Further discoveries of fortifications--The _great discovery of the_
TREASURE _on the city wall_--Expedient for its preservation--The
articles of the Treasure described--The Shield--The Caldron--Bottle
and Vases of Gold--The golden δέπας ἀμφικύπελλον--Modes of working
the gold--A cup of electrum--Silver plates, probably the _talents_
of Homer--Vessels of Silver--Copper lance-heads: their peculiar
form--Copper battle-axes--Copper daggers--Metal articles fused
together by the conflagration--A knife and a piece of a
sword--Signs of the Treasure having been packed in a wooden
chest--The Key found--The Treasure probably left behind in an
effort to escape--Other articles found near the Treasure--The
thousands of gold jewels found in a silver vase--The two golden
Diadems--The ear-rings, bracelets, and finger-rings--The smaller
jewels of gold--Analysis of the copper articles by M.
Landerer--Discovery of another room in the Palace containing an
inscribed stone, and curious terra-cottas--Silver dishes--Greek
terra-cotta figures--Great abundance of the owl-faced vases.
Limited extent of Troy--Its walls traced--Poetic exaggerations of
Homer--_The one great point of_ TROY’S _reality established_--It
was as large as the primitive Athens and Mycenæ--The wealth and
power of Troy--Great height of its houses--Probable
population--Troy known to Homer only by tradition--Question of a
Temple in Homer’s time--Characteristics of the Trojan stratum of
remains, and their difference from those of the lowest stratum--The
former opinion on this point recalled--Layer of metallic _scoriæ_
through the whole hill--Error of Strabo about the utter destruction
of Troy--Part of the real Troy unfortunately destroyed in the
earlier excavations; but many Trojan houses brought to light
since--The stones of Troy not used in building other cities--The
Trojan houses of sun-dried bricks, except the most important
buildings, which are of stones and earth--Extent and results of the
excavations--Advice to future explorers.
Further excavations on the North side--Very curious terra-cotta
vessels--Perforated vases--A terra-cotta with hieroglyphics--Heads
of oxen and horses; their probable significance--Idols of the Ilian
Athena--Greek and Roman medals--Greek inscriptions--Final close of
the excavations: thanksgiving for freedom from serious
accidents--Commendations of Nicolaus Saphyros Jannakis, and other
assistants, and of the artist Polychronios Tempesis and the
engineer Adolphe Laurent.
Troy, June 17th, 1873.
Since my report of the 10th of last month I have been especially anxious
to hasten the great excavation on the north-west side of the hill, and
for this purpose I have made a deep cutting on the west side also, in
which, unfortunately, I came obliquely upon the enclosing wall of
Lysimachus, which is 13 feet high and 10 feet thick. I was therefore
compelled to break out from this wall a double quantity of stones in
order to gain an entrance; but I again came upon the ruins of colossal
buildings of the Hellenic and pre-Hellenic periods, so that this
excavation can only proceed slowly. Here, at a distance of 69 feet from
the declivity of the hill, at a depth of 20 feet, I met with an ancient
enclosure 5 feet high, and with a projecting battlement. It is not
connected with the wall which runs out from the Scæan Gate in a
north-westerly direction, and, on account of its very different
structure and small height, it must belong to a post-Trojan period. In
any case, however, it is much older than the Greek colony, because it is
built of stones and earth, and because I found by the side of it several
marble idols of the tutelar goddess of Ilium. I am, unfortunately,
obliged to break down a portion of this wall to a length of 17½ feet,
in order to proceed further, but I have left standing nearly 8 feet of
the part I have excavated, so that the wall may be examined. Behind it I
found a level place paved partly with large flags of stone, partly with
stones more or less hewn, and after this a wall of fortification 20 feet
high and 5 feet thick, built of large stones and earth; it runs below my
wooden house, but 6½ feet above the Trojan city wall which proceeds
from the Scæan Gate.
In the new large excavation on the north-west side, which is connected
with the one I have just been describing, I have convinced myself that
the splendid wall of large hewn stones, which I uncovered in April 1870,
belongs to a tower, the lower projecting part of which must have been
built during the first period of the Greek colony, whereas its upper
portion seems to belong to the time of Lysimachus. (See Plate XIII.) To
this tower also belongs the wall that I mentioned in my last report as 9
feet high and 6 feet broad, and as continuous with the surrounding wall
of Lysimachus; and so does the wall of the same dimensions, situated 49
feet from it, which I have likewise broken through. Behind the latter,
at a depth of from 26 to 30 feet, I uncovered the Trojan city wall which
runs out from the Scæan Gate.
In excavating this wall further and directly by the side of the palace
of King Priam,[275] I came upon a large copper article of the most
remarkable form, which attracted my attention all the more as I thought
I saw gold behind it. On the top of this copper article lay a stratum of
red and calcined ruins, from 4¾ to 5¼ feet thick, as hard as
stone, and above this again lay the above-mentioned wall of
fortification (6 feet broad and 20 feet high) which was built of large
stones and earth, and must have belonged to an early date after the
destruction of Troy. In order to withdraw the Treasure from the greed of
my workmen, and to save it for archæology, I had to be most expeditious,
and although it was not yet time for breakfast, I immediately had
“_païdos_” called. This is a word of uncertain derivation, which has
passed over into Turkish, and is here employed in place of ἀνάπαυσις, or
time for rest. While the men were eating and resting, I cut out the
Treasure with a large knife, which it was impossible to do without the
very greatest exertion and the most fearful risk of my life, for the
great fortification-wall, beneath which I had to dig, threatened every
moment to fall down upon me. But the sight of so many objects, every one
of which is of inestimable value to archæology, made me foolhardy, and I
never thought of any danger. It would, however, have been impossible
for me to have removed the Treasure without the help of my dear wife,
who stood by me ready to pack the things which I cut out in her shawl
and to carry them away.[276]
The first thing I found was a large copper shield (the ἀσπὶς ὀμφαλόεσσα
of Homer) in the form of an oval salver, in the middle of which is a
knob or boss encircled by a small furrow (αὔλαξ). This shield is a
little less than 20 inches in length; it is quite flat, and surrounded
by a rim (ἄντυξ) 1½ inch high; the boss (ὀμφαλός) is 2-1/3 inches
high and 4-1/3 inches in diameter; the furrow encircling it is 7 inches
in diameter and 2/5 of an inch deep.[277]
[Illustration:
PLATE XIV.
No. 235.--Great Copper Caldron (λέβης).
No. 234.--A Copper Shield with a boss (ἀσπὶς ὀμφαλόεσσα).
THE TREASURE OF PRIAM.
_Page 324._
]
[Illustration:
PLATE XV.
No. 236.--Curious Plate of Copper (perhaps a Hasp of the Chest), with
Discs fixed on one end, and a Silver Vase welded to the other by the
conflagration.
No. 237.--Bottle of pure Gold, weighing about 1 lb. Troy.
No. 238. Cup of pure Gold, panelled, weighing 7½ oz. Troy.
THE TREASURE OF PRIAM.
_Page 325._
]
The second object which I got out was a copper caldron with two
horizontal handles, which certainly gives us an idea of the Homeric
λέβης; it is 16½ inches in diameter and 5½ inches high; the bottom
is flat, and is nearly 8 inches in diameter.[278]
The third object was a copper plate 2/5 of an inch thick, 6-1/3 inches
broad, and 17-1/3 inches long; it has a rim about 1/12 of an inch high;
at one end of it there are two immovable wheels with an axle-tree. This
plate is very much bent in two places, but I believe that these
curvatures have been produced by the heat to which the article was
exposed in the conflagration; a silver vase 4¾ inches high and broad
has been fused to it; I suppose, however, that this also happened by
accident in the heat of the fire.[279] The fourth article I brought out
was a copper vase 5½ inches high and 4-1/3 inches in diameter.
Thereupon followed a globular bottle of the purest gold, weighing 403
grammes (6220 grains, or above 1 lb. troy); it is nearly 6 inches high
and 5½ inches in diameter, and has the commencement of a zigzag
decoration on the neck, which, however, is not continued all round. Then
came a cup, likewise of the purest gold, weighing 226 grammes (7¼ oz.
troy); it is 3½ inches high and 3 inches broad.[280]
[Illustration:
PLATE XVI.
No. 239.--Outside View of the Two-handled Gold Cup.
No. 240.--Inside View of the Two-handled Gold Cup.
REMARKABLE TWO-HANDLED CUP OF PURE GOLD (δέπας ἀμφικύπελλον).
Weighing about 1 lb. 6 oz. Troy.
THE TREASURE OF PRIAM.
_Page 326._
]
Next came another cup of the purest gold, weighing exactly 600 grammes
(about 1 lb. 6 oz. troy);[281] it is 3½ inches high, 7¼ inches
long, and 7-1/5 inches broad; it is in the form of a ship with two large
handles; on one side there is a mouth, 1-1/5 inch broad, for drinking
out of, and another at the other side, which is 2¾ inches broad, and,
as my esteemed friend Professor Stephanos Kumanudes, of Athens, remarks,
the person who presented the filled cup may have first drunk from the
small mouth, as a mark of respect, to let the guest drink from the
larger mouth.[282] This vessel has a foot which projects about 1/12 of
an inch, and is 1-1/3 inch long, and 4/5 of an inch broad. It is
assuredly the Homeric δέπας ἀμφικύπελλον. But I adhere to my supposition
that all of those tall and brilliant red goblets of terra-cotta, in the
form of champagne-glasses with two enormous handles, are also δέπα
ἀμφικύπελλα, and that this form probably existed in gold also. I must
further make an observation which is very important for the history of
art, that the above-mentioned gold δέπας ἀμφικύπελλον is of _cast gold_,
and that the large handles, which are not solid, have been fused on to
it. On the other hand the gold bottle and the gold cup mentioned above
have been _wrought with the hammer_.
[Illustration: No. 241. Bronze Cup used in China for Libations and
Drinking.]
The Treasure further contained a small cup of gold alloyed with 20 per
cent. of silver, that is, the mixed metal called _electrum_.[283] It
weighs 70 grammes (2¼ oz. troy), and is above 3 inches high, and
above 2½ inches broad. Its foot is only 4/5 of an inch high and
nearly an inch broad, and is moreover not quite straight, so that the
cup appears to be meant only to stand upon its mouth.
I also found in the Treasure six pieces of the purest silver in the form
of large knife-blades, having one end rounded, and the other cut into
the form of a crescent; they have all been wrought with the hammer.[284]
The two larger blades are nearly 8½ inches long and 2 inches broad,
and weigh respectively 190 and 183 grammes. The next two pieces are
about 7¼ inches long and 1½ broad, and weigh respectively 174 and
173 grammes. The two other pieces are nearly 7 inches long and 1-1/5
inch broad, and weigh respectively 173 and 171 grammes.[285] It is
extremely probable that these are the Homeric _talents_ (τάλαντα), which
could only have been small, as, for instance, when Achilles offers for
the first prize a woman, for the second a horse, for the third a
caldron, and for the fourth two gold talents.[286]
[Illustration:
PLATE XVII.
No. 242.--Six Blades of Silver (Homeric Talents?).
Nos. 243 & 244.--Two Silver Vases, with caps, and rings for suspending
cords.
No. 245.--A Silver Dish (φιάλη), with a boss in the centre.
No. 246.--A Silver Cup, 3-1/3 in. high and nearly 4 in. wide.
THE TREASURE OF PRIAM.
_Page 328._
]
[Illustration:
PLATE XVIII.
No. 247.--A small Silver Cover.
No. 248.--A small Cup of Electrum, (_i.e._ 4 parts of Gold to 1 of
Silver).
No. 249.--Large Silver Jug, with handle, in which the small Ornaments
were found.
No. 250.--Has part of another Silver Vase welded to it by the fire.
No. 251.--Silver Vase with a quantity of copper fixed to its bottom by
the fire.
VESSELS OF SILVER AND ELECTRUM.
THE TREASURE OF PRIAM.
_Page 329._
]
I also found in the Treasure three great silver vases, the largest of
which is above 8¼ inches high and nearly 8 inches in diameter, and
has a handle 5½ inches in length and 3½ in breadth.[287] The
second vase is 6·9 inches high and nearly 6 inches in diameter; another
silver vase is welded to the upper part of it, of which, however, only
portions have been preserved.[288] The third vase is above 7 inches high
and above 6 inches in diameter; the foot of the vase has a great deal of
copper fused onto it, which must have dripped from the copper objects
contained in the Treasure during the conflagration.[289] All of the
three vases are perfectly round below, and therefore cannot stand
upright without resting against something.
