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NOTES and QUERIES:
A MEDIUM OF INTER-COMMUNICATION
FOR
LITERARY MEN, ARTISTS, ANTIQUARIES, GENEALOGISTS, ETC.
"When found, make a note of."--CAPTAIN CUTTLE.
VOL. IV.--No. 109. SATURDAY, NOVEMBER 29. 1851.
Price Threepence. Stamped Edition 4_d._
CONTENTS.
Page
NOTES:--
Thomas More and John Fisher 417
Notes on Newspapers, by H. M. Bealby 418
Treatise of Equivocation 419
Notes on Virgil, by Dr. Henry 420
Minor Notes:--Verses presented, to General
Monck--Justice to Pope Pius V. 421
QUERIES:--
Crosses and Crucifixes 422
Master of the Buckhounds, by John Branfill Harrison 422
Minor Queries:--"No Cross no Crown"--Dido and
AEneas--Pegs and Thongs for Rowing: Torture among the
Athenians--French Refugees--Isabel, Queen of the Isle
of Man--Grand-daughter of John Hampden--Cicada or
Tettigonia Septemdecim--The British Sidanen--Jenings or
Jennings--Caleva Atrebatum, Site of--Abigail--Etymology
of Durden--Connecticut Halfpenny 423
MINOR QUERIES ANSWERED:--Arms displayed on Spread
Eagle--St. Beuno--Lists of Knights Bachelor--Walker--See
of Durham 424
REPLIES:--
Convocation of York 425
The Old Countess of Desmond 426
Coins of Vabalathus 427
Marriage of Ecclesiastics 427
Replies to Minor Queries:--"Crowns have their
Compass"--The Rev. Richard Farmer--Earwig 428
MISCELLANEOUS:--
Notes on Books, Sales, Catalogues, &c. 429
Books and Odd Volumes wanted 429
Notices to Correspondents 430
Advertisements 430
Notes.
THOMAS MORE AND JOHN FISHER.
Although I am afraid "NOTES AND QUERIES" may not be considered as open
to contributions purely bibliographical, and admitting I am uncertain
whether the following copy of the treatise of John Fisher, Bishop of
Rochester, has been before noted, I am induced to send this extract from
Techener's _Bulletin du Bibliophile_ for May 1851. The book is in the
library at Douai.
"This Treatise concernynge the fruytful Saynges of David the King
and prophete in the seven penytencyall psalmes, devyded in _ten_
sermons, was made and compyled by the ryght reverente fader in god
Johan Fyssher, doctour of dyvinyte and bysshop of Rochester, at
the exortacion and sterynge of the most excellent pryncesse
Margarete, Countesse of Richemount and Derby, and moder to out
souverayne Lorde Kynge H[=e]ry the VII."
It is described as a small 4to., printed upon vellum, in Gothic letters,
at London, 1508, by Wynkyn de Worde, and contains 146 leaves. On the
first leaf it has a portcullis, crowned with the motto "Dieu et mon
Droit." On the recto of the last leaf there is--
"Here endeth the exposycyon of the 7 psalmes. Enprynted at London
in the fletestrete, at the sygne of ye Sonne, by Wynkyn de Worde.
In the yere of oure lorde M.CCCCC.VIII. ye 16 day of ye moneth of
Juyn. The XXIII. yere of ye reygne of our souverayne Lorde Kynge
H[=e]ry the Seventh."
At the back, there is the sun, the monogram of Wynkyn de Worde--the
letters W. C. displayed as usual--and beneath, "Wynkyn de Worde."
At the beginning of the book, "sur une garde en velin" (a fly-leaf of
vellum?), there is written in a very neat hand the following ten verses,
the profession of faith of Thomas Morus and of his friend John Fisher,
Bishop of Rochester:
"The surest meanes for to attaine
The perfect waye to endlesse blisse
Are happie lief and to remaine
W'thin ye church where virtue is;
And if thy conscience be sae sounde
To thinse thy faith is truth indeede
Beware in thee noe schisme be founde
That unitie may have her meede;
If unitie thow doe embrace
In heaven (_en_?)joy possesse thy place."
Beneath--
"Qui non recte vivit in unitate ecclesiae
Catholicae, salvus esse non potest."
And lower on the same page--
"Thomas Morus d[=n]s cancellarius Angliae
Joh. Fisher Epus Roffensis."
It is traditionally reported, upon the testimony of some Anglican
Benedictines (an order now extinct), that the lines which contain the
profession of faith, and those which follow, are in the handwriting of
Bishop Fisher, and that the work was presented by him to the
chancellor, during their imprisonment, when by order of Henry VIII. the
chancellor was denied the consolation of his books.
In the same library there is a fine Psalter, which belonged to Queen
Elizabeth. The _Livre d'Heures_ of Mary Queen of Scots was here also to
be found: "Maria, glorious martyr and Queen of Scotland." It is
conjectured these books were brought to Douai by the fugitive English
Roman Catholic priests. In 1790 their collections were confiscated and
given to the public library of Douai. It would be of interest to
ascertain, if possible, the authenticity of the _Heures a l'Usage_,
stated to have belonged to Mary Queen of Scots. Upon this point one may
be permitted to be sceptical. I have myself seen two. One of these, it
was said, had been used by Mary on the scaffold, and contained a note in
the handwriting, as I think, of James II. attesting the fact. It was
understood to have been obtained from a monastery in France. The other,
a small Prayer Book MS. in vellum, of good execution, had the signature
"M." with a line I think over it of "O Lord, deliver me from my
enemies!" in French. I am, however, now writing from memory, and, in the
first case, of very many years.
