Manchester. The chief manufacturing establishments are connected with
cotton-spinning and power-loom weaving; there are also ironworks,
Turkey-red dyeing-works, and in the neighbourhood numerous coal-pits and
immense stone-quarries. Pop. (1921), 21,256.
BADAGRY, seaport in the British province of Southern Nigeria, West Africa,
50 miles E.N.E. of Whydah. Pop. about 10,000.
BADAJOZ (b[.a]-_d_[.a]-_h_[=o]th'; ancient, PAX AUGUSTA), the fortified
capital of the Spanish province of Badajoz, on the left bank of the
Guadiana, which is crossed by a stone bridge of twenty-eight arches. It is
a bishop's see, and has an interesting cathedral. During the Peninsular War
Badajoz was besieged by Marshal Soult, and taken in March, 1811. It was
twice attacked by the English, on 5th and 29th May, 1811, and was besieged
by Wellington on 16th March, and taken 6th April, 1812. Pop. 37,600.--The
province of Badajoz has an area of 8451 sq. miles. Pop. 644,220.
BADAKSHAN', a territory of Central Asia, tributary to the Ameer of
Afghanistan. It has the Oxus on the north, and the Hindu Kush on the south,
and has lofty mountains and fertile valleys; the chief town is Faizabad.
The inhabitants profess Mahommedanism. Pop. 20,957.
BADALONA (bae-_d_[.a]-l[=o]'na), a Mediterranean seaport of Spain, 5 miles
from Barcelona. Pop. 19,240.
BADEN (bae'd[.e]n), formerly a Grand-Duchy and one of the more important
States of the German Empire, situated in the S.W. of Germany, to the west
of Wuerttemberg. It is divided into four districts, Constance, Freiburg,
Karlsruhe, and Mannheim. It has an area of 5819 sq. miles, and a pop. of
2,142,833. It is mountainous, being traversed to a considerable extent by
the lofty plateau of the Schwarzwald or Black Forest, which attains its
highest point in the Feldberg (4904 feet). The nucleus of this plateau
consists of gneiss and granite. In the north it sinks down towards the
Odenwald, which is, however, of different geological structure, being
composed for the most part of red sandstone. The whole of Baden, except a
small portion in the S.E., in which the Danube takes its rise, belongs to
the basin of the Rhine, which bounds it on the south and west. Numerous
tributaries of the Rhine intersect it, the chief being the Neckar. Lakes
are numerous, and include a considerable part of the Lake of Constance. The
climate varies much. The hilly parts, especially in the east, are cold and
have a long winter, while the valley of the Rhine enjoys the finest climate
of Germany. The principal minerals worked are coal, salt, iron, zinc, and
nickel. The number of mineral springs is remarkably great, and of these not
a few are of great celebrity. The vegetation is peculiarly rich, and there
are magnificent forests. The cereals comprise wheat, oats, barley, and rye.
Potatoes, hemp, tobacco, wine, and sugar-beet are largely produced. Several
of the wines, both white and red, rank in the first class. Baden has long
been famous for its fruits also. Of the total area 55.4 per cent is under
cultivation, 39.4 per cent under forest, and 5.2 per cent uncultivated
(houses, roads, water, &c.). The farms are mostly quite small. The
manufactures are important. Among them are textiles, tobacco and cigars,
chemicals, machinery, pottery ware, jewellery (especially at Pforzheim),
wooden clocks, confined chiefly to the districts of the Black Forest,
musical boxes and other musical toys. The capital is Karlsruhe, about 5
miles from the Rhine; the other chief towns are Mannheim,
Freiburg-im-Breisgau (with a Roman Catholic university), Baden, and
Heidelberg. Baden has warm mineral springs, which were known and used in
the time of the Romans. Heidelberg has a university (Protestant), founded
in 1386, the oldest in Germany. The railways have a length of 1200 miles,
and are all State property. In the time of the Roman Empire southern Baden
belonged to the Roman province of Rhaetia. Under the old German Empire it
was a margraviate, which in 1533 was divided into Baden-Baden and
Baden-Durlach, but reunited in 1771. The title of grand-duke was conferred
by Napoleon in 1806, and in the same year Baden was extended to its present
limits. Until 1918 the executive power was vested in the grand-duke, the
legislative in a house of legislature, consisting of an upper and a lower
chamber. The former consisted partly of hereditary members; the latter of
elected representatives of the people. In the break-up of the German Empire
in Nov., 1918, Baden was among the first States to feel the shock of
revolution. The Grand-Duke Frederick I abdicated, and the Provisional
Government, under the Socialist Herr Jeiss, proclaimed Baden a Republic.
