CHAPTER XVI

ORIGIN, MIGRATIONS, AND HISTORY[386]

The manner in which America was originally peopled has been the cause

of considerable speculation. For a long time it was generally believed,

and there are some who still hold that belief, that this peopling

occurred within comparatively recent times by way of Bering Strait, and

that before that the continent was not inhabited. But peoples do not

willingly migrate into frozen regions, and the Bering Strait and Alaska

down to Dixon Entrance were not many centuries ago buried under a

mantle of ice. I doubt if there were even Eskimo in Alaska five hundred

years back. It is my belief that all the tribes of the North-west

migrated there from the South and South-east, and not within recent

geologic time from the Asiatic direction.

That the continent was entirely peopled by way of Bering Strait

within the last thousand years, by migrations through a zone of ice,

is improbable. To assume that a population came over and passed down

to Mexico and Yucatan and even South America, carrying with them

their arts, but not exercising them on this interminable journey, is

ridiculous. No pottery has yet been found between the Yukon and the

Humboldt, or even farther south, probably because the Eskimo learned

what little they knew about it while in the St. Lawrence valley or the

Atlantic region, and the tribes of the North-west coast never came

into sufficiently close contact with potters to learn the art.[387]

Furthermore, no authentic trace of any Old-World language thus far has

been found on this continent, and the only Asiatic language now known

to be allied to an American is that of a branch of the Eskimo family

which crossed from this side within the last three hundred years. The

Amerind languages change slowly. An immense period must have elapsed

since their separation from the rest of the world. It is said that two

Japanese vessels a year are wrecked on our California coast, and some

have peopled the continent from this source; a more absurd theory than

the other. The number of Japanese vessels that were afloat a thousand

years ago was as nothing compared with those afloat to-day, and if

only two per annum are wrecked on these shores to-day, the wrecks a

thousand years ago did not add materially to the population.[388] It is

possible, however, that a few persons may have reached either seaboard

that way, and like Cabeza de Vaca, they may have wandered for years

among the various tribes as teachers and medicine-men, giving rise to

legends of “white and bearded strangers.” But in the early days vessels

were frail and did not venture far from the coast, so that the chances

of being driven to American shores without foundering were very slight.

The Northmen made the voyage, however, and others may have done it. Yet

the supposed visits of the Irish and Danes are hardly worthy of serious

consideration, although it would be rash to deny the possibility of

their having come. As for the Lost-Tribes-of-Israel theory, on which

Kingsborough was wrecked, no archæologist of to-day would be willing

to give it a second thought. A multitude of stock languages, differing

from each other, yet forming a world-group by themselves, are found

here. The people who speak them, from Panama to the Arctic, are in

their habits, customs, and physical characteristics wonderfully

homogeneous,[389] yet they appear to exhibit several types that have

been moulded into a family resemblance by some strange circumstance.

Toward Panama, some of them attained a considerable degree of progress,

but these were not of one special stock but of diverse stocks. Farther

north there was another group attaining to a less but a similar kind

of progress, and they also were, and are, of diverse stocks. In the

Mississippi valley are evidences of another similar culture group,

probably also of diverse stocks because some of them were allied to,

or were part of, the stocks found there when the whites came. The same

general conditions prevailed farther east, and a centre of development

was rapidly forming in New York when it was destroyed by our coming.

One of the most widespread stocks, the Shoshonean or Uto-Aztecan, is

composite, containing within it tribes of the highest culture and

tribes of the least culture, tribes that were peaceful and tribes that

were warlike. It is evident then that _culture was no evidence of

relationship_ or the reverse among the Amerind people. By some powerful

influence and long association they had, whatever their origin, been

moulded into one race. “Where had they come from?” “How did they come

to be so much alike?” “Why did their highest development take place

down by the Isthmus instead of by the Great Lakes or in the fertile

valley of the Mississippi?” These are pertinent questions. Attempts

have been made to answer them by importing different people from

different parts of the world and their recent culture with them. But

the more the Amerinds are studied, the more homogeneous do we find them

and the more isolated from Old-World influences. Culture, as mentioned,

was not confined to one stock; it permeated through unrelated stocks.

The languages too are totally different from all others. Thus the more

the matter is investigated, the more closely are we confined to the

Western Hemisphere for the origin of the Amerind people, _as we know

them_. Toward Panama, that is below the City of Mexico, a kind of

civilisation was attained, and there we find was the densest population

on the continent. Culture never develops in a game country with a

sparse population, and there is, therefore, an intimate connection

between a crowded population and “culture” or “civilisation.” It

may be broadly asserted, I think, that _civilisation is crowding_;

it is man’s effort at self-preservation. Where the game-supply is

exhausted or insufficient and subsistence must be wholly or largely

wrested from the soil, there will be found the culture centres, the

hothouses of art and science, from which a filtration occurs into all

the contiguous regions and peoples. On this continent the chief centre

of culture was the narrowest part; the population was packed there

as in the narrow end of a funnel, leaving the whole broad top thinly

peopled. The question immediately arises: “Why was this so?” It is

evident at a glance that there was some preponderating, irresistible

influence which compelled the inhabitants to draw into these narrow,

restricted regions, there to act and react one tribe on another,

and this influence was constantly at work moulding them all. If the

continent had been peopled within any comparatively recent time, it is

not reasonable to suppose that the tribes would willingly have huddled

together far down in the most limited area. It is also from this area

apparently that all the arts have spread. The crowding and the culture

development were coincident. What was the cause of it? If we can arrive

at a satisfactory understanding of the cause, it seems to me that we

have the solution of the whole matter. The explanation appears to be

that the continent was peopled before the beginning of the glacial

epoch, and the crowding into the narrow regions, and consequently

the development of culture there, were due to the encroachment from

the north of the great cold. Wright says: “Just before the beginning

of the ice age, a temperate climate corresponding to latitude 35 on

the Atlantic coast extended far up toward the north pole, permitting

Greenland and Spitzbergen to be covered with trees and plants similar

in most respects to those found at the present time in Virginia and

North Carolina. Here indeed in close proximity to the north pole were

then residing, in harmony and contentment, the ancestors of nearly

all the plants and animals which are now found in the north temperate

zone.” It is not unreasonable to suppose, then, that man was also

here, though as yet the scientific evidence is perhaps not sufficient

to prove it. If he circled the globe in the Northern regions at that

time, and was also occupying Central portions, the cold drove all

south and together with changes of land levels cut off the American

division from the other world.[390] Migration legends are useless in

determining the origin of the Amerinds, for they can only relate to

the _comparatively recent changes_ of location before which, for a

long period, the people drifted up and down and across the continent

under the influences I have suggested. However man first originated,

or where, he was doubtless distributed, like the flora and fauna, at

some exceedingly remote period, over the whole world, by causes not now

understood, but one of which was probably a greater continuity of land

surfaces than exists to-day.[391] Some of the earlier-world people were

possibly more advanced than we have been willing to concede, and there

was, from a very early day, a differentiation of tribes. Some were

making respectable weapons and tools of stone while others were using

clubs. Too much stress has been placed upon the European classification

of stone implements. It may exhibit conditions that existed in Europe,

but it has nothing to do with a standard of measurement for the world.

When Moses was leading his enlightened people, the European was a

painted savage. The period of time in which man used stone implements

is enormous; that in which he has used metal tools, comparatively

insignificant. It stands to reason, therefore, that during this long

use of stone, tribes attained to varying degrees of culture, and

varying degrees of perfection in stone tools. There never could have

been a single period of time when all tribes the world round made a

certain quality of implements, then another period when they all made

other quality of implements. Classification of tribes and races in a

time-scale, or even in a culture scale, according to the kind of stone

implements they used, is impossible. The Pai Ute and the Iroquois

made equally good tools in the seventeenth century, while in other

lands still inferior tribes were making implements about as good, and

others were struggling on with poorer ones. At the time of the Aztec

confederacy, their stone tools were not greatly superior to those of

the Pai Ute. Therefore, it would seem that any resemblance between

so-called American “paleolithic” implements and modern stone implements

cannot be used as an argument to disprove the age of the former, nor

that a polished stone implement found in a supposed ancient gravel

is necessarily an indication of intrusion or that the gravel is not

ancient. The implements thus far found in the California auriferous

gravels have been similar to those found on the surface to-day, and

this has been held by some to be a suspicious circumstance. It is not.

Some tribes in California in those remote times were probably making

stone implements quite as good as anything made to-day. Stone-working

is not capable of high development. The range is limited. Some tribes

compassed it early. Because also we do not find stone implements

abundant in the North-American glacial drift proves nothing concerning

man’s condition, presence or absence on the continent at that time. The

population _was almost entirely below the glacial limit_, only a few

inferior tribes skirting its southern fringe. We should, then, expect

to find few northerly pre-glacial evidences,[392] as the main culture

development took place south of the ice line, and tribes above this in

pre-glacial times would be the most primitive.

[Illustration: TLINKIT SUMMER CAMP

From photograph by the Harriman Alaska Expedition, 1899

]

[Illustration: ESKIMO SUMMER CAMP, PORT CLARENCE

From photograph by the Harriman Expedition, 1899

]

[Illustration: WOODEN SNOW GOGGLES OF THE CENTRAL ESKIMO]

The material evidences concerning the antiquity of man in America

are many, but few are entirely satisfactory. The Calaveras skull and

other remains in the auriferous California gravels seem to place him

here as early as the Tertiary, and this, says Holmes,[393] would make

man older on this continent than anywhere else in the world according

to present evidence. A rudely chipped arrow-head has also been found

in another region under some elephant bones. A primitive hearth was

discovered in well digging in an old beach of Lake Ontario which dates

back to the glacial time. Many specimens of stone implements have been

found throughout the land in deposits which appear to be of great age.

There is always the question of modern introduction through burials,

overturned trees, etc., but the number and varying positions seem to

indicate that some of these tools have been found in their original

places. I excavated a mound in southern Utah from the depths of which I

brought out an exceedingly primitive grinding-stone, yet not a single

stone implement of any other kind was found. The grinding-stone was

twenty feet below the top of the mound and ten below the present

general level of the surface. The mound was formed of many layers of

earth interspersed with thin layers of charcoal and ashes. All around

the site there were house ruins on the surface, but in the mound not

a trace of a building stone was seen. I was told that in digging a

well not far from this locality a small earthen jug of antique type

was found about thirty feet below the present level. I did not see it

nor even the man who found it, but the great abundance of such finds

must indicate antiquity, for they could not all be fraudulent, nor all

recent intrusions.

The cause of the glacial period has been much discussed. It seems to

have been largely due to changes in land levels,[394] and to other

causes not now understood. The people inhabiting the world before it

may have been originally much alike in kind and colour with local

variations, and the isolation produced by glacial conditions modified

this colour and increased the variations, those finally left in hot

lands becoming darker, medium temperatures producing brown, still

cooler the reds and yellows, and the forests of Europe evolving a shade

or shadow people, shrinking from the strong sun; the so-called white

race. The glacial epoch is often spoken of as if the whole world were

frozen solid, whereas in North America, from the Ohio and the Columbia

to the Isthmus, the climate was doubtless about relatively the same

as it is now from Davis Strait to the Potomac and from Yakutat Bay to

northern California. The ice extended down about to the Ohio River

in the East and on lowlands not below the Columbia in the West. The

Western mountain tops must have been completely glaciated and all

elevated regions were cold, the conditions prevailing resembling those

now found in Southern Alaska. The Sierra Nevadas, receiving the warm,

moist airs from the Pacific, must have been far more heavily glaciated

than the Rockies, which received less moisture in consequence. The ice

period is estimated to have endured from ten to twenty thousand years,

with an interval of recession in it and subsequent advance. The people

were driven southward, and those most favourably situated developed the

most. The people most favourably situated were all _who were already

in_, or could fight their way to, the temperate lowlands of southern

Mexico and Central America, which were rendered somewhat more extensive

by the recession of the sea, caused by the withdrawal of the immense

quantities of water that were heaped up in ice thousands of feet in

thickness.[395] This has been estimated to have lowered the waters of

the ocean by from 600 to 1000 feet.[396] The lands thus laid bare were

climatically inviting and probably were soon covered with vegetation.

In South America the people were crowded northward, or held there by

the cold coming from the south. It would be in the northern portions,

particularly the lowlands, that we ought to find evidence of the

highest development, especially on the side receiving warm currents,

and there is where we do find it. We apparently have then a northern

and a southern limit to the ancient inhabitants of this hemisphere,

within which climatic conditions during the period of great cold, and

for some time thereafter, were most favourable to human development.

This limit in the Northern continent is latitude 23 and in the Southern

also 23. Within these lines the great precolumbian development took

place, and the heart of this development on the Northern continent

seems to have rested between the Isthmus of Tehuantepec and the present

upper frontier of Honduras, chiefly on the lowlands, and probably also

on lands now beneath the ocean.