Whether the line, "Maria, glorious martyr and Queen of Scotland," be
written in the Psalter, or has been added by the mental excitement of M.
Duthilloeul, the librarian at Douai, I cannot decide. The grand
culmination of "and Queen of Scotland" forms doubtless a very striking
anti-thesis: but neither the possessor of the book nor a priest would
have so sunk the martyr, although a woman and a queen were alike
concerned, as this line does. Lowndes states there is a copy of the
bishop's treatise on vellum at Cambridge. A copy is in the British
Museum; but the title, according, to Lowndes, has _seven_ sermons. It
will be observed the title now given has _ten_.
S. H.
NOTES ON NEWSPAPERS.
The social elements of society in the seventeenth century were more
simple in their character and development than at the present period.
The population was comparatively small, and therefore the strivings for
success in any pursuit did not involve that severe conflict which is so
frequently the case in the present day. Society then was more of a
community than it is now. It had not public bodies to aid it. It was
left more to its own inherent resources for reciprocal good, and for
mutual help. The temptations to evade and dissemble, in matters of
business, or private and public negotiations, were not so strong as they
now are. Its transactions were more transparent and defined, because
they were fewer and less complicated than many of our own. We readily
grant that society now, in its social, religious, and commercial
aspects, enjoys advantages immeasurably superior to those of any former
period; still there are some few advantages which it had then, that it
cannot possess now. The following advertisements, from the newspapers of
the time, will illustrate the truth of the foregoing remarks:
From a _Collection for Improvement of Husbandry and Trade_.
Friday, January 26, 1693/4.
"One that is fit to keep a Warehouse, be a Steward, or do any
Business that can be supposed an intelligent Man that has been a
Shopkeeper is fit for, and can give any Security that can be
desired, as far as Ten Thousand Pound goes, and has some Estate of
his own, desires an Employment of One hundred Pounds a year, or
upwards. I can give an account of him."
That a man having 10,000_l._ to give as security, and in possession of
an estate, should require a situation of 100_l._ per annum, sounds oddly
enough in our ears. "I can give an account of him," denotes that the
editor was a man well known and duly appreciated. He appears to have
been a scribe useful in many ways. He was known, and knowing.
Friday, February 2, 1693/4.
"A very eminent Brewer, and one I know to be a very honest
Gentleman, wants an Apprentice. I can give an account of him."
In what sense the word "honest" must here be taken it is difficult to
define. As an eminent brewer, we should naturally conclude he must have
been an honest man. He is here very eminent and very honest.
Friday March 16, 1693/4.
"Many Masters want Apprentices, and many Youths want Masters. If
they apply themselves to me, I'll strive to help them. Also for
variety of valuable services."
Here is the editor of a paper offering his help to masters and
apprentices for their mutual good. Let us suppose an advertisement of
this kind appearing in _The Times_ of our own day. Printing-house Square
would not contain a tithe of the individuals who would present
themselves for the reception of this accommodating aid. In such a case
the editors (as it regards their particular duties) would be cyphers,
for a continuous absorption of their time would necessarily occur in the
carrying out of this benevolent offer. This advertisement may be
considered as _multum in parvo_, giving the wants of the many in an
announcement of three or four lines, connecting them with a variety of
services which in those days were thought to be valuable. How greatly
are we assisted by these little incidents in forming correct views of
the state of society at that period.
The next advertisement shows the value set upon the services of one who
was to perform the duties of a clerk, and to play well on the violin.
"If any young Man that plays well on a Violin, and writes a good
Hand, desires a Clerkship, I can help him to Twenty Pounds a
year."
Of course twenty pounds was of more value then than it is now: still it
seems a small sum for the performance of such duties, for twelve months.
Here is musical talent required for the amusement of others, in
combination with the daily duties of a particular profession. An
efficient musician, and a good writer, and all for 20_l._ per annum! We
learn by the editor's "I can help him," his readiness to assist all who
would advertise in his journal, to obtain those employments which their
advertisements specified.
Friday, April 6, 1694.
"A Grocer of good business desires an Apprentice of good growth."
The "good growth" must have been intended to convey the idea of height
and strength.
My next article shall be devoted to advertisements of another class,
further illustrating the state of society and the peculiarities of the
people at the end of the seventeenth century.
H. M. BEALBY.
North Brixton.
TREATISE OF EQUIVOCATION.
As having originated the inquiry in "NOTES AND QUERIES"[1] respecting
this Treatise, under the signature of J. M., I feel great obligation
both to the editor of that journal, and the editor of the Treatise
itself, for having brought it to light by publication, and added it to
the stock of accurate and very important historical information. Indeed,
a real vacancy was left for it; and it is a subject of high
self-gratulation, that a boon previously, and for a length of time,
hidden and unproductive, is now accessible and operative without limit.
I have no doubt that all your readers, and the whole reading public,
join with me in rejoicing that the editorship of the work has fallen
into hands so competent and so successful.
[Footnote 1: Vol. i., pp. 263. 357.; Vol. ii., pp. 136. 168. 446.
490.]
I was, not for ten, but twenty years or more, in quest of the MS. now so
happily made public property, and should have fallen upon it much
earlier, but for the misleading title under which it appears, where it
_is_ really; for it has been found. In the _Catalogus Lib. MSS._: Ox.
1697, among the Laudian MSS. appears, p. 62., "968.95. _A Treatise_
against _Equivocation, or fraudulent Dissimulation_." _Against!_ when no
such word is in the original, and the real matter and meaning is _for_!