Two-thirds of the population are Roman Catholics, the rest Protestants.
BADEN (or BADEN-BADEN, to distinguish it from other towns of the same name;
German _Bad_, a bath), a town and watering-place, in the former Grand-Duchy
of Baden, 18 miles S.S.W. of Karlsruhe, built in the form of an
amphitheatre on a spur of the Black Forest, overhanging a valley, through
which runs a little stream Oosbach. Baden has been celebrated from the
remotest antiquity for its thermal baths; and it used also to be celebrated
for its gaming-saloons. It has many good buildings, and a castle, the
summer residence of the former grand-dukes. Pop. 22,066.
BADEN, a town of Austria, 15 miles S.W. of Vienna. It has numerous hot
sulphurous springs, used both for bathing and drinking, and much
frequented. Pop. 19,000.
BADEN, a small town of Switzerland, canton Aargau, celebrated for its hot
sulphurous baths, which attract many visitors. Pop. 8318.
BADEN-POWELL. See _Powell_.
BADGE (baj), a distinctive device, emblem, mark, honorary decoration, or
special cognizance, used originally to identify a knight or distinguish his
followers, now worn as a sign of office or licensed employment, as a token
of membership in some society, or generally as a mark showing the relation
of the wearer to any person, occupation, or order. See _Cockade_,
_Heraldry_, _Totems_.
[Illustration: Common Badger (_Meles vulg[=a]ris_)]
BADGER (baj'[.e]r), a plantigrade, carnivorous mammal, allied both to the
bears and to the weasels, of a clumsy make, with short thick legs, and long
claws on the fore-feet. The common badger (_Meles vulg[=a]ris_) is as large
as a middling-sized dog, but much lower on the legs, with a flatter and
broader body, very thick tough hide, and long coarse hair. It inhabits the
north of Europe and Asia, burrows, is indolent and sleepy, feeds by night
on vegetables, small quadrupeds, &c. Its flesh may be eaten, and its hair
is used for artists' brushes in painting. The American badger belongs to a
separate genus. _Badger baiting_, or _drawing the badger_, is a barbarous
sport, long a favourite amusement in England, but declared illegal in the
middle of last century, and yet to some extent practised, generally as an
attraction to public-houses of the lowest sort. A badger is put in a
barrel, and one or more dogs are put in to drag him out. When this is
effected he is returned to his barrel, to be similarly assailed by a fresh
set. The badger usually makes a most determined and savage resistance.
BADGER DOG, a long-bodied, short-legged dog, with rather large pendulous
ears, usually short haired, black, and with yellow extremities; often
called by its German name _Dachshund_.
BAD'MINTON, a game closely resembling lawn-tennis, but played with
battledore and shuttle-cock instead of ball and racket: named after a seat
of the Duke of Beaufort, in Gloucestershire.
BADRINATH (-aet'), a peak of the main Himalayan range, in Garhwal District,
in the United Provinces, 23,210 feet above the sea. On one of its
shoulders, at an elevation of 10,400 feet, stands a celebrated temple of
Vishnu, which some years attracts as many as 50,000 pilgrims.
BAEDEKER (b[=a]'de-k[.e]r), Karl, a German publisher, born 1801, died 1859;
originator of a celebrated series of guide-books for travellers.
BAELZ'S DISEASE, an affection of the mouth characterized by swelling of the
mucous glands of the mouth and lips, leading to the formation of small
abscesses and ulcers.
BAENA (b[.a]-[=a]'n[.a]), a town of Spain, in Andalusia, province of
Cordova, and 24 miles S.S.E. of the city of that name. Pop. 14,730.
BAEZA (b[.a]-[=a]'th[.a]; anciently, BEATIA), a town of Spain, in
Andalusia, 22 miles E.N.E. of Jaen, with 15,843 inhabitants. The principal
edifices are the cathedral, the university (now suppressed), and the old
monastery of St. Philip de Neri.
BAFFA (ancient, PAPHOS), a seaport on the S.W. coast of Cyprus. Pop. 1000.
It occupies the site of New Paphos, which, under the Romans, was full of
beautiful temples and other public buildings. Old Paphos stood a little to
the south-east.
BAFFIN, William, an English navigator, born 1584, famous for his
discoveries in the Arctic regions; in 1616 he ascertained the limits of
Baffin Bay. He was killed at the siege of Ormuz, in the East Indies, 1622.
BAFFIN BAY, on the N.E. of North America, between Greenland and Baffin Land
and other islands that lie on the N. of the continent; discovered by Baffin
in 1616.