I found, further, a silver goblet above 3-1/3 inches high, the mouth of
which is nearly 4 inches in diameter; also a silver flat cup or dish
(φιάλη) 5½ inches in diameter, and two beautiful small silver vases
of most exquisite workmanship. The larger one, which has two rings on
either side for hanging it up by strings, is nearly 8 inches high with
its hat-shaped lid, and 3½ inches in diameter across the bulge. The
smaller silver vase, with a ring on either side for suspension by a
string, is about 6¾ inches high, with its lid, and above 3 inches
broad.[290]
[Illustration:
No. 252. No. 253. No. 254. No. 255. No. 256.
Trojan Lance-Heads of Copper.--TR.
No. 256. Copper Lance and Battle-Axe welded together by the
Conflagration. The Pin-hole of the Lance is visible.--TR.]
[Illustration:
No. 257. No. 258. No. 259. No. 260.
Trojan Battle-Axes of Copper--TR.
Nos. 258 and 260 have pieces of other weapons welded onto them by the
fire.]
Upon and beside the gold and silver articles, I found thirteen copper
lances, from nearly 7 to above 12½ inches in length, and from above
1½ to 2-1/3 inches broad at the broadest point; at the lower end of
each is a hole, in which, in most cases, the nail or peg which fastened
the lance to the wooden handle is still sticking. The pin-hole is
clearly visible in a lance-head which the conflagration has welded to a
battle-axe. The Trojan lances were therefore quite different from those
of the Greeks and Romans, for the latter stuck the shaft into the
lance-head, the former fastened the head into the shaft.
I also found fourteen of those copper weapons, which are frequently met
with here, but which have never been discovered elsewhere; at one end
they are pointed but blunt, and at the other they end in a broad edge. I
formerly considered them to be a species of lance, but now after mature
consideration I am convinced that they could have been used only as
battle-axes. They are from above 6 to above 12 inches in length, from
nearly ½ to above ¾ of an inch thick, and from above 1 to nearly 3
inches broad; the largest of them weighs 1365 grammes (about 3 lbs.
avoirdupois). The following cut shows an axe more like those of later
ages.
[Illustration: No. 261. Trojan battle-axe.--TR.]
There were also seven large double-edged copper daggers, with a handle
from about 2 to 2¾ inches long, the end of which is bent round at a
right angle. These handles must at one time have been encased in wood,
for if the cases had been made of bone they would still have been wholly
or partially preserved. The pointed handle was inserted into a piece of
wood, so that the end projected about half an inch beyond it, and this
end was simply bent round. (See page 332.) The largest of these daggers
is 10-2/3 inches in length and above 2 inches broad at the broadest
part; a second dagger, which is above 1¾ inch broad, has the point
broken off, and is now less than 9 inches long, but appears to have been
11 inches; a third dagger is 8-2/3 inches long, and measures above 1¼
inch at the broadest point; a fourth has become completely curled up in
the conflagration, but appears to have been above 11 inches long. Of the
fifth, sixth, and seventh daggers I only discovered the fragments; these
are from nearly 4 to 5-1/3 inches in length. But in a packet of four
lances and battle-axes, which have been welded together in the heat of
the fire, I believe I can recognise another dagger.
Of common one-edged knives I only found one in the Treasure; it is above
6 inches in length. I also found a piece of a sword which is 8-2/3
inches long and nearly 2 inches broad: also a four-cornered copper bar
ending in an edge; it is nearly 15 inches long, and also appears to have
served as a weapon.
[Illustration: Nos. 262, 263, 264, 266, Trojan Two-edged Copper Daggers,
with hooked Stems that have been fastened into Wooden Handles; No. 264
is doubled up by the Conflagration. No. 265, Weapons molten together.
No. 267, a Copper Sword-Blade, with a sharp edge at the end. No. 268, a
Four-sided Copper Bar, ending in a sharp edge.--TR.]
As I found all these articles together, forming a rectangular mass, or
packed into one another, it seems to be certain that they were placed on
the city wall in a wooden chest (φωριαμός), such as those mentioned by
Homer as being in the palace of King Priam.[291] This appears to be the
more certain, as close by the side of these articles I found a copper
key above 4 inches long, the head of which (about 2 inches long and
broad) greatly resembles a large safe-key of a bank. Curiously enough
this key has had a wooden handle; there can be no doubt of this from the
fact that the end of the stalk of the key is bent round at a right
angle, as in the case of the daggers.
[Illustration: No 269. Copper Key, supposed to have belonged to the
Treasure-chest.--TR.]
It is probable that some member of the family of King Priam hurriedly
packed the Treasure into the chest and carried it off without having
time to pull out the key; that when he reached the wall, however, the
hand of an enemy or the fire overtook him, and he was obliged to abandon
the chest, which was immediately covered to a height of from 5 to 6 feet
with the red ashes and the stones of the adjoining royal palace.
Perhaps the articles found a few days previously in a room of the royal
palace, close to the place where the Treasure was discovered, belonged
to this unfortunate person. These articles were a helmet, and a silver
vase 7 inches high and 5½ inches broad, containing an elegant cup of
electrum 4-1/3 inches high and 3½ inches broad. The helmet was broken
in being taken out, but I can have it mended, as I have all the pieces
of it. The two upper portions, composing the crest (φάλος), are
uninjured. Beside the helmet, as before, I found a curved copper pin,
nearly 6 inches in length, which must have been in some way attached to
it, and have served some purpose. (Compare No. 192, p. 281.)
[Illustration:
No. 270. No. 271.
Cups of Electrum and Silver. Found in the Palace, near the Treasure, 270
inside 271.]
[Illustration: Nos. 272-275. Pieces of Helmet-crests found in a Room of
the Palace.]
At 5 or 6 feet above the Treasure, the successors of the Trojans erected
a fortification wall 20 feet high and 6 feet broad, composed of large
hewn and unhewn stones and earth; this wall extends to within 3¼ feet
of the surface of the hill.
[Illustration:
PLATE XIX.
Nos. 276 and 277.--THE TWO GOLDEN DIADEMS (πλεκταὶ ἀναδέσμαι).
THE TREASURE OF PRIAM.
_Page 335._
]
That the Treasure was packed together at terrible risk of life, and in
the greatest anxiety, is proved among other things also by the contents
of the largest silver vase, at the bottom of which I found two splendid
gold diadems (κρήδεμνα)[292]; a fillet, and four beautiful gold
ear-rings of most exquisite workmanship: upon these lay 56 gold
ear-rings of exceedingly curious form and 8750 small gold rings,
perforated prisms and dice, gold buttons, and similar jewels, which
obviously belonged to other ornaments; then followed six gold bracelets,
and on the top of all the two small gold goblets.[293]
The one diadem consists of a gold fillet, 21-2/3 inches long and nearly
½ an inch broad, from which there hang on either side seven little
chains to cover the temples, each of which has eleven square leaves with
a groove; these chains are joined to one another by four little cross
chains, at the end of which hangs a glittering golden idol of the
tutelar goddess of Troy, nearly an inch long. The entire length of each
of these chains, with the idols, amounts to 10¼ inches. Almost all
these idols have something of the human form, but the owl’s head with
the two large eyes cannot be mistaken; their breadth at the lower end is
about 9/10 of an inch. Between these ornaments for the temples there are
47 little pendant chains adorned with square leaves; at the end of each
little chain is an idol of the tutelary goddess of Ilium, about ¾ of
an inch long; the length of these little chains with the idols is not
quite 4 inches.
The other diadem is 20 inches long, and consists of a gold chain, from
which are suspended on each side eight chains completely covered with
small gold leaves, to hang down over the temples, and at the end of
every one of the sixteen chains there hangs a golden idol 1¼ inch
long, with the owl’s head of the Ilian tutelary goddess. Between these
ornaments for the temples there are likewise 74 little chains, about 4
inches long, covered with gold leaves, to hang down over the forehead;
at the end of these chains there hangs a double leaf about ¾ of an
inch long.
The fillet ἄμπυξ is above 18 inches long and 2/5 of an inch broad, and
has three perforations at each end. Eight quadruple rows of dots divide
it into nine compartments, in each of which there are two large dots;
and an uninterrupted row of dots adorns the whole edge. Of the four
ear-rings only two are exactly alike. From the upper part, which is
almost in the shape of a basket, and is ornamented with two rows of
decorations in the form of beads, there hang six small chains on which
are three little cylinders; attached to the end of the chains are small
idols of the tutelar goddess of Troy. The length of each ear-ring is
3½ inches. The upper part of the other two ear-rings is larger and
thicker, but likewise almost in the shape of a basket, from it are
suspended five little chains entirely covered with small round leaves,
on which are likewise fastened small but more imposing idols of the
Ilian tutelar divinity; the length of one of these pendants is 3½
inches, that of the other a little over 3 inches.[294]
[Illustration:
PLATE XX.
No. 278.--Selection from the small Golden Jewels found in the Silver
Jug.
No. 279.--Golden Fillet (ἄμπυξ), above 18 inches long.
No. 280.--Four Golden Ear-rings, or Tassels (θύσανοι), each 3½ inches
long.
JEWELS OF GOLD.
THE TREASURE OF PRIAM.
_Page 336._
]
Of the six gold bracelets, two are quite simple and closed, and are
about 1/5 of an inch thick; a third is likewise closed, but consists of
an ornamented band 1/25 of an inch thick, and ¼ of an inch broad. The
other three are double, and the ends are turned round and furnished with
a head. The princesses who wore these bracelets must have had unusually
small hands, for they are so small that a girl of ten would have
difficulty in putting them on.
[Illustration: No. 281. Six golden Bracelets welded together by the
conflagration.--[TR.]]
The 56 other gold ear-rings are of various sizes, and three of them
appear to have also been used by the princesses of the royal family as
finger-rings.[295] Not one of the ear-rings has any resemblance in form
to the Hellenic, Roman, Egyptian, or Assyrian ear-rings; 20 of them end
in four leaves, ten in three leaves, lying beside one another and
soldered together, and they are thus extremely like those ear-rings of
gold and electrum which I found last year at a depth of 9 and 13 meters
(29½ and 42½ feet). Eighteen other ear-rings end in six leaves; at
the commencement of these there are two small studs, in the centre two
rows of five small studs each, and at the end three small studs. Two of
the largest rings, which, owing to the thickness of the one end,
certainly cannot have been used as ear-rings, and appear to have been
finger-rings only, terminate in four leaves, and at the commencement of
these there are two, in the middle three, and at the end again two small
studs. Of the remaining ear-rings two have the form of three, and four
the form of two, beautifully ornamented serpents lying beside one
another.
[Illustration: No. 282. THE TREASURE OF PRIAM.
4610 SMALL JEWELS OF GOLD.]
Besides the ear-rings, a great number of other ornaments strung on
threads, or fastened on leather, had been put into the same large silver
vase; for above and below them, as already said, I found 8750 small
objects;[296] such as gold rings, only 1/8 of an inch in diameter;
perforated dice, either smooth or in the form of little indented stars,
about 1/6 of an inch in diameter; gold perforated prisms 1/10 of an inch
high and 1/8 of an inch broad, decorated longitudinally with eight or
sixteen incisions; small leaves about 1/5 of an inch long, and 1/6 of an
inch broad, and pierced longitudinally with a hole for threading them;
small gold pegs 1/3 of an inch long, with a button on one side, and a
perforated hole on the other; perforated prisms about 1/5 of an inch
long and 1/10 of an inch broad; double or triple gold rings soldered
together and only ¼ of an inch in diameter, with holes on both sides
for threading them; gold buttons or studs 1/5 of an inch high, in the
cavity of which is a ring above 1/10 of an inch broad for sewing them
on; gold double buttons, exactly like our shirt studs, 3/10 of an inch
long, which, however, are not soldered, but simply stuck together, for
from the cavity of the one button there projects a tube (αὐλίσκος)
nearly ¼ of an inch long, and from the other a pin (ἔμβολον) of the
same length, and the pin is merely stuck into the tube to form the
double stud. These double buttons or studs can only have been used,
probably, as ornament upon leather articles, for instance upon the
handle-straps (τελαμῶνες) of swords, shields, or knives. I found in the
vase also two gold cylinders above 1/10 of an inch thick and ¾ of an
inch long; also a small gold peg above 4/5 of an inch in length, and
from 6/100 to 8/100 of an inch thick; it has at one end a perforated
hole for hanging it up, and on the other side six encircling incisions,
which give the article the appearance of a screw; it is only by means of
a magnifying glass that it is found not to be really a screw. I also
found in the same vase two pieces of gold, one of which is 1/7 of an
inch, the other above 2 inches, long; each of them has 21
perforations.[297]
The person who endeavoured to save the Treasure had fortunately the
presence of mind to stand the silver vase, containing the valuable
articles described above, upright in the chest, so that not so much as a
bead could fall out, and everything has been preserved uninjured.
My esteemed friend M. Landerer, of Athens, a chemist well known through
his discoveries and writings, who has most carefully examined all the
copper articles of the Treasure, and analysed the fragments, finds that
all of them consist of pure copper without any admixture of tin or
zinc,[298] and that, in order to make them more durable, they have been
wrought with the hammer (σφυρήλατον).