[Illustration: PRINCIPAL KNOWN RUINS OF CENTRAL AMERICA

Prepared by M. H. Saville

]

[Illustration: NECKLACE OF DRIED HUMAN FINGERS OBTAINED ON BATTLEFIELD

OF WOUNDED-KNEE BY CAPTAIN BOURKE]

[Illustration: PRINCIPAL KNOWN RUINS OF MEXICO

Prepared by M. H. Saville

]

In North America, south of latitude 23, then, most of the tribes of

the continent were crowded by the great cold, and here they developed

their chief characteristics, so that by the time the ice began its

last recession they had become a homogeneous people, with the greatest

advancement and the greatest similarities in the region where the

population had been densest, with a diminishing scale outward, those

tribes farthest from the culture centre varying most from the highest

culture attained. The tribe on the extreme edge was, and is now,

represented by the Eskimo.[397] The development and the distribution

of the arts were in the same order, and here apparently is the

explanation of the superior excellence of Central-American arts, and

the seeming derivation of all the arts on the continent from this

centre. Finally the recession of the ice caused renewed trouble. The

melting of it and the return thereby of the locked-up waters to the

ocean caused a submergence of lowlands that had been made habitable by

their withdrawal. There were floods and floods. Tribes were overwhelmed

or were driven to higher ground. There was a renewed shifting of

populations over the whole continent. Those which had been held back

toward the highlands and toward the ice, accustomed to the cool airs

and to a particular food, readily followed the retrogression of the

ice, impelled always by pressure of the tribes farther south. They

were inured to cold. The most southerly tribes became inured somewhat

to heat, and clung to their lands, impelled also to do this by the

pressure of wilder tribes recoiling from contact with still other

tribes. But heat being debilitating, and especially so to the Amerind

constitution, the Yucatec peoples, who were those who had attained the

highest development, gradually degenerated under its influence, and

before the voyage of Columbus whole cities were depopulated. Some held

their own for a longer period, but were already on the way to decline

when the Spaniards appeared. In some cases their towns were occupied

by an inferior tribe of perhaps the same stock, or an inferior tribe

dwelt around them and, not knowing the origin of the architectural

works, attempted to account for them by fairy tales like the legend

of the _Dwarf’s House_, which Stephens learned. The people nearest

the ice front are still represented by the Eskimo, and their next

neighbours, as of yore, are the Athapascans, and Algonquins, and so

on down in zones more or less distinct, but considerably deranged

by subsequent migrations, to the builders of the Yucatec ruins. The

Apaches and Navajos are usually said to have _come down_ from their kin

in the North, but it is equally possible that they _remained behind_

in the high mountains while their kin pushed on.[398] The table-lands

of Mexico, being high and temperate, formed a final refuge for many

tribes, some of whom had profited by contact with the centre of

development, and these roamed the plateau, one branch finally settling

around the lake of Mexico, and there planting again the seeds of the

lowland culture. Many tribes were early crowded into the California

coast region, because the lowland climate there remained comparatively

mild, and the supply of fish, seals, etc. was so great that they were

not compelled to till the soil for subsistence (if indeed they were

possessed of sufficient knowledge, or if the land were in condition

to produce), as was the case farther south, where the population

was denser and natural supplies insufficient. But the region was so

inhospitable that only fragments of these tribes survived. They did not

multiply.

[Illustration: PROBABLE ASPECT OF ALASKA SUMMER LANDSCAPE SOME 600

YEARS AGO

Harriman Alaska Expedition, 1899. Photographed by the author

]

The reason the Eastern continents produced many and diverse peoples is

that the glacial period temperate zone, or warm zone, extended through

many degrees of _longitude_, offering extensive areas of settlement to

the races in that hemisphere, where they remained more or less isolated

and independent, to advance in their own way and along their own lines;

that is, on the Eastern continents there was ample _latitudinal_ land

space, while on the Western there was a very limited latitudinal land

space that retained a salubrious climate. This was the cause of North

American race homogeneity.

The period of time that has elapsed since the so-called disappearance

of the ice was formerly believed to be very great, but latterly views

on this point have been much modified. Gilbert has declared, after

a study of the Niagara gorge, that the time since the ice left that

region is not more than seven thousand years, perhaps less. More recent

investigations have tended to confirm his suggestion of fewer years.

Immediately after the recession of glacial ice, as may be seen in

Alaska to-day, erosion is extremely rapid. I have not space to discuss

this point at length, but it is apparent that the rate of erosion is

variable, and I doubt if more than five thousand years have passed

since the ice left the vicinity of the Niagara gorge. As it still

lingers in the North, far down on the Pacific side, it _is probably

not more than a thousand years since its influence was powerful

in affecting the climate of all the region southward_. The North is

undoubtedly growing warmer. Some five hundred years ago Alaska was

still covered with glacial ice. Five hundred years from now there

will scarcely be a glacier to be found there, except in the highest

mountains. “The next generation will find few of them with their fronts

still in the sea,” says Henry Gannett.[399]

[Illustration: A PUEBLOAN WARRIOR OF NAMBÉ, NEW MEXICO, IN BATTLE ARRAY]

The most widely spread stocks are made up of those that were forced

to occupy a middle position during the cold, like the Algonquins

and Athapascans, who were invigorated by it. Other stocks, for

reasons not understood, dwindled to mere handfuls of people, like

the Karankawan, now extinct, the Adaizan, the Natchezan, the Uchean,

the Zuñian, Keresan, and others. The oldest people of the Valley

of Mexico mentioned are the Xicalancas, Olmecas, and the Toltecs.

Brinton believed the latter never existed, but other authors, fully

as distinguished, accept them as a _bona-fide_ tribe. They may have

been kindred to the Nahuatls, coming from the crowded lowlands, as the

waters rose and the heat increased, and occupying the cooler plateau.

Their wilder relatives later became influenced by them and adopting

their learning began the famous development in the Valley of Mexico.

The period of evolution in the crowded region was very long. Tribes

rose to power and declined.[400] Other tribes, profiting by their

experience, took up some of their ways and progressed. Many of these

tribes we have no reminiscence of.

Back of the Conquest of Mexico by Cortes, the thread of authentic

history becomes most uncertain. It begins about the sixth century.

Ixtlilxochitl, the native Mexican, has written a good deal, but it

must be taken, oftentimes, with extreme caution. The history of the

Amerind race is written mainly by their conquerors. It is a one-sided

affair, and even so is not pleasant reading. Balzac says: “Historians

are privileged liars, who lend their pen to popular beliefs.” Certainly

the character of the Amerind and his doings have not often been too

charitably drawn, while, on the other hand, our actions toward him,

even as related by ourselves, are enough to make one sometimes doubt

the benefits of civilisation. Morgan, speaking of the remnant of the

Senecas, says: “To embitter their sense of desolation as a nation, the

pre-emptive right to these last remnants of their ancient possessions

is now held by a company of land speculators, the Ogden Land Company,

who, to wrest away these few acres, have pursued and hunted them

for the last fourteen years with a degree of wickedness hardly to

be paralleled in the history of human avarice. Not only have every

principle of honesty, every dictate of humanity, every Christian

precept been violated by this company in their eager artifices to

despoil the Senecas; but the darkest frauds, the basest bribery, and

the most execrable intrigues which soulless avarice could suggest,

have been practised in open day upon this defenceless and much injured

people.”[401]

[Illustration: APACHE WOMAN CARRYING WATER IN A WICKER BOTTLE]

On one occasion in 1643, out of a spirit of revenge for a murder

committed by an Indian who had been infuriated by whisky, but whose

friends, according to Amerind custom, offered to pay a blood indemnity,

Governor Kieft, heading a band of soldiers and freebooters from Dutch

privateers, fell upon the unsuspecting Algonquins and slaughtered over

a hundred of them. Little children were tossed into the river, and the

parents who plunged to the rescue were prevented from landing by the

soldiers, and child and parent both perished. In this incident began

the Dutch and Indian War, which lasted two years. Can anyone condemn

them for going to war after such treatment?

Acts of white brutality of this character could be quoted to fill a

volume, but these are sufficient to indicate the manner of the European

approach, except in the case of Penn. The more docile the Amerinds

were, the more abuse they got. If they became self-supporting like the

Navajos, the government gave them nothing; if they were murderous and

deadly, like the Apaches, the government took care of them and fed

them. Issuing rations is a proper thing, when we have destroyed the

native means of subsistence, but the tribe that works and helps itself

ought to be aided further toward civilisation in other ways. One of

the most stubborn of the numerous Amerind wars was the Seminole in the

Everglades of Florida. Our whole available force was engaged in this

war, besides some fifty thousand militia and volunteers. Though there

were probably not more than four hundred warriors, the cost of the

war was over $30,000,000, and three thousand lives were sacrificed.

The wars with the Apaches were long and difficult. The Modocs also

carried on a disastrous war, and recently the Sioux took their turn.

These wars could generally have been averted by proper diplomacy. The

battle of Wounded Knee was precipitated by a wild and unauthorised

shot at a critical moment by one of our soldiers. Had he remained

inactive the battle would probably never have occurred. Many tribes

were exterminated at an early period. Most of the Carolina tribes were

destroyed between 1714 and 1740. To-day very few Amerinds exist in the

United States east of the Mississippi. Those who were not destroyed, or

who are not still living on lands reserved for them, are mostly west

of the Mississippi, either on lands belonging to them in the Indian

Territory, or on scattered reservations. Tribes in Indian Territory

have long conducted a sort of civilised government, but some of them

are now on the eve of selling their lands and purchasing broader tracts

with the funds obtained, in Mexico. The Navajos are in possession of

an enormous area lying across the line of Arizona and New Mexico,

and their vast herds of sheep, cattle, and horses require extensive

grazing, so that it will be impossible to reduce the area allotted

to them, especially as the tribe is steadily increasing in numbers.

Schools of mechanic arts should speedily be established among them,

in order that when they eventually are obliged to look to other avenues

of support than stock-raising, they can do work that will command a

price. It makes not the slightest difference whether or not they are

able to read English, if they have wares to sell that white people

need and want, and the Navajo is capable of great development on the

mechanical side. They will learn English when necessity requires it.

The Mokis have a reservation adjoining the Navajos, and it is ample for

them for all time, as they are not increasing, and their herds of sheep

are small.

[Illustration: GROUP OF ESKIMO, PORT CLARENCE, ALASKA

Photographed by the Harriman Expedition, 1899 Permission of E. H.

Harriman

]

[Illustration: SHELL SPIDER GORGETS

From mounds in Missouri, Illinois, and Tennessee

Pl. LXI.—Second Ann.

]

In the West the history of the Amerind is linked mainly with that of

but two other races, the Spanish and the Anglo-Saxon, while in the East

it is intimately bound up with the wars and history of the Dutch and

French as well. All the struggles of these European races for supremacy

affected the Amerind, and in the East he is found sometimes on one

side, sometimes on another.[402] He did not for some time discover

that his doom was in the European regardless of kind. At first, too,

the Amerind extended the law of hospitality to the newcomers, and the

Europeans would have starved to death in some instances had it not

been for the timely aid of the race in possession of the soil, and

whose reward was subsequent destruction. The Amerinds at last tried

to combine, as in the conspiracy of Pontiac, against their increasing

foe, and had they been able to throw aside some of their peculiar

regulations and form a wide-spreading and close confederacy, they

could have compelled the Europeans to halt on the Atlantic slopes of

the Appalachian chain for a long period. “In our ignorance,” says Simon

Pokagon, chief of the Pokagon Pottawatomies, “we did not comprehend

the mighty ocean of humanity that lay back of the advance waves of

pioneer settlement. But being fired by as noble patriotism as ever

burned in the hearts of mortals, we tried to beat back the reckless

white man who dared to settle within our borders—and vast armies were

sent out to punish us. We fought most heroically against overpowering

numbers for home and native land; sometimes victory was ours, as when,

during the last decade of the eighteenth century, after having many

warriors killed, and our villages burned to the ground, our fathers

arose in their might, putting to flight the alien armies of Generals

Harmer and St. Clair, hurling them in disorder from the wilderness

across our borders into their own ill-gotten domain.”[403] But the

whites who had already come to America, however much they might have

desired to leave the Amerinds alone, were powerless to prevent other

whites, in search of better fortunes, from dispossessing them, and

so impelled by the pressure of European population, numbers came and

numbers came again and again, and yet still others behind them. The

result, the final result, was inevitable. The Amerind was doomed when

Columbus first saw the Western land, and nothing that the Amerind

could have done would have greatly changed the final course of events.

Tecumseh made an heroic effort to unite his people in a stubborn stand

against the enemy, but the difficulty was that there were not enough

Tecumsehs. The powerful league of the Iroquois, that once promised to

dominate the whole continent, began its decline with the very first

intercourse with the Europeans, so that in 1750 they were about half

their former number. The league was probably formed about the middle

of the sixteenth century, and in these two hundred years they reached

their highest power and were on the wane. As it must have taken them

some time to reach the point where they could form such a body as the

league, they must have been a powerful and progressive people at least

a hundred years before, so that their main existence as a progressive

people probably covered a period of some three hundred years if not

more. Had they not been wrecked by contact with Europeans, it is safe

to assume that they would have advanced to double their power, at

least, in another century. They destroyed the Siouan tribes of the

East, held the Lenapé in subjection, and terrorised the Algonquins as

far as the banks of the Mississippi.

[Illustration: BLACK HAWK

The great central figure in the Black Hawk War, 1832

George Catlin

]

[Illustration: PORTION OF THE SO-CALLED “PALACE” OF LABNA, YUCATAN

Construction: stone. Site: tropical forest. Abandoned in

prehistoric times

Saville says: “The entire surface of the country is covered with

forests.... Immediately to the south and west no white man has ever

penetrated beyond the first range of hills; and who can tell what

gems of ancient architecture lie buried in the wilderness”

Photographed by M. H. Saville, 1890

]

King Philip, Red Jacket, Pontiac, Black Hawk, and many other Amerinds

distinguished themselves as men of wide capacity, and in our later day

may be mentioned the famous Sitting Bull, whose sagacity, intelligence,

and military skill were of an extremely high order. He gave us much

trouble, to be sure, but if all is fair in war, Sitting Bull deserves

great praise for his ability.