BAFULABE (b[.a]-f[u:]-lae-b[=a]), a trading-place in French West Africa, on
the Upper Senegal, and on the railway that runs from Kayes on the Senegal
to Bammako on the Niger.
BAGAMO'YO, a seaport of former German East Africa, a short distance
north-west of Dar-el-Salaam. There is no proper harbour, only a shallow and
rather exposed roadstead where ships have to anchor some distance from the
shore, yet it is the chief trading-centre of the colony, and as the
terminus of the caravan route to Tanganyika is a place of some importance.
Pop. about 25,000. See _European War_.
BAGASSE', the sugar-cane in its dry crushed state as delivered from the
mill, and after the main portion of its juice has been expressed; used as
fuel in the sugar factory, and called also _cane-trash_.
BAGATELLE', a game played on a long flat board covered with cloth like a
billiard-table, with spherical balls and a cue or mace. At the end of the
board are nine cups or sockets of just sufficient size to receive the
balls. These sockets are arranged in the form of a regular octagon, with
the ninth in the middle, and are numbered consecutively from one upwards.
Nine balls are used, generally one black, four white, and four red, the
distinction between white and red being made only for the sake of variety.
In the ordinary game, at starting, the black ball is placed on a point in
the longitudinal middle line of the board, a few inches in front of the
nearest of the sockets, and the player places one of his eight balls on a
corresponding point at the other end of the board, and tries to strike the
black ball into one of the sockets with his own. After this his object is
to place as many of his balls as possible in the sockets. Each ball so
placed counts as many as the socket is numbered for, and the black ball
always counts double. He who first makes the number of points agreed on
wins.
BAGDAD', or BAGHDAD, a city of a vilayet of same name (54,540 sq. miles;
pop. 900,000) in what was anciently Mesopotamia. The greater part of it
lies on the eastern bank of the Tigris, which is crossed by a bridge of
boats; old Bagdad, the residence of the caliphs (now in ruins), was on the
western bank of the river. The city occupies a large area. The houses are
mostly built of brick, the streets unpaved and very narrow, and there are
few buildings of any note. The palace of the governor is spacious. Of the
mosques only a few attract notice, many are in ruins; the bazaars are large
and well stocked; that of Dawd Pasha still ranks as one of the most
splendid in the world. Manufactures: leather, silks, cottons, woollens,
carpets, &c. Steamers ply on the river between Bagdad and Bassorah, and the
town exports wheat, dates, galls, gums, mohair, carpets, &c., to Europe,
the chief import being cotton goods. The estimated population is over
200,000; of these about 86,000 are Mahommedans, 52,000 Jews, and 7000
Christians. The city has been frequently visited by the plague. Bagdad was
founded in 762 by the Caliph Almansur, and raised to a high degree of
splendour in the ninth century by Harun Al Rashid. It is the scene of a
number of the tales of the _Arabian Nights_. It was long the chief city of
the Mahommedan world, and at one time is said to have had two millions of
inhabitants. In the thirteenth century it was stormed by Hulaku, grandson
of Genghis-Khan, who caused the reigning caliph to be slain, and destroyed
the caliphate. It was again laid waste by Timur in 1401. For a considerable
period it was the object of contention between the Persians and the Turks,
until it was besieged and captured by Sultan Murad IV in 1638. Since that
date it remained a part of the Turkish Empire. It was captured by the
British on 11th March, 1917.
BAGDAD RAILWAY, a railway which, under arrangement with the Turkish
Government, was intended to run from Konia, which is the terminus of the
Anatolian railway system, to Bagdad, Basra (Bassorah), and the Persian
Gulf. It was built chiefly by means of funds provided by German and French
financiers, in association with the Anatolian Railway Company, a German
company. The line has been constructed continuously as far as Kara Bunar in
Cilicia. Farther on, the following sections have been completed: Dorak to
Bagtche, on the Ordana side of the Taurus Mountains; Radjun, via Muslimie,
to Jerablus, on the Euphrates, with a branch from Muslimie to Aleppo;
Jerablus to El-Abiad, and Bagdad to Samara. A branch line has also been
completed from Alexandretta to Toprak Kale. Of the distance from Konia to
Bagdad (1509 miles), 1117 miles (with gaps) are already working. In 1919
the railway system passed to the Allies, and in 1920 it was announced that
the line between Basra and Bagdad had been completed.