* * * * *
As I hoped to find other treasures here, and also wished to bring to
light the wall that surrounded Troy, the erection of which Homer[299]
ascribes to Poseidon and Apollo, as far as the Scæan Gate, I have
entirely cut away the upper wall, which rested partly upon the gate, to
an extent of 56 feet. Visitors to the Troad can, however, still see part
of it in the north-western earth-wall opposite the Scæan Gate. I have
also broken down the enormous block of earth which separated my western
and north-western cutting from the Great Tower; but in order to do this,
I had to pull down the larger one of my wooden houses, and I had also to
bridge over the Scæan Gate, so as to facilitate the removal of the
_débris_. The result of this new excavation is very important to
archæology; for I have been able to uncover several walls, and also a
room of the Royal Palace, 20 feet in length and breadth, upon which no
buildings of a later period rest.
[Illustration: No. 283. Terra-cotta Vessel in the shape of a Cask. From
the Palace (8 M.).]
Of the objects discovered there I have only to mention an excellently
engraved inscription found upon a square piece of red slate, which has
two holes not bored through it and an encircling incision, but neither
can my learned friend Émile Burnouf nor can I tell in what language the
inscription is written.[300] Further, there were some interesting
terra-cottas, among which is a vessel, quite the form of a modern cask,
and with a tube in the centre for pouring in and drawing off the
liquid. There were also found upon the wall of Troy, 1¾ feet below
the place where the Treasure was discovered, three silver dishes
(φιάλαι), two of which were broken to pieces in digging down the
_débris_; they can, however, be repaired, as I have all the pieces.[301]
These dishes seem to have belonged to the Treasure, and the fact of the
latter having otherwise escaped our pickaxes is due to the
above-mentioned large copper vessels which projected, so that I could
cut everything out of the hard _débris_ by means of a knife.
[Illustration: No. 284. Large Silver Vase found in the House of Priam (8
M.).]
I now perceive that the cutting which I made in April 1870 was exactly
at the proper point, and that if I had only continued it, I should in a
few weeks have uncovered the most remarkable buildings in Troy, namely,
the Palace of King Priam, the Scæan Gate, the Great Surrounding Wall,
and the Great Tower of Ilium; whereas, in consequence of abandoning this
cutting, I had to make colossal excavations from east to west and from
north to south through the entire hill in order to find those most
interesting buildings.
In the upper strata of the north-western and western excavations we came
upon another great quantity of heads of beautiful terra-cotta figures of
the best Hellenic period, and at a depth of 23 feet upon some idols, as
well as the upper portion of a vase with the owl’s face and a lid in the
form of a helmet. Lids of this kind, upon the edge of which female hair
is indicated by incisions, are frequently found in all the strata
between 4 and 10 meters (13 and 33 feet) deep, and as they belong to
vases with owls’ faces, the number of lids gives us an idea of the
number of the vases with the figure of the owl-headed Athena, which
existed here in Troy.
But Troy was not large. I have altogether made twenty borings down to
the rock, on the west, south-west, south, south-east and east of the
Pergamus, directly at its foot or at some distance from it, on the
plateau of the Ilium of the Greek colony. As I find in these borings no
trace either of fragments of Trojan pottery or of Trojan house-walls,
and nothing but fragments of Hellenic pottery and Hellenic house-walls,
and as, moreover, the hill of the Pergamus has a very steep slope
towards the north, the north-east, and the north-west, facing the
Hellespont, and is also very steep towards the Plain, the city could not
possibly have extended in any one of these directions. I now most
emphatically declare that the city of Priam cannot have extended on any
one side beyond the primeval plateau of this fortress, the
circumference of which is indicated to the south and south-west by the
Great Tower and the Scæan Gate, and to the north-west, north-east and
east by the surrounding wall of Troy. The city was so strongly fortified
by nature on the north side, that the wall there consisted only of those
large blocks of stone, loosely piled one upon another in the form of a
wall, which last year gave me such immense trouble to remove. This wall
can be recognized at once, immediately to the right in the northern
entrance of my large cutting, which runs through the entire hill.
I am extremely disappointed at being obliged to give so small a plan of
Troy; nay, I had wished to be able to make it a thousand times larger,
but I value truth above everything, and I rejoice that my three years’
excavations have laid open the Homeric Troy, even though on a diminished
scale, and that I have proved the Iliad to be based upon real facts.
Homer is an epic poet, and not an historian: so it is quite natural that
he should have exaggerated everything with poetic licence. Moreover, the
events which he describes are so marvellous, that many scholars have
long doubted the very existence of Troy, and have considered the city to
be a mere invention of the poet’s fancy. I venture to hope that the
civilized world will not only not be disappointed that the city of Priam
has shown itself to be scarcely a twentieth part as large as was to be
expected from the statements of the Iliad, but that, on the contrary, it
will accept with delight and enthusiasm the certainty that Ilium did
really exist, that a large portion of it has now been brought to light,
and that Homer, even although he exaggerates, nevertheless sings of
events that actually happened. Besides, it ought to be remembered that
the area of Troy, now reduced to this small hill, is still as large as,
or even larger than, the royal city of Athens, which was confined to the
Acropolis, and did not extend beyond it, till the time when Theseus
added the twelve villages, and the city was consequently named in the
plural Ἀθῆναι. It is very likely that the same happened to the town of
Mycenæ (Μυκῆναι), which Homer describes as being rich in gold, and which
is also spoken of in the singular,εὐρυάγυια Μυκήνη.[302]
But this little Troy was immensely rich for the circumstances of those
times, since I find here a treasure of gold and silver articles, such as
is now scarcely to be found in an emperor’s palace; and as the town was
wealthy, so was it also powerful, and ruled over a large territory.
The houses of Troy were all very high and had several storeys, as is
obvious from the thickness of the walls and the colossal heaps of
_débris_. But even if we assume the houses to have been of three
storeys, and standing close by the side of one another, the town can
nevertheless not have contained more than 5000 inhabitants, and cannot
have mustered more than 500 soldiers; but it could always raise a
considerable army from among its subjects, and as it was rich and
powerful, it could obtain mercenaries from all quarters.
As I do not find in my shafts (that is, beyond the hill itself) a trace
of earthenware belonging to the successors of the Trojans up to the time
of the Greek colony, it may with certainty be assumed that Troy had
increased in size at Homer’s time only to the small amount of what was
added through the heaps of rubbish caused by the destruction of the
city. Homer can _never_ have seen Ilium’s Great Tower, the surrounding
wall of Poseidon and Apollo, the Scæan Gate or the Palace of King Priam,
for all these monuments lay buried deep in heaps of rubbish, and he made
no excavations to bring them to light. He knew of these monuments of
immortal fame only from hearsay, for the tragic fate of ancient Troy
was then still in fresh remembrance, and had already been for centuries
in the mouth of all minstrels.[303]
Homer rarely mentions temples, and, although he speaks of the temple of
Athena, yet, considering the smallness of the city, it is very doubtful
whether it actually existed. It is probable that the tutelar goddess at
that time possessed only the sacrificial altar which I discovered, and
the crescent form of which greatly resembles the upper portion of the
ivory idol found in the lowest strata,[304] as well as the one end of
the six talents contained among the Treasure.
The position, size, and depth of all my shafts will be found most
accurately specified on my plan of the Ilium of the Greek colony;[305] I
therefore refrain from repeating these statements here, so as not to
weary the reader. I also add an accurate plan of my excavations,[306] a
plan of the Scæan Gate and of the Great Tower of Ilium,[307] and lastly,
a plan of the city of Troy at the time of the great destruction (Plan
IV.).
[Illustration: Plan IV.--Plan of Troy at the Epoch of Priam, according
to Dr. Schliemann’s Excavations.]
The Scæan Gate gives us the age of the royal edifice in front of which
it stands, and of the vessels of pottery which are found in that house.
This earthenware is indeed better than what is generally found here at a
depth of from 7 to 10 meters (23 to 33 feet), but it is exactly similar;
and consequently all the strata of _débris_ from these depths belong to
the Trojan people. These strata are composed of red, yellow, and
occasionally black wood-ashes, and every stone found there bears the
marks of the fearful heat to which it has been exposed. In these strata
we never meet with those brilliant black plates and dishes, with a long
horizontal ring on either side, found at the depth of from 13 to 16
meters (42½ to 52½ feet), nor do we meet with the vases with two
long tubes on either side. Besides the vessels in the lowest strata are
entirely different in quality and in form from those found at a depth of
from 23 to 33 feet, so that they certainly cannot have belonged to the
same people. But they belong, at all events, to a kindred Aryan nation,
as these too possessed in common with the Trojans the whorls ornamented
with Aryan religious symbols, and also idols of the Ilian Athena. I
formerly believed that the most ancient people who inhabited this site
were the Trojans, because I fancied that among their ruins I had found
the δέπας ἀμφικύπελλον, but I now perceive that Priam’s people were the
succeeding nation, because in their ruins I have discovered the actual
δέπας ἀμφικύπελλον, made of gold and also of terra-cotta, and likewise
the Scæan Gate.
Several geologists, who have visited me here, maintain that the stratum
of scoriæ, which runs through the greater part of the hill, at an
average depth of 9 meters (29½ feet), has been formed by melted lead
and copper ore, quantities of which must have existed here at the time
of the destruction of Troy; and this opinion is also shared by the
engineer, Adolphe Laurent, who has returned to help me with my last
works, and to make some new plans.
Strabo says,[308] “No trace of the ancient city (Troy) has been
preserved. This is very natural; for, as all the towns round about were
desolated, yet not completely destroyed, while Troy was razed to the
ground, so all the stones were carried off to renovate the others. Thus,
at least, Archæanax of Mitylene is said to have built a wall round
Sigeum with the stones.” These statements of Strabo are, however,
completely erroneous, and the tradition of antiquity, that Troy was
razed to the ground, can only be explained by its having been buried
deep beneath colossal masses of wood-ashes and stone, which were built
over by a new town; the latter being again destroyed, and again
surmounted by buildings which had a similar fate; till at last the mass
of _débris_ lying upon Troy reached a height of from 6 to 8 meters (20
to 26 feet), and upon this was established the Acropolis of the Ilium of
the Greek colony.
In consequence of my former mistaken idea, that Troy was to be found on
the primary soil or close above it, I unfortunately, in 1871 and 1872,
destroyed a large portion of the city, for I at that time broke down all
the house-walls in the higher strata which obstructed my way. This year,
however, as soon as I had come by clear proofs to the firm conviction
that Troy was not to be found upon the primary soil, but at a depth of
from 23 to 33 feet, I ceased to break down any house-wall in these
strata, so that in my excavations of this year a number of Trojan houses
have been brought to light. They will still stand for centuries, and
visitors to the Troad may convince themselves that the stones of the
Trojan buildings can _never_ have been used for building other towns,
for the greater part of them are still _in situ_. Moreover, they are
small, and millions of such stones are to be found upon all the fields
of this district.
Valuable stones, such as those large flags which cover the road leading
from the Scæan Gate to the Plain, as well as the stones of the enclosing
wall and of the Great Tower, have been left untouched, and not a single
stone of the Scæan Gate is wanting. Nay, with the exception of the
houses which I myself destroyed, it would be quite possible to uncover
the “carcasses” of all the houses, as in the case of Pompeii. The
houses, as I have already said, must have been very high, and a great
deal of wood must have been used in their construction, for otherwise
the conflagration could not have produced such an enormous quantity of
ashes and rubbish.
In my excavations of 1871 and 1872, at a depth of from 7 to 10 meters
(23 to 33 feet), I found only house-walls composed of sun-dried bricks;
and, as anyone may convince himself by examining the houses which I have
uncovered, this style of building was almost exclusively met with during
that year. It is only the buildings by the side of the Scæan Gate, and a
few houses in the depths of the Temple of Athena, that are made of
stones and earth.
[Illustration: No. 285. Splendid Terra-cotta Vase from the Palace of
Priam. This is the largest vase of the type frequent in the ruins, with
two small handles and two great upright wings. The _cover_ was found
near it.]
As may be seen from my plan of the site of Troy, I have excavated
two-thirds of the entire city; and, as I have brought to light the Great
Tower, the Scæan Gate, the city wall of Troy, the royal palace, the
sacrificial altar of the Ilian Athena, and so forth, I have uncovered
the grandest buildings, and, in fact, the best part of the city. I have
also made an exceedingly copious collection of all the articles of the
domestic life and the religion of the Trojans; and therefore it is not
to be expected that science would gain anything more by further
excavations. If, however, my excavations should at any time be
continued, I urgently entreat those who do so to throw the _débris_ of
their diggings from the declivity of the hill, and _not_ to fill up the
colossal cuttings which I have made with such infinite trouble and at
such great expense, for they are of great value to archæology, inasmuch
as in these cuttings all the strata of _débris_, from the primary soil
up to the surface of the hill, can be examined with little trouble.