In war the Amerinds were given to killing all they could, but as this

is the business of war, and as white armies use weapons that are also

meant to kill, and seem to try to do killing in battle, we cannot be

too hard on the Amerind warrior if he did not always do his killing

exactly in the way we do it. “Murder as a fine art” was not one of his

studies. He killed and we kill; where is the difference? Wars may be

necessary; I think they sometimes are; so did the Amerind.

[Illustration: MUSICAL BOW OF THE SOUTHERN TEPEHUANES AND THE AZTECS,

MEXICO

The sounding-board is a gourd with a hole in it. The other end

of the brace attached to the bow rests on a stone. The cord of

the bow was struck by a stick to produce the desired noise. Found

by Lumholtz in use. Length of bow, 1 metre 36.5 centimetres. See

page 308; and also article on “Geographical Distribution of the

Musical Bow” by O. T. Mason, _American Anthropologist_, November,

1897; _Natural History of the Musical Bow_, by Henry Balfour; and

“Symbolism of the Huichol Indians,” by Carl Lumholtz, _Memoirs of

the American Museum_, vol. iii, pages 206, 207

]

Long before any permanent settlers pushed to the wilderness,

adventurous traders penetrated to remote regions with the whisky keg,

and as they seldom expected to go to the same place twice, they usually

swindled the native outrageously. Many of these were Frenchmen, and

they were given the name of _Coureurs du Bois_. There were also always

certain outlaws who found safety in putting a great distance between

themselves and the law. These classes were more apt to stir the native

up against the European than to render intercourse easy, and often,

in early times as well as in our day, they incited the Amerinds to

war for the sake of their own gains. But it was the coming of actual

settlers which caused the greatest trouble. They appropriated the

soil, killed the game, and otherwise interfered with rights which the

tribe concerned had for centuries, perhaps, regarded as theirs alone.

In the case of the Hudson Bay Company, it being well understood that

they occupied certain points merely for trade, no trouble was ever

experienced. _For two hundred years this company traded all over the

northern part of the continent without a serious rupture with any

tribe!_ Each tribe held its own lands as before, so far as the company

was concerned, hence there was no clashing; but with settlers taking up

choice places it becomes another matter.

[Illustration: GENERAL TYPE OF CHIMMESYAN, HAIDA, AND TLINKIT CHIEF’S

COSTUME, NORTH-WEST COAST

The Chilkat blanket which this man has over his shoulders “is so

called because the best specimens come from the Chilkat country,”

says Niblack. All the North-west coast tribes use it. The warp is

cedar bark twine and the woof a yarn made of mountain-goat wool.

See pages 128, 142.

]

[Illustration: PERFORATED DISCOIDAL STONE, ILLINOIS]

The stories of Cabeza de Vaca, Soto, Cortes, Coronado, John Smith,

La Salle, Tonti, Joliet, Lewis and Clark, Fremont, and many others

are valuable, not only for the adventures contained in them and the

descriptions of new country, but because of the descriptions of

Amerinds as they existed in the beginning. Our understanding of the

routes of some of these explorers is not always strictly accurate,

and the accuracy of the route has much to do with our properly

placing geographically the Amerinds named therein. There are grave

discrepancies in the tracing of that of Coronado, for example. In

another place I have presented my views on this subject.[404]

[Illustration: HOBOBO, THE FIRE KATCINA IN THE SOMAIKOLI CEREMONY,

CICHUMOVI, 1884

From a drawing by the author, after one of his photographs. The

mask enclosed the whole head, and was of cloth, stained green, with

globular eyes attached

]

[Illustration: CIRCLE OF DANCERS IN THE INTERVALS BETWEEN THE

APPEARANCES OF THE VARIOUS KATCINAS IN THE MOKI SOMAIKOLI CEREMONY,

CICHUMOVI, ARIZONA, 1884

Photographed by the author

]

As there were outlaws among the whites, so too there were outlaws among

the Amerinds. These were men from various tribes who had committed

crimes and escaped the punishment they should have received according

to the law of their people, and coming together they sometimes formed a

band by themselves in some strong and isolated position. A good example

of such a band of renegades was that of one Patnish in south-eastern

Utah near the Navajo mountain. It was composed of outlaws from the

surrounding tribes, chiefly Utes and Navajos, and was the terror of

the country, though in 1872, when I first knew of it, nothing in the

way of serious depredation had been attempted for several years. The

Mormons of southern Utah looked upon Patnish as a dangerous man, yet

he sometimes came to their frontier villages in a peaceful way. He

had three or four stalwart sons who usually accompanied him in his

travels, and they were always ready for emergencies. The band wore the

Navajo dress and, I understood, preferred to be considered Navajos.

Beckwourth mentions a renegade band of this sort in his time, a village

“composed of outlaws from all the surrounding tribes, who were expelled

from their various communities for sundry infractions of their rude

criminal code; they had acquired a hard name for their cruelties and

excesses, and many white traders were known to have been killed by

them.... The village numbered three hundred lodges, and could bring

from twelve to fifteen hundred warriors into the field.... We called it

the City of Refuge.”[405] He speaks of them as Cheyennes, but I suppose

they were Cheyennes in the same way that Patnish’s band were Navajos;

because they preferred to be called so.

These outlaws often caused trouble between the better class of Amerinds

and the whites, because, especially in the earlier days, an “Indian”

was an “Indian” always and everywhere, and a crime of the outlaws or

others was revenged upon the first “Indian” that was met with. There

never was any inquiry to find out if he committed the crime; he was

generally shot on sight. Innocence was a quality never thought of in

dealing with “Indians.” By reason of their birth, they were all guilty

of any crime perpetrated.

But I have already exceeded the limits prescribed for this book. In

concluding, I would say that it seems from all the evidence available

that this continent was peopled at a period so remote that other races

had not yet developed their present characteristics. This was probably

before the glacial epoch began, while the Northern climate was mild,

and while land surfaces were distributed more on latitudinal lines,

separated by narrower waters. Afterwards there was a rearrangement by

the forces of nature, which, together with the extreme cold of the

North, effectually separated the Amerinds from other peoples, and

caused them to mingle and react on each other till even the affinities

which had before developed in different localities and had produced

some differentiation of types were almost rubbed out and remain to-day

only as tinges of the earlier qualities. The other world tribes,

subjected to other influences, have developed other differences and

have diverged from their original stocks. It is also probable that

in the redistribution of land surfaces and rearrangement of land

levels, many stocks, some highly developed, were obliterated. Slight

modifications may have occurred through later accidental intrusions

from the Eastern Hemisphere, but if there had been any considerable

intercourse within a recent period between outside peoples and the

Amerinds we should have found distinct traces of it in the writings

of early days. People as different and extraordinary as the Amerinds

were would have produced a vivid impression on any who might have

seen them and contrariwise a European, for example, would have left

a lasting impression. On the extreme North-west coast there seems to

be a type resemblance to Asiatics, but this is more likely due to an

extremely early colouring which was preserved by special isolation on

this continent, rather than to any considerable infusion of Asiatic

blood in recent time. As before remarked, I am of the opinion that

the Alaska and North-west coast tribes reached those regions from the

South and South-east in comparatively late times.[406] Taking a broad

view of the question, it seems to be an inevitable conclusion that the

Amerind race, or rather _the various races of which it was originally

composed_, were early cut off on this hemisphere from intercourse

with the remainder of the world, and held in isolation by a change

in land distribution and by the continued glaciation of the northern

portions of the continent which in a measure endures to this day.

The climate of North-eastern Siberia was also glacial and prevented

migrations from milder regions. Many eminent archæologists agree

that the Amerind was here before the great cold moved down, although

the evidence of implements and remains as we now understand them is,

perhaps, insufficient. Languages, traits, customs, and arts are also

to be considered, and they seem all to favour, as outlined above,

the theory of an exceedingly remote peopling of this continent from

various directions. But this slight attempt to outline vast movements

must be brought to a close. To sum briefly up, then, it seems that the

Amerindian race, while originally composed of different elements, was,

as a body, separated from the other peoples of the world, at a remote

epoch, and by peculiar climatic and geographic influences, welded into

an ethnic unity, which was unimpressed by outside influences till

modern times.

[Illustration: FRONT OF THE HOUSE OF THE COLUMNS, MITLA, OAXACA

The excavation is shown that was made by Saville in January, 1900.

A cement floor was uncovered and the base of a square that was

probably a shrine. On the left, behind, is seen the top of the

Catholic church that has been built on the site of one of the

ancient structures. Excavations at the sites of old cities will

doubtless yield valuable returns. Recently (October, 1900) a sewer

excavation in the City of Mexico, near the Cathedral, the site of

the great teocalli, furnished several wagon-loads of idols, gold

objects, jade beads, etc. See also pages 209, 246

Photographed by M. H. Saville

]

+Note.+—For an excellent _résumé_ of facts on “The Prehistoric

Archæology of North America,” see the article by Henry W.

Haynes, p. 329, Winsor’s _Narrative and Critical History of

the United States_, vol. i.; also “The Progress of Opinion

Respecting the Origin and Antiquity of Man in America,” by

Justin Winsor, _ibid._, p. 369; also the “Critical Essay

on Sources of Information,” p. 316; and for pre-Columbian

explorations see p. 76; and, _The Fundamental Principles of Old

and New World Civilisations_, by Mrs. Zelia Nuttall, Peabody

Museum.

[Illustration: A COSTUMED HUMAN FIGURE FROM TAMPICO, WASHINGTON

The material is antler. Found in a stone cist somewhat resembling

the stone graves of Kentucky and Ohio, but covered by a heap of

jagged basaltic rocks about 8 feet in diameter. The skeleton

of a child was found in the cist. The antler figure is 247 mm.

long and from 2 to 5 mm. thick. The front is engraved as shown

above. The back is plain. See paper on this subject by Harlan I.

Smith.—_Bulletin American Museum_, vol. xx, pp. 195–203.

Harlan I. Smith

]

[Illustration: ENTRANCE OF A TOMB AT CUILAPA, MEXICO

It was around the entrances of such tombs as this that the

terra-cotta funeral urns were found, shown on pp. xii, xxviii, 115.

They were usually in series of five with nothing in them.

Marshall H. Saville

]

[Illustration: STICK USED IN THE AWL GAME]

APPENDIX[407]

A list of the principal stocks or families, tribes, and many sub-tribes

of the North American Amerinds, based on the linguistic classification

of the U. S. Bureau of Ethnology, as given in the _Seventh Annual

Report_; on Brinton’s classification in his _The American Race_,

on Mason’s “Linguistic Families of Mexico,” in the _American

Anthropologist_, N. S., vol. ii., No. 1; in _Mexico_, Washington, 1900,

Bureau of American Republics; Dall’s Tribes of the Extreme Northwest,

_Contributions to North American Ethnology_, vol. i.; James Mooney’s

_Siouan Tribes of the East_; and on lists in the _Bibliographies_ of

James C. Pilling, with tribal names from other sources.

+List of Stocks and Sub-Stocks+[408]

The abbreviations are the ones used in the alphabetical list of tribes.

By referring back from that list to this, the linguistic affinity and

general geographical location of a tribe may be determined. The author

has added the term “+Hopitan+” as a sub-stock of the +Shoshonean+

to designate the group of Hopi tribes, which, while showing strong

linguistic affinity, are otherwise, like the +Piman+ and +Nahuatlan+,

so markedly separated in habits from the true +Shoshonean+ stock that

an individual classification for them seems desirable. As the +Hopitan+

are ranked as +Shoshonean+ in the general scheme the harmony of the

classification is not interfered with. +Puebloan+ is also given as a

comprehensive descriptive term for all the permanent house-building

tribes, regardless of linguistic affinities, or ancient or modern

existence. This is necessary because it is not possible to assign a

linguistic place to the former occupants of ruins like those of the

Chaco, yet it is settled that they were of a kind with the other

town builders. Thus, also, the Cliff-dwellers may be conveniently

classed under this head. Tusayan and Cibola, as applied respectively

to the +Hopitan+ and the +Zuñian+, should never be used, for the

reason that it is not certain that these are the places that were so

designated by Coronado in 1540. The author believes they were not seen

by Coronado.[409] It is in the interest of accuracy to avoid these

unnecessary designations, which confuse ethnological and geographical

matters.

_Ada._ +Adaizan.+ Western Louisiana.

_Alq._ +Algonquian.+ North-east third of the continent, from

Tennessee and Montana.

_Ath._ +Athapascan.+ North-west part of the continent, and from the

Utah-Colorado line southward into Mexico. There are also some

small groups on the Pacific coast in south-western Oregon and

north-western California.

_Att._ +Attacapan.+ Southern Louisiana.

_Beo._ +Beothukan.+ Northern Newfoundland. Extinct. Formerly all

Newfoundland.

_Cad._ +Caddoan.+ Louisiana, Texas, Arkansas, and North Dakota.

_Crb._ +Caribbean.+ Caribbean Islands and British Honduras. Also

probably Florida and S. E. United States at a very early period.

_Cpn._ +Chapanecan.+ Chiapas, Mexico.

_Chi._ +Chimakuan.+ North-west Washington.

