in a field, not far from a hedgerow, or under a thick furze-bush on
commons, or at the roots of the heather on moors. It is formed of dry
grass and moss, and lined with horsehair and rootlets. Four to six eggs
are laid, greenish blue in colour, faintly marked with a zone of brown
spots at the larger end.
Stonechat.
Pratincola rubicola.
[Illustration: FIG. 23.--STONECHAT. ¼ natural size.]
Head, throat, bill, and legs black; sides of neck near the wing,
tertial wing-coverts, and rump white; breast bright chestnut-red,
paling to white on the belly; feathers of the back, wings, and tail
black with reddish brown edges. _Female_: head and upper parts
dusky brown, the feathers edged with yellowish red; throat black with
small whitish and reddish spots; less white in the wings and tail; the
red of the breast dull. Length, five and a quarter inches.
* * * * *
In his colouring and appearance, and to some extent in habits, the
small stonechat is unlike any other bird. His strongly contrasted
tints--black and white, and brown and chestnut-red--make him as
conspicuous to the eye as the goldfinch or yellowhammer, and thus
produce much the same effect as brilliancy of colour. The effect is
increased by the custom the bird has of always perching on the topmost
spray of a furze-bush on the open commons which it inhabits. Perched
thus conspicuously on the summit, he sits erect and motionless, a
small feathered harlequin, or like a painted image of a bird. But
his disposition is a restless one; in a few moments he drops to the
ground to pick up some small insect he has spied, or else dashes into
the air after a passing fly or gnat, and then returns to his stand,
or flits to another bush some yards away, where he reappears on its
top, sitting erect and motionless as before. He is always anxious in
the presence of a human being, flying restlessly from bush to bush,
incessantly uttering his low, complaining note, which has a sound like
that produced by striking two pebbles together; hence his name of
stonechat. But it is a somewhat misleading name. He is not, like the
wheatear, an inhabitant of barren stony places, but is seen chiefly on
commons abounding in furze-bushes and thorns and brambles. He is seen
in pairs, but is nowhere a numerous species, although found in most
suitable localities throughout the three kingdoms. He is also to be met
with throughout the year, but is much rarer in winter than in summer;
and probably a great many individuals leave the country in autumn,
while others seek more sheltered situations to winter in, or have a
partial migration.
The stonechat has a slight, but sweet and very pleasing, song, uttered
both when perched and when hovering in the air. Towards the end of
March the nest is made, and is placed on or close to the ground, under
a thick furze-bush; it is large, and carelessly made of dry grass,
moss, heath and fibrous roots, lined with fine grass, horsehair,
feathers, and sometimes with wool. Five or six eggs are laid, pale
green or greenish blue in colour, and speckled at the large end with
dull reddish brown. When the nest is approached the birds display the
keenest distress.
Redstart.
Ruticilla phœnicurus.
Forehead white; head and upper part of back bluish grey; throat black;
breast, tail-coverts, and tail, except the two middle feathers,
which are brown, bright bay. _Female_: upper parts grey deeply
tinged with red; throat and belly whitish; breast, flanks, and under
tail-coverts pale red. Length, five and a quarter inches.
[Illustration: FIG. 24.--REDSTART. ⅓ natural size.]
* * * * *
The redstart is found from April to the end of August throughout
England and Wales, but is nowhere common; in Scotland and Ireland he is
rare. He is, nevertheless, a better-known bird to people in the country
districts than some of the migratory songsters which are more abundant.
Not, however, on account of his song, which is inferior to most, but
partly because he ‘affects neighbourhoods,’ as Gilbert White says, and
partly on account of his pure and prettily contrasted colours--the
white forehead, slaty grey upper parts, and chestnut rump and tail. The
bright-coloured tail, which he flirts often as he flits before you,
quickly attracts the eye. ‘Firetail’ is a common name for this bird.
Redstart is Saxon for redtail. When seen perched upright and motionless
he resembles the robin in figure, but does not seek his food so much on
the ground, and in his restless disposition and quick, lively motions,
he is like the warblers. A peculiarity of the redstart is his fondness
for old walls; he is attracted by them to orchards and gardens, where
he is most often seen, although always a shy bird in the presence of
man.
