Westminster, and to the returning officers in the same. But the officials
commonly designated by this name are the _bailiffs_ of sheriffs, or
sheriffs' officers, who execute processes, &c.
BAILLEUL (b[.a]-yeul), an ancient French town, department of Nord, near the
Belgian frontier, about 19 miles west of Lille. Much fighting took place in
its vicinity during the European War, but it was not destroyed until the
campaign of 1918. Pop. 12,828.--A village of the same name in department
Orne gave its name to the Baliol family.
BAILLIE, Joanna, a Scottish authoress, born at Bothwell, Lanarkshire, in
1762, died at Hampstead, 1851. She removed in early life to London, where
her brother, Matthew Baillie, was settled as a physician. Here in 1798 she
published her first work, entitled _A Series of Plays_, in which she
attempted to delineate the stronger passions by making each passion the
subject of a tragedy and a comedy. The series was followed up by a second
volume in 1802, and a third in 1812. A second series appeared in 1836, and
a complete edition of her whole dramatic works in 1850. She also published
a volume of miscellaneous poetry, including songs, in 1841. Her only plays
performed on the stage were a tragedy entitled the _Family Legend_, brought
out at Edinburgh under the patronage of Sir Walter Scott; and _De
Montfort_, brought out by John Kemble, who acted in it with Mrs. Siddons.
BAILLIE, Matthew, M.D., physician and anatomist, brother of the preceding,
was born 1761 at Shotts, Lanarkshire, died at Cirencester, Gloucestershire,
in 1823. In 1773 he was sent to the University of Glasgow. He afterwards
studied anatomy under his maternal uncles, John and William Hunter, and
entered Oxford, where he graduated as M.D. In 1783 he succeeded his uncle
as lecturer on anatomy in London, where he acquired a high reputation as a
teacher and demonstrator, having also a large practice. In 1810 he was
appointed physician to George III. His work on _The Morbid Anatomy of Some
of the Most Important Parts of the Human Body_ gave him a European
reputation.
BAILLIE, Robert, an eminent Scottish Presbyterian clergyman, was born at
Glasgow in 1599, died 1662. Though educated and ordained as an
Episcopalian, he resisted the attempt of Archbishop Laud to introduce his
_Book of Common Prayer_ into Scotland, and joined the Presbyterian party.
In 1638 he represented the presbytery of Irvine in the General Assembly at
Glasgow, which dissolved Episcopacy in Scotland. In 1640 he was selected to
go to London, with other commissioners, to draw up the accusation against
Archbishop Laud. Of this, and almost all the other proceedings of his
public life, he has left a minute account in his letters and journals,
which form a most valuable collection for the history of his time. In 1642
he was appointed professor of divinity at Glasgow. He was a member of the
Westminster Assembly of Divines, and attended its sittings from 1643-6.
After the Restoration, though made principal of his college through Court
patronage, he did not hesitate to express his dissatisfaction with the
reintroduction of Episcopacy.
BAILLIE, Robert, of Jerviswood, in Lanarkshire, a Scottish patriot of the
reign of Charles II. He brought himself into notice by opposing the
tyrannical measures of Archbishop Sharpe against the Nonconformists, for
which he was fined 6000 merks (or L500) and imprisoned for four months. In
1683 he went to London in furtherance of a scheme of emigration to South
Carolina taken up by a number of Scottish gentlemen, as being the only way
of escaping the tyranny of the Government. He became associated with
Monmouth, Sydney, Russell, and the rest of that party, and was charged with
complicity in the Rye-house plot. After a long imprisonment, during which
vain attempts were made to obtain evidence against him, he was brought
before the Court of Justiciary (23rd Dec., 1684), was found guilty, and
condemned to be executed that afternoon.
BAILLIESTON, a town of Scotland, in Lanarkshire, a few miles east of
Glasgow, with extensive collieries, in which many of the inhabitants are
employed. Pop. 5500.