On the north side of the hill, I have now also uncovered several
house-walls at a depth of 13 meters (42½ feet), and also the
beginning of that remarkable wall of fortification already mentioned,
the continuation of which may be seen in the labyrinth of house-walls in
the depths of the Temple of Athena. On the north side, above the primary
soil, I have also brought to light a portion of the pavement already
mentioned, composed of small, round white sea-pebbles, below which are
the calcined ruins of a building which formerly stood there.
[Illustration: No. 286. Curious double-necked Jug (8 M.).]
[Illustration: No. 287. Terra-cotta Vessel consisting of three Goblets
rising out of a tube on three feet (4 M.).--[6 M. in Atlas.]]
[Illustration: No. 288. Terra-cotta Vessel in the form of a Pig, with
legs too short to stand it on (7 M.).]
[Illustration: No. 289. A round Terra-cotta, stamped with Hieroglyphics
(1½ M.).]
Among some very remarkable terra-cottas discovered since my last report,
I must mention two jugs found on the north side, at a depth of from 23
to 26 feet, each of which has two upright necks standing side by side,
but their handles are united. One of them has also beside the mouths two
small elevations, which may probably indicate eyes. Of a third jug of
this kind, I only found the upper portion. I must also mention an
exceedingly curious cup, discovered at a depth of 4 meters (13 feet),
which consists of a tube resting upon three feet and ending in one large
and two small goblets; the larger goblet is connected with the opposite
side of the tube by a handle. At the same depth I met with a large vase,
from which projects a separate small vase; it is ornamented with
incisions, and has three feet and two very pretty handles and rings for
hanging it up. I found likewise, at the depth of 13 feet, a vase with
two female breasts, two large handles and engravings resembling letters.
Among other extremely curious terra-cottas, I must also mention three
pots with three rows of perforations; they have the usual handle on one
side and three feet on the other; also three large vases with
perforations right round, on all sides from the bottom to the top; their
use is a riddle to me; can they have served as bee-hives?[309] Also a
vessel in the form of a pig with four feet, which are, however, shorter
than the belly, so that the vessel cannot stand upon them; the neck of
the vessel, which is attached to the back of the pig, is connected with
the hinder part by a handle. I further found a pot in the form of a
basket with a handle crossing the mouth, and with a tube in the bulge
for drawing off the liquid. Also two terra-cotta funnels, at a depth of
10 feet, with a letter, which I have repeatedly met with on some of the
terra-cottas of which I have given drawings, and which therefore will
probably be deciphered. At a depth of 5 feet I found one of those round
twice-perforated terra-cottas with a stamp, in which there are Egyptian
hieroglyphics; also a dozen of the same articles in the stamps of which
are a crowned head, a bird, a dog’s head, a flying man or an eagle and a
stag. At a depth of 16½ feet, I found the handle of a cup with the
beautifully modelled head of a bull, which probably represents the
βοῶπις πότνια Ἥρη:[310] however, this cannot be proved, for up to that
time I had never found an idol with the head of an ox. Neither can I
prove that the terra-cottas here frequently met with, in the form of
horses’ heads, represent the mother of Hera, Cybele or Rhea; but it is
very likely, for, as is well known, in Phrygia she was represented with
a horse’s head. Terra-cotta idols of the Ilian Athena are rarely met
with; but we daily find marble idols of this goddess, most of which have
almost a human form. We also frequently come upon oblong flat pieces of
rough marble, upon which the owl’s face of the goddess is more or less
deeply engraved. It is often so finely scratched that the aid of a
magnifying glass is required to convince one that it actually exists; we
found several such pieces of marble where the owl’s head was painted in
a black colour. Since I have come to the conclusion that they are idols
of the tutelary divinity of Troy, I have carefully collected them; but
in 1871 and 1872 seven-eighths of all the marble idols must have escaped
my notice, for at that time I had no idea of their significance.
[Illustration: No. 290. Fragment of a Terra-cotta Vessel, in the shape
of a Horse’s Head (4 M.).]
In excavating the ground upon which my wooden house had stood, we found,
at a depth of from 9 to 19 inches, eighteen copper and two silver
medals; one of the latter is of Marcus Aurelius. The other is a
tetradrachm of the island of Tenedos; on the obverse, to the right, is
the head of Jupiter, to the left that of Juno, both having one neck in
common, like the heads of Janus. The head of Jupiter is crowned with
laurels, that of Juno has a wreath or crown. Upon the reverse of the
coin there is a laurel wreath round the edge, and in the centre a large
double axe, above which stands the word ΤΕΝΕΔΙΩΝ: below and to the right
of the handle of the double axe there is a winged Eros, who is holding
up an object which it is difficult to distinguish; to the left is a
bunch of grapes and a monogram, which looks like the letter Α.
Of the copper coins, five are of Alexandria Troas, two of Ophrynium, one
of Tenedos, two of Abydos, and one of Dardania. Two have on one side the
bust of Julia Domna, with the inscription ΟΥΛΙΑ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΗ; one of these
has on the reverse the full-length figure of this empress with the
inscription ΙΛΙΕΩΝ, and the other has the figure of Hector with the
inscription ΙΛΙΕΩΝ ϶ΚΤΩΡ. The other medals belong to an earlier period
of Ilium, and have on the one side the bust of Athena, and on the other
the inscription ΙΛΙΕΩΝ.
In April of this year, when I uncovered the road paved with large flags
of stone, which leads from the Scæan Gate to the Plain, the stones
looked as new as if they had just been hewn. But since then, under the
influence of the burning sun, the flags of the upper portion of the
road, which have specially suffered from the conflagration that
destroyed the city, are rapidly crumbling away, and will probably have
quite disappeared in a few years. However, the flags of stone on the
north-western half of the road which have been less exposed to the heat,
may still last many centuries.
The following inscriptions were found at a depth of from 19 inches to
3½ feet below my wooden house.
...........................................
...........................................
......ΣΑ....................................
...ΕΣΑΙ..............ΝΟΥ.................
......ΑΒΟΥΚΟΛ......ΕΤΡΑΝΦ........... 5
....ΣΚΑΤΑΠΛΗΘΟΣΕΙΣΟΙΝΙΣΤΡΑ.....
..ΤΩΝΕΨΗΦΙΣΘΑΙΣΚΑΔΡΕΙΣΟ.....
..ΣΑΝΔΡΑΣΤΟΥΣΣΥΝΘΗΣΟΜΕΝ.....
....ΕΡΟΝΥΠΗΡΧΕΝΚΑΙΣΤΗΛΩ.....
....ΙΕΝΤΩΤΩΝΣΑΜΟΘΡΑΚ......... 10
....ΙΣΑΠΟΚΑΘΙΣΤΑΜΕΝΟ..........
....ΕΝΟΥΣΤΗΝΣΥΝΘΕΣΙΝ..........
......ΜΟΛΟΓΙΑΣΤΟΑΝΤΙΓΡΑ..........
......ΟΙΚΗΣΟΝΤΕΣΗΡΕΘΗΣ............
......ΟΠΕΙΘΟΥΜΙΛΗΣΙΟΣ.............. 15
......ΘΟΥΔΙΟΠΕΙΔΗΣΒ..................
..... ΤΙΦΑΝΗΣΑΠ.......................
..............................
......σα......................
....εσαι...............νου(ς...
........αβουκολ......ετραν φ... 5
....ς κατὰ πλῆθος εἰς οἴνιστρα.....
..των ἐψηφίσθαι Σκαδρεῖς ο.......
..ς ἀνδρὰς τοὺς συνθησομέν(ους....
....ερον ὑπῆρχεν καὶ στηλω......
....ι ἐν τῷ τῶν Σαμοθράκ(ων...... 10
....ις ἀποκαθισταμέν(ο..........
....ενους τὴν σύνθεσιν...........
......ὁ)μολογίας τὸ ἀντίγρα(φον...
......οἰκήσοντες ᾑρέθησ(αν......
......Δι)οπείθου Μιλήσιος....... 15
......θου Διοπείδης Β...........
......Αν)τιφάνης Ἀπ...........
This inscription contains a contract for a settlement and gives the
names of the men selected for founding it; Σκαδρεῖς is an unknown word,
which has never before been met with.
\ΧΝ
ΩΣΧΙΛΙΑΣ
ΩΣΤΗΣΔΟΘΕΙΣΗΣ
ΕΙΠΕΝΤΕΚΑΙΟΥΕΛΑΒΟ
ΒΑΛΛΟΝΤΩΙΕΝΙΑΥΤΩ 5
ΤΗΝΣΥΝΕΔΡΕΙΑΝΟΥΚΑ
ΤΗΣΒΟΟΣΤΗΝΤΙΜΗΝΥ
ΤΩΓΚΡΕΩΝΤΑΣΛΟΙΠΑ
ΤΡΩΒΟΛΟΝΤΗΝΠΟΛΙΝΤΗΜ
ΚΑΣΑΝΤΟΥΣΤΟΚΟΥΣΤΟΥΣ 10
ΚΟΣΙΑΣΤΕΣΣΑΡΑΚΟΝΤΑΠΕ
ΘΕΤΟΣΔΙΑΚΟΣΙΑΣΤΕΣΣΑ
ΚΑΙΟΤΙΤΗΝΣΥΝΕΔΡΕΙΑ
ΤΕΙΛΑΝΠΕΝΤΑΚΟΣΙΑΣΚΑΙΤΗ
ΡΗΜΕΝΗΣΤΗΣΤΙΜΗΣΤΩΓΚΡΕ 15
ΤΑΔΥΟ
........ως χιλίας..............
......ε)ως τῆς δοθείσης..........
.....ει πέντε καὶ οὗ ἐλαβο........
....το ἐπι)βάλλον τῶι ἐνιαυτῶ(ι.... 5
....τὴν συνέδρειαν οὐ κα.........
....τῆς βοὸς τὴν τιμὴν ὑ.........
....τῶγ κρεῶν τὰς λοιπὰ(ς.......
....τε) τρώβολον τὴν πόλιν τημ...
....ἠνάγ;)κασαν τοὺς τόκους τοὺς.. 10
....α)κοσίας τεσσαράκοντα πέ(ντε.
....θετος διακοσίας τεσσα(ρα.....
...καὶ ὅτι τὴν συνέδρεια(ν........
...ἀπέσ)τειλαν πεντακοσίας καὶ τη.
...ρημένης τῆς τιμῆς τῶγ κρε(ῶν... 15
...τάλαν;)τα δύο................
In this day closing the excavations at Ilium for ever, I cannot but
fervently thank God for His great mercy, in that, notwithstanding the
terrible danger to which we have been exposed owing to the continual
hurricanes, during the last three years’ gigantic excavations, no
misfortune has happened, no one has been killed, and no one has even
been seriously hurt.
* * * * *
In conclusion, I cannot refrain from most strongly recommending Nikolaos
Saphyros Jannakis, of the neighbouring village of Renkoï, to all those
who, sooner or later, may wish to make excavations in the Plain of Troy
or in the neighbourhood. During all my excavations here, since April
1870, he has been my attendant, cook, and cashier. It is in the latter
capacity especially that I find him incomparably useful on account of
his honesty, which has been well tested, and also on account of his
knowing the names and capabilities of every workman in the Troad. In
addition to this, his size and herculean strength, his cleverness, and
his thorough knowledge of the Turkish language, are excellently adapted
for settling the difficulties which continually arise in reference to
the excavations with the Turkish officials. I must also specially
recommend my foreman Spiridion Demetrios of Athens, and Captain Georgios
Tsirogiannis of Limme in Eubœa, for they have here learnt by long
experience the easiest way of removing colossal masses of _débris_, and
they have in addition the gift of command. I can also most strongly
recommend my accomplished draughtsman, Polychronios Lempessis, of
Salamis, who has here made all the drawings of my work from Plate 119 to
190.[311] Lastly, I can speak with the utmost satisfaction of my
engineer Adolphe Laurent, who has made the ground plans for me from
first to last.
NOTE A.
THE RIVER SIMOÏS.
As the present name of the Simoïs, _Dumbrek_, is not a Turkish word,
some take it for a corruption of the name Thymbrius, and use it to prove
that the river--which, flowing past the foot of the ruins of Ophrynium,
runs through the north-eastern valley of the Plain of Troy, and falls
into the Kalifatli Asmak, the very ancient bed of the Scamander, in
front of Ilium--is the Thymbrius, and cannot possibly be the Simoïs.
