----------------------------+-------------------------------_The History of the Revolutions of Portugal

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THE

HISTORY

THE REVOLUTIONS

PORTUGAL.

BY THE ABBÉ VERTOT.

CONTINUED TO THE PRESENT TIME,

_With historical and critical Notes, a chronological

Table of the Kings of Portugal, and

a Description of_

BRAZIL.

BY LOUIS DE BOISGELIN,

CHEVALIER DE MALTHE.

_Hos Viriathus agit, Lusitanumque Remotis

Extractum Lustris, primo Viriathus in ævo

Nomen Romanis factum mox nobile Damnis._

SILIUS Ital. _de Bell. Pun._ Lib. 3.

LONDON:

Printed by and for R. Juigné, No. 17, Margaret-street,

Cavendish-square.

Sold by LONGMAN, HURST, REES, and ORME,

Paternoster-row.

1809.

PREFACE.

The study of modern history has been, during a long course of years,

greatly neglected in the generality of public schools; but it now begins

to be regarded (as indeed it ought always to have been) as an object of

the greatest importance. In England, particularly, it constitutes one of

the principal branches of both public and private education.

The abbé de Vertot's History of the Revolutions of Portugal has been

always esteemed equally entertaining and instructive; and as such more

especially calculated for the use of young people. The late events in

that country has made it doubly interesting, and nothing now seems

wanting to complete so excellent a performance, but to continue the

narrative to the present period. This, however, if accurately given,

would greatly exceed the limits we propose to ourselves in this little

Work: to others, therefore, must we leave so laborious a task, and

merely content ourselves with presenting to the public the _annals of

Portugal_, from the war which the Portugueze term that of the

_acclamation_, to the battle of Veimera. We cannot even pretend to take

notice of several of the principal events which happened during that

space of time, though we have been particularly attentive in

investigating _those_ which have given rise _to_, and ended _in_

revolutions. We have also endeavoured to give a just idea of the

character of the different kings of Portugal, with the talents of the

ministers who have defended the royal authority, and the qualities of

those who have attacked it.

In regard to the revolution which lately threatened the total

annihilation of the throne of Portugal; the events which occasioned it,

and those which have happily stopped its progress, are so recent, and

so known, that we thought it needless to enter upon the subject.

Such has always been our respect for Vertot, that we have never presumed

to interrupt the course of his narrative; except, indeed, the very few

notes we have ventured to add, may be liable to such an interpretation.

This celebrated author having passed over in silence many of the

monarchs who reigned in Portugal, previous to the revolution he so

particularly described, we have added a chronological and historical

Table of the different kings from Henry of Burgundy, count of Portugal,

to John the IVth, duke of Braganza. We have likewise joined an accurate,

historical and critical Catalogue, not only of the works of the greater

part of the authors quoted by Vertot in his notes, (whose _names_ he

only mentions) but of all the most important books since published

relative to Portugal and its colonies.

The recent departure of the family of Braganza from Lisbon, and their

arrival in Brazil, has called for the attention, and interested the

minds of every one. We have therefore been tempted to give a slight

sketch of a country which is now become an object of no small curiosity:

to which we have added, for the satisfaction of those readers who may be

desirous of a more minute description, a list of the principal authors

who have made this beautiful, though remote part of the new world, the

particular object of their attention.

ACCURATE, HISTORICAL, AND CRITICAL

CATALOGUE

_Of the principal Works published relative to the History of Portugal._

_Résendius_ (Andrew, or Louis Andrew). John the IIId appointed him to

superintend the education of his two brothers. He published two works,

which are much esteemed: the first entitled, _de Antiquitatibus

Lusitaniæ_, (printed in folio at Evora, in 1593); and the second,

_Deliciæ Lusitano-Hispanicæ_. His brother Garcias published a folio

History of John the IIId, in Portugueze.

_Vasconcellos_ (Antonio) has published different works. One of the most

esteemed is entitled, _Anacephalosis id est summa Capita actorem regum

Lusitaniæ_.

_Texeira_ (Joseph) embraced the cause of the king, don Antonio, and

followed him to France, where he was greatly favoured by Henry the IIId,

and Henry the IVth. His work, called _Portugaliæ Ortu_, is not in very

great repute.