I had, at some early time, marked the very entry; but presuming that the
work had been actually _printed_ (which I believe it was in a very few
copies, which have disappeared), naturally enough I did not pursue the
search in that direction. Others, I am happy, have, and I am gratified.
The work is very important; for there is not a work more evidently
genuine and authentic than this is proved to be by plain historic
evidence, both as to the document itself and the facts which it attests.
The witness, or witnesses, appearing in it, give their testimony
respecting themselves with the most unsuspectable simplicity. They meant
not, and have not, misrepresented themselves: they have proclaimed their
own doctrine for themselves respecting Equivocation and Mental
Reservation--the last of which is really of most importance; and it was
most needful to the Roman body at the time, and under their
circumstances. Their object, for mere safety, was concealment as to
their resorts or residences. They could not exist, as they did, without
the assistance and knowledge of many individuals, some of inferior
class. Against the incessant inquiries to which they were exposed they
had no defence, except the power of disappointing or misleading by
ambiguity or deception, which was completely secured by reserved
termination in the mind to any uttered declaration. Now, there is in
this very Treatise _plain admission_ that all the co-religionists of the
endangered party, particularly a lady who is distinctly noticed, were
not convinced of the moral rectitude of such a procedure; and it was
necessary, or expedient, that their hesitation should be removed. And
this seems to be the main object of the present work. How far it has
succeeded must depend upon the evidence which is adduced.
We have generally had the doctrine of the Roman body on the subject of
the Treatise presented by opponents; here we have it as deliberately
stated by themselves. There is a passage rather observable in p. 103.,
beginning at the bottom and extending to the words "he hath no such
meaning to tell them," of which we are not acquainted with a duplicate.
But the whole has something of the freshness and interest of novelty.
_Macbeth_, it is agreed, I believe, was written in 1607, consequently
after the Powder Plot, when the doctrine before us was brought forward
pointedly against the traitors. Might there not be some reference to the
fact in the Second Act, where the porter of the castle, roused by
repeated knockings, on the murder, after other exclamations in the
manner of the poet, proceeds:
"Here's an Equivocator, that could swear in both the scales,
against either scale: who committed treason enough for God's sake,
yet could not equivocate to heaven. Oh, come in, Equivocator"?
Mr. Jardine will thank your correspondent for pointing out an error or
two which should be corrected in another edition. At p. 44., for
"[Greek: chtho]," in the margin, should be printed "_sub verbo_." The
word in the MS. is a contraction to that effect: the capital "V" has a
curved stroke across the first line of the "V," followed by "_bo_."
Generally the _Dubium_, in alphabetic works of the kind referred to,
ranks under some alphabetic word, one or more, as it may happen; but in
Em. Sa's work the word _Dubium_ comes under the letter D., and this is
meant to be expressed. At p. 49. the footnote should be omitted, as the
Vulgate, which is followed, calls the 1st of _Samuel_ the 1st of
_Kings_. The first line of p. 56. should have "_autem_" instead of
"_antea_." I have inspected the MS. carefully, and therefore speak with
confidence.
EUPATOR.
NOTES ON VIRGIL.
(_Continued from_ p. 308.)
IV. "Illum expirantem transfixo pectore flammas
Turbine corripuit scopuloque infixit acuto."
Virg. _AEn._ I. 48.
"TURBINE; volubilitate ventorum. SCOPULO; saxo
eminenti."--_Servius._
"Hub sie im Wirbel empor, und spiesst' an ein scharfes Gestein
ihn."--_Voss._
"Ipsum vero Pallas fulmine percussum procellae vi scopulo etiam
allisit."--_Heyne._
"Impegit rupi acutae."--_Ruaeus._
"Infixit. _Inflixit_, lectionem quorundam MSS. facile praetulissem,
et quod statim praecesserit _transfixo_, unde evadit inconcinna
cognatae dictionis repetitio, et quod etiam AEn. x. 303.:
"'Namque inflicta vadis, dorso dum pendet iniquo,'
"si Sidon. Apoll. v. 197. haud tueretur vulgatam scripturam:
"'Fixusque Capharei
Cautibus, inter aquas flammam ructabat Oileus.'"--_Wakefield._
To which criticism of Wakefields's, Forbiger adds: "Praeterea etiam acuto
scopulo _infigendi_ voc. accommodatius videtur quam _infligendi_." And
Wagner: "acuto scopulo _infigi_ melius."
This interpretation and these criticisms are founded altogether on a
false conception of the meaning of the word _infigere_, which is never
to fix _on_, but always either to fix _in_, or to fix _with_, i.e.
pierce _with_. _Scopulo infixit acuto_, _fixed or pinned_ down or to the
ground _with_ a sharp rock; _i.e._ hurled a sharp-pointed rock on him,
so as to nail him to the ground. So (_AEn._ XII. 721.) "Cornua obnixi
infigunt," fix their horns, not _on_, but _in_; infix their horns; stick
their horns into each other; stick each other with their horns: _q.d._
Cornibus se mutuo infigunt: and, exactly parallel to our text:
"Saturnius me sic _infixit_ Jupiter,
Jovisque numen Mulcibri adscivit manus.
Hos ille _cuneos_ fabrica crudeli _inserens_,
Perrupit artus; qua miser sollertia
Transverberatus, castrum hoc Furiarum incolo."
Cicero (translating from AEschylus), _Tuscul. Quaest._ II. 10.