_Chrk._ +Chimarikan.+ Northern California.

_Chyn._ +Chimmesyan.+ British Columbia, near Dixon Entrance, and the

neighbouring Annette Island, in Alaska.

_Cit._ +CHINANTECAN.+ Oaxaca, Mexico.

_Chik._ +Chinookan.+ Lower portion of the Columbia River.

_Cht._ +Chitimachan.+ Southern Louisiana.

_Chon._ +Chontal.+ See Zap., My., Tqs., also Tzental.

_Chm._ +Chumashan.+ Southern California coast.

_Coh._ +COAHUILTECAN.+ Lower valley of the Rio Grande del Norte,

adjacent to the Gulf of Mexico.

_Cop._ +Copehan.+ Northern California.

_Cso._ +Cusaboan.+ Coast of South Carolina; possibly mainly related

to the Muskhogean. It is a group title. See Gp.

_Cost._ +Costanoan.+ California, south of the Golden Gate.

_Dak._ +Dakota.+ See Siu.

_E. Siu._ +Siouan of the East.+ Same as Siu.

_Esk._ +Eskimauan.+ From Prince William Sound, Alaska, all along the

northern coasts, islands, and inlets to Hudson Bay, Greenland,

and northern Newfoundland.

_Alk. Esk._ Alaska Eskimo.

_Alu. Esk._ Aleut Eskimo. Aleutian Islands.

_Gr. Esk._ Greenland Eskimo.

_Lab. Esk._ Labrador Eskimo.

_M. Esk._ Middle or Central Eskimo. North of Hudson Bay.

_Gp._ +Group title.+ Several tribes of different stocks classed

erroneously together.

_Gua._ +Guatusoan.+ Nicaragua.

_Ess._ +ESSELENIAN.+ South coast of California.

_Hai._ +Haida.+ See Skit.

_Hua._ +Huavan.+ Isthmus of Tehuantepec.

_Ho._ +Hopitan.+ North-east Arizona. Classed as Shoshonean.

_Ir._ +Iroquoian.+ Around lakes Erie and Ontario, and down the St.

Lawrence as far as Quebec; along the Susquehanna and its

branches as far as the mouth, and also a belt through northern

Georgia, eastern Tennessee, western North Carolina, and

southern Virginia.

_Kal._ +Kalapooian.+ Western Oregon.

_Kar._ +Karankawan.+ Southern Texas. Extinct.

_Kers._ +Keresan.+ Northern New Mexico.

_Kio._ +Kiowan.+ Indian Territory, formerly in the Platte valley.

_Kit._ +Kitunahan.+ British Columbia and Oregon.

_Kols._ +Koluschan.+ Dixon Entrance to Prince William Sound, Alaska.

_Kuln._ +Kulanapan.+ North-western California.

_Kus._ +Kusan.+ Western Oregon.

_Ln._ +Lencan.+ Honduras.

_Lut._ +Lutuamian.+ Southern Oregon and northern California.

_Mar._ +Mariposan.+ Southern California.

_Mgn._ +Matagalpan.+ Nicaragua.

_My._ +Mayan.+ Northern border of Honduras to Isthmus of Tehuantepec.

_Mex._ +Mexicana.+ See Nah.

_Mixt._ +Mixteca.+ See Zap.

_Mo._ +Moquelumnan.+ Central California.

_Mus._ +Muskhogean.+ Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, northern Florida,

and western Tennessee.

_Nah._ +Nahuan.+ See +Nahuatlan+.

_Nah._ +Nahuatlan.+ Southern portion of Mexico and parts of Central

America. Classed as Shoshonean.

_Nah._ +Nahuatlaca.+ See +Nahuatlan+.

_Nat._ +Natchesan.+ Northern Louisiana, western Mississippi. Now in

Indian Territory.

_Ot._ +Otomian.+ Central Mexico.

_Pal._ +Palaihnihan.+ North-eastern California.

_Pa._ +Pani.+ See Cad.

_Pim._ +Piman.+ The Sonoran region of Mexico, and southern Arizona.

Classed as Shoshonean.

_Pbl._ +Puebloan.+ See Ho., Kers., Pim., Tan., Zun., etc. Northern

Mexico and the south-western part of the United States. The

stone and adobe house building tribes.

_Puj._ +Pujunan.+ North-eastern California.

_Qrs._ +Queres.+ See Kers.

_Qor._ +Quoratean.+ Northern California.

_Sli._ +Salinan.+ Southern California coast.

_Salh._ +Salishan.+ North-west Oregon, northern Washington, northern

Idaho, western Montana, south-western British Columbia.

_Sas._ +Sastean.+ Northern California.

_Ser._ +Serian.+ Tiburon Island and adjacent coast of Mexico.

_Shap._ +Shahaptian.+ South-east Washington, north-west Oregon,

western Idaho.

_Sho._ +Shoshonean.+ Southern Texas to northern Montana and north

of the Colorado River, west to the Sierra Nevada. In southern

California through to the Pacific. Under Shoshonean are

classed by some authorities not only the true Shoshonean but

the Nahuatlan, Piman, and Hopitan. Including the Piman and

Nahuatlan the stock range would extend throughout Mexico and to

parts of Central America.

_Siu._ +Siouan.+ Continuously from northern Louisiana to the province

of Saskatchewan, eastward to the Mississippi, and in Wisconsin

as far as Lake Michigan. Westward to the eastern boundaries of

Colorado and Idaho. There were also formerly a number of tribes

of this stock in North Carolina, South Carolina, and Virginia.

See E. Siu.

_Skit._ +Skittagetan.+ Queen Charlotte Island, North-west coast.

_Sub._ +Subtiaban.+ Nicaragua.

_Tak._ +Takilman.+ South-west Oregon.

_Tan._ +Tañoan.+ Valley of the Rio Grande del Norte, New Mexico.

_Tar._ +Tarascan.+ Michoacan, Mexico.

_Tqs._ +Tequistlatecan.+ Oaxaca, Mexico.

_Te._ +Tewan+ or +Tehuan+. See Tan.

_Tim._ +Timuquanan.+ Florida.

_Tl._ +Tlinkit.+ See Kols.

_Tkn._ +Tonikan.+ Eastern Louisiana and western Mississippi.

_Tow._ +Tonkawan.+ Western and southern Texas.

_Tot._ +Totonacan.+ State of Vera Cruz, Mexico.

_Tzl._ +Tzental.+ Tabasco, Mexico. See also Chon.

_Uch._ +Uchean.+ Georgia.

_Ulv._ +Ulvan.+ Honduras.

_Un._ +Unidentified.+ Region, state, or possible affinity following.

_Uto-Az._ +Uto-Aztecan.+ See Ho., Nah., Pim., Sho.

_Wlp._ +Waiilatpuan.+ North-east Oregon.

_Wak._ +Wakashan.+ Coast of British Columbia.

_Wash._ +Washoan.+ Eastern California; western Nevada.

_Wei._ +Weitspekan.+ North-west California; south-west Oregon.

_Wish._ +Wishoskan.+ North-west California.

_Ykn._ +Yakonan.+ Coast of Oregon.

_Yan._ +Yanan.+ Northern California.

_Yuk._ +Yukian.+ Western California.

_Yma._ +Yuman.+ Arizona, southern California, and Lower California.

_Zap._ +Zapotecan.+ Southern Mexico.

_Zo._ +Zoquean.+ Chiapas and Oaxaca, Mexico.

_Zun._ +Zuñian.+ Western New Mexico.

+List of Tribes+

The stocks are also included and are printed in capitals. In order to

facilitate reference several titles of the same tribe are sometimes

given.

Abbāto-tenā. _Ath._

Abnaki. _Alq._

Absáruqe. _Siu._

Acadiau. _Alq._

Acaxees. _Nah._

Acconeechy. _E. Siu._

Acha. _Pbl._

Achē’to-tin’neh. _Ath._

Achis. _My._

Achomâwi. _Pal._

Acolhua. _Nah._

Acoma. _Kers._

Acomita. _Kers._

Acquera. _Tim._

Acxoteca. _Nah._

Adahi. _Ada._

Adáí. _Ada._

+Adaizan.+ _Ada._

Adaize. _Ada._

Adees. _Ada._

Adshusheer. _E. Siu._

Aggomiut. _M. Esk._

Agualulco. _Nah._

Aguateca. _My._

Aguile. _Tim._

Agutit. _M. Esk._

Ahaknanelet. _M. Esk._

Ahántchuyuk. _Kal._

Ahome. _Pim._

Ahowsaht. _Wak._

Aht. _Wak._

Ahtena. _Ath._

Aicale. _My._

Aivillirmiut. _M. Esk._

Aiyan. _Ath._

Ajoye. _My._

Akansea. _Siu._

Akbat. _Gr. Esk._

Akenatzy. _E. Siu._

Akoklako. _Kit._

Akorninak. _Gr. Esk._

Akudliarmiut. _M. Esk._

Akudnirmiut. _M. Esk._

Alaguilac. _Nah._

Alame. _My._

Alasapa. _Coh._

Aleut. _Alu. Esk._

Algonkin. _Alq._

+Algonquian.+ _Alq._

Algonquin. _Alq._

Alibamu. _Mus._

Aliche. _Cad._

Alikwa. _Wei._

Alimacani. _Tim._

Alsea. _Ykn._

Altatin. _Ath._

Aluik. _Gr. Esk._

Amitormiut. _M. Esk._

Amuchgo. _Zap._

Amusgo. _Zap._

Anaddakka. _Cad._

Anani. _E. Siu._

Anarnitsok. _Gr. Esk._

Anasitch. _Kus._

Andaste. _Ir._

Angmagsalik. _Gr. Esk._

Annocchy. _E. Siu._

Anouala. _Tim._

Apache. _Ath._

Apalachi. _Mus._

Appalou. _Tim._

Aquamish. _Wak._

Aquonena. _Tim._

Arapaho. _Alq._

Arctic Highlander. _Gr. Esk._

Ariquipa. _Ath._

Arikara. } _Cad._

Arikaree.}

Aripa. _Yma._

Arispa. _Pim.?_

Arivaipa. _Ath._

Arkansa. _Siu._

Arra-arra. _Qor._

Arvillirmiut. _M. Esk._

Aseguang. _Skit._

Ashochimi. _Yuk._

Asomoches. _Alq._

Assinaboin. _Siu._

Assinai. _Cad._

Assiwikales. _Alq._

Astina. _Tim._

Ătaăkût not Ā]. _Ath._

Atakwa. _E. Siu._

Atai. _Ada._

Ateacari. _Nah._

Atfálati. _Kal._

Athabascan. _Ath._

Athapacca. _Ath._

Athapasca. _Ath._

+Athapascan.+ _Ath._

Atka. _Alu. Esk._

Atnah (1). _Salh._

Atnah (2). _Ath._

Atore. _Tim._

Attacapa. _Att._

+Attacapan.+ _Att._

Atuamih. _Pal._

Auk. _Kols._

Awani. _Mo._

Axion. _Alq._

Ayankēld. _Kal._

Ayapai. _Mar._

Ayhuttisaht. _Wak._

Aztec. _Nah._

Babiocora. _Pim._

Backhooks. _E. Siu._

Baiyu. _Puj._

Balló Kai Pomo. _Kuln._

Baluxa. _E. Siu._

Bannock. _Sho._

Basirora. _Pim._

Basisa. _Tim._

Batemdikáyi. _Kuln._

Batucari. _Pim._

Batuco. _Pim._

Beaver. _Ath._

Belbellah. _Wak._

Bellacoola. _Salh._

Benixono. _Zap._

Beothuk. _Beo._

+Beothukan.+ _Beo._

Bethuck. _Beo._

Biara. _Pim._

Bilkula. _Salh._

Biloxi. _E. Siu._

Binukhsh. _Siu._

Blackfeet. _Siu._ (_See_ Sihasapa.)

Blackfeet. _Alq._ (_See_ Siksika.)