_Faria_ (de Sousa Emmanual) was born in 1610, and died in 1659. His

narratives are more eloquent than historical; he exhausts himself in

harangues and reflexions, treating the greatest and the most trifling

events with the same degree of importance. His principal characters are

always _heroes_, and never _men_. His most celebrated work is divided

into three parts; the first, containing the ancient history of

Lusitania; the second, the conquests made by the Portugueze in Asia, and

the eastern parts of Africa; and the third, the wars which took place in

that part of Africa which is opposite to Andalusia, and the kingdom of

Algarva. This work is curious and accurate, and has been translated into

Italian, French, and English. The same author has published a history of

Portugal, terminating at the reign of cardinal Henry. It has gone

through several editions; the best of which was printed in folio, in

1730, and is continued to a later epoch.

_Brito_ (Bernard de) a cistercian monk, historiographer of Portugal, was

born in 1569, and died in 1612. He published the _Monarchia Lusitana_, 7

vols. in folio, Lisbon, 1597, and 1612. This is a history of Portugal

which goes back as far as count Henry, and is elegantly written. Father

Antonio, and father Francisco Brandhamo, members of the same society,

have continued this history to the reign of Alphonso the IIId. The two

first volumes alone were written by Brito, who, however, was the author

of the _Panegyrics of the Kings of Portugal, with their Portraits_; and

also of the _Ancient Geography of Portugal_. There is likewise another

_Brito_, (Francisco) who wrote _Guerra Brasilica_, in 2 vols. folio,

printed at Lisbon in 1675.

_Brandhamo_, and his continuator, have only given a description of the

events which took place in Portugal from the usurpation of Philip the

IId to the revolution, with the consequences which attended it in the

reign of Philip the IVth.

_Birago_, of the order of Malta, has written on the same subject.

_Brandhamo_ wishing to adopt great simplicity of style, becomes very

dry, and sinks into a mere newspaper writer; whilst _Birago_ writes with

more spirit, his style is more equal, his reflexions lively and

ingenious, and his characters and descriptions interesting. This work

was translated, on its first appearance, into all the European

languages. The works of Birago and Brandhamo, were originally in

Italian, and tinctured with a degree of bombast, even in the most

trifling relations. They likewise introduced _concettis_ (puns) on

several occasions; than which nothing can be more ridiculous,

particularly in history.

_D'Eryceira_ (don Fernando Louis de Menesés, count) wrote _Portogallo

restorado_, which contains the causes, progress, and consequences of the

revolution, till the peace which Castille was forced to make with

Portugal in 1668. This work is written in Portugueze, and with all the

delicacy, strength, and energy of which that language is capable. He is

sometimes, however, too minute, since he enters into particulars, which,

though very interesting to his cotemporaries, and countrymen, are but

little so to foreigners: his book may, therefore, more properly be

termed a selection of excellent materials for writing a history, than a

regular history in itself. The Foreign Journal for 1757 contains a

catalogue of the numerous works of this author.

_Alegrette_ (count de) wrote the life of John the IId, in Latin, and in

so pure and elegant a style, that an author of the Augustan age need not

have blushed to acknowledge. His mode of writing is compact, though

clear; copious, but not diffuse. During the whole course of the work,

his principal heroes are constantly in view, whilst the characters and

different personages who play a part in the scene are perfectly natural

and varied.

_Barros_ (John de) born in 1496, died in 1570, was an author who was

reputed the _Livy_ of Portugal. He lived at the period when the

Portugueze first extended their conquests into Asia. His style is

simple, but he does not possess that noble and nervous simplicity of

expression by which d'Alegrette is so particularly distinguished.

Barros's work is divided into decades, the whole of which, has never

been printed. The greater part of the authors who have written on the

Indies, since Barros, have merely translated his work, and that in a

very inferior style. They are indeed very poor copies of a tolerably

good original. Possevin, and the president de Thou, are warm in their

encomiums on Barros, whilst la Boulaye le Goux represents him as a

paltry scribbler, whose history of Asia and India is not worth the pains

of reading. Both the praise and censure are certainly much exaggerated:

several authors, however, have continued this work, and likewise divided

their continuation into decades. Barros published the 1st in 1552, and

the second in 1563; the 4th never appeared till 1615, when it was

published by the command of Philip the IIId, who gave orders for

purchasing the manuscript from Barros's heirs. The succeeding decades,

from the 5th to the 13th, are not written by Barros. The best edition of

this work was printed at Lisbon, in 1736, in 3 vols. in folio. It has

been translated into Spanish by Alphonso Ulloa.

_Father du Tarry_, (a Jesuit) has copied less from Barros, than any of

the authors who have treated on the same subject. His history of the

East Indies contains several extraordinary and curious facts, of which

Barros, either from ignorance or inattention, has never made mention.