BAILLY (b[.a]-y[=e]), Jean Sylvain, French astronomer and statesman, born
at Paris 1736. After some youthful essays in verse, he was induced by
Lacaille to devote himself to astronomy, and on the death of the latter in
1753, being admitted to the Academy of Sciences, he published a reduction
of Lacaille's observations on the zodiacal stars. In 1764 he competed ably
but unsuccessfully for the Academy prize offered for an essay upon
Jupiter's satellites, Lagrange being his opponent; and in 1771 he published
a treatise on the light reflected by these satellites. In the meantime he
had won distinction as a man of letters by his _Eloges_ on Pierre
Corneille, Leibnitz, Moliere, and others; and the same qualities of style
shown by these were maintained in his _History of Astronomy_ (1775-87), his
most extensive work. In 1784 the French Academy elected him a member. The
revolution drew him into public life. Paris chose him, 12th May, 1789,
first deputy of the _tiers-etat_, and in the Assembly itself he was made
first president, a post occupied by him on 20th June, 1789, in the session
of the Tennis Court, when the deputies swore never to separate till they
had given France a new constitution. As Mayor of Paris his moderation and
impartial enforcement of the law failed to commend themselves to the
people, and his forcible suppression of mob violence, 17th July, 1791,
aroused a storm which led to his resignation and retreat to Nantes. In 1793
he attempted to join Laplace at Melun, but was recognized and sent to
Paris, where he was condemned by the revolutionary tribunal, and executed
on 12th Nov.
BAILMENT, in law, is the delivery of a chattel or thing to a person in
trust, either for the use of the bailer or person delivering, or for that
of the bailee or person to whom it is delivered. A bailment always supposes
the subject to be delivered only for a limited time, at the expiration of
which it must be re-delivered to the bailer, the responsibility of the
bailee being dependent, in some degree, upon the contract on which the
bailment is made. Pledging and letting for hire are species of bailment.
_Agistment_, or the taking in of cattle or live stock to feed at a rate of
so much per head, is a contract of bailment.
BAILY, Edward Hodges, an English sculptor, born at Bristol 1788, died at
London 1867. He became a pupil of Flaxman in 1807, gained the Academy Gold
Medal in 1811, and was elected R.A. in 1821. Principal works: _Eve at the
Fountain_, _Eve Listening to the Voice_, _Maternal Affection_, _Girl
Preparing for the Bath_, _The Graces_, &c. The bas-reliefs on the south
side of the Marble Arch, Hyde Park, the statue of Nelson on the Trafalgar
Square monument, and other public works, were by him.
BAILY, Francis, astronomer, born in Berkshire 1774; settled in London as a
stockbroker in 1802. While thus actively engaged he published _Tables for
the Purchasing and Renewing of Leases_, _The Doctrine of Interest and
Annuities_, _The Doctrine of Life Annuities and Assurances_, and an epitome
of universal history. On retiring from business with an ample fortune in
1825 he turned his attention to astronomy, became one of the founders of
the Astronomical Society, contributed to its _Transactions_, and in 1835
published a life of Flamsteed. He died in 1844.
BAILY'S BEADS, a phenomenon attending eclipses of the sun, the unobscured
edge of which appears discontinuous and broken immediately before and after
the moment of complete obscuration. It is classed as an effect of
irradiation, and is caused by the sun shining through the depressions
between the lunar mountains.
BAIN, Alexander, Scottish philosopher and educationalist, was born at
Aberdeen in 1818. He was educated at Marischal College (then a separate
university), Aberdeen; was for some years a deputy professor in the
university; subsequently held official posts in London; and in 1860 was
appointed professor of logic and English in Aberdeen University, a post
which he held till his resignation in 1881. His most important works are:
_The Senses and the Intellect_ (1855); _The Emotions and the Will_ (1859),
together forming a complete exposition of the human mind; _Mental and Moral
Science_ (1868); _Logic, Deductive and Inductive_ (1870); _Mind and Body_
(1873); _Education as a Science_ (1879); _James Mill, a Biography_ (1881);
_John Stuart Mill, a Criticism with Personal Recollections_ (1882); besides
an _English Grammar_; _English Composition and Rhetoric_; an
_Autobiography_, &c. Bain was at once grammarian, rhetorician,
educationalist, and logician, but his fame rests on his contributions to
psychology. He died in 1903.
BAINSIZZA PLATEAU. See _European War_.
BAIRAM (b[=i]'ram), the Easter of the Mohammedans, which follows
immediately after the Ramadan or Lent (a month of fasting), and lasts three
days. This feast during the course of thirty-three years makes a complete
circuit of all the months and seasons, as the Turks reckon by lunar years.
Sixty days after this first great Bairam begins the lesser Bairam. They are
the only two feasts prescribed by the Mohammedan religion.