Blood Indians. _Alq._

Boka. _Puj._

Bollanos. _Mo._

Braba. _Pbl._

Brulé. _Siu._

Bulbul. _Ulv._

Búldam Pomo. _Kuln._

Cacalote. _Coh._

Cachopostate. _Coh._

Cacores. _E. Siu._

Cadapouce. _E. Siu._

Caddo. _Cad._

+Caddoan.+ _Cad._

Cadica. _Tim._

Cahita. _Pim._

Cahokia. _Alq._

Cahrok. _Qor._

Cahuillo. _Sho._

Cailloux. _Wlp._

Cajono. _Zap._

Cakchiquel. _My._

Calabaw. _E. Siu._

Calanay. _Tim._

Calapooya. _Kal._

Canai. _Alq._

Caniba. _Alq._

Canaway. _Alq._

Capaha. _Siu._

Cape Fear. _E. Siu._

Carcha. _Ulv._

Carib. _Crb._

+Caribbean.+ _Crb._

Carrizo. _Coh._

Casa Chiquita. _Coh._

Casa Grande. _Pbl._

Casas Grandes. _Pbl._

Cascade. _Chik._

Casti. _Tim._

Catajano. _Coh._

Catawba. _E. Siu._

Cathlamet. _Chik._

Cathlapotle. _Chik._

Cathlascon. _Chik._

Cattoway. _E. Siu._

Caughnawaga. _Ir._

Cayuga. _Ir._

Cayuse. _Wlp._

Cenis. _Cad._

Ceri. _Yma._

Chaco (Ruins). _Pbl._

Chahta. _Mus._

Chainímaini. _Mar._

Chalca. _Nah._

Chalqueño. _Nah._

Chamule. _My._

Chaneabal. _My._

Changuaguane. _Ath._

Chapa. _Cpn._

Chapanec. _Cpn._

+Chapanecan.+ _Cpn._

Charack. _Siu._

Charaeo. _Ot._

Charense. _Ot._

Chasta Costa. _Ath._

Chata. _Mus._

Chatcheeni. _Skit._

Chatino. _Zap._

Chauchila. _Mo._

Chawishek. _Kuln._

Chayopine. _Coh._

Chehalis. _Salh._

Chelamela. _Kal._

Chele. _My._

Chelekee. _Ir._

Chemehuevi. _Sho._

Chenposel. _Cop._

Chepewyan. _Ath._

Cheraw. _E. Siu._

Cherokee. _Ir._

Chetco. _Ath._

Cheyenne. _Alq._

Chia. _Pbl._

Chicasa. _Mus._

Chichen Itza. _My._

Chichilticalli. _Pbl._

Chichimec. _Gp._

Chichominy. _Alq.?_

Chickasaw. _Mus._

Chicklesaht. _Wak._

Chicora. _Cso._

Chiglit. _Alk. Esk._

Chikakokim. _Alq._

Chikaree. _E. Siu._

Chikelaki. _Alq._

Chilicothe. _Alq._

Chilili. _Tim._

Chilkat. _Kols._

Chilluckquittequaw. _Chik._

Chillúla. _Wei._

Chilpain. _Ath._

+Chimakuan.+ _Chi._

Chimakum. _Chi._

Chimalakwe. _Chrk._

Chimalapa. _Zo._

Chimalapas. _Zo._

Chimalpanec. _Nah._

+Chimarikan.+ _Chrk._

Chimariko. _Chrk._

+Chimmesyan.+ _Chyn._

Chimsian.}

Chimsyan.} _Chyn._

+Chinantecan.+ _Cit._

Chinanteco. _Cit._

Chinarra. _Nah._

Chinipa. _Pim._

Chinook. _Chik._

+Chinookan.+ _Chik._

Chinquíme. _Zo._

Chipeway. _Alq._

Chippewa. _Alq._

Chippewyan. _Ath._

Chiricahua. _Ath._

Chiroehaka. _Ir._

Chitimacha. _Cht._

+Chitimachan.+ _Cht._

Choam Chadila Pomo. _Kuln._

Chochona. _Zap._

Choctaw. _Mus._

Chokuyem. _Mo._

Chole. _My._

Cholupaha. _Tim._

Chontal (1). _Gp._

Chontal (2). _My._

Chontal (3). _Tqs._

Chopunnish. _Shap._

Chorotega. _Cpn._

Chorti. _My._

Chowanoc. _Alq._

Choya. _Tim._

Chozetta. _E. Siu._

Christanna. _E. Siu._

Chuchaca. _Kers._

Chuchona. _Zap._

Chugachigmiut. _Alk. Esk._

Chukaímina. _Mar._

Chūkchansi. _Mar._

Chumash. _Chm._

+Chumashan.+ _Chm._

Chumâwa. _Pal._

Chumaya. _Yuk._

Chumidok. _Mo._

Chūmteya. _Mo._

Chumtiwa. _Mo._

Chumuch. _Mo._

Chumwit. _Mo._

Chunut. _Mar._

Chwachamajù. _Kuln._

Cia. _Pbl._

Cicumovi. _Ho._

Cicuye. _Pbl._

Cimopavi. _Ho._

Cipaulovi. _Ho._

Clackama. _Chik._

Clahoquaht. _Wak._

Clallam. _Salh._

Clamets. _Lut._

Clatsop. _Chik._

Clickass. _Skit._

Cliff-Dwellers. _Pbl._

Clowetsus. _Wak._

+Coahuiltecan.+ _Coh._

Coahuilteco. _Coh._

Coaquilenes. _Coh._

Cochimi. _Yma._

Cochiti. _Kers._

Coco. _Ulv._

Cocomaricopa. _Yma._

Cocome. _My._

Coconino. _Yma._

Coconūn. _Mar._

Cocopa. _Yma._

Cœur d’Alêne. _Salh._

Coguinache. _Pim._

Cohonino. _Yma._

Cohuixca. _Nah._

Colotlan. _Nah._

Colouse. _Cop._

Colville. _Salh._

Comanche. _Sho._

Combahee. _Cso._

Comecrudo. _Coh._

Comeya. _Yma._

Comiteco. _My._

Comopari. _Pim._

Comupatrico. _Pim.?_

Comuripa. _Pim._

Comux. _Salh._

Concho (1). _Yma._

Concho (2). _Coh._

Conestoga. _Ir._

Confitachiquí. _Uch._

Congaree. _E. Siu._

Coninos. _Yma._

Conoy. _Alq._

Cook-koo-oose. _Kus._

Cooniac. _Chik._

Coosa. _Un. Mus.? Cso.?_

Cootenai. _Kit._

Copalis. _Salh._

Copan. _My._

Copeh. _Cop._

+Copehan.+ _Cop._

Coquilth. _Wak._

Cora. _Pim._

Coraru. _Nah._

Coree. _Ir.?_

Corsaboy. _Cso._

Coshatta. _Mus._

Cosninos. _Yma._

Costano. _Cost._

+Costanoan.+ _Cost._

Cotober. _E. Siu._

Cotoname. _Coh._

Coutani. _Kit._

Covisca. _Zo._

Covisco. _Zo._

Cowichin. _Salh._

Cowlitz. _Salh._

Coyotero. _Ath._

Cree. _Alq._

Creek. _Mus._

Crow. _Siu._

Cuchan. _Yma._

Cuicateco. _Zap._

Cuitlateco. _Nah._

Culua. _Nah._

Cumshawa. _Skit._

Cûñopavi. _Ho._

Cusabo. _Cso._

+Cusaboan.+ _Cso._

Cushna. _Puj._

Cusso. _Cso._

Cuthead. _Siu._

Cuttawa. _E. Siu._

Dāho′-tenā. _Ath._

Dakota. _Siu._

Dakubetede. _Ath._

Dápishul Pomo. _Kuln._

Daupom. _Cop._

Delamateno. _Ir._

Delaware. _Alq._

Didja-Za. _Zap._

Diegueño. _Yma._

Digger. _Gp._

Digothi. _Ath._

Dirian. _Cpn._

Dog Rib. _Ath._

Dohme. _Pim._

Dowaganha. _Alq._

Dwamish. _Salh._

Eastern People. _Kuln._

Eataubau. _Siu._

Echeloot. _Chik._

Edelano. _Tim._

Edisto. _Cso._

Ehiamana. _Tim._

Ehnek. _Qor._

Ekŏg´mint. _Alk. Esk._

Eloquale. _Tim._

Enecaqua. _Tim._

Eno. _E. Siu._

Erie. _Ir._

Erío. _Kuln._

Eriwoneck.