In confirmation of this view of the passage, I may observe: 1st, that it
is easier to imagine a man staked to the ground by a sharp-pointed rock,
than flung on a sharp-pointed rock, so as to remain permanently impaled
on it; and 2dly, that the account given of the transaction, both by
Quintus Calaber and Seneca, agree as perfectly with this view as they
disagree with the opposite:
[Greek: Kai ny ken exelyxe kakon moron, ei me ar' auto,
rhexas aian enerthen, epiproeeke kolonen;
eute paros megaloio kat' Enkeladoio daiphron
Pallas aeiramene Sikelen epikabbale neson;
e rh' eti kaietai aien hyp' akamatoio Gigantos,
aithaloen pneiontos eso chthonos; hos ara Lokron
amphekalypsen anakta dysammoron oureos akre,
hypsothen exeripousa, baryne de karteron andra;
amphi de min thanatoio melas ekichesat' olethros,
gaie homos dmethenta, kai akamato eni ponto.]
Quintus Calab. XIV. 579.
And so Seneca; who, having presented us with Ajax clinging to the rock
to which he had swum for safety, after his ship had been sunk, and
himself struck with lightning, and there uttering violent imprecations
against the Deity, adds:
"Plura cum auderet furens,
Tridente rupem subruit pulsam pater
Neptunus, imis exerens undis caput,
Solvitque montem; quem cadens secum tulit:
Terraque et igne victus et pelago jacet."
_Agam._ 552.
And, so also, beyond doubt, we are to understand Sidonius
Apollinaris's--
"Fixusque Capharei
Cautibus, inter aquas flammam ructabat Oileus."
Not, with Wakefield and the other commentators, _fixed on_ the rocks of
Caphareus, but, _pierced with_ the rocks of Caphareus, and lying under
them. Compare (_AEn._ IX. 701.) "fixo pulmone," the pierced lung; "fixo
cerebro" (_AEn._ XII. 537.); "verubus trementia figunt" (_AEn._ I. 216.),
not, fix _on_ the spits, but, stick or pierce _with_ the spits; and
especially (Ovid. _Ibis._ 341.),
"Viscera sic aliquis scopulus tua figat, ut olim
Fixa sub Euboico Graia fuere sinu,"
pierced and pinned down with a rock, at the bottom of the Euboean gulf.
TURBINE. SCOPULO.--Not two instruments, _a whirlwind and a rock_, but
one single instrument, _a whirling rock_; scopulo turbineo; in modo
turbinis se circumagente; as if Virgil had said, Solo affixit illum
correptum et transverberatum scopulo acuto in eum maxima vi rotato: or,
more briefly, Turbine scopuli acuti corripuit et infixit. Compare:
"Praecipitem scopulo atque ingentis turbine saxi
Excutit effunditque solo."--_AEn._ XII. 531.
"Stupet obvia leto
Turba super stantem, atque emissi turbine montis
Obruitur."--Stat. _Theb._ II. 564.
"Idem altas turres saxis et turbine crebro
Laxat."--Stat. _Theb._ X. 742.
So understood, 1st, the passage is according to Virgil's usual manner,
the latter part of the line explaining and defining the general
statement contained in the former; and, 2ndly, Pallas kills her enemy,
not by the somewhat roundabout and unusual method of first striking him
with thunder, and then snatching him up in a whirlwind, and then either
dashing him against a sharp rock, and leaving him impaled there, or, as
I have shown is undoubtedly the meaning, impaling him with a sharp rock,
but by the more compendious and less out-of-the-way method of first
striking him with thunder, and then whirling a sharp-pointed rock on top
of him, so as to impale him.
From Milton's imitation of this passage, in his _Paradise Lost_ (ii.
180.), it appears that even he fell into the general and double error:
"Caught in a fiery tempest shall be hurled,
Each on his rock transfixed."
Caro's translation shows that he had no definite idea whatever of the
meaning:
"A tale un turbo
In preda il die; che per acuti scogli
Miserabil ne fe' rapina, e scempio."
* * * * *
V. "Ast ego, quae Divum incedo regina, Jovisque
Et soror et conjux, una cum gente tot annos
Bella gero."--_AEn._ I. 50.
"'INCEDERE' wird besonders von der feierlichen, wuerdevollen
Haltung im Gange gebraucht: vers 500, von der Dido, 'Regina
incessit.' (Ruhnk. zu _Terent. And._ I. i. 100. _Eun._ v. 3. 9.)
Deshalb der majestaetischen Juno eigenthuemlich, [Greek: Heraion
badizein]. Also nicht fuer _sum_, sondern ganz
eigentlich."--_Thiel._
"But I who walk in awful state above."
_Dryden._
"_Incedere_ est _ingredi_, sed proprie cum quadam pompa et
fastu."--_Gesner._
"Incessus dearum, imprimis Junonis, gravitate sua
notus."--_Heyne._
And so also Holdsworth and Ruaeus.
I think, on the contrary, that _incedo_, both here and elsewhere,
expresses only the stepping or walking motion generally, and that the
character of the step or walk, if inferable at all, is to be inferred
only from the context. Accordingly, "Magnifice incedit" (Liv. II. 6.);
"Turpe incedere" (Catull. XXXXII. 8.); "Molliter incedit" (Ovid, _Amor._
II. 23.); "Passu incedit inerti" (Ovid, _Metam._ II. 772.); "Melius est
incessu regem quam imperium regno claudicare" (Justin. VI. ii. 6.);
"Incessus omnibus animalibus certus et uniusmodi, et in suo, cuique,
genere" (Plin. X. 38.).