BAIRD, Sir David, a distinguished British soldier, was born in
Aberdeenshire in 1757, and entered the army 1772. Having been promoted to a
lieutenancy in 1778 he sailed for India, distinguished himself as a captain
in the war against Hyder Ali, was wounded and taken prisoner, and confined
in the fortress of Seringapatam for nearly four years. He and his
fellow-prisoners were treated with great barbarity, and many of them died
or were put to death, but at last (in 1784) all that survived were set at
liberty. In 1787 he became major, and in 1791 joined the army under
Cornwallis as lieutenant-colonel, and was appointed to the command of a
brigade in the war against Tippoo. After much hard service he was made a
colonel in 1795, went in 1797 to the Cape of Good Hope as
brigadier-general, and in 1798, on his appointment as major-general,
returned to India. In 1799 he commanded the storming party at the assault
of Seringapatam, and, in requital, was presented with the State sword of
Tippoo Saib. Being appointed in 1800 to command an expedition to Egypt, he
landed at Kosseir in June, 1801, crossed the desert, and, embarking on the
Nile, descended to Cairo, and thence to Alexandria, which he reached a few
days before it surrendered to General Hutchinson. Next year he returned to
India, but being soon after superseded by Sir Arthur Wellesley
(Wellington), he sailed for Britain, where he was knighted and made K.B.
With the rank of lieutenant-general he commanded an expedition in 1805 to
the Cape of Good Hope, and in 1806, after defeating the Dutch, he received
the surrender of the colony. He commanded a division at the siege of
Copenhagen, and after a short period of service in Ireland sailed with
10,000 men for Corunna, where he formed a junction with Sir John Moore. He
commanded the first division of Moore's army, and in the battle of Corunna
lost his left arm. By the death of Sir John Moore, Sir David succeeded to
the chief command, receiving for the fourth time the thanks of Parliament,
and a baronetcy. In 1814 he was made a general. He died in 1829.
BAIRD, Spencer Fullerton, American naturalist, born 1823, died 1887. From
1850 to 1878 he was assistant secretary, and then became secretary, of the
Smithsonian Institution, Washington, and was also chief Government
commissioner of fish and fisheries. He wrote much on natural history, his
chief works being _The Birds of North America_ (in conjunction with John
Cassin), _The Mammals of North America_, _Review of American Birds in the
Smithsonian Institution_, and (with Messrs. Brewer and Ridgeway) _History
of North American Birds_.
BAIREUTH (b[=i]'roit), a well-built and pleasantly-situated town of
Bavaria, on the Red Main, 41 miles north-east of Nuernberg. The principal
edifices, besides churches, are the old and the new palace, the
opera-house, the gymnasium, and the national theatre, constructed after the
design of the composer Wagner, and opened in 1876 with a grand performance
of his tetralogy of the _Nibelungen Ring_. Industries: cotton-spinning,
sugar-refining, musical instruments, sewing-machines, leather, brewing, &c.
There is a monument to Jean Paul F. Richter, who died here. Pop. 34,547.
BAIUS, or DE BAY, Michael, Catholic theologian, was born 1513, in Hainaut,
educated at Louvain, made professor of theology there in 1552, and chosen a
member of the Council of Trent in 1563. Leaving the scholastic method, he
founded systematic theology directly upon the Bible and the Christian
fathers, of whom he particularly followed St. Augustine. His doctrines of
original sin and of salvation by grace led to his persecution as a heretic
by the old Scotists, and the Jesuits, who succeeded in obtaining a Papal
bull in 1567, condemning the doctrines imputed to him. Baius, however,
remained in the possession of his dignities, was appointed in 1575
Chancellor of Louvain University; and the King of Spain even conferred upon
him the office of Inquisitor-General in the Netherlands. He died in 1589.
His Augustinian views descended to the Jansenists, while his doctrine of
pure undivided love to God formed the staple of Quietism. His system is
called _Baianism_.
BAIZE, a sort of coarse woollen fabric with a rough nap, now generally used
for linings, and mostly green or red in colour.
BAJA (bae'y[.a]), a market town of Hungary, district of Bacs, on the
Danube, with a trade in grain and wine, and a large annual hog fair. Pop.
20,361.
BAJADERES. See _Bayaderes_.