The principal subject of the Jesuit's history, is the progress of

Christianity amongst the idolaters. This author wants order and taste;

but his descriptions are lively, and his reflexions strong.

_Lafitau_ (Joseph Francis) published _Histoire des Découvertes, et des

Conquêtes des Portugais dans le nouveau Monde_. Printed at Paris, 1733,

2 vols. in quarto; and in 1734, 4 vols. duodecimo. This work is

accurate, and not ill written: which is not the case with the history,

by Abbé Raynal.

_Mariana_ (John) died in 1634, aged 87. His history of Spain may be

said not only to comprise that of Portugal, but that of the whole world.

Notwithstanding the minute, and indeed sometimes inaccurate relations

contained in his history of Spain, his imagination is so lively,

fertile, and varied; his style so smooth and pithy, that he has ever

been regarded one of the first writers of his time and nation. The best

Spanish edition of this history is that of Madrid, 1698, 2 vols. in

folio.

_Quien de la Neufville_, born in 1647, died in 1728, wrote the history

of Portugal, in 2 vols. quarto, published in 1700, by Anisson, royal

printer. This work is carried on no farther than the year 1521. The

author has neglected mentioning several very important facts, and taken

but very slight notice of many others: his work, however, in other

particulars, is an estimable one, and entitled him to a place in the

academy of inscriptions in Paris; it also procured him a pension for

life from the king of Portugal, of 1500 French livres.

_La Clede_ (Mr. de) was secretary to the maréchal de Coigny. He

published the _Nouvelle Histoire de du Portugal_, in 2 vols. quarto, in

1730; and the same work in 1735, in 9 vols. in duodecimo. This history

finishes at the peace between the Portugueze and Spaniards in 1668: to

which is added, a simple recapitulation of the principal facts taken

place from that epoch to the year 1713. La Clede reproaches Mr. le Quien

de la Neufville in his preface, with (as has been already mentioned)

passing over, or slightly taking notice of several important

circumstances. He also accuses the Abbé Vertot of having written his

account of the celebrated revolution of 1640, more agreeably than

faithfully. The greatest encomium we can possibly bestow on la Clede,

is, that the Portugueze esteem his history of their country, the best

which ever appeared in a foreign language.

Those of our readers who wish to be more particularly acquainted with

the authors who have written on Portugal, may consult _Méthode pour

étudier l'Histoire_, of Langlet de Fresnoi, and likewise that volume of

the universal history which treats of Portugal; the notes of which

contain the names and works of those authors, from whose authority they

have taken their facts. This history unfortunately terminates at the

peace of Utrecht. Two works relative to the history of Portugal have

lately been published by two authors of that country. The English, who

have written their travels into Portugal, viz. Springel, Murphy and

Link, have given some very curious accounts of that country, and their

works are very deservedly esteemed. We also particularly recommend the

perusal of Dumourier's _Etat du Portugal_; this book is, generally

speaking, an excellent one; and we have consulted it on several

occasions; it must, however, be read with caution; nor must the reader

entirely trust even to the quarto edition, printed at Hamburgh, in 1797:

since the author must now be too well acquainted with the English and

their resources, to believe[1] "that the descent on England, so often

prepared by the French government, and so often prevented by the gold

and intrigues of the cabinet of St. James's, could not fail of success,

if the French seriously attempted it; and that a peace alone can

possibly ward off a blow, which must crush the English, and bring

forward a revolution of the same nature as that which has taken place in

France."

The same author being likewise at this present moment equally, nay still

more acquainted with the _generosity_ than with the _resources_ of the

British nation, we flatter ourselves he will no longer be of opinion,[2]

"that the English _insult even when they seem to oblige_;" and that he,

however, will be the last who will verify what he advances, "_that their

manner of conferring favours, has caused nothing but ingratitude_."

* * * * *

_Names of the principal Authors who have written on Brazil._

PORTUGUEZE.

_Vandelli_ (Dominicus). Natural History. Botany.

_Andrada_ (D.) Natural History. Mineralogy. Diamonds.[3]

_Vasconcellos._ General History.

_Bérredo_. General History.

_Da Cunha de Azérido Continho_, bishop of Fernamburo. History, and

Commerce with England.

GERMANS.

_Faber_ (Ulicus). General Description, and Travels.

_Schmidel_ (Hulderivus). General Description, and Travels.

_Staduis_ (Joanes). General History, and Travels.

_Nicuhof_ (Johan). General Description, and Travels.

_Shneider_ (Johan Gottlop). Natural History. Zoology.

_Marcgraf_ (George). Saxon. Natural and General History.