The emphasis, therefore, is on _regina_, and the meaning is, _I who
step, or walk, QUEEN of the Gods_; the dignity of the step being not
expressed by "incedo," but inferable from "regina." The expression
corresponds exactly to "ibit regina" (_AEn._ II. 578.); with this
difference only, that "ibit" does not, like "incedo," specify motion on
foot.
"Jovisque et soror et conjux."--Both the _ets_ are emphatic. "Jovisque
_et_ soror _et_ conjux."
"Bella" expresses the organised resistance which she meets, and the
uncertainty of the issue; and being placed first word in the line is
emphatic.
JAMES HENRY.
Minor Notes.
_Verses presented to General Monck._--The subjoined notice of a curious
entry in the records of the Belfast corporation may be acceptable. The
author is unknown. They are inscribed, "Verses to General Monck," and,
as the last six lines show, are an attack on the Rump Parliament:--
Advants George Monck, and Monck St. George shall be,
England's restorer to its liberty,
Scotland's protector, Ireland's president,
Reducing all to affree parliament.
And if thou dost intend the other thing,
Go on, and all shall cry God save ye king.
R. R doth rebellion represent,
V. By V nought else but villainy is meant,
M. M murther signifies all men doe knowe,
P. P perjuries in fashion grow.
Then R and V with M and P
Conjoined make up our misery.
The occasion of their presentation is unknown. General Monck took
Belfast in 1646 from the Scotch, who being true Presbyterians of the
older school, had turned against the parliament. This was the probable
occasion of their being presented to the future restorer of King Charles
II.
E. L. B.
_Justice to Pope Pius V._--You have done yourself credit by exonerating
Queen Elizabeth from a charge the easiest to bring, and the most
difficult to rebut, implying the proof of a negative; and therefore
frequently brought by the unprincipled. I propose, as a counterpart, to
exonerate Pope Pius V. from an imputation, mistakingly, though unjustly,
cast upon him by an authority of no less weight than that of Sir Walter
Scott. In his edition of _Somers's Tracts_, vol. i. p. 192., occurs a
note on a place in the _execution of justice_: "Pius V. resolved to make
his bastard son, Boncompagni, Marquis of Vincola, King of Ireland," &c.
For this assertion no authority is cited, nor indeed could be. The very
name might have suggested the filiation to his successor, Gregory XIII.,
which was the fact. In a work, not much known, _The Burnt Child dreads
the Fire, &c._, by William Denton, M.D., London, 1675, at p. 25. we
read, "Gregory XIII. had a bastard, _James Buon Compagna_, and to him he
gave _Ireland_, and impowered _Stewkely_ with men, arms, and money, to
conquer it for him."[2] There is no reason to doubt, that with the
editor of the _Tracts_ the above imputation was a simple mistake; but it
is an important duty of all who interfere with historical literature, to
state and correct every discovered instance of the kind.
[Footnote 2: Camden, in his _Elizabeth_, under 1578, states the
fact without mention of the name, only calling him "the pope's
bastard;" but the date is the sixth year of the pontificate of
Gregory XIII.]
EUPATOR.
Queries.
CROSSES AND CRUCIFIXES.
In the 22nd volume of the _Archaeologia_, p. 58., is the following
passage:
"The cross, which does not appear to have been peculiar to
Christianity, when introduced on these obelisks, is usually filled
with tracery."
The obelisks, or stones of memorial, referred to are the subjects of a
very interesting paper communicated by Mr. Logan to the Society of
Antiquaries. (See Plates 2, 3, 4, and 5.) I am desirous of being
informed what authenticated instances there are of crosses, or stones
marked with crosses, being used for landmarks, memorials, or for any
other purpose, civil or religious, before the introduction of
Christianity? I have met with one instance. Prescott, in his _History of
Mexico_, relates that--
"In the court of one of the temples in the island of Columel he
was amazed by the sight of a cross of stone and lime, about ten
palms high."
It was the emblem of the god of rain (See vol. i. p. 240., &c.)
In the same paper Mr. Logan observes--
"Crosses, or stones on which the figure was traced, marked a place
of meeting for certain districts; and within memory of man a fair
was held on this spot. It is not improbable that market-crosses
may be deduced from this custom."
It seems that every town that had the privilege of a market or fair (I
am speaking of England) had a market-cross. In most of these towns the
cross has disappeared, and in its place a ball or globe has been mounted
on the shaft; but the term "market-cross" is still in use. In the town
of Giggleswick, in the parish of Giggleswick, there is a perfect
market-cross, the cross being what is, I believe, called a cross-fleury.
In the town of Settle, in the same parish of Giggleswick, the ball or
globe is placed on the top of the shaft. Are there other instances of
market towns in which the cross is still found?
I passed through a market town lately in which the stone steps, and
socket in which the shaft was placed, are preserved; but they have been
removed to one corner of the market-place. The shaft and cross have
disappeared.
Is not this erection of the cross, in places in which markets and fairs
were held, of ecclesiastical origin? Was the cross erected by licence
granted by the bishop within whose jurisdiction it was placed? Is there
any grant of such licence in existence? Or did these crosses originate
in the gratuitous piety of our ancestors? I fear to ask the question,
whether the buyers and sellers under the cross are more upright in their
dealings than those who buy and sell without the presence of this emblem
of all that is true and just. Is the cross erected in the cities and
towns of other states, as in England? Was the custom general in Europe?
F. W. J.
Mr. Curzon states, in the introduction to his _Monasteries of the
Levant_, that--
"The crucifix was not known before the fifth or sixth century,
though the cross was always the emblem of the Christian faith."
I am persuaded that this assertion is incorrect, and that the crucifix
was used in much earlier times. Will some one kindly inform me where the
first mention of it is to be found, and what is the date of the earliest
examples now known?