BAJAZET (b[.a]-y[.a]-zet'), or BAYEZID, I, Turkish emperor, who, in 1389,
having strangled his brother Jacob, succeeded his father Murad or Amurath,
who fell in the battle of Kossovo while fighting against the Serbians. From
the rapidity of his conquests he received the name of _Ilderim_, the
Lightning. In three years he overcame Bulgaria, part of Serbia, Macedonia,
Thessaly, and the States of Asia Minor, and besieged Constantinople for ten
years, defeating Sigismund and the allied Hungarians, Poles, and French in
1395. The attack of Timur (Tamerlane) on Natolia, in 1400, saved the Greek
Empire, Bajazet being defeated and taken prisoner by him near Ancyra,
Galatia, 1402. The story of his being carried about in a cage by Timur is
improbable; but Bajazet died, in 1409, in Timur's camp, in Caramania. His
successor was Soliman I.
BAJAZET II succeeded his father, Mohammed II, Sultan of the Turks, in 1481.
He increased the Turkish Empire by conquests on the N.W. and in the E.,
took Lepanto, Modon, and Durazzo in a war against the Venetians, and
ravaged the coasts of the Christian States on the Mediterranean, to revenge
the expulsion of the Moors from Spain. Having abdicated in favour of his
younger son Selim, he died on his way to a residence near Adrianople in
1513. He did much for the improvement of his empire and the promotion of
the sciences.
BAJIMONT'S ROLL. See _Bagimonts Roll_.
BAJOCCO, or BAIOCCO (b[.a]-yok'o), was a copper coin in the Papal States,
the hundredth part of a scudo, or rather more than a halfpenny. The name
was also given in Sicily to the Neapolitan _grano_, the hundredth part of
the ducato (3s. 4d.).
BAJUS. See _Baius_.
BAJZA (boi'za), Anton, Hungarian lyric poet, historian, and critic, born
1804, died 1858. As contributor to and editor of various periodicals he
played an important part in the development of modern Hungarian literature
and drama. A volume of his poems, of high merit, was published in 1835. He
also translated a collection of foreign dramas, and edited a series of
historical works.
BAKALAHA'RI, a Bechuana tribe inhabiting the Kalahari Desert, S. Africa.
BAK'ARGANJ, a maritime district and town in Eastern Bengal; chief rivers:
Ganges, Brahmaputra, and Meghna. Area, 3649 sq. miles. Pop. 2,292,000. The
town now lies in ruins. Pop. 7000.
BAKAU (bae'kou), a town of Roumania, on the Bistritza. Pop. 16,187.
BAKCHISARAI (b[.a]k-chi-s[.a]-r[=i]'), or BAGTCHESERAI (Bakh-chi-Sarai)
(baeg-che-se-r[=i]; Turk., 'Garden Palace'), an ancient town of Russia, in
the Crimea, picturesquely situated at the bottom of a narrow valley, hemmed
in by precipices. It contains the palace of the ancient Crimean khans,
restored by the Russian Government. Pop. 15,000.
BAKER, Sir Richard, an English historian, born in Kent in 1568, educated at
Oxford, knighted in 1603 by James I, and in 1620 appointed High Sheriff of
Oxfordshire, where he had estates. Having given security for a debt
incurred by his wife's family, he was thrown into Fleet Prison, where,
after remaining some years, he died in 1645. During his imprisonment he
wrote some devotional books and his _Chronicle of the Kings of England_,
first published in 1641, and afterwards continued by Edward Phillips, the
nephew of Milton, and others--a work of great popularity in its day, though
of no permanent value.
BAKER, Sir Samuel White, a distinguished English traveller, born in 1821.
He resided some years in Ceylon; in 1861 began his African travels, which
lasted several years, in the Upper Nile regions, and resulted, among other
discoveries, in that of Albert Nyanza Lake in 1864, and of the exit of the
White Nile from it. In Africa he encountered Speke and Grant after their
discovery of the Victoria Nyanza. On his return home he was received with
great honour and was knighted. In 1869 he returned to Africa as head of an
expedition sent by the Khedive of Egypt to annex and open up to trade a
large part of the newly-explored country, being raised to the dignity of
pasha. He returned in 1873, having finished his work, and was succeeded by
the celebrated Gordon. His writings include: _The Rifle and the Hound in
Ceylon_; _Eight Years' Wanderings in Ceylon_; _The Albert Nyanza_; _The
Nile Tributaries of Abyssinia_; _Ismailia: a Narrative of the Expedition to
Central Africa_; _Cyprus as I saw it in 1879_; also, _Cast up by the Sea_,
a story published in 1868. He died 30th Dec., 1893.