FRENCH.

_Lérius_ (Joanes). General Description, and Travels.

_Condamine_ (Charles Marie de la). Partial Description, and Travels.

_Froger_ (F.) Partial Description, and Travels.

DUTCH.

_Baro_ (Roulex). Partial Description, and Travels.

_Piso_ (Guileilmus). Natural History. Botany.

ENGLISH.

_Knivet._ General Description, and Travels.

_Lindley_ (Thomas). Partial Description, and Travels.

_L'Histoire générale des Voyages_, contains several interesting

particulars relative to Brazil. We have consulted the last edition,

published by M. de la Harpe, for our account of animals and plants. Our

division of Brazil is taken from Pinkerton, and more especially from

Mantele; we have also the same authorities for what we say on the

governments, population, towns and commerce of that country. D'Andrado's

_Mémoire sur les Diamants de Brésil_, has been useful to us on the

subject of the diamond mines; and we have likewise consulted l'abbé

Raynal and Dumourier.

A CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORICAL TABLE OF THE KINGS OF PORTUGAL,

_From Henry, duke of Burgundy, count of Portugal, to John IV, duke of

Braganza, and king of Portugal._

----------------------------------------------------------------------

KINGS AND QUEENS | The Year of their |

|-----------------------------| CHILDREN.

--------------------+-------+-----+---------+-----+-------------------

| | | | |

Alphonso Enriquez, | | |1112 |1185 |Henry died young

| | | | |

| | | | |

---------------------------------------------------------------

ALLIANCES. | PRINCIPAL EVENTS.

--------------------------+---------------------------------------

| Henry was count of the canton

Ferdinand Nuguez, a |of Lusitania, situated between the

Portugueze nobleman. |Douro and the Minho. He fixed

Bermond Paez, count |his residence at Guimaraez, on the

of Trasmare, a natural |banks of the river Ave. Henry entered

son. |Spain to assist Alphonso IV,

|king of Castille and Leon, against

|the Moors, who rewarded his services

|by giving him his natural

|daughter Theresa in marriage, together

|with the county of Lusitania.

|Henry afterwards took from

|the Moors Viseo, Lamego, Braga

|and Coimbra.

| 1139, the battle of Campo Ourique,

|since called Cabeza de Reis

|or (head of the king). Alphonso, in

The first wife of Alphonso|commemoration of the victory obtained

II, king of Arragon. |that day over five Moorish

Married first to Philip, |kings, added five small escutcheons

count of Flandres, and |to his arms.

secondly to Eudes III, | In 1143 or 1147, the states assembled

duke of Burgundy. |at Lamego, confirmed the

|title of king, which his army had

|bestowed on the field of battle at

|Campo Ourique, and established

|the fundamental laws relative to the

|succession of the crown. (See

|Vertot.)

| 1147 the institution (according to

|some authors) of the two military

|orders of the Wing and of Avis; the

|latter was not worn as at present

|till the year 1162.

___________________________________________________________________________

| |

| The Year of their |

_______________________|______|_________|_________|________|_______________

| | | | |

Sancho I. |1154 | | 1185 | 1211 |Alphonso, king,

| | | | La | Ferdinand,

of Arragon. | | | | Fer- |

| | | | |

Alphonso II, surnamed |1185 | 1207 | 1211 | 1223 |Sancho, king,

| | | | |

Sancho II, surnamed |1208 | | 1223 | 1248 |

| | | | |

Alphonso III. |1210 | 1238 | 1248 | 1279 |Denis, king,

---------------------------+--------------------------------------

ALLIANCES. | PRINCIPAL EVENTS.

---------------------------+--------------------------------------

|1147 or 1148. Capture of Lisbon:

|The royal residence was at

|that time at Coimbra.

|1203, capture of Elvas.

Joanna, daughter of |

Baldwin, emperor of |

Constantinople. |

Aurembiax, countess of |

Urgel. |

Alphonso IX, k. of Leon. |

Waldemar, king of Denmark. |

|1217. A great victory gained

|over the Moorish kings of Cordova

|and Badajos.

Waldemar, prince of |

Denmark. |

He married, or as it is |1245. King Sancho was excommunicated

generally thought, had |by the pope, and quitted

for a concubine donna |the kingdom. He died in 1248, at

Mencia, daughter of don |Toledo.

Lopez Dias de Haro, by |

donna Urraca, the natural |

daughter of Alphonso III, |

king of Castille. |

|1267. The king of Castille gave

|up the kingdom of Algarve to Alphonso,

|of which, however, he still

|continued the usufructuary.