Seebohm says: ‘As the wheatear is the tenant of the cairns, the
rocks, and the ruins of the wilds, in like manner the redstart may be
designated a bird of the ruins and the rocks in the lower, warmer, and
more cultivated districts. You will find it in orchards and gardens,
about old walls, and in the more open woods and shrubberies. Another
favourite haunt of the redstart is old crumbling ruins, abbeys, and
castles, on whose battlements and still massive walls, ivy-covered and
moss-grown, it delights to sit and chant its short and monotonous
song.’
The song consists of one short phrase, dropping to a low twitter at the
end, which varies in different singers; but the opening note is always
a beautiful expressive sound.
The redstart feeds on small beetles, caterpillars, spiders, and grubs,
which it picks up in walls, trees, and bushes; and on gnats, flies, and
butterflies, captured on the wing after the manner of the flycatcher.
The nest is almost always made in a hole, usually in an old stone
wall, but occasionally in a hole in a tree, and sometimes in the cleft
formed by two branches. It is loosely built with dry grass and moss,
and lined with hair and feathers. The eggs are four to six in number;
sometimes as many as eight, or even ten, are laid. They resemble the
hedge-sparrow’s eggs, being of a uniform greenish blue colour.
The black redstart (_Ruticilla titys_) is a winter visitor in
small numbers to the south-west of England, and has been known to breed
on two or three occasions in this country. It is common throughout
Central and Southern Europe, wintering in North Africa, and in its
nesting and other habits and language resembles the redstart.
* * * * *
Between the redstarts (Ruticilla) and the redbreast (Erithacus), next
to be described, the bluethroats (Cyanecula) are placed, of which two
species have been recorded as casual visitors to this country--the
white-spotted bluethroat (_C. Wolfi_), from Western Europe; and
the red-spotted bluethroat (_C. Suecica_), a breeder in the arctic
regions.
Redbreast.
Erithacus rubecula.
[Illustration: FIG. 25.--REDBREAST. ¼ natural size.]
Upper parts olive-brown; forehead and breast red, the red edged with
grey; belly white. _Female_: a trifle smaller than the male, and
less bright in colour. Length, five inches and three-quarters.
* * * * *
Of man’s feathered favourites--the species he has thought proper to
distinguish by a kindly protective sentiment--the redbreast probably
ranks first, both on account of the degree of the feeling and its
universality. The trustfulness of the familiar robin, especially in
seasons of snow and frost, in coming about and entering our houses in
quest of crumbs, is the principal cause of such a sentiment; but the
highly attractive qualities of the bird have doubtless added strength
to it. The bright red of his breast, intensified by contrast with the
dark olive of the upper parts, gives him a rare beauty and distinction
among our small songsters, which are mostly sober-coloured. Even more
than beauty in colouring and form is a sweet voice; and here, where
good singers are not few, the robin is among the best. Not only is he a
fine singer, but in the almost voiceless autumn season, and in winter,
when the other melodists that have not left our shores are silent, the
robin still warbles his gushing, careless strain, varying his notes at
every repetition, fresh and glad and brilliant as in the springtime.
His song, indeed, never seems so sweet and impressive as in the silent
and dreary season. For one thing, the absence of other bird-voices
causes the robin’s to be more attentively listened to and better
appreciated than at other times, just as we appreciate the nightingale
best when he ‘sings darkling’--when there are no other strains to
distract the attention. There is also the power of contrast--the
bright, ringing lyric, a fountain of life and gladness, in the midst
of a nature that suggests mournful analogies--autumnal decay and
wintry death. There cannot be a doubt that the robin gives us all more
pleasure with his music than any other singing-bird; we hear him all
the year round and all our lives long, and his voice never palls on
us. But those who have always heard it, for whom this sound has many
endearing associations, might have some doubts about its intrinsic
merits as a song--they might think that they esteem it chiefly because
of the associations it has for them. In such a case one is glad to
have an independent opinion--that, for instance, of an ‘intelligent
foreigner,’ who has never heard this bird in his own country. Such an
opinion we may find in John Burroughs, the American writer on birds;
and it may well reassure those who love the robin’s song, but fear to
put their favourite bird in the same category with the nightingale,
blackcap, and garden-warbler. He writes: ‘The English robin is a better
songster than I expected to find him. The poets and writers have not
done him justice. He is of the royal line of the nightingale, and
inherits some of the qualities of that famous bird. His favourite hour
for singing is the gloaming, and I used to hear him the last of all.