To this I reply: that there is no example of a Greek word ending in _os_
being rendered in Turkish by a word ending in a _k_; further that
Dumbrek must certainly be a corruption of the two Turkish words طوك برق
_Don barek_. _Don_ signifies ‘ice,’ and _barek_ the ‘possession’ or the
‘habitation'; the two words therefore mean much the same thing as
containing ice, and the name might be explained by the fact that the
inundations caused by the Simoïs are frequently frozen over in winter,
when the whole north-eastern plain forms a sheet of ice. Throughout
antiquity, however, the river was called the Simoïs, for according to
Strabo (XIII. 1. p. 103), the grove dedicated to Hector was situated on
a hill near Ophrynium; according to Lycophron (_Cassandra_), the hero
was buried in Ophrynium; and according to Virgil,[312] who is the most
conscientious preserver of ancient traditions, Hector’s tomb was
situated in a little grove on the shores of the Simoïs.
NOTE B.
I.--List of the specific weight in Grammes, of the terra-cottas in the
form of cylinders, balls, pyramids, &c., found in the various depths of
the Pergamus of Troy, and which appear to have been used as
weights.[313] (The depths are given in meters.)
+----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10| 11| 12| 13| 14| 15|
+----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
| 67| 98| 73| 58|107|177| 95| 70| 38| 26| | |210| | |
| 125|149|202|298|110|221|198| 74| 75| 42| | | | | |
| 134|162|205| |120|259|215| 90| 83|144| | | | | |
| 430|197|328| | |400|334| 91|154|148| | | | | |
| 545|220| | | |400| |109| 73|167| | | | | |
|1005|228| | | |442| |112| |176| | | | | |
| |306| | | |443| |133| |224| | | | | |
| |495| | | |448| |141| |248| | | | | |
| |509| | | |455| |177| |279| | | | | |
| | | | | |456| |403| |300| | | | | |
| | | | | |458| |458| |300| | | | | |
| | | | | |458| |472| |308| | | | | |
| | | | | |464| |748| |315| | | | | |
| | | | | |465| | | |320| | | | | |
| | | | | |470| | | |322| | | | | |
| | | | | |475| | | |336| | | | | |
| | | | | |475| | | |338| | | | | |
| | | | | |555| | | |350| | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | |355| | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | |365| | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | |366| | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | |368| | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | |374| | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | |384| | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | |430| | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | |435| | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | |450| | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | |458| | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | |500| | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | |520| | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | |575| | | | | |
II. List of the specific weight in Grammes of the round stones found in
the various depths of the Pergamus of Troy, and which have apparently
served as weights. (The depths are in meters.)
+---+---+---+---+----+----+----+----+---+---+---+----+----+----+----+
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10| 11| 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 |
+---+---+---+---+----+----+----+----+---+---+---+----+----+----+----+
|418|183| 79| 69| 100| 100| 169| 102|223|145|555| 485| 190| 135| 332|
|576|275|109| 71| 112| 185| 186| 150|224|146| |1710| 468| 413| 363|
|757|442|135|100| 140| 300| 186| 207|227|182| | |1475| 450| 447|
| |472|414|136| 215| 330| 189| 244|372|190| | | | 485| 475|
| | |448|195| 230| 412| 219| 254|390|214| | | | 505| 557|
| | |584|388| 262| 420| 229| 257|420|225| | | |1250| 585|
| | |726|400| 268| 427| 245| 288|500|280| | | |1852| 680|
| | | |513| 293| 446| 266| 295|852|310| | | | |3148|
| | | |583| 318| 460| 290| 381| |334| | | | | |
| | | |608| 335| 462| 291| 385| |341| | | | | |
| | | |624| 335| 515| 346| 402| |372| | | | | |
| | | |635| 368| 528| 369| 402| |450| | | | | |
| | | |662| 478| 546| 380| 408| |545| | | | | |
| | | |688| 490| 572| 384| 429| |605| | | | | |
| | | |893| 498| 602| 400| 440| |627| | | | | |
| | | | | 537| 628| 435| 472| |755| | | | | |
| | | | | 637| 640| 437| 536| | | | | | | |
| | | | | 688| 670| 468| 551| | | | | | | |
| | | | | 728| 738| 483| 568| | | | | | | |
| | | | | 757| 770| 491| 620| | | | | | | |
| | | | | 790|1288| 515| 638| | | | | | | |
| | | | |4260|3000| 534| 658| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | 560| 660| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | 569| 712| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | 606| 764| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | 632| 825| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | 825|1145| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | 895|1160| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | 904|1232| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | |1005|1710| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | |1082|1950| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | |1193| | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | |1877| | | | | | | | |
NOTE C.
Monsieur Ernest Chantre, Assistant Director of the Museum in Lyon, has
just sent me the result of the analysis of the Trojan weapons made by
the celebrated chemist, M. Damour, of Lyon. I had drilled three weapons,
and sent him the drillings.
No. 1.--Drillings from one of the battle-axes of the treasure.
_Analysis._
Grammes.
0·3020
Deducting the sand contained in it 0·0160
------
Analysed metal 0·2860
------
In 10·000 parts.
Grammes.
This consists of copper 0·2740 = 0·9580
“ “ tin 0·0110 = 0·0384
------ ------
0·2850 = 0·9964
------ ------
No. 2.--Drillings of another battle-axe of the treasure.
_Analysis._
Grammes.
0·2970
Deducting the sand contained in it 0·0020
------
Analysed metal 0·2950
In 10·000 parts.
Grammes.
This consists of copper 0·2675 = 0·9067
“ “ tin 0·0255 = 0·0864
------ ------
0·2930 = 0·9931
------ ------
No. 3.--Drillings from a common two-edged axe, found at a depth of
3¼ feet, and therefore in the remains of the Greek colony.
_Analysis._
Grammes.
0·5280
Deducting the sand contained in it 0·0070
------
Analysed metal 0·5210
------
In 10·000 parts.
Grammes.
This consists of copper 0·4810 = 0·9232
“ “ tin 0·0385 = 0·0739
------ ------
0·5195 = 0·9971
------ ------
NO. 4.--Drillings of one of the Trojan sling-bullets, externally
covered with verdigris, and internally the colour of iron.
_Analysis._
Grammes.
Quantity of analysed metal 0·2410
------
In 10·000 parts.
Consisting of sulphur 0·0470 = 0·1950
“ “ copper 0·1920 = 0·7966
“ “ iron 0·0002 = 0·0008
“ “ quartzose 0·0005 = 0·0020
------ ------
0·2397 = 0·9944
------ ------
DR. H. SCHLIEMANN.
_Athens, January 1, 1874._
[Illustration: No. 291. An Inscribed Trojan Whorl (8 M.).]
APPENDIX.
ON THE INSCRIPTIONS FOUND AT HISSARLIK.
BY THE EDITOR.
As soon as Dr. Schliemann’s wonderful discoveries at Hissarlik were made
known, one of the most important questions that arose in the mind of all
scholars was:--Has he found any _Inscriptions_, to throw the certain
light of written testimony on the language and ethnic affinities, the
history and social condition, the religion, science, and literature, of
the old inhabitants of the hill, whose records form as yet no part of
ancient history?
Dr. Schliemann’s private communications during the progress of his work
had called forth the efforts of eminent Orientalists--such as Martin
Haug, Émile Burnouf, and Max Müller--to attempt the discovery of true
writing among the vast variety of strange and novel patterns impressed
upon the terra-cotta whorls, balls, seals, vases, and other objects in
his collection; for some of these bore a likeness to written characters
which could hardly be deceptive.[314] It mattered not for this enquiry,
by what name the habitations, whose successive strata were revealed,
had been called of old. No one whose opinion was worth regarding
disputed their very high antiquity, which implied the great age of the
objects found. Apart even from its traditional claim to be the Ilium of
Homer, the site lay in the track of the primitive migrations of the
Indo-European race from their cradle in the East to their settlements in
the West; and not of one migration only, but of their passage to and fro
between the shores of Asia and of Europe; as well as upon the path of
their commerce and military expeditions, after they were settled in
their homes. For, lest we be misled by the arbitrary distinction between
the continents, which is stereotyped in the names of Asia and
Europe--that is, East and West--it must be borne in mind that the
Hellespont and Bosporus (as the latter name expresses) were _ferries_
rather than sundering seas, and the islands of the Ægean were
stepping-stones. The close affinities of the early settlers on both
shores had long since been proved; and, in particular, the presence of
the great Pelasgo-Hellenic or Græco-Italic family had been traced on
both. The very ancient habitation of the north-western parts of Asia
Minor by the _Ionians_--the oriental name of the whole Hellenic
race--long before their traditional colonization from the peninsula of
Hellas--had been maintained by Ernst Curtius twenty years ago,[315] and
more fully established by recent Egyptologers[316]--thus confirming the
most ancient ethnic record, that the _Isles of the Gentiles_ were
divided among the families of the _Sons of Javan_.[317] Thus, before
the first trench was dug at Hissarlik, a clue was already supplied to
the race of the primitive inhabitants, if any such had dwelt there, and
to the nature of their language, if they had left any written records.
Among the patterns engraved upon the whorls and other terra-cottas, many
were soon found, as Dr. Schliemann has fully shown, to be the most
ancient sacred emblems of the Aryan race; and the discovery of these at
all depths, below the ruins of Greek Ilium, attested the common Aryan
descent of all the nations that had dwelt successively on the hill
before the historic Grecian colony. The absence of any trace of Egyptian
influence, and almost equally of Assyrian, seemed to attest an
independent and very ancient Aryan civilization; while the general
character of the works in terra-cotta, resembling those found in Cyprus
and some of the islands of the Ægean, appeared to belong to the style
which Professor Conze, of Vienna, had defined as the earliest Greek or
European Indo-Germanic. The characters, which looked so exactly like
writing, were certainly not hieroglyphs in any of their varieties;
nor--though there were some cuneiform marks--was there any true
cuneiform writing; while the few semblances of Phœnician characters were
soon found to be deceptive. This last fact, again, helped to carry back
the time of the settlement of Hissarlik beyond the age when Greeks and
Phœnicians had entered into close relations of civilization on the
shores of the Ægean, that is, before the date of the Homeric poems,
which are full of allusions to Phœnician influence.
It has often been observed how remarkably new discoveries coincide in
point of time, just when they are needed to throw light upon one
another. At the very moment when Dr. Schliemann was bringing to light
the remains buried in the Hill of Hissarlik, Orientalists were engaged
in deciphering the inscriptions found among the antiquities of Cyprus,
and upon the rock tablets in the island, by the aid of the still recent
results of cuneiform interpretation. The Cyprian characters were proved
to belong to a syllabic alphabet, which is a varied form of the
cuneiform writing of Babylonia and Assyria, and of an origin older than
the Phœnician. The leaders in this work were Mr. George Smith and Dr.
Samuel Birch, who assigned a phonetic value to 33 characters of the
Cypriote syllabary; and it was followed up with especial zeal by the
lamented young scholar, Dr. Johannes Brandis, who determined (as was
thought) the remainder of the 60 signs. His unfinished posthumous _Essay
on the Decipherment of the Cyprian Inscriptions_ forms the landmark of
the state of enquiry in the year in which Dr. Schliemann finished his
excavations.[318]
To DR. MARTIN HAUG belongs the honour of first applying this key to the
decipherment of the Hissarlik inscriptions. He traced such striking
resemblances in some of the characters to those of the Cyprian alphabet,
as to make out a good _primâ facie_ case for their identity, and he
seemed to have succeeded in deciphering three words. Two of these were
formed by the six characters on a whorl from the Trojan stratum, which
were afterwards seen to be identical with those on another from the same
depth (7 meters), a repetition which seems to show the importance of the
inscription. Both had been specially noticed and discussed by Dr.
Schliemann on their discovery;[319] and they will be always memorable in
the history of this investigation. Haug read these characters _ta. i. o.
si. i. go._, which he interpreted as a dedication, θείῳ Σιγῷ, “to the
divine Sigo,” a deity whose name was found in Sigeum, the Scamander, and
even Sicyon; and he thought he traced the same name on two of
Schliemann’s small funnels (Nos. 145, 146, p. 191).[320] But the deity
was otherwise as unknown as the transmutation of _ta. i. o._ into θείῳ
was forced; and, while Haug was doubtless right in his _method_, his
results must be pronounced at best:--
“Fragments of broken words and thoughts,
Yet glimpses of the true.”
[Illustration: Nos. 292, 293. Two Trojan Whorls from the same depth (7
M.) with an identical inscription.[321]]
It was with such a conviction that the enquiry was taken up by PROFESSOR
THEODORE GOMPERZ, of Vienna,[322] whose words are well worth quoting as
a lesson in the method of investigation: “One circumstance alone
appeared to me consoling, namely, that I did not find myself obliged to
add a new hypothesis to the numerous ones already existing, and that I
felt it still possible to abide by Haug’s discovery, were it only as a
starting-point for further efforts. _For the beginning of continuity in
enquiry is always the surest harbinger of approaching success._” After
making one correction in Haug’s reading of the above inscription, he
still found it quite unintelligible, till the thought struck him of
reading it from right to left round the whorl, instead of from left to
right, and the confused syllables flashed, as by a sudden
crystallization, into the pure Greek _ta. go. i. di. o. i._, that is
Ταγῷ δίῳ. “To the divine General or Prince,” an interpretation which
Professor Max Müller pronounced to be “almost beyond reasonable
doubt.”[323] We deem this solution worthy of special record, both as a
landmark in the history of the investigation, and still more as a
striking example of the power of mere coincidence to produce
combinations that seem to bear the stamp of truth.