-----------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------

| The Year of their: |

KINGS AND QUEENS +---------+--------+--------+------+ CHILDREN.

-----------------------+---------+--------+--------+------+-----------------

Denis, surnamed _the | 1261 | 1282 | 1279 | 1325 |Alphonso, king,

| | | | |

| | | | |

Alphonso IV, surnamed | 1291 | 1309 | 1325 | 1357 |Alphonso } died

_the brave_ or _the | or | | | |Denis } young

Sancho IV, king of | of | | | |

| | | | |

Pedro I, surnamed | 1320 | 1339 | 1357 | 1367 |By the queen

| | | | |

Inez de Castro, | | | | | By

| | | | |

| | | | |

----------------------------+----------------------------------------

ALLIANCES. | PRINCIPAL EVENTS.

----------------------------+----------------------------------------

| 1290. A university founded at

Ferdinand IV, king of |Lisbon, which was transferred to

Castille. |Coimbra in 1308. The Portugueze

|language underwent several improvements;

|and the celebrated romance

|of _Amadis de Gaul_ was written

|by Vasco Lobeira. The French

|have endeavoured, though in vain,

|to attribute it to one of their nation.

| 1319, institution of the ordre of

|Christ.

| 1340. Famous battle of _Tarisa_

|or _Celdona_, in which, according

|to the Spanish historians, more than

Alphonso XI, king of |200,000 Moors were slain.

Castille. | 1355, the king causes the celebrated

Second wife of Pedro IV, |Inez de Castro to be put to

king of Arragon. |death.

| 1361. Don Pedro gave orders for

|the body of Inez de Castro, to be

|taken up, and removed with all the

|pomp due to royalty, to the royal

|monastery of Alcobaça, there to be

Ferdinand of Arragon, |interred under a white marble

Marquis of Tortosa. |monument, on which she is represented

|with a crown on her

|head.

Jane, natural daughter of |

Henry II, k. of Castille. |

Maria Tellez, and, secondly,|

Constance, natural |

daughter of Henry |

II, king of Castille. |

-------------------------+-----------------------------+---------------------

| The Year of their |

KINGS AND QUEENS +-----+--------+--------+-----+ CHILDREN.

-------------------------+-----+--------+--------+-----+---------------------

Ferdinand. | 1340| 1372 | 1367 | 1383|Beatrix,

| | | | |

John I, surnamed the | 1357| 1387 | 1383 | 1433|Edward,

| | | | |

| | | | |

Edward. | 1391| 1428 | 1433 | 1438|Alphonso, king,

| | | | |

Alphonso V, surnamed | 1432| 1446 | 1438 | 1481|Jane or Joanna,

| | | | |

---------------------------+------------------------------------------

ALLIANCES. | PRINCIPAL EVENTS.

---------------------------+------------------------------------------

Don Juan I, of Castille. | 1381, the English, under the

|command of the earl of Cambridge,

|brother to the duke of Lancaster,

|came to the assistance of the king.

| 1385. Battle of d'Aljubarotta

|against the king of Castille. A

|convent built on the field of battle,

|which afterwards became the burying

|place for the kings of Portugal.

|Ferdinand Nugno Alvarez Perreyra,

|constable of Portugal, was made

Philip _the good_, duke of |duke of Braganza, as a reward for

Burgundy. |his great services. His heiress afterwards

|married Alphonso of Portugal,

|the natural son of John I, from

|which marriage sprung the family

|of Braganza now reigning in Portugal.

| 1415, capture of Ceuta in Africa.

| 1420, discovery and conquest of

|Madeira.

| 1422, the Christian era first in

|general use throughout Portugal.

Frederic III, Emperor. |

| 1459. Alphonso V instituted

Henry IV, king of Castille.|the order of the sword.

| 1476. The battle of Toro gained

|by Ferdinand, king of Castille,

|against Alphonso, who goes to

|France to demand assistance from

|Louis XI, whom he met at Tours.

|He embarked the next year at

|Houfleur, in Normandy, for Portugal,

|where he arrived Nov. 15.

________________________________________________________________________

KINGS AND QUEENS | The Year of their | | CHILDREN.

_____________________|_____|_________|_________|_____|__________________

_the perfect._ |1455 | | 1481 |1495 |Alphonso died

_the fortunate_. |1469 | | 1495 |1521 |

____________________________________________________________

ALLIANCES. | PRINCIPAL EVENTS.