DRYASDUST.
MASTER OF THE BUCKHOUNDS.
In reading the _Topographer_ for January 1791 (a work which was
published under the editorship of my uncle, Sir Egerton Brydges), I was
surprised to find, in an account of the family of Brocas, of
Beaurepaire, in the county of Hampshire, that the post of Master of the
Buckhounds had been sold in the reign of James I.
Mr. Gough (_Sepulchral Monuments_, pp. 160, 161.) appears to be the
authority quoted who describes the monument of Sir Bernard Brocas, Kt.,
as existing at Westminster, and having on it an inscription in which is
the following sentence:
"Sir Bernard succeeded to the paternal inheritance both in England
and France, and having married Mary, daughter and heiress of Sir
John de Roche, had a large estate with her, and the hereditary
post of Master of the Buckhounds; which was confirmed to him by
King Edward the Third, and held by the family, till sold in James
the First's reign."
I have no means of ascertaining at the present time whether this
monument is still in existence or not; nor indeed has that much to do
with the object of my writing, which is to suggest the following
Queries, in the hope that some of your correspondents may be able to
send satisfactory answers.
1. By whom was the post of Master of the Buckhounds first instituted,
and who was the first Master?
2. Is there any list of persons holding this office; and if so, where
may it be seen?
3. Is there any instance of an unmarried lady having held it: for in the
case before us we see that a lady was able to convey it by inheritance
to her husband?
4. By whom was it sold? Was it by the last hereditary possessor; and if
so, what was his name? Or was it by the king, on the death of one of the
possessors, for the purpose of enriching himself?
5. Is it known whether there is any other instance of its having been
sold: and when did it come to be, as now, a ministerial office?
JOHN BRANFILL HARRISON.
Maidstone.
Minor Queries.
300. "_No Cross no Crown._"--Where did Penn get the title of his
well-known work? St. Paulinus, Bishop of Nola, in allusion to the custom
of crowning crosses, has these lines:--
"Cerne coronatam Domini super _atria Christi_,
Stare crucem, duro spondentem celsa labori
Praemia: _tolle crucem, qui vis auferre coronam_."
"See how the cross of Christ a crown entwines:
High o'er God's temple it refulgent shines;
Pledging bright guerdon for each passing pain:
Take up the cross, if thou the crown would'st gain."
Vide Dr. Rock's _Hierurgia_. Quarles says, in his _Esther_:
"The way to bliss lies not on beds of down,
And he that had no cross deserves no crown."
MARICONDA.
301. _Dido and AEneas._--
"When Dido found AEneas did not come,
She wept in silence, and was--di-do-dum."
Who was the author of the above well-known bit of philology?
A. A. D.
302. _Pegs and Thongs for Rowing: Torture among the Athenians._--Dr.
Schmitz (in Smith's _Antiq._, article SHIPS) speaks of "the pegs,
[Greek: skalmoi], _between which the oars move[d]_, and to which they
were fastened by a thong, [Greek: tropoter]." What is the authority for
two pegs, _between which_, &c? A single peg and thong, as still in
frequent use, would be intelligible!
Dr. Smith observes (ap. id. p. 1139.) that the decree of Scamandrius,
which ordained that no free Athenian should be tortured, "does not
appear to have interdicted torture as a means of execution, _since_ we
find Demosthenes (_de Cor._ 271.) reminding the judges that they had put
Antiphon to death by the rack." Does it not escape him that Antiphon was
_then an alien_, having suffered expulsion from the Lexiarchic list.
(See Dem. _l.c._)
A. A. D.
303. _French Refugees._--Where is the treaty or act of parliament to be
found which guaranteed compensation to the French refugees at the end of
the war? Is it possible to obtain a list of those who received
compensation, and the amount paid; and if so, where?
S. QUARTO.
304. _Isabel, Queen of the Isle of Man._--In Charles Knight's _London_
mention is made, amongst the noble persons buried in the church of the
Grey Friars, of Isabel, wife of Baron Fitzwarren, sometime queen of the
Isle of Man. Will you or some of your correspondents be so kind as to
tell me who this lady was, and when the Isle of Man ceased to be an
independent kingdom?
FANNY.
305. _Grand-daughter of John Hampden._--According to the _Friend of
India_ of 4th September, 1851, there is at Cossimbazar the following
inscription:--
"SARAH MATTOCKS,
Aged 27.
Much lamented by her husband,
Lieutenant-Colonel JOHN MATTOCKS.
Was the grand-daughter of the
Great JOHN HAMDEN, Esq.,
Of St. James's, Westminster."
In the following number (dated 11th September, 1851), the editor offers
an apology for having omitted the date of the decease of Mrs. Mattocks,
viz. 1778; and then remarks that--
"As she was twenty-seven years old at her death, she must have
been born in 1751; it was therefore impossible that she should
have been the grand-daughter of the great John Hampden, that died
in 1643, one hundred and eight years before her birth."
Query, Can any of your correspondents give me any information respecting
the subject?
SALOPIAN.
306. _Cicada or Tettigonia Septemdecim._--In Latrobe's _Rambler in North
America_, London, 1835, vol. ii. p. 290., is a curious account of this
insect, which visits Pennsylvania every seventeenth year, and appears
about May 24. It is under an inch in length when it first appears early
in the morning, and gains its strength after the sun has risen. These
insects live ten or fifteen days, and never seem to eat any food. They
come in swarms, and birds, pigs, and poultry fatten on them. The female
lays her eggs in the outermost twigs of the forest; these die and drop
on the ground. The eggs give birth to a number of small grubs, which are
thus enabled to attain the mould without injury, and in it they
disappear; they are forgotten till seventeen years pass, and then the
memory of them returns, and they rise from the earth, piercing their way
through the matted sod, the hard trampled clay, &c. They appeared in
1749, &c., to 1834, and are expected in 1851. Has this expectation been
fulfilled?