[Illustration: No. 294. _ta. go. i. di. o. i._
No. 294. The above Inscription developed (7 M.).]
[Illustration: No. 295. Inscription on a Trojan Seal (7 M.).]
[Illustration: No. 296. Inscription on a Trojan Whetstone (7 M.).]
The other inscriptions, of which Professor Gomperz proposed solutions,
were the following: First, three letters on the terra-cotta seal, also
from the Trojan stratum, mentioned in the ‘Introduction’ (No. 4, p. 24;
Pl. 19, No. 555 in Schliemann’s Atlas), which Professor Max Müller was
at one time tempted to read as the very name of _Ilion_ (See the
‘Academy’ for May 16, 1874, p. 546). The second was the “splendidly
engraved inscription” round the base of the whetstone of red slate (No.
5, p. 24, Pl. 190, No. 3474, Atlas). The third is round the shoulder of
a vase from the Palace of Priam (No. 3, p. 23; Pl. 168, Nos. 3273 and
3278, Atlas), where, however, about one-third of the inscription is
wanting. The fourth is on a whorl from _the lower limit_ of the Trojan
stratum.
[Illustration: No. 297. Inscription on a Trojan Vase from the Palace (8
M.).]
[Illustration: No. 298. Trojan Whorl, with an Inscription (10 M.).]
[Illustration: No. 299. The Inscription developed (10 M.).
Comp. Pl. XXVII., No. 369. This also is of very coarse work.]
The above record of the process of the investigation will still possess
great historical interest, long after the results shall have emerged (as
we trust) from the cloud which, for the moment, has come over our hopes;
and we believe that its interest will be increased by stating the
present position of the case in the words of Professor Gomperz
himself[324]:--
“There is not, and there cannot be, the slightest doubt that
Professor Haug at Munich was perfectly right, when he first
identified the symbols found on several of the Hissarlik vases,
&c., with Cypriote characters. I was right too in following up the
track, and I think still that I have scarcely once been wrong in
identifying those symbols with these characters. Furthermore, my
general inferences drawn from the fact, that the Cypriote syllabic
writing occurs out of Cyprus, and associated with what I rightly
have called _pre-Homeric_ objects of art, I still think
unassailable. But--I cannot go further than this! My attempt at
_deciphering_ those inscriptions I now look upon as abortive! I
hasten to add, that I do not think I deserve any reproach in the
matter. I utilized to the best of my abilities the progress which
till then had been made in the decipherment of the Cypriote
inscriptions found in Cyprus. I used as a key for my decipherment
of the Hissarlik inscriptions the phonetic values which Mr. George
Smith and Dr. Johannes Brandis had ascertained for those
characters. But both these investigators had been only partially
right! Wonderful indeed it is, that, applying as I did a key
partially right and partially wrong, good and intelligible Greek
words emerged. It was a most marvellous coincidence--but nothing
else, a mere fortuitous coincidence.
“The labour of ascertaining the phonetic value of the Cypriote
characters has since been taken up by several German scholars, Dr.
Moritz Schmidt, Professor at Jena, and Messrs. De[.e]ck[.e] and
Siegismund at Strasburg, and to a candid critic there cannot remain
a doubt that _they are right_, and that I (together with Smith and
Brandis) _was wrong_.”[325]
Such a frank, truth-loving spirit in the enquirer is as sure a guarantee
of ultimate success as that “continuity in the enquiry,” which Gomperz
still holds to be established. In a word, the right track is known, but
the sign-posts have to be rectified; the key is found, but its wards
need some fresh adjustment; and we may soon hope for results far more
fruitful than those of which, for a moment only, we have been
disappointed.
Meanwhile it is well to put on record Professor Gomperz’s reply to the
objections that may be brought forward against the probable conclusion
that, even before the Homeric times, there existed Greeks acquainted
with a written language.
“For this supposition is not only opposed by ancient, though
possibly unhistoric traditions, such as the denial of the
settlement of Asia Minor by European Greeks, but by really
historical facts--for instance, the total absence of any mention of
the art of writing in these very Homeric poems.
“However this objection--let it count for as much or as little as
it may--affects not only our decipherings, but also a firmly
established and quite undeniable fact, the existence of a Cyprian
syllabic writing. For that a nation which knew of a written
language, simple and handy as the Phœnician with its facility of
supplying the vowels, should prefer one like the Cyprian, full of
the most troublesome characters and yet subject to the worst
ambiguity, is surely as unlikely as that a nation in possession of
the needle-gun should return to the use of the battle-axe. However,
in the ninth and at latest in the eighth-century (and very probably
much earlier) the Greeks _must_ already have been acquainted with
the so-called Phoenician writing, which at that time was employed
with equal readiness both in Moab and in Nineveh. Hence the Cyprian
writing must have found its way among the Greeks before this epoch
(and we may almost safely say a considerable time before this
epoch, for otherwise how could it have taken firm root in Cyprus
only?) My opinion is that we shall soon find the definite outlines
of an epoch of Greek culture, or semi-culture, which I should be
inclined to name the _pre-Cadmean_, the decline of which may
probably be dated from the mighty impulse which the conquest of
Canaan by the Israelites (about 1300) gave to the migration and the
colonization of the Phœnicians.”[326]
We are enabled, by a communication from Dr. Schliemann, to present a
list of all the objects in his collection, which Professor Gomperz has
recognised as bearing Inscriptions, all of which are figured in our
work. We also append the _depth_ at which each object was found,
inasmuch as this determines to which of the nations, that dwelt
successively on the site of Ilium, each inscription is to be referred;
and this is by no means the least interesting point in the
investigation.
It will be understood, of course, that this is, in the strongest sense,
a “first provisional list” of the results of an enquiry only just
begun. We believe that we could make no inconsiderable additions to it;
but we await the verdict of the more competent enquirers who are now
engaged in the research. Their labours may show that the _lowest
stratum_ of remains is not destitute of traces of a written language, as
would appear at first sight from the List. Meanwhile the great
preponderance of known inscriptions from the “Trojan stratum” (7-10 M.)
of Dr. Schliemann is very striking: 11 out of the 18 belong to it. But
the ethnic affinity between the Trojans and their successors, already
attested by many proofs, is now confirmed by five inscriptions in the
Cyprian character from the depths of 4, 5, and 6 meters (Nos. 5, 6, 7,
12 and 16 in the List). The two funnels (Nos. 17, 18) are furnished by
the uppermost stratum: each bears only a single letter, which appears
also to be Cyprian; but there would seem to be still some doubt whether
it may not be Phœnician.
[Illustration: No. 300. Terra-cotta Ball (4 M.).
_a._ Side View. _b._ Upper Hemisphere. _c._ Lower Hemisphere, with the
Inscription.]
LIST OF INSCRIPTIONS
RECOGNIZED TO THE PRESENT TIME ON OBJECTS IN DR. SCHLIEMANN’S
COLLECTION.[327]
I.--INSCRIPTIONS ON WHORLS.
In Translation. In Atlas. Depth. References.
1. Pl. XXIV. No. 353. Pl. 5, No. 166. 9 M.
2. Pl. XXVII. No. 369. Pl. 11, No. 356. 10 M. Pp. 137, 369.
3. Pl. LI. No. 496. Pl. 13, No. 432. 7 M. {Identical
4. No. 115, p. 161. Pl. 6. No. 208. 7 M. {inscription:
{pp. 83, 137,
{161, 365-368.
5. Pl. XXXIX. No. 435. Pl. 122, No. 2442. 5 M.
6. Pl. XLVI. No. 472. Pl. 162, No. 3134. 6 M.
7. Pl. XXV. No. 360. Pl. 173, No. 3364. 4 M.
8. Pl. LI. No. 494. Pl. 187, No. 3415. 7 M.
9. No. 227, p. 312. Pl. 164, No. 3193. 8 M. Page 312.
10. No. 291, p. 363. Pl. 166, No. 3233. 8 M.
II.--INSCRIPTIONS ON TERRA-COTTA BALLS.
11. Pl. LII. No. 497. Pl. 166, No. 3229. 8 M.
12. No. 300, p. 372. Pl. 135, No. 2699. 4 M.
III.--ON OTHER OBJECTS.
13. _Seal_, No. 4, p. 24. Pl. 19, No. 555. 7 M. Pp. 24, 368.
14. _Whetstone_, No. 5, p. 24. Pl. 190, No. 3474. 7 M. Pp. 24, 368.
15. _Vase_, No. 3, p. 23. {Pl. 168, No. 3273,} 8 M. Pp. 307, 369.
{ 3278. }
16. _Vase_, Nos. 31, 32, p. 50. Pl. 161, No. 3092. 5½ M. Pp. 50, 309.
17.{Pair of Funnels, Nos.} {Pl. 171, No. 3292.} 3. M. Pp. 191, 366.
18.{ 145, 146, p. 191. } {Pl. 171, No. 3295.}
INDEX.
A.
_Accidents_ in the work, 132, 147, 275;
no one killed or seriously injured, 357.
_Achilles_, tumulus of, 177, 178.
_Achilleum_, town of, 178.
_Æneas_, his supposed dynasty at Troy, 19, 182.
_Æsyetes_, tumulus of, 182.
_Agate_, fine, balls of, 165.
_Aianteum_, town of, 178.
_Ajax_, tumulus of, 177, 178, 197.
_Akshi-koï_, as proposed site for Troy, refuted, 45.
_Alexander the Great_, at Ilium, 61, 146, 178, 251.
_Altar_, the great primitive, 277, 278, 291.
_Altars_, flaming, an Aryan emblem on the terra-cottas, 120, 121, 160.
_Amphora_, a large Trojan, 63.
_Antelopes_, an Aryan emblem on the terra-cottas, signifying
the winds, 120, 135, 136.
_Antlers_ of deer, 165.
_Apollo_, temple of the Thymbrian, 177;
Greek temple at Ilium, and bas-relief of, 32, 145, 223, 257.
(TEMPLE METOPÉ.)
_Aqueduct_ from the Thymbrius, remains of, 239.
_Archers_, supposed trench for, on the Tower, 318.
_Aristotle’s_ explanation of the δέπας ἀμφικύπελλον, 15, 313.
_Aruna_, in the Egyptian records, probably denotes Ilium, 126.
_Aryan_ origin of all the settlers at Hissarlik,
16, 252, 347, &c. (See SETTLERS.)
_Assyrian Art_, supposed traces of, 111.
_Athena_, tutelar goddess of Troy, represented with the head
of an owl, 20, 54, 113, &c.
----, her temple, where the Trojan matrons went up to supplicate her, 147.
_Atlas_ of photographic illustrations, 357;
Preface, p. v. foll.
B.
_Balls_, terra-cotta, with astronomical and religious
symbols, 167, 168, 188, 364.
_Batiea_ or _Myrina_, tumulus of, 180, 197;
now called _Pacha Tépé_, 198;
opened, 301;
pottery of the same age as the Trojan stratum at Hissarlik, _ibid._
_Battle-axes_, copper, found in the Treasure, 330, 331;
of stone, 21, 252.
(_See_ WEAPONS.)
_Bellerophon and Prœtus_, the σήματα λυγρά, 138.
_Bit_, a horse’s, a copper instrument resembling, 261.
_Boars'_ tusks, 78, 165.
_Bolts_, copper, of the Scæan Gates, 302.
_Bone_, a piece of, curiously engraved, 295.
_Bones_, found on the Tower, 213;
human skull and ashes found in an urn, 267;
of animals, 165, &c.
(_See_ SKELETONS.)
_Bracelets_, of silver, gold, and electrum, 164, 165;
golden, found in the Treasure, 337.
_Braun, Julius_, 46, 111.
_Bronze_, some of the objects of the Treasure found to be of, 361.
_Brush-handle_, Trojan, of terra-cotta, with holes for the bristles, 297.
_Buddha_, sculptured foot-print of, with the 卐 and mystic rose, 103.
_Buildings_, of the first settlers, of stones joined with
earth, 14, 134, 155-6.
----, of the second (or Trojans), of unburnt bricks with some
stone foundations, 24, 96, 156, 302.
----, of the third settlers, of small stones joined with earth, 28, 166.
----, of the fourth settlers, the _wooden Ilium_, 29, 17.
----, of Greek Ilium, of hewn stone, 173.
----, great ruins of, 128, 132, 133, 134.