___________________|________________________________________

| 1482, John II, erected Fort St.

| George on the coast of Guinea.

| 1483. The duke of Braganza beheaded

| for conspiring with the king

| of Castille against the state.

| 1486. The Cape of Good Hope

| discovered by Bartholomew Diuz,

| who gave it at first the name of

| _Capo Tormento_.

| 1492. Discovery of the kingdoms

| of Congo and Benin.

| 1493, The Pope fixes the line

| of demarcation which limits the

| navigation of the two crowns of

| Spain and Portugal in the new

| hemisphere. This line was afterwards

| changed by pope Alexander

| VI.

| 1496. Emmanuel banished the

| Jews.

| 1497, Vasguez and Paul Gama

| doubled the Cape of Good Hope,

| for the first time; they discovered

| the whole of the eastern coast of

| Ethiopia, and in

| 1498 arrived at Calcutta.

| 1500, Pedro Alvarez Capral or

| Cabral, discovered Brazil.

| 1506, Francisco d'Almyda formed

| several settlements in the kingdoms

| of _Norsinque_, _Quito_, _Cananor_,

| and _Cochin_. His son Lorenzo

| took possession of the Maldiva

| islands, and the island of Ceylon.

| 1507, Ormus taken by Francisco

| Alburquerque.

| 1510, Jaquez Signeira entered

Emperor Charles V. | the island of Sumatra. Alburquerque

| took Goa by surprise.

------------------+-------------------------------------+----------------

KINGS AND QUEENS | The Year of their | CHILDREN.

------------------+-------+----------+----------+-------+----------------

| | | | |

| | | | |

John III. | 1502 | | 1521 | 1557 | Alphonso,

| | | | |

| | | | |

Sebastian, son of | 1554 | | 1557 | 1578 |

| | | | |

Henry I, cardinal.| 1512 | | 1578 | 1580 | See History of

Anthonio, grand | 1531 | | 1580 | 1595 |

| | | | |

---------------------------------------------------------------------

ALLIANCES. | PRINCIPAL EVENTS.

---------------------------------------------------------------------

Charles III, duke of | 1511, Capture of the island of

Savoy. |Malacca.

| 1517, Ferdinand Peres Auduade

|landed in China, and obtained permission

|to build the town of Macao.

| 1520, Anthonio Correa discovered

|Pegu.

| A modern author takes notice

|of earthquakes which happened in

|the beginning of John IIId's reign,

|but we know not on what authority

|he founds his information.

| 1526, The inquisition instituted

|in Portugal.

Phillip II, king of Spain. | 1541. Introduction of the Jesuits.

|The king takes the habit of

|that order, and submits himself to

|the superior, though by permission

|of the Holy See he still preserved

|his crown.

| 1548. Orange trees first brought

|from China, and planted in Portugal.

| 1578. Sebastian defeated by the

|Moors in the battle of Alcacer.

|For particulars of this unfortunate

|expedition into Africa, (see Vertot.)

| Sebastian was the first king of

|Portugal who bore the title of majesty

|bestowed upon him by Philip

|II, of Spain.

| 1580. Anthonio defeated at Alcantara

|by the Spaniards. He flew

|for refuge to France, where he

|died in 1595, and having made

|Henry IV his heir, he particularly

|recommended his two sons to his

|protection.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------

| The Year of their |

KINGS AND QUEENS | [------------------] | CHILDREN.

---------------------------+---------------------------------------------

Philip II of Spain, | | | 1580 |1598 |

| | | | |

Philip III, and II of | | | 1621 |1640 |

| | | | |

Philip IV, and III of | | | 1640 | |

| | | | |

John IV, duke of Braganza, |1604 | | 1640 |1656 | Alphonso VI. k.

-------------------------------------------------------------------

ALLIANCES. | PRINCIPAL EVENTS.

----------------------------------+---------------------------------

| 1581. States general of Portugal

| held at Tomar. Philip II acknowledged

| as king, provided Portugal

| might ever be regarded as a

| separate and independent kingdom,

| of which Lisbon should be

| the capital. So many persons

| were thrown into the Tagus, that

| the inhabitants would not eat the

| fish, whereupon the archbishop of

| Lisbon, solemnly, and with the

| accustomed rites, absolved and

| blessed the river.

| Vertot commences his relation

| of the Revolution at this epoch,

| which we continue till the departure

Charles II, king of | of the family of Braganza for

England. | Brazil, or, more properly speaking

| till the battle of Veimera.

| The title of prince of Brazil was

| first confered on the presumptive

| heir to the crown during the reign

| of John IV.

* * * * *

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HISTORY

OF THE

REVOLUTIONS OF PORTUGAL.