His song is peculiar, jerky, and spasmodic, but abounds in the purest
and most piercing tones to be heard--piercing from their smoothness,
intensity, and fulness of articulation; rapid and crowded at one
moment, as if some barrier had suddenly given way, then as suddenly
pausing, and scintillating at intervals bright, tapering shafts
of sound. It stops and hesitates, and blurts out its notes like a
stammerer; but when they do come, they are marvellously clear and pure.
I have heard green hickory-branches thrown into a fierce blaze jet out
the same fine, intense, musical sounds on the escape of the imprisoned
vapours in the hard wood as characterise the robin’s song.’
The robin is an early breeder, and makes its nest beneath a hedge, or
in a bank, or in a close bush not far above the ground; it is formed
of dry grass, leaves, and moss, and lined with feathers. Six or seven
eggs are laid, reddish white in ground-colour, clouded or blotched,
and freckled with pale red. When the nest is approached the old birds
express their anxiety by a very curious sound--a prolonged note so
acute that, like the shrill note of some insects and the bat’s cry, it
is inaudible to some persons. Two, and even three, broods are raised in
the season.
At the end of summer the old birds disappear from their usual haunts
to moult; and during this perhaps painful, and certainly dangerous,
period, they remain secluded and unseen in the thickest foliage.
When they reappear in new and brighter dress, restored to health and
vigour, a fresh trial awaits them. The young they have hatched and fed
and protected have now attained to maturity, and are in possession of
their home. For it is the case that every pair of robins has a pretty
well-defined area of ground which they regard as their own, jealously
excluding from it other individuals of their own species. The young are
forthwith driven out, often not without much fighting, which may last
for many days, and in which the old bird is sometimes the loser. But
in most cases the old robin reconquers his territory, and the young
male, or males, if not killed, go otherwhere. And here we come upon
an obscure point in the history of this familiar species; for what
becomes of the young dispossessed birds is not yet known. It has been
conjectured that they migrate, and that not many return from their
wanderings beyond the sea. And it is not impossible to believe that
the migratory instinct may exist in the young of a species, although
obsolete at a later period of life.
Nightingale.
Daulias luscinia.
[Illustration: FIG. 26.--NIGHTINGALE. ⅓ natural size.]
Upper plumage uniform brown tinged with chestnut; tail rufous; under
parts greyish white; flanks pale ash. Length, six inches and a quarter.
* * * * *
The nightingale is the only songster that has been too much lauded,
with the inevitable result that its melody, when first heard, causes
disappointment, and even incredulity. More than once it has been my lot
to call the attention of someone who had not previously heard it to its
song, at the same time pointing out the bird; and after a few moments
of listening, he or she has exclaimed, ‘That the nightingale! Why, it
is only a common-looking little bird, and its song, that so much fuss
is made about, is after all no better than that of any other little
bird.’ And then it is perhaps added: ‘I don’t think the nightingale--if
the bird you have shown me _is_ the nightingale--sings so well as
the thrush, or the blackbird, or the lark.’ The song is, nevertheless,
exceedingly beautiful; its phrasing is more perfect than that of
any other British melodist; and the voice has a combined strength,
purity, and brilliance probably without a parallel. On account of
these qualities, and of the fact that the song is frequently heard in
the night-time, when other voices are silent, the nightingale was
anciently selected as the highest example of a perfect singer; and, on
the principle that to him that hath shall be given, it was credited
with all the best qualities of all the other singers. It was the maker
of ravishing music, and a type, just as the pelican was a type of
parental affection and self-sacrifice, and the turtle-dove of conjugal
fidelity. Only, when he actually hears it for the first time, the
hearer makes the sad discovery that the bird he has for long years been
listening to in fancy--the nightingale heard by the poet with an aching
heart, and the wish that he, too, could fade with it into the forest
dim--was a nightingale of the brain, a mythical bird, like the footless
bird of paradise and the swan with a dying melody. Beautiful, nay,
perfect, the song may be, but he misses from it that something of human
feeling which makes the imperfect songs so enchanting--the overflowing
gladness of the lark; the spirit of wildness of the blackcap; the airy,
delicate tenderness of the willow-wren; and the serene happiness of the
blackbird.