Erússi. _Kuln._

Esaw. _E. Siu._

+Eskimauan.+ _Esk._

Eskimo. _Esk._

Eskin. _Puj._

Esopus. _Alq._

Esquimaux. _Esk._

Esselen. _Ess._

+Esselenian.+ _Ess._

Estakewach. _Pal._

Etchemin. _Alq._

Etiwaw.}

Eutaw. } _Cso._

Euchre Creek. _Ath._

Eudeve. _Pim._

Éukshikni. _Lut._

Eurok. _Wei._

Faraone. _Ath._

Flachbogen. _Kit._

Flanahaskie. _E. Siu._

Flatbow. _Kit._

Flathead (1). _E. Siu._

Flathead (2). _Salh._

Flathead-Cootenai. _Kit._

Flonk´o. _Ath._

Fox. _Alq._

Gallinomréo. _Kuln._

Ganawese. _Alq._

Gaspesian. _Alq._

Gileño. _Ath._

Gohunes. _Yma._

Gosiute. _Sho._

Grand Pawnee. _Cad._

Gros Ventres. _Siu._

Guaicuru. _Yma._

Guailopo. _Pim._

Guajiquero. _Ln._

Gualála. _Kuln._

Guatuso. _Gua._

+Guatusoan.+ _Gua._

Guaymas. _Pim._

Guazapari. _Nah._

Guetares. _Cpn._

Guilito. _Cop._

Guimen. _Mo._

Gyidesdzo. _Chyn._

Gyitgāata. _Chyn._

Gyitksan. _Chyn._

Gyitqātla. _Chyn._

Gyitsalaser. _Chyn._

Gyitsumrälon. _Chyn._

Haeltzuk. _Wak._

Haida. _Skit._

Hailtzuk. _Wak._

Haishilla. _Wak._

Hammonasset. _Alq._

Hanahaskies. _Siu._

Hanega. _Kols._

Hano. _Tan._

Hanocoroucouay. _Tim._

Hantewa. _Pal._

Hapaluya. _Tim._

Hare. _Ath._

Hasatch. _Kers._

Hasinninga. _E. Siu._

Hatteras. _Alq._

Havasupai. _Yma._

Helto. _Puj._

Hemes. _Tan._

Hettitoya. _Mo._

Heve. _Pim._

Hicaranaou. _Tim._

Hichucios. _Pim._

Hidatsa. _Siu._

Himeri. _Pim._

Hiouacara. _Tim._

Hirrihiqua. _Tim._

Hishquayquaht. _Wak._

Hitchitee. _Mus._

Hizo. _Pim._

Hoak. _Puj._

Hoankut. _Puj._

Hololúpai. _Puj._

Homolua. _Tim._

Hoodsunu. _Kols._

Hoopah. _Ath._

Hopi. _Ho._

+Hopitan.+ _Ho._

Hopitu. _Ho._

Howakan. _Skit._

Howchuklisaht. _Wak._

Hualapai. _Yma._

Huasteca. _My._

+Huavan.+ _Hua._

Huaves. _Hua._

Huaztonteco. _Hua._

Huecos. _Cad._

Huichol. _Nah._

Huite. _Nah._

Huma.}

Hume.} _Nah._

Humâwhi. _Pal._

Hunah. _Kols._

Hupa. _Ath._

Huron. _Ir._

Husky. _Esk._

Husorone. _Pim._

Hutchnom. _Yuk._

Hydah. _Skit._

Igdlolnarsuk. _Gr. Esk._

Iglulingmiut. _M. Esk._

Ikogmiut. _Alk. Esk._

Illinois. _Alq._

Ilmâwi. _Pal._

Imahklimiut. _Alk. Esk._

Inguhklimiut. _Alk. Esk._

Innies. _Cad._

Innuit. _Esk._

Iowa. _Siu._

Ipapapan. _Tot._

+Iroquoian.+ _Ir._

Iroquois. _Ir._

Isantei. _Siu._

Isleta, New Mex. _Tan._

Isleta, Texas. _Tan._

Issa. _E. Siu._

Iswa. _E. Siu._

Itafi. _Tim._

Itara. _Tim._

Itaziptco. _Siu._

Ititcha. _Mar._

Itivimiut. _Lab. Esk._

Itza. _My._

Ivimiut. _Gr. Esk._

Ixil. _My._

Janos. _Ath._

Jaripecha. _Tar._

Jemez. _Tan._

Jicarilla. _Ath._

Jocolabal. _My._

Jonaz. _Ot._

Jope. _Zo._

Joshua. _Ath._

Kabinapek. _Kuln._

Kadapaw. _E. Siu._

Kagutl. _Wak._

Kaialigmiut. _Alk. Esk._

Kaigani. _Skit._

Kaimé. _Kuln._

Kaiowe. _Kio._

Kai Pomo. _Kuln._

Kaivavitz. _Sho._

Kaiyuh-khotānā. _Ath._

Kakamatsis. _Wak._

+Kalapooian.+ _Kal._

Kalapuya. _Kal._

Kăltsuerea tûnnĕ. _Ath._

Kamalel Pomo. _Kuln._

Kangivamiut. _Lab. Esk._

Kangmaligmiut. _Alk. Esk._

Kaugormiut. _M. Esk._

Kani. _Mo._

Kāniăgmiut. _Alk. Esk._

Kansa. _Siu._

Karankawa. _Kar._

+Karankawan.+ _Kar._

Karok. _Qor._

Karsuit. _Gr. Esk._

Kaskaskia. _Alq._

Kassooo. _Mar._

Kassovo. _Mar._

Kastel Pomo. _Kuln._

Kasua. _Sli._

Katchan. _Yma._

Kato Pomo. _Kuln._

Kauía. _Mar._

Kaulits. _Salh._

Kaus. _Kus._

Kauvuyas. _Sho._

Kaviagmiut. _Alk. Esk._

Kaw. _Siu._

Kaweah. _Mar._

Kaweya. _Mo._

Kâwiasuh. _Sho._

Kayowe. _Kio._

Kayung. _Skit._

Kcaltana. _Ath._

Kechemeches. _Alq._

Kechis. _Sho._

Keimanoeitoh. _Wak._

Kek. _Kols._

Kēlta. _Un., Ath.?_

Kemisak. _Gr. Esk._

Kenai. _Ath._

Kenay. _Ath._

Kenesti. _Ath._

Kera. _Kers._

Keres. _Kers._

+Keresan.+ _Kers._

Keswhawhay. _Ker._

Keyauwee. _E. Siu._

Kiawaw. _Cso._

K’iapkwainakwin. _Zun._

Kiawétni. _Mar._

Kichai. _Cad._

Kickapoo. _Alq._

Kiguaqtagmiut. _Lab. Esk._

Kikapoo. _Alq._

Kikkertarsoak. _Gr. Esk._

Killamuk. _Salh._

Kinarbik. _Gr. Esk._

Kingnaitmiut. _M. Esk._

King’s River. _Mar._

Kinnepatu. _M. Esk._

Kiowa. _Kio._

+Kiowan.+ _Kio._

Kioway. _Kio._

Kisani. _Pbl._

Kiscapocoke. _Alq._

Kitsmaht. _Wak._

Kittegareut. _Alk. Esk._

Kittuwa. _Ir._

+Kitunahan.+ _Kit._

Kizh. _Sho._

Klallam. _Salh._

Klamath (1). _Lut._

Klamath (2). _Wei._

Klanoh-Klatklam. _Kit._

Klaokwat. _Wak._

Klenekate. _Kols._

Klikitat. _Shap._

K’naia-khotona. _Ath._

Knik. _Ath._

Knisteneau. _Alq._

Koasáti. _Mus._

Koloma. _Puj._

Kolomum. _Puj._

Kolosch. _Kols._

+Koluschan.+ _Kols._

Komácho. _Kuln._

Kombo. _Un., Yan.?_

Komuk. _Salh._

Konjagen. _Esk.?_

Konkau. _Puj._

Kootenai. _Kit._

Kopagmiut. _Alk. Esk._

Kopé. _Cop._

Korusi. _Cop._

Kouksoarmiut. _Lab. Esk._

Kowagmiut. _Alk. Esk._

Kowelits. _Salh._

Kowilth. _Wish._

Koyukukhotānā. _Ath._

Kramalit. _M. Esk._

Kuagmiut. _Alk. Esk._

Kuchin. _Ath._

Kuitc. _Ykn._

Kulá Kai Pomo. _Kuln._

+Kulanapan.+ _Kuln._

Kulanapo. _Kuln._

Kūlmeh. _Puj._

Kulomum. _Puj._

Kung. _Skit._

Kunxit. _Skit._

Kupule. _My._

Kusa. _Kus._

+Kusan.+ _Kus._

Kuscarawock. _Alq._

Kuskwogmiut. _Alk. Esk._

Kutani. _Kit._

Kŭtchā-Kŭtchin´. _Ath._

Kutchan. _Yma._

Kutchin´. _Ath._

Kutenay. _Kit._

Kwaiantikwoket. _Sho._

Kwakiutl. _Wak._

Kwalhioqua. _Ath._

Kwantlen. _Salh._

Kwapa. _Siu._

Kwashilla. _Wak._

Kwatóa. _Puj._

Kwazami. _Ath._

Kwikhpăgmiut. _Alk. Esk._

Kwokwoos. _Kus._

Kyoquaht. _Wak._

Lacandon. _My._

Laguna. _Kers._

Laimono. _Yma._

Lákmiut. _Kal._

Láma. _Kuln._

Las´sik. _Cop._

Leaf-shooters. _Siu._

Lenapé. _Alq._

Lenca. _Ln._

+Lencan.+ _Ln._

Lenni-Lenapé. _Alq._

Likatuit. _Mo._

Likwiltoh. _Wak._

Lilowat. _Salh._

Lipan. _Ath._

Liwaito. _Cop._

Llanero. _Ath._

Loldla. _Cop._

Lolon´kūk. _Ath._

Lolsel. _Cop._

Long Island. _Alq._

Long Valley. _Sho._

Lopolatimne. _Mo._

Loucheux. _Ath._

Lower Coquille. _Kus._

Lucururu. _Tim._

Lummi. _Salh._

Lutuami. _Lut._

+Lutuamian.+ _Lut._

Macaw. _Wak._

Machapunga. _Alq._

Machaua. _Tim._

Machemni. _Mo._

Machemoodus. _Alq._

Macock. _Alq._

Magemiut. _Alk. Esk._

Mahican. _Alq._

Mablemiut. _Alk. Esk._

Mahoc. _Un., E. Siu.?_

Maidu. _Puj._

Maiera. _Tim._

Makah. _Wak._

Makhelchel. _Cop._

Malaka. _Cop._

Malica. _Tim._

Maliseet. _Alq._

Mam. _My._

Mamaleilakitish. _Wak._

Manahoac. _E. Siu._

Manakin. _E. Siu._

Mandan. _Siu._

Maneetsuk. _Gr. Esk._

Mangoac. _Ir._

Mangue. _Cpn._

Manhattan. _Alq._

Mano de perro. _Coh._

Manosaht. _Wak._

Mantese. _Alq._

Mareschit. _Alq._

Maricopa. _Yma._

Mariposa. _Mar._

+Mariposan.+ _Mar._

Marracou. _Tim._

Mascoutin. _Alq._

Maskegon. _Alq._

Maskoki. _Mus._

Massachuset. _Alq._

Massawomek. _Ir._

Massett. _Skit._

Massinacak. _E. Siu._

Matagalpan. _Un._

Matapane. _Pim._

Matelpa. _Wak._

Mathaica. _Tim._

Matlaltzinco. _Ot._

Matlame. _Ot._

Mattamuskeet. _Alq._

Mattapony. _Alq._

Mattoal. _Ath._

Mauvais-Monde. _Ath._

Maya. _My._

+Mayan.+ _My._

Mayapan. _My._

Maya-Quiche. _My._

Mayarca. _Tim._

Mayáyu. _Mar._

Mayo. _Pim._

Mazahua. _Ot._

Mazapil. _Nah._

Mazateco. _Zap._

Mecos. _Ot._

Meewoc. _Mo._

Mehemencho. _E. Siu._

Meherrin. _Ir._

Meidoo. _Puj._

Meipontsky. _E. Siu._

Melchora. _Ulv._

Meliseet. _Alq._

Melona. _Tim._

Melukitz. _Kus._

Mengwe. _Ir._

Menominee. _Alq._

Mequachake. _Alq._

Mescal. _Coh._

Mescalero. _Ath._

Met’how. _Salh._

Mexicana. _Nah._

Meztitlateca. _Nah._

Miakan. _Coh._

Miami. _Alq._

Michoa. _Tar._

Michōpdo. _Puj._

Micikqwûtme tûnnĕ. _Ath._

Micmac. _Alq._

Mico. _Ulv._

Micoñinovi. _Ho._

Mije. _Zo._

Mikono tûnnĕ. _Ath._

Mimbreño. _Ath._

Mingo. _Ir._

Minisink. _Alq._

Minitaree. _Siu._

Minneconjou. _Siu._

Minsi. _Alq._

Misálamagūn. _Kuln._

Mishongnovi. _Ho._

Misisauga. _Alq._

Missouri. _Siu._

Mita. _Wei._

Mitoám Kai Pomo. _Kuln._

Miwok. _Mo._

Mixe. _Zo._

Mixtec. _Zap._

Mixteca-Zapoteca. _Zap._

Moan´auzi. _Sho._