The kingdom of Portugal makes part of the great extent of country called

Spain;[4] most of its provinces bear the names of the different kingdoms

into which it is divided: that of Portugal lies to the West of Castille,

and on the most western coast of Europe; it is only a hundred and ten

leagues in length, and its greatest breadth does not exceed fifty. The

soil is fertile, the air wholesome, and the heat of the climate is

tempered by refreshing breezes and fruitful showers. The crown is

hereditary, and the monarch absolute. The formidable tribunal of the

Inquisition is regarded by this prince as the safest and most useful

means of forwarding his political views, and as such, employed by him

with the greatest success. The Portugueze are naturally fiery, proud,

and arrogant, greatly attached to their religion, though more

superstitious than truly devout; they regard almost every event as a

prodigy, and not only persuade themselves, but endeavour to persuade

others, that they are the peculiar favourites of Providence, which never

fails to protect them in the most extraordinary manner.

The original inhabitants of this country have never been justly

ascertained. Some historians make them the descendants of _Tubal_, and

it would be scarcely possible for the most fabulous accounts to trace

their origin farther back; every nation, indeed, has some chimerical

notions on this head; there is not, however, the smallest doubt, that

these provinces belonged successively to the Carthaginians and the

Romans; but towards the beginning of the fifth century the whole of

Spain became the prey of the Alains, the Sueves, the Vandals, and the

rest of the barbarous nations generally termed Goths, when Portugal was

sometimes governed by its own appropriate kings, and sometimes subjected

to the Castilian monarchs.

During the reign of Roderick, last king of the Goths, in the beginning

of the eighth century, the Moors, or more properly speaking the Arabs,

subjects of the calif Valid-Almanzar, crossed from Africa into Spain,

and conquered a great part of that country, to which they were invited

by count Julien, a Spanish nobleman, whose resentment towards Roderick,

for the violation of his daughter, induced him to forward by every

possible means the designs of the enemy, who extended their dominions

from the straits of Gibraltar to the Pyreneans; they could not, however,

pierce into the Asturian mountains, where the Christians flew for

refuge, and were governed by prince Pelagio, who founded the kingdom of

Leon or Oviedo in that spot.

Portugal shared the fate of the other Spanish provinces, and became

subject to the Moors, who established a variety of different

governments, which on the death of the Great Almanzar became

independant, and were transformed into small principalities; these,

however, did not long exist, they were disunited by emulation and

clashing interests, whilst luxury and indolence completed their ruin.

Henry, count of Burgundy[5], descended from Robert, king of France,

succeeded in driving the Moors from Portugal towards the beginning of

the twelfth century. This prince, animated by the same zealous spirit of

religion which caused the Crusades of those times, entered Spain,

decided to signalize himself against the infidels, and began his

military career under Roderick de Bivar, that celebrated general,

distinguished in history by the name of the _Cid_. He displayed such

extraordinary valour in these religious wars, that Alphonso the VIth,

king of Castille and Leon, gave him the command of his army. This French

prince is said to have defeated the Moors in seventeen pitched battles,

and to have driven them from the northern part of Portugal. The king of

Castille, anxious to attach so great a general to his service, united

him to his daughter the princess Theresa, and at the same time presented

him with all the provinces he had conquered as a marriage portion. These

the count considerably augmented by fresh victories: he besieged, and

took the cities of Lisbon, Viseu, and Coimbra: he succeeded equally in

the three provinces situated between the Douro and Minho, which Henry

formed into a considerable sovereignty, and though he never took the

title of king, he was the original founder of the kingdom of Portugal.

His son, the prince Alphonso, inherited his father's valour, and

succeeded him in his possessions, which he even augmented by new

conquests. Thus heroes lay the foundation of empires, whilst the weak

and cowardly disgracefully lose them. The soldiers of count Alphonso

proclaimed him king, after having gained a great victory over the Moors,

and the states general, assembled at Lamego, confirmed this august

title, which justly descended to his successors.

It was in this assembly, composed of the principal persons of the

nation, that the fundamental laws, relative to the succession to the

crown, were established. The first article commences as follows:--_May

King Alphonso live amongst us, and reign over us!_ If he has male issue

they shall be our kings; the son shall succeed his father, who in his

turn shall be succeeded by his son, afterwards by his grandson; and so

on to the end of time.

ARTICLE II.

If the king's eldest son die before his father, the second son shall

succeed to the crown; in case of his death, he shall be replaced by the

third, who shall be succeeded by the fourth, and, in the same manner, by

all the remaining sons of the king.