BAGEHOT (bag'ot), Walter, English economist and journalist, born at
Langport, Somerset, 1826, died at the same place 1877. He studied at
Bristol, and at University College, London, and graduated as B.A. and M.A.
at the London University (1848). He was for some time associated with his
father in the banking business at Langport, and for a number of years he
acted as London agent for the bank. He was one of the editors of the
_National Review_ (1855-64), and from 1860 till his death he was editor and
part proprietor of the _Economist_. His chief works are: _Physics and
Politics_; _The English Constitution_; _Lombard Street_; and _Studies,
Literary, Biographic, and Economic_. He was a high authority on economics,
banking, and finance, and was often consulted by public men.
[Illustration: Baggala]
BAG'GALA, a two-masted Arab boat, generally 200-250 tons burden, used for
trading in the Indian Ocean, Red Sea, &c.
BAGGESEN (bag'e-sen), Jens, a Danish poet, who also wrote much in German,
born 1764, at Korsoer, died at Hamburg, 1826. He led a rather wandering and
unsettled life, spending some time in England as well as in France and
Germany. He tried lyric, epic, and dramatic poetry, but was most successful
as a humorist and satirist. One of his best poems is his famous song _There
was a Time when I was very Little_.
BAGGING is the name of the textile material which is used in the making of
bags. Baltic hemp was the first material used for the purpose, but now all
kinds of fibres are used, though the majority of bags are made of jute
fibre. The style of the bagging used depends, naturally, upon the
requirements of the bag; for the export of raw cotton from the United
States of America we find the coarsest of all cotton-bagging used. When
intended to carry grain, spices, sugar, &c., the bag must be made of
closely-woven material. In many cases bags to carry sugar are lined with
paper.
BAGHELKAND, a tract of country in Central India, occupied by a collection
of native States (Rewah being the chief), under the Governor-General's
agent for Central India; area, 11,323 sq. miles. Pop. 1,772,574.
BAGHERIA (b[.a]-g[=a]'r[=e]-[.a]), a town of Sicily, province of Palermo, 9
miles by railway from the city of Palermo. Pop. 21,212.
BAGIMONT'S ROLL, a rent-roll of Scotland, made up in 1275 by _Baiamund_ or
_Boiamond_ de Vicci, vulgarly called _Bagimont_, who was sent from Rome by
the Pope, in the reign of Alexander III, to collect the tithe of all the
church livings in Scotland for an expedition to the Holy Land. It remained
the statutory valuation, according to which the benefices were taxed, till
the Reformation. A copy of it as it existed in the reign of James V is in
the Advocates' Library, Edinburgh.
BAGIRMI (b[.a]-gir'm[=e]), or BAGHERMI, a Mohammedan Negro State in Central
Africa, situated to the south-east of Lake Tchad. It is mostly a plain; has
an area of about 20,000 sq. miles, and about 100,000 inhabitants. The
people are industrious, and fairly civilized. The country is in the French
sphere of influence, but the people are still under a native ruler.
BAGNARA (b[.a]-nyae'r[.a]), a seaport near the S.W. extremity of Italy.
Pop. 11,000.
BAGNERES DE BIGORRE (b[.a]n-y[=a]r d[.e] b[=e]-gorr), a watering-place,
France, department Hautes-Pyrenees, on the left bank of the Adour. It owes
its chief celebrity to its sulphurous and saline baths. The springs were
known to and used by the Romans. The site is one of the most romantic in
the Pyrenees, and the town is well built and well provided with
accommodation for visitors. Pop. 8455.
BAGNERES DE LUCHON (b[.a]n-y[=a]r d[.e] lu-sh[=o]n), a town, France,
department Haute-Garonne, in a picturesque valley surrounded by wooded
hills, one of the principal watering-places of the Pyrenees, having
sulphurous thermal waters, beneficial in rheumatic complaints. There is a
large bathing establishment, and a large and splendid casino building,
comprising a theatre, concert and ball rooms, &c. Resident pop. 4000.
BAGNI (baen'y[=e]), Italian for 'baths', a name in Italy for various places
which possess natural baths or thermal springs, with some designation added
to mark the particular locality. _Bagni di Lucca_, in the province of
Lucca, and about 13 miles north-east of the city of Lucca, is one of the
most frequented of these bathing-places, its waters being recommended
against gout, rheumatism, affections of the skin, &c.