C. I. R.
307. _The British Sidanen._--Under this title (the proper spelling in
which should be _Sina_ or _Senena_) an article appears in Vol. iv., p.
120., comprising a portion of the genealogy of the Welsh princess, in
which three of her sons are mentioned, viz., Owen, Llewellyn, and David.
But there was a _fourth_ son, Roderic, who settled in England, and
appears to have been residing there for some time, when the fatal
rupture occurred between the two countries. It would appear that
descendants of his have lived, and are living in our own times; among
them, the late Dr. John Mawer, of Middleton Tyas, whose remarkable
epitaph was given in a former number of "NOTES AND QUERIES." My first
inquiry is, Is there known to exist any genealogy assuming to extend
between the Rev. and learned gentleman just named and Prince Roderic? I
am told there was one published in the _British Peerage for 1706_, at
which time John Mawer would be three years of age; is such the fact? I
wish also to ask, whether Prince _Owen_ was in existence at the time of
the deaths of Llewellyn and David--whether in Wales or England? and
whether he was the ancestor of Owen Tudor, the proud father of Henry
VII.; and, if not, who _was_ Owen Tudor's ancestor?
AMANUENSIS.
308. _Jenings or Jennings._--Was the late Mr. Jenings of Acton Hall,
Suffolk, descended from the family of Jenings, formerly of Silsden,
Skipton in Craven, and afterwards of Ripon, Yorkshire; and if so, where
can information as to the pedigree be obtained?
A. B. C.
Brighton.
309. _Caleva Atrebatum, Site of._--May not the site of Caleva Atrebatum
have been at Caversham, on the north of the Thames, near Reading?
The distance of Caleva from Londinium was forty-four Roman miles, making
forty English; and from Venta Belgarum, thirty-six Roman or thirty-three
English miles.
Caleva, according to Ptolemy's map, was on the north of the Thames; a
portion of the present Oxfordshire being in the country assigned by the
same geographer to the Atrebates.
G. J.
310. _Abigail._--Whence, or when, originated the application of
_Abigail_, as applied to a lady's maid? It is used by Dean Swift in this
sense; but in a way that shows that it was no new phrase in those days.
J. S. WARDEN.
Balica.
311. _Etymology of Durden._--Jacob, in his _Law Dictionary_, giving
Cowel as his authority (who, however, advances no further elucidation),
derives the word from _dur-den_, a coppice in a valley. Does the word
_dur_ signify wood, or, if the British _dwr_, is it not water?
F. R. R.
312. _Connecticut Halfpenny._--I have a halfpenny, apparently American,
bearing on the obverse, a head to the right, and "Auctori Connect.;" and
on the reverse, "Inde." for _independence_, and "Lib." for liberty; date
in the exerg., 1781 or 1787; and between "Inde." and "Lib." five stars.
Can any of your correspondents tell me if my explanation of the reverse
is the correct one? and also who was the "_Auctori Connect._," or
founder of the state of Connecticut?
J. N. C.
King's Lynn.
Minor Queries Answered.
_Arms displayed on Spread Eagle._--For what reason are the arms of
Methwen (and some others, I believe) placed on the breast of a
two-headed eagle displayed sable?
H. N. E.
[When armorial ensigns are borne upon the breast of an eagle, the
general inference is that the bearers thereof are Counts of the
Holy Roman Empire, it being the practice in Germany for Counts of
the Empire so to display the eagle.
There are some cases in which especial grants have been made to
Englishmen so to do, as in the case of the family of _Methwen_;
and persons having received the royal licence in England to accept
the dignity of Count of the Empire, so carry their arms, as in the
cases of Earl Cowper, Lord Arundel of Wardour, St. Paul, &c.]
_St. Beuno._--Where can I obtain any information respecting St. Beuno,
to whom I find several churches dedicated in Wales?
J. D. D.
[In Rees's _Essay on the Welsh Saints_, p. 268., and Williams's
_Ecclesiastical Antiquities of the Cymry_, p. 137. The college of
Beuno is now called Clynog Vawr. See also _The Cambro-Briton_,
vol. iii. p. 14.]
_Lists of Knights Bachelor._--What publication contains a list of the
_knights bachelor_ made by George I. and George II. (1714-1760)? With
regard to the subsequent reign I have found the _Calendar of Knights_,
by Francis Townsend, London, 1828, very accurate and perfect.
==> N.
[There is not any continuous list of _Knights Bachelors_ in any
published works since Philpot's _Catalogue_, 1660, until
Townsend's _Calendar_, which commences in 1760. The knights made
by Kings George I. and II. will be found only in some of the
genealogical publications of the day, such as the _British
Compendium_, published at intervals between 1720 and 1769;
Chamberlayne's _State of Great Britain_; or Heylin's _Help to
English History_, or Phillipps's _List of Nobility_, and similar
works.
Mr Townsend contemplated the publication of a list, and left an
imperfect MS., which passed into the hands of Sir Thomas
Phillipps, who printed it; but though privately circulated, it was
never published. See Moule's _Bibliotheca Heraldica_ for various
works of the character referred to.]