The nightingale arrives in this country about the middle of April,
returning to the same localities year after year, apparently in the
same numbers. It is scarcely to be doubted that the young birds that
survive the perils of migration come back to the spot where they were
hatched, since the species does not extend its range nor establish new
colonies. It is most common in the southern counties of England, above
all in Surrey, but rare in the western and northern counties, and in
Scotland and Ireland it is unknown.
The nightingale so nearly resembles the robin in size, form, and manner
that he might be taken for that bird but for his clear, brown colour.
Like the robin, he feeds on the ground, seeking grubs and insects under
the dead leaves, hopping rapidly by fits and starts, standing erect
and motionless at intervals as if to listen, and occasionally throwing
up his tail and lowering his head and wings, just as the robin does.
He inhabits woods, coppices, rough bramble-grown commons, and unkept
hedges, and loves best of all a thicket growing by the side of running
water.
Two or three days after arriving he begins to sing, and continues in
song until the middle, or a little past the middle, of June, when the
young are hatched. In fine weather he sings at intervals throughout
the day, but his music is more continuous and has a more beautiful
effect in the evening. For an hour or two after sunset it is perhaps
most perfect. In the dark he is silent, but if the moon shines he will
continue singing for hours. That is to say, _some_ birds will
continue singing; as a rule, not half so many as may be heard during
daylight.
The nest is nearly always placed on the ground beneath a hedge or close
thicket; it is rather large, and composed of dry grass and dead leaves
loosely put together, the inside lined with fine dead grass, rootlets,
and vegetable down. The eggs are four or five in number, and of a
uniform olive-brown colour.
During incubation and after the young are hatched the parent birds
display the most intense solicitude when the nest is approached, and
flit from bough to bough close to the intruder’s head, incessantly
repeating two strangely different notes--one low, clear, and sorrowful,
the other a harsh, grinding sound.
The return migration is in August and September.
Whitethroat.
Sylvia cinerea.
[Illustration: FIG. 27.--WHITETHROAT. ⅓ natural size.]
Head ash-grey tinged with brown; rest of upper parts reddish brown;
wings dusky, the coverts edged with red; lower parts white faintly
tinged with rose colour; tail dark brown, the outer feathers white
on the tips and the outer web, the next only tipped with white.
_Female_ without the rosy tint on the breast. Length, five and a
half inches.
* * * * *
The whitethroat, or greater whitethroat, as the name is sometimes
written, is one of the commonest and best known of the soft-billed
songsters that spend the summer and breed in our country. It inhabits
all parts of the British Islands, excepting the most barren. Even to
those who pay little attention to the small birds that come in their
way the whitethroat is tolerably familiar, less on account of its song,
which is in no way remarkable, than for the excited notes and actions
of the bird, sometimes highly eccentric, which challenge attention. The
whitethroat is, moreover, readily distinguishable from its colour--the
reddish brown hue of its upper plumage and the unmistakable white
throat, which give it a conspicuous individuality among the warblers.