BAGPIPE, a musical wind-instrument of very great antiquity, having been
used among the ancient Greeks, and being a favourite instrument over Europe
generally in the fifteenth century. It still continues in use among the
country people of Poland, Italy, the south of France, and in Scotland and
Ireland. Though now often regarded as the national instrument of Scotland,
especially Celtic Scotland, it is only Scottish by adoption, being
introduced into that country from England. It consists of a leathern bag,
which receives the air from the mouth, or from bellows; and of pipes, into
which the air is pressed from the bag by the performer's elbow. In the
common or Highland form, one pipe (called the _chanter_) plays the melody;
of the three others (called _drones_) two are in unison with the lowest _A_
of the chanter, and the third and longest an octave lower, the sound being
produced by means of reeds. The chanter has eight holes, which the
performer stops and opens at pleasure, but the scale is imperfect and the
tone harsh. The Highland bagpipe is a powerful instrument, and calls for
great exertion of the lungs in order that the air may be supplied in
sufficient quantity. There are several other species of bagpipes, as the
soft and melodious Irish bagpipe, supplied with wind by a bellows, and
having several keyed drones and a keyed chanter; the old English bagpipe
(now no longer used); the Italian bagpipe, a very rude instrument, &c. The
Irish bagpipe is, musically speaking, the most perfect of
all.--BIBLIOGRAPHY: Sir J. G. Dalyell, _Musical Memoirs of Scotland_; E. de
Bricqueville, _Les Musettes_.
BAGRATION (b[.a]g-rae'ty[=o]n), Peter, Prince, distinguished Russian
general, descended from a noble Georgian family. He was born in 1765,
entered the Russian army in 1782, and henceforth was constantly engaged in
active service, distinguishing himself in many actions and gradually rising
in military rank. He fought in Poland, in Italy, and against the Turks, was
engaged in the battles of Austerlitz, Eylau, and Friedland, and at last was
mortally wounded at the battle of Borodino, Sept., 1812.
BAGSHOT-SAND, in geology, the collective name for a series of sands of the
Eocene age, occupying extensive tracts round Bagshot, in Surrey, and in the
New Forest, Hampshire, the whole reposing on the London-clay; generally
devoid of fossils.
BAGSTER, Samuel, publisher, founder of the firm of Bagster & Sons,
celebrated for their bibles, was born in 1772, and died in 1851. He began
business as a London bookseller in 1794, and soon turned his attention to
the publication of bibles, bringing out a Hebrew bible, the _Septuagint_
(Greek) version, and the English version, with 60,000 parallel references,
followed by his great polyglot bible, which in its final form showed eight
languages at the opening of the volume. Separate versions in different
languages were also brought out, with various other aids to the study of
Scripture; a polyglot _Book of Common Prayer_, in eight languages; &c.
BAHA'DUR SHAH, the last of the Grand Moguls of India, a descendant of
Tamerlane. In 1857, during the Indian Mutiny, the Mahommedans, who wished
to restore the Empire of the Moguls, placed him, then a very old man, at
the head of the movement in Delhi; but the city was soon retaken by the
British, and the Emperor was banished to Rangoon, where he died in 1862.
BAHA'MA ISLANDS, or LUCAYOS, a group of islands in the West Indies, forming
a colony belonging to Britain, lying N.E. of Cuba and S.E. of the coast of
Florida, the Gulf Stream passing between them and the mainland. They extend
a distance of upwards of 600 miles, and are said to be twenty-nine in
number, besides keys and rocks innumerable. The principal islands are Grand
Bahama, Great and Little Abaco, Andros Islands, New Providence, Eleuthera,
San Salvador, Great Exuma, Watling Island, Long Island, Crooked Island,
Acklin Island, Mariguana Island, Grand Inagua. Of the whole group about
twenty are inhabited, the most populous being New Providence, which
contains the capital, Nassau; the largest being Andros, 100 miles long, 20
to 40 broad. They are low and flat, and have in many parts extensive
forests. Total area, 4400 sq. miles. The soil is a thin but rich vegetable
mould, and an important product is pineapples, which form a large export
(both canned and green). Other fruits are also grown, with sisal hemp (a
valuable export), cotton, sugar, maize, yams, ground nuts, coco-nuts, &c.
Sponges are obtained in large quantity, and are at present the chief
export. Total exports about L382,140 (1919). The Bahama Islands are a very
favourite winter resort for persons suffering from lung trouble. San
Salvador, or Cat Island, is generally believed to be the same as Guanahani,
the land first touched on by Columbus (12th Oct., 1492) on his first great
voyage. The first British settlement was made on New Providence towards the
close of the seventeenth century. A number of loyal Americans settled in
the islands after the War of Independence. Pop. 55,944, including 14,000
whites.
BAHA'WALPUR, a town of India, capital of State of same name in the Punjab,
2 miles from the Sutlej; surrounded by a mud wall and containing the
extensive palace of the Nawab. Pop. 18,700. The State has an area of 15,000
sq. miles, of which 10,000 is desert, the only cultivated lands lying along
the Indus and Sutlej. Pop. 780,641.