_Walker._--An American lady lecturing on Bloomerism last week was much
puzzled by the audience bursting into roars of laughter upon her
quoting Professor Walker as an authority for some statement. The roars
redoubled upon her declaring her belief that Professor Walker was a most
respectable and trustworthy person. Can any one explain the origin of
the joke that lies in the name "Walker?" Why do people say "Walker" when
they wish to express ridicule or disbelief of a questionable statement?
DAVUS.
[The history of the renowned "Hookey Walker," as related by John
Bee, Esq., is simply this:--John Walker was an out-door clerk at
Longman, Clementi, and Co.'s in Cheapside, where a great number of
persons were employed; and "Old Jack," who had a crooked or hooked
nose, occupied the post of a spy upon their aberrations, which
were manifold. Of course, it was for the interests of the
surveillants to throw discredit upon all Jack's reports to the
heads of the firm; and numbers could attest that those reports
were fabrications, however true. Jack, somehow or other, was
constantly outvoted, his evidence superseded, and of course
disbelieved; and thus his occupation ceased, but not the fame of
"Hookey Walker."]
_See of Durham._--Can any of your readers inform me of "The privileges
of, and the ancient customs appertaining to, the See of Durham?"
H. F.
Clapham, Nov. 3. 1851.
[These relate most probably to the palatine rights of the Bishops
of Durham, granted by Egfrid, King of Northumbria, in 685; when he
gave to St. Cuthbert all the land between the Wear and the Tyne,
called "the patrimony of St. Cuthbert," to hold in as full and
ample a manner as the king himself holds the same. This donative,
with its ancient customs and privileges, was confirmed by the
Danes, and afterwards by William the Conqueror; in addition to
which, the latter made the church a sanctuary, and the county a
palatinate. Its bishop was invested with as great a power and
prerogative within his see, as the king exercised without the
bounds of it, with regard to forfeitures, &c. Thus it was a kind
of royalty subordinate to the crown, and, by way of eminence, was
called _The Bishoprick_. For an account of the ancient customs
connected with the cathedral, our correspondent is referred to the
curious and interesting work of Davies of Kidwelly, entitled, _The
Ancient Rites and Monuments of the Monastical and Cathedral Church
of Durham_, 12mo. 1672, which has been republished by the Surtees
Society.]
Replies.
CONVOCATION OF YORK.
(Vol. iv., p. 368.)
This body (of which I am a member) ought to meet on the same occasions
with that of Canterbury; but owing to the neglect or the wilfulness of
its officials, many omissions and mistakes occur. I have heard a
commission to _further_ adjourn the Convocation, from a day to which it
previously stood adjourned, read the day _after_ that on which it ought
to have assembled, but which day had arrived and passed without any one
recollecting the fact! Our Convocation appears at no time to have acted
a very prominent part, though its constitution is far better fitted for
a working synod than that of the southern province. In the latter the
_parochial_ clergy are so inadequately represented as to be much
outnumbered by the _dignitaries_ appointed by the crown and the bishops;
but in York there are _two_ proctors chosen by the clergy of _each_
archdeaconry and peculiar jurisdiction, and _two_ by each cathedral
chapter; thus affording a complete counterpoise to the deans and
archdeacons who are members _ex officio_. Another peculiarity in the
Convocation of York is, that it assembles in _one_ house, the bishops
commonly appearing by their proxies (priests), and the archbishop
presiding by his commissioner, who is always the dean, or one of the
residentiary canons of York.
In 1462 (_temp._ Archbishop Booth) the Convocation of York decreed that
such constitutions of the province of Canterbury as were not prejudicial
to those of York should be received, incorporated, and deemed as their
own (Wilkins's _Concilia_, vol. iii. p. 580.). Under Archbishop
Grenefeld it was decreed that since the Archbishop of York hath no
superior in spirituals except the Pope, no appeals should be suffered to
the Archbishop of Canterbury (p. 663.). At an earlier period the
northern metropolitan laid claim to all England north of the Humber,
with the whole realm of Scotland (Wilkins, vol. i. pp. 325, 479, &c.).
In a provincial council at London, A.D. 1175, his jurisdiction was
denied over the sees of Lincoln, _Chester_, Worcester, and Hereford,
upon which he appealed to the Pope. With the exception of Chester,
however, none of these sees were finally retained in the province.
The next year we are told that, in a (national) council at Westminster,
the Pope's legate presiding, the Archbishop of York, "disdaining to sit
at the left hand of the legate, forced himself into the lap of the
Archbishop of Canterbury, but was immediately _knocked down_ by the
other bishops and clergy, severely beaten, and thrust out of the
council!" (Hoveden ap. Wilkins, vol. i. p. 485.) How far the Northern
Convocation supported their burly prelate in these claims I do not know;
but I _note_ that in those days the disorderly conduct of the clergy was
_not_ made a pretext for the indefinite suspension of synodical
functions; and I _query_ whether the clergy might not be trusted to
behave quite as well in the nineteenth century.
But to return to the Convocation of York. There is a curious letter,
A.D. 1661, from Accepted Frewen, Archbishop of York, to the Convocation,
desiring them to send up to London some of their members duly
commissioned on their part to sit with the Lower House of Canterbury
for the review of the Liturgy. In this letter the archbishop says that
himself and the other bishops of the province were sitting _with the
bishops of the southern province in their House_. A similar expedient
for constituting a _quasi_-national synod seems to have been resorted to
upon some earlier occasions; but the Convocation of York still passed in
due form by their own separate decree what was so agreed upon. The
Articles were thus subscribed by our Convocation in 1571, and the Canons
in 1604 and 1640.