It inhabits the wood-side, the thickets, the rough common, but of all
places prefers the thick hedge for a home. Shortly after the bird’s
arrival, about the middle or near the end of April, he quickly makes
his presence known to any person who walks along a hedgeside. The
intruder is received with a startled, grating note, a sound expressive
of surprise and displeasure, and, repeating this sound from time to
time, the bird flits on before him, concealed from sight by the dense
tangle he moves amidst. Presently, if not too much alarmed, he mounts
to a twig on the summit of the hedge to pour out his song--a torrent
of notes, uttered apparently in great excitement, with crest raised,
the throat puffed out, and many odd gestures and motions. Sometimes he
springs from his perch as if lifted by sheer rapture into the air, and
ascends, singing, in a spiral, then drops swiftly back to his perch
again. It is a peculiar song on account of its vehement style and the
antics of the singer, more so when he flies on before a person walking,
now singing, now moving farther ahead in a succession of wild jerks,
then suddenly ducking down into the hedge. It is also a pleasing song
in itself, although for pure melody the whitethroat does not rank very
high among the greatly gifted birds of its family, or sub-family. If
we include the nightingale and robin, it should be placed about the
sixth on the list, the other singers that come before it being the
willow-wren, blackcap, and garden warbler.
The nest of the whitethroat is a round, flimsy structure, formed of
slender stalks of grass and herbs, and lined with horsehair, and is
placed two or three feet above the ground, in the brambles and briers
of the hedge, or in a large furze-bush. The five eggs are of a greenish
white, speckled with olive, and sometimes blotched and marked with grey
and light brown. One brood only is reared. Nettle-creeper is a common
name for this bird, on account of its love of weeds, especially of
nettles, no doubt because the small caterpillars it feeds on are most
abundant on them. It is also fond of fruit, wild and cultivated, and
visits the gardens near its haunts to feed on currants and raspberries.
Lesser Whitethroat.
Sylvia curruca.
Head, neck, and back smoke-grey; ear coverts almost black; wings brown
edged with grey; tail dusky, outer feather as in the last species, the
two next tipped with white; lower parts nearly pure white; feet lead
colour. Length, five and a quarter inches.
* * * * *
The difference in size between this warbler and the one last described
is very slight; still, there is a difference; and the descriptive
epithet of _lesser_ would also be a suitable one if applied in another
sense. He is a less important bird. To begin with, he is much rarer,
being only of local distribution in England and Scotland, and unknown
in Ireland; in colouring he is more obscure; his trivial song has
nothing in it to attract attention; he is shyer in habits, passes much
of the time among the higher foliage of the trees he frequents, and is,
consequently, not often seen.
He arrives in this country about or shortly after the middle of April,
and is found in thickets and copses, and hedges in the neighbourhood
of trees. Like most of the warblers, he is exceedingly restless, and
moves incessantly among the leaves, picking up the aphides and minute
caterpillars, and from time to time darts into the air to capture some
small passing insect. Like the common whitethroat, he is also fond of
ripe fruit, especially currants and raspberries. He is often on the
wing, passing directly from place to place with an undulating flight
and rapidly-beating wings. When singing he swells his throat out, and
delivers his strain with considerable vigour; but his song is of the
shortest, and is composed of one or two notes, hurriedly repeated two
or three times without variation, and with scarcely any musical quality
in it. No sooner is it finished than the bird is off again on his
flitting rambles among the leaves and twigs; it is less like a song
than an exclamation of pleasure--a cheerful call that bursts out from
time to time.
The lesser whitethroat nests in orchards, coppices, thick hedgerows,
bramble and furze bushes on commons, and among tangled vegetation
overhanging streams, but in all cases the nest is placed in the midst
of a dense mass of foliage. This is a somewhat loosely made and shallow
structure, composed of dry grass-stems and small twigs, bound together
with cobwebs and cocoons, and lined with fine rootlets and horsehair.
Four or five eggs are laid, in ground-colour white or dull buff,
blotched and speckled with greenish brown, with underlying markings of
purplish grey.
Blackcap.
Sylvia atricapilla.
[Illustration: FIG. 28.--BLACKCAP. ⅓ natural size.]
Head above the eyes jet-black, in the _female_ chocolate-brown;
upper parts, wings, and tail ash-grey slightly tinged with olive;
throat and breast ash-grey; belly and under wing-coverts white. Length,
five and a half inches.
* * * * *