Will Seymour Monroe. Comenius and the Beginnings of Educational
Reform. New York: Arno Press, 1971, (originally printed in
1900).
Adolphe Erich Meyer. Education in Modern Times. Up from Rousseau.
New York: Avon Press, 1930.
Linus Pierpont Brockett. History and Progress of Education from
the Earliest Times to the Present. New York: A.S. Barnes, 1860.
(Originally signed "Philobiblius," with an introduction by Henry
Barnard.)
James Bowen. A History of Western Education. 3 Vols. London:
Methuen, 1972-1981.
Pierre Riché. Education et culture dans l'occident barbare 6-8
siècles. Paris: Editions du Seuil, 1962.
Bernard Bischoff. Elementärunterricht und probationes pennae in
der ersten Hälfte des Mittelalters, in Mittelalterliche Studien
I, 1966, pp. 74-87.
James Nehring. The Schools We Have. The Schools We Want. An
American Teacher on the Frontline. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass,
1992.
Irenée Henri Marron. A History of Education in Antiquity. New
York: Sheed and Ward, 1956.
Jacques Barzun. The Forgotten Conditions of Teaching and Learning
(Morris Philipson, Editor). Chicago: The University of Chicago
Press, 1991.
The review mentioned was written by David Alexander, Begin Here,
in The New York Review of Books, April 21, 1991, p. 16.
Polis (Greek) signifies settled communities that eventually
evolved into cities.
The City-State in Five Cultures. Edited with an introduction by
Robert Griffeth and Carol G. Thomas. Santa Barbara CA: ABC-Clio,
1981.
J.N. Coldstream. The Formation of the Greek Polis: Aristotle and
Archaeology. Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag, 1984.
Individual and Community: The Rise of the Polis, 800-500 BC. New
York: Oxford University Press, 1986.
Will Durant. The Story of Civilization. Vol 4, The Age of Faith.
New York: Simon and Schuster, 1950.
In 825, the University of Pavia was founded as a school of law.
The University of Bologna was founded in 1088 by Irnevius, also
for the teaching of law. Students from all over Latin Europe came
to study there. Around 1103, the University of Paris was
founded; by the middle of the 13th century, four faculties had
developed: theology, canon law, medicine and the seven arts. (The
seven liberal arts were comprised of the trivium-grammar,
rhetoric, and logic-and the quadrivium-arithmetic, geometry,
music, and astronomy.) Some time in the 12th century, a studium
generale or university was established at Oxford (pp 916-921).
The name university derives from the fact that the essences or
universals were taught (cf. Encyclopedia Britannica, 15th
Edition, Micropedia, Vol. 12, 1990.
Logos: (noun, from the Greek, from the verb lego: "I say"): word,
speech, argument, explanation, doctrine, principle, reason;
signified word or speech.
Ratio (from the Latin "to think"): reason, rationale; signified
measure or proportion.
Some of the work linking the early knowledge of the Latin and
Greek heritage of European thought, especially that part shut
off to Christendom in Moorish Jerusalem, Alexandria, Cairo,
Tunis, Sicily, and Spain, was transmitted by the Jews, who
translated works in Arabic to Latin. The Moslems preserved the
texts of Euclid and works dealing with alchemy and chemistry. In
1165, Gerald of Cremona studied Arabic in Spain in order to
translate works of Aristotle (Posterior Analysis, On the Heavens
and the Earth, among others), Euclid (Elements, Data),
Archimedes, Apollonius of Perga, Galen, works of Greek astronomy
and Greco-Arabic physics, 11 books of Arabic medicine and 14
works of Arabic astronomy and mathematics from the Arabic to
Latin. Beginning 1217, Michael Scot translated a number of
Aristotle's works from the Arabic to Latin (cf. Will Durant, Op.
cit., pp. 910-913).
Galileo Galilei. Discorsi e dimostrazioni matematiche (Two New
Sciences: Including Centers of Gravity and Force of Percussion,
translated, with a new introduction and notes, by Stillman
Drake) Toronto: Wall & Thompson. 1989
-. Galileo's Early Notebooks. The Physical Questions (translated
from the Latin, with historical and paleographical commentary,
by William A. Wallace). Notre Dame IN: University of Notre Dame
Press. 1977
Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727). In 1687, he published Philosophiae
Principia Mathematica, in which he offered explanations for the
movement of planets. In this work, the abstraction of force (of
attraction) is constituted and a postulate is formulated: every
particle of matter in the universe attracts every other with a
force whose magnitude depends directly upon the product of their
masses and inversely upon the square of the distance between the
two.
Albert Einstein (1879-1955) published in 1916 his contribution as
Die Grundlagen der allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie, in which he
referred to the attraction of massive objects. The cosmic reality
of such objects and of huge distances and high velocities is
quite different from the mechanical universe under consideration
by Galileo and Newton. Movement of planets cause the curving of
space. Einstein's theory shows that the curvature of space time
evolves dynamically. Newton's theory turned out to be an
approximation of Einstein's more encompassing model.
John Searle. The Storm Over the University, in The New York
Review of Books, 37:19, December 6, 1990, pp. 34-42
Mathematization: the use of mathematical methods or concepts in
particular sciences or in the humanities. The conception of
mathematics as a model for the sciences as well as for the
humanities has been repeatedly expressed throughout history. In
some cases, mathematization represents the search for abstract
structures. Today mathematization is often taken to mean modeling
on computer programs.
Académie Française: French library academy established by
Cardinal Richelieu in 1634. Its original purpose was to maintain
standards of literary taste and to establish the literary
language. Membership is limited to 40 (Encyclopedia Britannica,
15th Edition, Micropedia, Vol. 1, 1990. p. 50).
Alan Bloom. The Closing of the American Mind. How Education Has
Failed Democracy and Impoverished the Souls of Today's Students.
New York: Simon and Schuster. 1987
"Those despised millionaires who set up a university in the midst
of a city that seems devoted only to what they had neglected,
whether it was out of a sense of what they themselves had issued,
or out of bad conscience about what their lives were exclusively
devoted to, or to satisfy the vanity of having their names
attached to the enterprise," (p. 244).
Bart Simpson, the main character of the animated cartoon series
of the same name, created by Matt Groening. Bart was first
sketched in 1987; the television series first aired in the winter
of 1990.
Terry Winograd and Fernando Flores. Understanding Computers and
Cognition. A New Foundation for Design. Norwood NJ: Ablex
Publishing Corporation, 1986.
"Organizations exist as networks of directives and commissives.
Directives include orders, requests, consultations, and offers;
commissives include promises, acceptances, and rejections" (p.
157).
They state also: "In fulfilling an organization's external
commitments, its personnel are involved in a network of
conversations" (p. 158).
Ludwig Wittgenstein. Philosophical Investigations (Translation by
G.E.M. Anscombe of Philosophische Untersuchungen). Oxford: Basil
Blackwell. 1984 (reprint of the 1968 edition)
If a multiple choice test in World History (given in June, 1992
at Stuyvesant High School in New York City) asks whether the
Holocaust is an Italian revolutionary movement, and if Mein Kampf
was Hitler's body guard or his summer retreat, why should anyone
be surprised that American students show no better choices than
those they are supposed to choose from?
Steve Waite. Interview with Bill Melton, Journal of Bionomics,
July 1996.