Moapariats. _Sho._

Mobilian. _Mus._

Mochilagua. _Pim.?_

Mocoso. _Tim._

Mocossou. _Tim._

Moctoby. _E. Siu._

Modoc. _Lut._

Módokni. _Lut._

Mogollon. _Ath._

Mohave. _Yma._

Mohawk. _Ir._

Mohegan. _Alq._

Mohetan. _E. Siu._

Mohican. _Alq.?_

Mokelumni. _Mo._

Moki. _Ho._

Molale. _Wlp._

Molua. _Tim._

Monachi. _Sho._

Monagan. _E. Siu._

Monahasanugh. _E. Siu._

Monasiccapano. _E. Siu._

Mono. _Sho._

Monocan. _E. Siu._

Monqui. _Yma._

Monsey. _Alq._

Monsoni. _Alq._

Montagnais (1). _Ath._

Montagnais (2). _Alq._

Montagnard. _Ath._

Montauk. _Alq._

Moose. _Alq._

Moosonee. _Alq._

Mopan. _My._

+Moquelumnan.+ _Mo._

Moquelumne. _Mo._

Moquis. _Ho._

Moscoso. _Tim._

Mosilian. _Alq._

Moundbuilder. Composite. _Gp._

Mowachat. _Wak._

Mowhemcho. _E. Siu._

Muclaht. _Wak._

Muctobi. _E. Siu._

Mukaluk. _Lut._

Mulluck. _Kus._

Multnoma. _Chik._

Munsee. _Alq._

Musakakūn. _Kuln._

+Muskhogean.+ _Mus._

Muskhogee. _Mus._

Muskoki. _Mus._

Musquito. _Un._

Mūtsūn. _Mo._

Muutzizti. _Pim._

Naas. _Gp., Chyn., Salh.?_

Nachitoches. _Cad._

Nacu. _Kus.?_

Nadowessiwag. _Siu._

Nagailer. _Ath._

Nageuktormiut. _M. Esk._

Nahauni. _Ath._

Nahsuzi. _Pbl._

Na’htchi. _Nat._

Nahua. _Nah._

Nahuatl. _Nah._

+Nahuatlan.+ _Nah._

Nahuatleca. _Nah._

Nahyssan. _E. Siu._

Na-isha. _Ath._

Naktche. _Nat._

Nakum. _Puj._

Nakwahtoh. _Wak._

Naltun netûnnĕ. _Ath._

Nambé. _Tan._

Nanaimo. _Salh._

Nanoos. _Salh._

Nantic. _Alq._

Nanticoke. _Alq._

Naolingo. _Tot._

Napa (1). _Cop._

Napa (2). _Yuk._

Napetuca. _Tim._

Narraganset. _Alq._

Narsuk. _Gr. Esk._

Nascapee. _Alq._

Nasquá. _Chyn._

Nataco. _Cad._

Natches. _Nat._

+Natchesan.+ _Nat._

Natchez. _Nat._

Natchitoches. _Cad._

Natowek. _Ir._

Natowesieux. _Siu._

Nātsit-Kŭtchin´. _Ath._

Naugatuck. _Alq._

Nauset. _Alq._

Navaho.}

Navajo.} _Ath._

Nawiti. _Wak._

Nayerit. _Pim._

Nehalim. _Salh._

Nehantic. _Alq._

Nehaunee. _Ath._

Nehethawa. _Alq._

Nenenot. _Alq._

Nespelum. _Salh._

Netchillirmiut. _M. Esk._

Netela. _Sho._

Netzicho. _Zap._

Neusiok. _Alq.?_

Neuter. _Ir._

Nevome. _Sho._

New Gold Harbour. _Skit._

Newichumni. _Mo._

Nez Percé. _Shap._

Nicaraos. _Nah._

Nicassias. _Mo._

Nicoutamuch. _Salh._

Nihaloth. _Chik._

Nikonha. _E. Siu._

Nimkish. _Wak._

Nipissing. _Alq._

Nipmuc. _Alq._

Nipnet. _Alq._

Niquiran. _Nah._

Nīshinam. _Puj._

Nisqualli. _Salh._

Nitinaht. _Wak._

Niwiti. _Wak._

Noema. _Cop._

Noje. _Yan._

Nomlaki. _Cop._

Nommuk. _Cop._

Nootka. _Wak._

Norelmuk. _Cop._

Normuk. _Cop._

Norridgewock. _Alq._

Notchee. _Nat._

Notoánaiti. _Mar._

Nottoway. _Ir._

Noyùki. _Cop._

Nozi. _Yma._

Nuchalaht. _Wak._

Nugumiut. _M. Esk._

Nuksahk. _Salh._

Numpali. _Mo._

Num´su. _Cop._

Nunatogmiut. _Alk. Esk._

Nuncock. _Siu._

Nunivagmiut. _Alk. Esk._

Nuntaly. _Un., E. Siu.?_

Nuntaneuck. _Un., E. Siu.?_

Nusdalum. _Salh._

Nushagagmiut. _Alk. Esk._

Nusulph. _Salh._

Nūtchu. _Mo._

Nūtha. _Sho._

Nutka. _Wak._

Nuwungmiut. _Alk. Esk._

Oathcaqua. _Tim._

Occaneechi. _E. Siu._

Ochíngita. _Mar._

Ocotlano. _Zap._

Oenock. _E. Siu._

Ogalalla.} _Siu._

Oglála. }

Oglemiut. _Alk. Esk._

Ohiat. _Wak._

Ojadagochroene. _E. Siu._

Ojibwa. _Alq._

Okahoki. _Alq._

Okeeogmiut. _Alk. Esk._

Okinagan. _Salh._

Okkiosorbik. _Gr. Esk._

Okomiut. _M. Esk._

Olamentke. _Mo._

Olelato. _Cop._

Olhone. _Mo._

Olla. _Puj._

Olmeca. _Un., Mex._

Olowidok. _Mo._

Olowit. _Mo._

Olowiya. _Mo._

Olposel. _Cop._

Oluláto. _Cop._

Olumpali. _Mo._

Omaha. _Siu._

Onathcaqua. _Tim._

Onava. _Pim._

Oneida. _Ir._

Onochaquara. _Tim._

Onondaga. _Ir._

Ontponas. _E. Siu._

Oohenopa. _Siu._

Opata. _Pim._

Opatoro. _Ln._

Opechisaht. _Wak._

Openango. _Alq._

Opuhnarke. _Alq._

Oraibe. _Ho._

Orarian. _Alk. Esk._

Orejone. _Coh._

Orista. _Cso._

Orotina. } _Cpn._

Orotinan.}

Osage. _Siu._

Osile. _Tim._

Otaki. _Puj._

Otari. _Ir._

Otayachgo. _Alq._

Oto. } _Siu._

Otoe.}

Otomi. _Ot._

+Otomian.+ _Ot._

Ottawa. _Alq._

Ounángan. _Esk._

Oustaca. _Tim._

Owilapsh. _Ath._

Paanese. _E. Siu._

Paboksa. _Siu._

Pacaos. _Coh._

Pachenaht. _Wak._

Pachera. _Pim._

Pacuâche. _Coh._

Padlimiut. _M. Esk._

Paduca. _Gp._

Paguate. _Kers._

Pah Ute.}

Pai Ute.} _Sho._

Paiuti. }

Pajalate. _Coh._

Pakamalli. _Pal.?_

Pakawá. _Coh._

Palaihnih. _Pal._

+Palaihnihan.+ _Pal._

Palaik. _Pal._

Palenque. _My._

Paléumni. _Sho._

Palligawonap. _Sho._

Paloos. _Shap._

Paluxsi. _E. Siu._

Pamaque. _Coh._

Pamawaioc. _Alq._

Pame. _Ot._

Pamlico. _Alq._

Pampopa. _Coh._

Pamticoke. _Alq._

Pamunkey. _Alq._

Pani. _Cad._

Panpakan. _Puj._

Pantasma. _Ulv._

Panteco. _My._

Papabuco. _Zap._

Papago. _Pim._

Parrastah. _Ulv._

Paskagula. _Siu._

Pasquotank. _Alq._

Passamaquoddi. _Alq._

Pastancoya. _Coh._

Patacale. _Coh._

Patawat. _Wish._

Patáwe. } _Cop._

Patcháwe.}

Patchica. _Tim._

Patshenin. _E. Siu._

Patwin. _Cop._

Paugusset. _Alq._

Paupákan. _Puj._

Pausane. _Coh._

Pavant. _Sho._

Paviotso. _Sho._

Pawnee. _Cad._

Paya. _Un._

Payseya. _Coh._

Pea. _Alq._

Pecos. _Pbl._

Pedee. _E. Siu._

Pehtsik. _Qor._

Pekwan. _Wei._

Pend d’Oreille. _Salh._

Penobscot. _Alq._

Pennacook. _Alq._

Pentlash.} _Salh._

Pentlatc.}

Peoria. _Alq._

Pequot. _Alq._

Pericu. _Yma._

Perquiman. _Alq._

Peten. _My._

Piankishaw. _Alq._

Picuris. _Tan._

Pi Ede. _Sho._

Piegan. _Alq._

Pihique. _Coh._

Pilingmiut. _M. Esk._

Pima. _Pim._

+Piman.+ _Pim._

Pinal Coyotero. _Ath._

Pinome. _Zo._

Pintahae. _E. Siu._

Pipile. _Sho._

Piqua. _Alq._

Pirinda. _Ot._

Piros. _Tan._

Piscataway. _Alq._

Pisquow. _Salh._

Pitkachì. _Mar._

Pitt River. _Pal._

Pi Ute. _Sho._

Poam Pomo. _Kuln._

Pocomtock. _Alq._

Podunk. _Alq._

Poélo. _Sho._

Pohállin Tinleh. _Mar._

Pohonichi. _Mo._

Pojoaque. _Tan._

Pokomam. _My._

Pokonchi. _My._

Poluksalgi. _E. Siu._

Pomo. _Kuln._

Pomouik. _Alq._

Ponca. _Siu._

Ponderay. _Salh._

Popoluca. _Gp., Mex._

Poquonnoc. _Alq._

Potanou. _Tim._

Poteskeet. _Alq._

Potlapigua. _Pirn._

Pottawatomi. _Alq._

Pottawattomi. _Alq._

Powhattan. _Alq._

Pueblito. _Kers._

Pueblo. _Pbl._

+Puebloan.+ _Pbl._

Pujunan. _Puj._

Pujuni. _Puj._

Pulairih. _Pal._

Punyeestye. _Kers._

Punyekia. _Kers._

Pusityitcho. _Kers._

Pusúna. _Puj._

Putum. _My._

Puyallup. _Salh._

Qagutl. _Wak._

Qaumauangmiut. _M. Esk._

Qinguamiut. _M. Esk._

Quaitso. _Salh._

Quapaw. _Siu._

Quatquiutl. _Wak._

Quatsino. _Wak._

Quekchi. _My._

Queniut. _Salh._

Queptlmamish. _Salh._

Querechos. _Un., Sho.?_

Queres. _Kers._

Quiahanless. _Skit._

Quiche. _My._

Quile-Ute. _Chi._

Quinnebaug. _Alq._

Quinnipiac. _Alq._

Quinpi. _Alq._

Quivira. _Un., Siu.?_

Quoddy. _Alq._

+Quoratean.+ _Qor._

Quoratem. _Qor._

Qwinctûnnetûn. _Ath._

Rama. _Un._

Ramapoo. _Alq._

Ramcock. _Alq._

Reho. _Un._, _Cali._

Republican Pawnee. _Cad._

Riccaree. _Cad._

Rickohockan. _Ir._

Rikwa. _Wei._

Rogue River. _Ath._ and _Tak._

Runsien. _Gp._

Rurok. _Wei._

Saagit. _Wei._

Sabaquis. _Pim._

Sabaibo. _Nah._

Sac. _Alq._

Sac and Fox. _Alq._

Sacumehu. _Salh._

Sagdlirmiut. _M. Esk._

Saharipa. _Pim._

Sahewamish. _Salh._

Sahkey. _Alq._

Saiaz. _Ath._

Saidyuka. _Sho._

Saint Regis. _Ir._

Saiwash. _Sas._

Sakaiakumni. _Mo._

+Salinan.+ _Sli._

Salish. _Salh._

+Salishan.+ _Salh._

Saluda. _Alq.?_

Samamish. _Salh._

Samish. _Salh._

San Antonio. _Un._

Sandia. _Tan._

Sanetch. _Salh._

San Felipe. _Kers._

Sanhican. _Alq._

San Ildefonso. _Tan._

Sanipao. _Con._

San Juan. _Tan._

San Juan de Guacara. _Tim._

San Mateo. _Tim._

San Rafael. _Mo._

Sans Arcs. _Siu._

Sans Puell. _Salh._

Santa Ana. _Kers._

Santa Barbara. _Sli._

Santa Clara, New Mexico. _Tan._

Santa Clara, Utah. _Sho._

Santa Cruz, Cali. _Mo._

Santa Elena. _Cso._

Santa Inez. _Sli._

Santa Lucia de Acuera. _Tim._

Santee. _E. Siu_ and _Siu_.