----, Trojan, quarry used for, 140, 141.
----, Trojan, burnt, 301, 302.
---- ----, proofs of their successive ages, 302.
----, on north platform, 316.
_Bunarbashi_, opinion of Lechevalier for, as the site of Troy,
erroneous, 43, 123, 124, 217;
no remains of a great city there, 43;
the true site of Gergis, 44;
reply to the arguments of M. Nikolaïdes for the site of, 176, 183;
the springs at, 176;
further excavations at, 318.
_Burnouf, Émile_, explains the Aryan symbols, 47, 51;
quotation from, 103, 105;
his drawings of whorls, vi., xliv.
_Buttress_, discovery of, 100;
supporting the temple, 222;
uncovering of great, 233.
_Byzantine remains_, supposed, 230, 250;
none at Hissarlik, 32, 272, 319, 320.
C.
_Caldron_, copper, in the Treasure, 324.
_Calvert, Mr. Frank_, 70, 71, 144, 177, 245;
reply to his article, 270, 275, 318, 319, 320.
_Canoes_, miniature, of terra-cotta, probably for salt-cellars, 79.
_Carrousel_ (i.e. _top_), name applied to the whorls, 16, 65. (_See_ WHORLS.)
_Cellar_, a small Greek, 279.
_Cellars_, none found, great earthen jars used instead of, 140. (_See_ JARS.)
_Chanaï Tépé_, mound of, 72.
_Chest_, inlaid piece of terra-cotta, supposed to be the lid of a, 129, 130;
the chest which held the Treasure, 332;
its key, 333;
treasure-chests of Priam and Achilles, 333.
_Chimæra_, the, of Homer, 320.
_Chinese Libation Cup_, 326-7.
_Chiplak_, proposed site of Troy at, refuted by absence of remains, 45.
_Chronology of Troy_, 12, 27.
_City walls_, covered with ashes of a conflagration, 16. (_See_ WALLS.)
_Civilization_, progressive decline in, among the successive
inhabitants of the hill, 29;
higher, below what seemed the “Stone Age,” 75;
marks of, increasing with depth reached, 82, 128, 134.
_Coins_, Greek and Roman found at Hissarlik; none later than
Constans II., and Constantine II., 32, 62, 64-65, 206, 207, 253, 354.
_Copper_, silver, and gold, contemporaneous use of, for tools,
weapons, vases and ornaments, 22;
Trojan implements and weapons of, 82;
nails and pins with gold and electrum heads, 253, 254;
curious plate of, in the Treasure, 325;
vase in the Treasure, _ibid._;
helmets and a lance, 279, 281;
objects comparatively few, as they may have been melted down
again and again, 269, 270.
_Covers_, for vases, of terra-cotta;
with crown-shaped handles, 25, 48, 86, 95, 268;
with a single arched handle, 296;
with the face of an owl, 34, 171;
with human faces, but still approaching the owl, 115, 268.
_Crucible_ of terra-cotta, still containing some copper, 283.
_Crystal_, hexagon of, 260.
_Cups_, long two-handled, of terra-cotta, 86, 87, 95;
larger and finer in the Trojan stratum, 158, than in the
fourth stratum, 166, 171;
a very large one, 263.
(_See_ Δέπας ἀμφικύπελλον.)
_Cuttings_, on the north side, 61, 62;
great, construction of, 88;
new, 186;
new, from S. E. to N. W., 230.
_Cylinder_ of felspar, like the Assyrian signet cylinders, 312.
_Cyprian Inscriptions_ (Appendix), 365, 366;
the key to the Trojan, 366;
progress of their decipherment, 369, 370.
D.
_Daggers_, copper, found in the Treasure, 331, 332. (_See_ WEAPONS.)
_Damour, M._, his analysis of Trojan metal, 361.
_Depths_ at which the objects were found carefully noted, 27, 219.
_Drawings_ of the objects found, 357.
_Débris_, Diagram of the strata of, 10.
----, thickness of, above native rock, 123;
depth of, unexampled in the world, 217, 218;
supposed, of the temple of Athena, 221, 222.
_Demetrius_, of Scepsis, his site for Troy at the “Village
of the Ilians” adopted by Strabo, 41;
refuted, 42.
“Δέπας ἀμφικύπελλον,” the, 15, 50, 128, 313-316;
the great golden one of the Treasure, 326-7.
_Destruction_ of walls of former settlers, 156, 157;
of third town, 170;
of Trojan buildings, in excavating below them, 348.
_Diadems_, the two golden, found in the Treasure, 335, 336.
_Diagram_ of the successive _strata_ of ruins at Hissarlik, 10.
_Dishes_, terra-cotta, with side-rings, 155, 172, 215;
(φιάλαι, _pateræ_), of silver, in the Treasure, 329.
_Drawings_, care in making, 219;
an artist taken to make good, 225.
_Dumbrek Su_, the ancient Simoïs, 358.
E.
_Ear-rings_, of silver, gold, and electrum, 164, 165;
of gold, found in the Treasure, their unique form, 118, 119, 336, 337.
_Ebony_, piece of a musical instrument, 165.
_Electrum_, a mixture of gold and silver, 165, 254, 327;
objects of, found, _ibid._, 334.
_Emblems_, Aryan, on the whorls, balls, &c.;
their significance, 101, 102;
occurrence of, among other Aryan nations, 102;
mentioned in old Indian literature, 102, 103;
solar, and rotating wheels, 136, 137.
_Epithets_, Homeric, of Ilium, suitable to Hissarlik, 124, 125.
_Etymology_ of Ἴλιος, 125, 126.
_Excavations_, the “grandmother of the,” 316;
final close of the, 356;
intended resumption of, Preface, p. xxiii.
(_See_ WORKS.)
_Explorers_, advice to future, 346.
F.
_Falcon_, the, an Aryan emblem on the terra-cottas, 120, 135.
_Fever_, dangers from, 62, 258.
_Fire_, marks of great in the ruins, 109, 133, 228, 277, 347;
narrow escape from, 275.
_Firman_, for making the excavations, 59.
_Fortifications_, of the hill, 289, 290;
further discoveries of, 322.
(_See_ WALLS.)
_Funereal Urns._ (_See_ URNS.)
_Funnels_, small, of terra-cotta, with inscriptions, 191.
G.
_Gate_, discovery of a double, with copper bolts, 302, 303;
the Scæan, of Homer, 303-305.
_Genealogy_ of the kings of Troy, 123.
_Georgios Photidas_, 116.
_Gergis_; identified with the ruins at Bunarbashi, 44, 245.
_Goblets_;
curious terra-cotta, 317;
of gold, silver, and electrum, found in the Treasure, 325, 327, 329.
----, the double-handled. (_See_ Δέπας ἀμφικύπελλον.)
_Gold_, modes of working, 327.
----, ornaments of. (_See_ ORNAMENTS.)
_Gold._ (_See_ TREASURE.)
_Gomperz, Professor_, on the Trojan and Cyprian inscriptions
(Appendix) 367, 370.
_Greek_ camp, 179.
---- inscriptions. (_See_ INSCRIPTIONS.)
----, city of Ilium, area of, 217.
---- sculptured marbles, 226.
---- house, discovery of, 254, 255.
---- bas-relief, remarks on, 255, 257.
---- votive discs of diorite, 269.
---- statuettes and vessels, 317, 343. (_See_ TERRA-COTTAS.)
_Greek Race_, affinity of the Trojans to the (Appendix), p. 364.
_Grote, George_, places Homer’s Troy at Hissarlik, 46.
H.
_Hammer_ (ῥαιστήρ) only once mentioned in Homer, 270. (_See_
IMPLEMENTS and STONE.)
_Handles_ of sticks or sceptres, 260, 265.
_Haug, Dr. Martin_, finds the key to the Trojan Inscriptions (Appendix), 366.
_Hares_, an Aryan emblem on the terra-cotta, signifying the
Moon and four seasons, 120.
_Heat_ at Hissarlik, 142, 198.
_Hector_, his so-called tomb and grove, at Ophrynium, 74, 177;
place of his death, 176, 195.
_Helmet-crests_, Trojan, their structure, 280.
_Helmets_, found on the skulls of Trojan warriors, 279;
found in the Palace, 333.
_Hera_, personification of, as ox-headed (Ἥρα βοῶπις), 113, 114, 293, 353.
_Herodotus_, quoted, 12.
_Hieroglyphics_ on terra-cottas from the Greek stratum, 291, 352.
_Hippotamus_ of terra-cotta, a sign of intercourse with Egypt, 228, 270.
_Hissarlik_, the hill of, ruins upon, 14;
limit of Troy’s extent, 18;
modern authorities in favour of, 46;
the name means “fortress,” 60;
description of, 58;
the Acropolis of the Greek Ilium, 60, 61;
search for its limits, 61;
panoramic view from, 68, 69;
growth of the Hill, 97;
great increase of Hill to east, 227.
_Homer_, knew the Troad, but his knowledge of Troy only
traditional, 18, 20, 305;
poetic exaggerations of its extent, 344-346;
his hot and cold fountains of Scamander, 195;
his Great Tower of Ilium, 201, 204;
stone implements not mentioned by, 270, 271.
----, the _Iliad_, quoted, 19, 26, 69, 71, 121, 123, 130,
138, 147, 179, 195, 197, 203, 222, 223, 238, 248, 265, 270,
271, 280, 281, 305, 306, 314, 324, 326, 328, 333, 335, 336,
337, 345, 346.
----, the _Odyssey_, quoted, 129, 305.
_Houses_, Trojan, discovered, 133;
spacious, 155, 156;
mode of building, _ibid._;
easily crushed, _ibid._;
several storeys high, 345;
built of sun-dried bricks, only the important buildings
being of small stones joined with earth, 273, 349.
----, succession of, beneath the temple, in strata of
different ages, with marks of destruction by fire, 289, 290.
----, two large, of different dates, above the Scæan Gate, 301;
the upper and later one, above Priam’s palace, 302, 304;
objects found there, 314, 315.
(_See_ PALACE.)
----, on the N. side of the hill, and objects found there, 351.
_Humming-top_, a Trojan, 192.
_Hurricane_, continual, on Homer’s “windy Ilium,” 185.
I.
_Ida_, Mount, name of, 121;
the Trojans dwelt first on its spurs, 123;
snow-clad summits of, but snow not perpetual, 70, 121.
_Idols_, of the Ilian Athena, 35, 36, 100, 112, 154, 155,
163, 164, 170, 172, 229, 234, 235, 236, 260, 292, 296, 353.
----, of terra-cotta, marble, &c., found in all the pre-Hellenic
strata, 34-38, &c.;
one of slate, 260.
_Ilians_, village of the;
no traces of habitation at, 42, 70, 85, 92, 180.
(_See_ DEMETRIUS OF SCEPSIS.)
_Ilium_ (Homer’s Ἴλιος), first founded by Dardanus in the Plain, 123;
etymology of the name, 125.
(_See_ TROY.)
----, Greek, built under the Lydian dominion, about 700 B.C., 12, 13, 174;
its duration, 13, 30;
extent and population, 32, 198;
site described, 57, 58;
Greek buildings, 173, 174;
springs in front of, 194, 196;
name of, given, to the ruins at Hissarlik, 211;
patronage of, by the Julii, 232;
relation of kings Antiochus I. and III. to, 244, 246;
site uninhabited since the end of the fourth century, 318;
confused with Alexandria Troas, 319.
_Images_, of the owl-faced Athena. (_See_ IDOLS and ATHENA.)
_Implements_ of stone and copper, found together, 28, 30, 81, 83;
stone, of the earliest settlers, 94;
stone, further discoveries of, 112, 163, &c.;
stone, coarser in third stratum, 167;
of copper, of the fourth settlers, 173;
of stone, copper, and silver, found on the Tower, 213;
of stone and copper, 238, 261, 262;
stone, at small depths, 251, 252;
smaller quantity of copper than stone explained, 269, 270;
stone, 285;
found in Priam’s house, 311, 313.
_Inscriptions_, proving the use of a written language, 23, 25, 51.
----, supposed, 83, 84, 96, 130;
remarks on, 137, 138, 161.
----, _Trojan_, in the Cyprian character, progress of the attempts to
decipher them, and conclusions drawn from them. (Appendix, pp. 363, foll.);
List of, 373.
----, _Cyprian_ (Appendix), 366, 369, foll.
----, _Greek_, 67, 68, 205;
in honour of Caius Cæsar, 231.
----, discussion of two important, 240, 247;
on base of a statue, 297;
in honour of C. Claudius Nero, 298, 299;
on vases found in the Palace, 339;
Greek, 355, 356.
_Instruments._ (_See_ IMPLEMENTS.)
_Interruptions_ of the work, through
weather and Greek festivals, 90, 122, 224, 300;
from the continual hurricane on the hill, 185.