ARTICLE III.

If the king die without male issue, and should have a brother, he shall

be our king; but he shall not be succeeded by his son, unless the said

son should be elected by the bishops and states, in which case, but in

no other, we will acknowledge him for our sovereign.

ARTICLES IV AND V.

If the king of Portugal should leave no male issue, his daughter shall

be our queen, provided she marry a Portugueze nobleman; who, however,

shall not bear the title of king till after the birth of a male child.

In presence of the queen, he shall always be placed on her left hand,

and shall not be permitted to wear the regal crown.

ARTICLE VI.

This last law shall always be strictly observed, and the king's eldest

daughter shall never espouse any but a Portugueze nobleman, lest the

kingdom should become subject to a foreign prince. Should the king's

daughter infringe this article and become the wife of a prince or

nobleman of another country, she shall not be acknowledged queen; and

this, because we will not suffer our people to be ruled by a king who

was not born a Portugueze, since it is to our subjects and countrymen

alone, without any foreign aid, who shed their blood in our service, and

by their valour raised our country to regal dignity.

* * * * *

By the strict observance of the above wise laws, the crown of Portugal

remained for several centuries in the possession of the royal family of

Alphonso. His successors have since added greatly to the splendour and

power of the kingdom, by the important conquests gained in Africa,

India, and afterwards in America. The Portugueze have displayed a degree

of courage and skill in the conducting these distant and wonderful

enterprises, which justly entitles them to the warmest eulogiums. They

have also had the glory of introducing the Christian religion into these

conquered countries, where the Portugueze missionaries have greatly

succeeded in making known the worship of the true God to the most

idolatrous and barbarous nations. Such was the situation of Portugal

about the year 1557, when the king, don Sebastian came to the throne. He

was the posthumous son of don John, who died before his father, king

John the IIId, who succeeded his father the great king Emanuel.

Don Sebastian was scarcely three years old when he became king. His

grandmother, Catherine of Austria, was appointed regent during his

minority. This princess was the daughter of Philip the Ist, king of

Castille, and, the sister of the emperor Charles the Vth. Don Alexis de

Menezes, a nobleman who professed the strictest piety, was named

governor to the young prince; and the literary part of his education was

confided to the care of father don Louis de Camara, a member of the

society of Jesuits. Nothing was omitted on the part of these wise and

learned preceptors which could possibly contribute to the instruction of

the young prince; his mind was early formed to piety, and at the same

time he was inspired with every elevated sentiment worthy of royalty.

But these noble and Christian principles were carried too far. Menezes

continually dwelling on the conquests gained by his predecessors in

India, and on the coasts of Africa, whilst the Jesuit never ceased

representing to his pupil, that as kings held their crowns from God

alone, their only object in government should be, not only to cause him

to be worshipped at home, but in the most distant countries, in which

even his name was hitherto unknown. Such a mixture of pious and warlike

ideas made too strong an impression on a youthful prince naturally

lively and impetuous. His every thought was turned towards conquests: he

talked on no other subject; and no sooner had he taken the reins of

government into his own hands, than he meditated attacking Africa in

person. He accordingly held continual conferences, both with officers

and missionaries, and seemed decided on adding the title of apostle to

the glorious one of conqueror.

The civil war lately broken out in the kingdom of Morocco, seemed a

favourable opportunity of signalizing his zeal and courage. Muley

Mahamet had succeeded his father Abdala, the last king of Morocco, but

his paternal uncle, Muley Moluc, pretended that he had usurped the

crown, which according to the law of the _Cherifs_, fell successively to

the king's brothers in preference to his own children. This dispute

occasioned a bloody war between the uncle and nephew. The former, a

valiant prince, a profound politician, and a great general, having

formed a powerful party in the kingdom, defeated Mahamet in three

different battles, and finished by driving him not only from his

dominions, but even out of Africa.

The vanquished prince sought an asylum in the court of Portugal, and

represented to Sebastian, that though he had been driven from Morocco,

he had still many secret friends in that country, who only waited his

return to declare themselves in, his favour: that he had also learnt

Moluc was suffering by a lingering malady, which in the end must prove

fatal; and that his brother Hamet was too little esteemed by the nation

to have any hopes of succeeding him. If, therefore, at so critical a

moment, he could be enabled to appear at the head of a small body of

troops on the frontiers, he doubted not but his former subjects would

replace him on the throne; which, should he recover by the inference of

Portugal, he would in future acknowledge himself vassal to that power;

into the possession of which he would rather yield his crown, than

permit it to remain on the head of an usurper.