Santiam. _Kal._

Santo Domingo. _Kers._

Saponi. _E. Siu._

Saps. _E. Siu._

Saptin. _Shap._

Sara. _E. Siu._

Sarcees. _Ath._

Saste. _Sas._

+Sastean.+ _Sas._

Satsika. _Alq._

Satsop. _Salh._

Saturiwa. _Tim._

Sauk. _Alq._

Saumingmiut. _M. Esk._

Sauteux. _Alq._

Savanna. _Alq._

Sawákhtu. _Mar._

Sawamish. _Salh._

Saxapahaw. _E. Siu._

Sayúskla. _Ykn._

Scatacook. _Alq._

Sebasa. _Wak._

Secoffie. _Alq._

Secotan. _Alq._

Seemunah. _Kers._

Seguas. _Nah._

Sekamish. _Salh._

Sekumne. _Puj._

Selawigmiut. _Alk. Esk._

Selish. _Salh._

Seminole. _Mus._

Seneca. _Ir._

Senecú. _Tan._

Senel. _Kuln._

Sequas. _Nah._

Seri. _Ser._

+Serian.+ _Ser._

Sermiligak. _Gr. Esk._

Sermilik. _Gr. Esk._

Seroushamne. _Mo._

Serrano. _Ot._

Seshaht. _Wak._

Sewee. _E. Siu._

Shacco. _E. Siu._

Shackaconias. _Siu._

Shahaptaní. _Shap._

+Shahaptian.+ _Shap._

Shakan. _Skit._

Shanktonwan. _Siu._

Shasta. _Sas._

Shastika. _Sas._

Shasty. _Sas._

Shawano. _Alq._

Shawnee. _Alq._

Sheshtapoosh. _Alq._

Shetimasha. _Cht._

Shevwitz. _Sho._

Sheyenne. _Alq._

Shibal´ni Pómo. _Kuln._

Shingwauk. _Alq._

Shinomo.}

Shínumo.} _Pbl._

Shiwapmuk. _Salh._

Shiwokugmiut. _Alk. Esk._

Shoccori. _E. Siu._

Shódo Kaí Pomo. _Kuln._

Shomamish. _Salh._

Shooswap. _Salh._

Shoshokoes. _Sho.?_

+Shoshonean.+ _Sho._

Shoshone.} _Sho._

Shoshoni.}

Shotlemamish. _Salh._

Sia. _Kers._

Síako. _Kuln._

Sicatl. _Salh._

Sicaunie. _Ath._

Sihasapa. _Siu._

Sikonesse. _Alq._

Sikosuilarmiut. _M. Esk._

Siksika. _Alq._

Silets. _Salh._

Silla. _Kers._

Similaton. _Ln._

Sinaloa. _Pim._

Sinimiut. _M. Esk._

Sinnager. _Ir._

+Siouan.+ _Siu._

Sioux. _Siu._

Siquai. _Ulv._

Sisseton. _Siu._

Sissipahaw. _E. Siu._

Sitcaxu. _Siu._

Sitcomovi. _Ho._

Sitka. _Kols._

Siuslaw. _Ykn._

Skagit. _Salh._

Skedan. _Skit._

Skidi. _Cad._

Skihwamish. _Salh._

Skiteiget. _Skit._

Skitsuish. _Salh._

Skittaget. _Skit._

+Skittagetan.+ _Skit._

Skoffi. _Alq._

Skokomish. _Salh._

Skopamish. _Salh._

Skoyelpi. _Salh._

Sktehlmish. _Salh._

Skwaksin. _Salh._

Skwallyamish. _Salh._

Slave. _Ath._

Sluacus tinneh. _Ath._

Smoos. _Ulv._

Smulkamish. _Salh._

Snake. _Sho._

Snohomish. _Salh._

Snoqualmi. _Salh._

Sobaipuri. _Pim._

Sochimiloco. _Nah._

Soke. _Salh._

Sokóa. _Kuln._

Solteco. _Zap._

Songish. _Salh._

Sonomi. _Mo._

Sonora. _Pim._

Sonorense Opata. _Pim._

Sorrocho. _Tim._

Souriquoi. _Alq._

Spirit Lake. _Siu._

Spokan. _Salh._

Squawmisht. _Salh._

Squaxon. _Salh._

Squonamish. _Salh._

Stahkin. _Kols._

Stegara. _E. Siu._

Stehtsasamish. _Salh._

Stenkenocks. _E. Siu._

Stillacum. _Salh._

Stono. _Cso._

St. _Regis. Ir._

Subirona. _Ulv._

Subtiaba. _Sub._

+Subtiaban.+ _Sub._

Sugan. _E. Siu._

Sugaree. _E. Siu._

Sugon. _Wei._

Suinyi. _Zun._

Suisun. _Cop._

Sumass. _Salh._

Supi. _Yma._

Suquamish. _Salh._

Suquinimiut. _Lab. Esk._

Susquehannock. _Ir._

Swali. _Siu._

Swinamish. _Salh._

Tâcame. _Coh._

Tacatacura. _Tim._

Táchi. _Mar._

Taculli. _Ath._

Taderighrone. _E. Siu._

Taensa. _Nat._

Tagish. _Kols._

Tahichapahanna. _Sho._

Tahkaht. _Wak._

Tahkali. _Ath._

Tāh´ko-tin´neh. _Ath._

Tablewah. _Ath._

Tahltan. _Ath._

Tâiakwin. _Zun._

Tait. _Salh._

Taitchida. _Puj._

Takilma. _Tak._

+Takilman.+ _Tak._

Taku. _Kols._

Talamanca. _Un._

Talamo. _Salh._

Talatui. _Mo._

Talirpingmiut. _M. Esk._

Taltûctun tûde. _Ath._

Tamal. _Mo._

Tamaroi. _Alq._

Tamoleka. _Mo._

Tanek. _E. Siu._

Taño. _Tan._

+Tañoan.+ _Tan._

Tantoyoc. _My._

Tanu. _Skit._

Taos. _Tan._

Tapaneco. _Nah._

Tapijulapane. _Zo._

Tappas. _Cad._

Taqagmiut. _Lab. Esk._

Tarahumara. _Pim._

Tarasca. _Tar._

+Tarascan.+ _Tar._

Tarasco. _Tar._

Tarelepa. _My._

Tarratine. _Alq._

Tartanee. _Skit._

Tataten. _Ath._

Tatera. _E. Siu._

Taterat. _Gr. Esk._

Tatimole. _Tot._

Tatsāh-kutchin. _Ath._

Tatu. _Yuk._

Tauxsnitania. _E. Siu._

Tawakomie. _Cad._

Taywaugh. _Tan._

Tcême. } _Ath._

Tchême.}

Tcĕtlĕstcan tûnnĕ. _Ath._

Tchĭkûn. _Ath._

Tchishi. _Ath._

Tchokoyem. _Mo._

Teacualitzistis. _Pim._

Teata. _Pim._

Tebaca. _Nah._

Teco. _Nah._

Tecojine. _Zo._

Tecoripa. _Pim._

Tecualme. _Pim.?_

Tigninatio. _E. Siu._

Teguima. _Pim._

Tehama. _Cop._

Tēhānin-kŭtchin. _Ath._

Tehua. _Tan._

+Tehuan.+ _Tan._

Tehueco. _Pim._

Tejano. _Coh._

Tektikilhatis. _Tot._

Télumni. _Mar._

Tenaino. _Shap._

Tenăn-kŭtchin. _Ath._

Tenez. _Cit._

Tenime. _Zo._

Tennŭth-Kutchin´. _Ath._

Teotenanca. _Un., Mex._

Tepaneco. _Nah._

Tepehuane. _Pim._

Tepozcolul. _Zap._

Tequis. _Pim._

Tequistlateca. _Yma._

Terwar. _Ath._

Tessuisak. _Gr. Esk._

Tesuque. _Tan._

Tetero. _E. Siu._

Teton. _Siu._

Teuteca. _Cit._

Tewa. _Tan._

+Tewan.+ _Tan._

Texano. _Coh._

Texas. _Cad.?_

Texone. _Coh._

Teyas. _Cad.?_

Tezcucan. _Nah._

Tezcuco. _Nah._

Thlinket. _Kols._

T’ho. _My._

Tientien. _Cop._

Tigua. } _Tan._

Tiguex.}

Tillamook. _Salh._

Timoga. _Tim._

Timucua. _Tim._

Timuquana. _Tim._

+Timuquanan.+ _Tim._

Tínlinneh. _Mar._

Tinné. }

Tinneh.} _Ath._

Tinney.}

Tionontate. _Ir._

Tipatolápa. _Sho._

Tisèchu. _Mar._

Tíshum. _Puj._

Titõwā. _Siu._

Tiutei. _E. Siu._

Tlacopán. _Nah._

Tlahuico. _Nah._

Tlamatl. _Lut._

Tlaoquatch. _Wak._

Tlapanec. _Zap._

Tlapaneco. _Zo._

Tlascalan. _Nah._

Tlascaltecan. _Nah._

Tlatluican. _Nah._

Tlatscanai. _Ath._

Tlingit.} _Kols._

Tlinkit.}

Toámtcha. _Puj._

Tobikhar. _Sho._

Tocaste. _Tim._

Tockwhogh. _Alq._

Toderichroone. _E. Siu._

Todetabi. _Cop._

Tokar. _Sho._

Tokoaat. _Wak._

Tolemato. _Tim._

Tolewa.} _Ath._

Tolowa.}

+Toltec.+ _Nah.?_

Tongass. _Kols._

Tonika. _Tkn._

+Tonikan.+ _Tkn._

Tonkawa. _Tow._

+Tonkawan.+ _Tow._

Tonto. _Yma._

Topaidisel. _Cop._

Topoqui. _Tim._

Toquaht. _Wak._

Tosikoyo. _Puj._

Totero. _E. Siu._

Toto. _Puj._

+Totonacan.+ _Tot._

Totonaco. _Tot._

Towiachies. _Cad._

Towakarehu. _Cad._

Triqui. _Zap._

Tsamak. _Puj._

Tsawadinoh. _Wak._

Ts’emsián. _Chyn._

Tshinkitani. _Kols._

Tshokoyem. _Mo._

Tsimshian. _Chyn._

Tsinuk. _Chik._

Tubare. _Nah._

Tucano. _Pbl._

Tucururu. _Tim._

Tŭkkūth-kŭtchin. _Ath._

Tukuarika. _Sho._

Tulare. _Mo._

Tumidok. _Mo._

Tumun. _Mo._

Tunglas. _Mus._

Tununirmiut. _M. Esk._

Tununirusirmiut. _M. Esk._

Tunxi. _Alq._

Tuolomne. _Mo._

Tusayan. _Pbl._

Tuscarora. _Ir._

Tutahaco. _Pbl._

Tŭtchoné-kŭtchin. _Ath._

Tutelo. _E. Siu._

Tututena. _Ath._

Tutu tûnnĕ. _Ath._

Twaka. _Ulv._

Twana. _Salh._

Twichtwicht. _Alq._

Twightwee. _Alq._

Two Kettle. _Siu._

Tyigh. _Shap._

Tzendal.} _Tzl._

Tzental.}

Tzotzil. _My._

Tzutuhil. _My._

Ucalta. _Wak._

Uché. _Uch._

+Uchean.+ _Uch._

Uchita. _Yma._

Ucita. _Tim._

Ugalakmiut. _Alk. Esk._

Ugaqpa. _Siu._

Ugjulirmiut. _M. Esk._

Uinkarets. _Sho._

Ukiah. _Kuln._

Ukivokgmiut. _Alk. Esk._

Ūkumnom. _Ath._

Ukusiksalingmiut. _M. Esk._

Ukwulta. _Wak._

Ulva. _Ulv._

+Ulvan.+ _Ulv._

Umaha. _Siu._

Umanak. _Gr. Esk._

Umatilla. _Shap._

Umerik. _Gr. Esk._

Umkwa. _Ath._

Umpqua. _Ath._

Unakhotānā. _Ath._

Unalachtigo. _Alq._

Unalashka.} _Alu. Esk._

Unalaska. }

Unaligmiut. _Alk. Esk._

Unami. _Alq._

Uncapapa. _Siu._

Unechtgo. _Alq._

Ungavamiut. _Lab. Esk._

Unquachog. _Alq._

Ūnŭnǵŭn. _Alu. Esk._

Urriparacuxi. _Tim._

Usheree. _E. Siu._

Ushiti. _Yma._

Uspanteca. _My._

Ustóma. _Puj._

Uta. }

Utah.} _Sho._

Ute. }

Utchium. _Mo._

Utina. _Tim._

Utlateca. _My._

Uttewa. _Skit._

Uxmal. _My._

Vacissa. _Tim._

Valiente. _Un._

Varogio. _Nah._

Vebetlateca. _My._

Venaambakaiia. _Kuln._

Venado. _Coh._

Viard. _Wish._

Vŭntā-kŭtchin´. _Ath._

Waccamaw. _E. Siu._

Waco. _Cad._

Wagluxe. _Siu._

Wahaikan. _Chik._

Wahkiacum. _Chik._

Wahpeton. _Siu._

Waicurru. _Yma._

Waiilatpu. _Wlp._

+Waiilatpuan.+ _Wlp._

Waikenmuk. _Cop._

Waikosel. _Cop._

Waikur. _Yma._

Wailaki (1). _Cop._

Wailakki (2). _Ath._

Wailaksel. _Cop._

Wailatpu. _Wlp._

Wairika. _Sas._

Wakash. _Wak._

+Wakashan.+ _Wak._

Walakumni. _Mo._

Walapai. _Yma._

Walla Walla. _Shap._

Walli. _Mo._

Walpi. _Ho._

Wampanoag. _Alq._

Wangum. _Alq._

Wangunk. _Alq._

Wapanachki. _Alq._

Wapanoc. _Alq._

Wapoo. _Cso._

Wappinger. _Alq._

Wappo. _Chik._

Wapuchuseamma. _Kers._

Wapúmni. _Puj._

Warren nuncock. _E. Siu._

Wasco. _Chik._

Washaki. _Sho._

Washita. _Cad._

Washo. _Wash._

+Washoan.+ _Wash._

Waskiteng. _E. Siu._

Wateree. _E. Siu._

Watlala. _Chik._

Waxhaw. _E. Siu._

Wazaza. _Siu._

Wea. _Alq._

Weapemeoc. _Alq._

Weenee. _E. Siu._

Weeyot. _Wish._

Weitspek. _Wei._

+Weitspekan.+ _Wei._

Wendat. _Ir._

Wepawaug. _Alq._

Westo. _Cso._

Whīlkut. _Ath._

Whonkenteae. _E. Siu._

Wíchikik. _Mar._

Wichita. _Cad._

Wihinasht. _Sho._

Wikchúmni. _Mar._

Wikenak. _Wak._

Wíksachi. _Mar._

Wilaksel. _Cop._

Willamat. } _Kal._

Willamette.}

Wima. _Puj._

Wimbee. _Cso._

Winangik. _Sho._

Winatsha. _Salh._

Winnebago. _Siu._

Wintoon. _Cop._

Wintu. _Cop._

Wintun. _Cop._

Winyaw. _E. Siu._

Wisack. _E. Siu._

Wishosk. _Wish._

+Wishoskan.+ _Wish._

Witchita. _Cad._

Wiwash. _Alq._

Wíyot. _Wish._

Woccon. _E. Siu._

Wolokki. _Puj._

Woolwa. _Ulv._

Wyandot. _Ir._

Wylackker. _Cop._

+Xicaque.+ _Un._

Xicayan. _Zap._

Xime. _Nah._

Ximena. _Pbl., Pim.?_

+Xinca.+ _Un._

Xicalanca. _Un., My.?_

Xuala. _E. Siu._

Yaketahnoklatakmakanay. _Kit._

Yakon. _Ykn._

+Yakonan.+ _Ykn._

Yakutat. _Kols._

Yakwĭna. _Ykn._

Yamacraw. _Mus._

Yamasi. _Mus._

Yamil. _Kal._

Yamkally. _Kal._

+Yanan.+ _Yan._

Yankton. _Siu._

Yanktonnais. _Siu._

Yaqui. _Pim._

Yatasses. _Cad._

Yavipais. _Yma._

Yellow-knives. _Ath._

Yecpin. _Alq._

Yesang. _E. Siu._

Yodetábi. _Cop._

Yokáya Pomo. _Kuln._

Yokultat. _Wak._

Yokut. _Mar._

Yonkalla. _Kal._

Yope. _Zo._

Yosemité. _Mo._ See Awani.

Yótowi. _Puj._

Youkone. _Ykn._

Yuba. _Puj._

Yucatec. _My._

Yuchi. _Uch._

Yuclulaht. _Wak._

Yuit. _Asiatic Esk._

Yukai. _Kuln._

Yuke.} _Yuk._

Yuki.}

+Yukian.+ _Yuk._

Yúkol. _Mar._

Yukulta. _Wak._

Yuloni. _Mo._

Yuma. _Yma._

+Yuman.+ _Yma._

Yupaha. _Tim._

Yuqueyunque. _Pbl._

Yurok. _Wei._

Yusâl Pomo. _Kuln._

Yuta. _Sho._

Zapotec. _Zap._

+Zapotecan.+ _Zap._

Ziamma. _Kers._

Zoque. _Zo._

+Zoquean.+ _Zo._

Zoque-Mixe. _Zo._

Zuaque. _Pim._

Zuñi. _Zun._

+Zuñian.+ _Zun._

[Illustration: WOODEN SEAL-DISH, HAIDA, NORTH-WEST COAST]

INDEX

See also list of illustrations, page xv.

A

Abandoned works, meaning of, 348

Aboriginal dress, 126, 133

Adobe, 220;

brick, 234;

house, 195

Adoption, 366, 416

Adoratorio, 186

Alaska, peopled from S. and S.-E., 457

Albornoz, 136

Aleut houses, 216

Aleutian islands, when inhabited, 457

Aleuts, range of, 217

Algonquin, dress, 142;

records, 58

Alloy of gold and copper, 301

Alosaka, the, 179

Alphabet, Bureau of Ethnology, 36;

Cherokee, 52;

Sauk, 53

Amazon myth, 403

America, when peopled, 456

Amerind, a village dweller, 247;

definition of, 2;

literature, 30

Amerindian race composed of different elements, 457

Amerinds a stone-age people, 248

Amnesty, 370

Amusements, 308

Ancient fabrics, 108

Antiquity of man in America, evidences of, 434

Antiquity of Mayas, 242

Apaches and Navajos remaining behind, 440

Appendix, 461

Aqueduct, 339

Arch, 217, 242

Ardnainiq, tribe called, 407

Armour, 156, 255, 257

Arrow- and spear-heads, 263

Assembly place, 412

Astrology, reliance of Aztecs on, 373

Astronomical, knowledge, 183;

reckonings, 303;

station at Zuñi, 306;

stone, 182

Atlantis, 15

Atolli, 360

Authentic history, beginning of, 443

Awatuwi, ruins of, 179

Awl game, 320

Aztec, books, 73;

cannibal banquet, 371;

confederacy, 421, 423, 424;

descent, how reckoned, 423;

sculptures, 184;

states, government of, 423;

stone tools, 433;

towns, 238;

writing, 68, 69;

year, 306

B

Bag, sacred, 204

Baggattaway, 327

Baidar, 283

Baidarka, 283

Balance not known, 305

Ball games, 327

Baqati wheel, 317

Barábara, 217

Bark for rope-making, 126

Basket-drum, 92, 311

Basketry hats, 147, 148, 415

Basque, resemblance of language to Amerind, 32

Bathing, 386

Battle, costume, 357;

for a wife, 385;

of Wounded Knee, how begun, 445

Bayeta cloth, how used by Navajos, 131

Beads, wampum, 56

Beadwork, 153

Bear-mother carving, 164

Beckwourth, head chief of the Crows, 416

Bells, 292, 301, 302

Belts, 143