_Iron_, absence of, 31, 253;
does not imply that it was not used, 31.
_Ivory_, ornaments of, 149, 165;
ornamented pieces of flutes and lyres, 25, 27, 230, 264;
prettily decorated tube of, 268.
J.
_Jars_, Greek, for water and wine, 175;
Trojan, large, used for cellars, 140, 239, 251, 277;
the nine colossal, 290.
_Jerusalem_, depth of _débris_ at, 218.
_Jugs_, terra-cotta, with long necks bent back, 87, 114, 159, 166, 214, 236;
curious double, 152;
with two necks, 351.
----, large silver, of the Treasure, in which the small
gold jewels were found, 329.
K.
_Key_ of the Treasure-chest, 333.
_Knives_, flint, 94, 271, 274, 275.
---- (_See_ IMPLEMENTS.)
_Konstantinos Kolobos_, 198, 199.
L.
_Lamps_, little bowls perhaps used for, 190.
----, Greek, 292, 317.
_Lance-heads_, copper, one found beside a warrior’s
skeleton in the Palace, 279;
found in the Treasure, 329, 330;
mode of fastening to the shaft, 331.
(_See_ WEAPONS.)
_Landerer_, Professor, on the material and colouring of the terra-cottas, 49;
his analysis of the copper objects of the Treasure, 342.
_Language_ of the Trojan Inscriptions, probably Greek (Appendix), 369, foll.
_Laurent, Adolphe_, the engineer, 98, 99, 108, 116;
his ground plans, 357.
_Lead_, a _pig_ of, _i. e._ a plate stamped with a pig’s head (Greek), 317.
_Libations_, probable use of the δέπας ἀμφικύπελλον, for, 326;
a Chinese cup for, 327.
_Lightning_, symbol of, on the whorls, 137, 138.
_Lions_, formerly in the Troad, 260;
lion-headed handle of a sceptre, 260.
_Liquorice_, cultivation of, 225, 226.
_Lysimachus_, wall of Greek Ilium, built by, 31, 58, 127, 185, 230, 231.
----, theatre of, 198.
M.
_Medals._ (_See_ COINS.)
_Medicine_;
fever and quinine, 88;
wounds and arnica, 89;
blood-letting priest-doctors, 141;
efficacy of sea-baths, 141, 142;
ingratitude of peasants cured, 142.
_Metals_, found in various strata, 31.
----, copper and bronze, silver, gold, lead, 22, 31, &c.;
no iron or tin, 31.
----, hardly a trace in third stratum, 166.
_Meters_, Table of, in English measures, 56.
_Metopé_ of the Sun-God, 32, 145, 223, 256, 257.
_Metrodorus_, statue of, 297.
_Mill-stones_, 79, 87, 151, 155, 163.
_Monograms_, on the stones of the wall of Lysimachus, 231.
_Moulds_ of mica-schist, for casting implements and ornaments
of copper, 82, 88, 110, 139, 162, 173, 253, 260, 269.
_Mouse_, the, as an emblem, 186.
_Musical Instruments_, fragments of, 25, 27, 164, 165, 169, 230, 264.
_Myrina_, Tumulus of. (_See_ BATIEA.)
N.
_Nails_, of copper, 150, 253, 254, 261.
_Nikolaïdes, Mr. G._, reply to his article, 175, foll.
_Novelty of the Discoveries_, and consequent changes of opinion, 12.
O.
_Object_, the great, aimed at in the excavations, 80, 96, 97.
_Objects discovered_, 64;
review of, 92, 96;
of gold, silver, copper, and ivory, 149;
bracelets and ear-rings of silver, gold, and electrum, 164, 165;
pins, &c., of ivory and bone, 165;
various, 165;
little bowls, probably for lamps, 190;
funnels, 191;
more than 100,000 found, to the end of 1872, 218;
sling-bullets, 230;
various, 260, 264;
a crucible with copper still in it, 283;
found to the east of the Tower, 291.
_Ophrynium_, ruins of, 74, 177.
_Ornaments_, of gold, silver, copper, and ivory, 149, 150, 164, 165.
_Owl-faced covers_, 47, 48.
---- idols. (_See_ IDOLS.)
---- vases, 78, 229, &c.;
found in the Palace, 340.
_Owl-headed_ goddess, 20, 23;
Professor Max Müller on the, 54.
(_See_ ATHENA.)
_Ox-headed idols_, old representation of the goddess Hera, 113;
expected discovery of, 113, 114;
handles in terra-cotta, 293, 294, 353.
P.
_Painted Vases_, only two fragments of, 15, 55, 193.
_Palace of Priam_, discovery of, 276;
description of, 305, 306;
objects found in it, 307-314, 333, 334;
another room discovered, 340;
objects found there, 341, foll.
_Pavements_;
of flags on road through the Scæan Gate, 16, 287, 302;
the part calcined by the conflagration, perishing by
exposure to the air, 354, 355;
of white sea-pebbles, 351.
_Pegs_ of terra-cotta, for hanging up clothes, 320.
_Pergamus of Troy_, 117, 211;
as distinct from the city, an invention of Homer, 18.
(But _see_ Preface, p. xvi.)
_Pillars_, no trace of, below the Greek stratum, 211;
not mentioned in the Iliad, 211.
----, _Corinthian_, of the age of Constantine, 30, 230, 239, 250, 320.
_Pins_ of copper, ivory, and bone, 150, 165, 253, 254;
copper, molten together in the burning of the Palace, 312.
_Plague_ of insects and scorpions, 198.
_Plates_, Trojan, turned by the potter, 114, 215, 263.
_Platform_, great, on the north, 99;
progress of, 108, 127, 185.
----, on the south, 127.
----, a third dug, 144.
_Polychronios Lempessis_, the draughtsman, commended, 357.
_Pottery_, splendid remains of Trojan, 25;
coarser, in the third stratum, 27;
fragments of Hellenic, 44;
ancient types of, still made in the Troad, 47;
colouring, materials of the, 49, 50;
of fine workmanship, 75;
resembles the Cyprian and that found at Thera and Therasia, 115;
of lowest stratum, distinct from the next above, 153;
resembles the Etruscan in quality only, 153;
of second settlers, various forms, 158, 159;
in third stratum, various forms, 167;
of fourth settlers, inferior, 170;
articles of, 190, 191;
found on the Tower, 213, 215;
various, 262, 263, 285;
with Egyptian hieroglyphics, 291;
Greek, 127.
_Prayer_, man in attitude of, on a whorl, 135.
_Priam_, where he sat to view the Greek forces, 304, 305;
his Palace, 276, 306, foll.;
his Treasure, 22, 323, foll.
(_See_ PALACE; TREASURE.)
----, why the author uses the name, 20, and Preface, xxiii.-xxiv.
_Priapi_ of stone and terra-cotta, 78.
_Pytheas_, sculptor, of Argos, 298.
Q.
_Quarry_ used for the buildings at Troy, 140.
_Quoits_, 94, 154, &c.
R.
_Rain_, injury done by, 221.
_Remains_, ancient, undisturbed, 111, 112;
admirable, in lowest stratum but one, 148, 149;
in the lowest stratum, 154;
of an Aryan race, 166;
of house walls, 264.
----, human, paucity of, 210.
_Reservoir_ of the Temple, 249.
_Restoration_ of broken terra-cottas, 41.
_Results_ of the excavations, 92, 216, 346; and Introduction _passim_.
_Road_, paved with flags, through the Scæan Gate, 16, 287, 302, 305.
_Rosa Mystica_, an Aryan emblem on the whorls, 160, 207.
S.
_Sacrifices_, traces of, 108, 109.
_Scamander_, the river and its ancient course, 72-74, 177, 179, 183.
_Scæan Gate_, the double, 16, 26, 287, 303;
plan of, 306.
(_See_ ROAD.)
----, copper bolts found in both gateways, 302.
_Sceptre_, the Homeric, 265.
_Schliemann, Dr. Henry_, born at Kalkhorst, in Mecklenburg-Schwerin, 3;
enthusiasm as a boy for the Greek heroic legends, _ib._;
early disadvantages, 3;
shipwreck, 4;
self-tuition, 5;
goes to Russia, 7;
learns Greek, 7;
his travels, 7;
gains an independent fortune, 8;
visits Ithaca, the Peloponnesus, and Troy, 8;
devotes his life and fortune to archæology, 8;
summary of his work at Hissarlik, the site of Troy,
_Introduction_, 12, foll.;
excavations in 1871, Chaps. I.-V., pp. 59-97;
in 1872, Chaps. VI.-XIV., pp. 98-223;
in 1873, Chaps. XV.-XXIII., pp. 224-353.
_Schliemann, Madame_, a Greek lady, enthusiastic for Greek archæology, 62;
arrival of, in 1871, 59;
finds terra-cottas, 174.
_Schmidt, Moritz_, on the Cyprian Inscriptions (Appendix), p. 370.
_Scoops_ of terra-cotta, 296.
_Scoriæ_, layer of metallic, throughout the hill, 344.
_Sculpture_, numerous fragments of Greek, 32, 249;
their wonderful freshness, 320.
(_See_ METOPÉ.)
_Seals_ of terra-cotta, 24, 130.
_Serpents_, heads of horned, and without horns, in terra-cotta, 236, 238, 292;
superstitious reverence for the horned serpents, _ibid._
_Settlers_, earliest, on the Hill of the Aryan race, 15, 16, 148, 157.
----, second, the Trojans of Homer, 16;
long duration of, 157;
their Aryan descent proved, 157;
their remains, 157, foll.
----, third, also of the Aryan race, 27;
their remains, 166, foll.
----, fourth, of Aryan race, 29;
but comparatively savage, 170.
----, probable traces of another settlement between the
fourth pre-Hellenic people and the Greek colonists, 54, 55.
_Sharks_, bones of, 66, 165.
_Shells_, found in abundance, 66, 165, &c.
_Shield_ represented on an image of the Ilian goddess, 37, 311.
----, copper, in the Treasure, 324.
_Silver_ plates and vessels in the Treasure, 328, 329;
vases found in the Palace, 333, 334, 342.
_Simoïs_, valley of, 74, 177;
sources and course of, 196, 197;
the present _Dumbrek_, 358.
_Site_, purchase of the, 58, 59.
_Skeletons_;
of a six-months’ embryo, 153, 154;
of a woman, with ornaments of gold, 209, 210;
two, of warriors, with arms, 17, 279.
_Sling-bullets_, of load-stone, 101;
of copper, alabaster, and diorite, 230;
metal, analysis of, 362.
_Snakes_, venomous, 99, 100, 130;
snake-weed, 117, 118.
_Socket_, stone, of a door, 211.
_Spits_, supports for, in mica-schist, 261.
(NOTE.--_These call to mind the frequent allusions in
Homer to roasting pieces of meat on spits._)
_Springs_ close to Hissarlik, 183;
the springs of Homer, 195.
_Stone_, weapons of, 21;
large blocks of, 90, 109, 110;
implements of better workmanship in the lower strata, 112;
scarce with fourth settlers, 173;
weights, handmills, and knives and saws of flint, 173.
(_See_ IMPLEMENTS; WEAPONS.)
“_Stone Age_” not denoted by the stone implements, 21, 22;
coincides with
the “age of copper,” 21;
reappears in full force, 75, 76.
_Stones_ of Troy, carried off for neighbouring buildings, 221.
_Storks_, in the Troad, but none on the hill of Hissarlik, 265.
_Strabo_, adopts the wrong theory of the site of Troy, 41;
never visited the Troad, 41;
quoted, 41, 74, 123, 146, 177, 178;
error of, about the utter destruction of Troy, 348.
_Strata_, four, of remains on the hill of Hissarlik, 13, 14;
table of, 10.
_Stratum_, distinction between the Trojan and the lowest, 343, 344;
the author’s former opinion recalled, 344.
_Street_, a, in the Pergamus, 287, 288.
_Suastika_, the sign, of the, 16, 39;
its different forms, 卐 and [Illustration: block-style cross], 101;
its origin and significance, 101, foll.;
wide prevalence among the Aryan nations, 102, foll.;
in the Vedic hymns, 104, 105;
on the whorls, 107, 118, 119;
on a piece of pottery, 157.
_Succession_ of nations on the hill, regular, proved, 175.
_Sun_, the, constantly on the whorls, 161, 187, &c.
_Superstition_ of Greeks about Saints’ days, 131.
_Sword_, copper, in the Treasure, 332.
_Symbols_ on terra-cottas, 16;
prove the Trojans to be an Aryan race, 25;
of the moon, 136;
astronomical and religious, 167, 168.
(See EMBLEMS; TERRA-COTTAS; WHORLS.)
----, of the Ilian Athena, on vases, 35, 37. (_See_ ATHENA.)
T.
_Table_ of French and English measures, 56;
of Trojan weights, 359, 360;
of Inscriptions found at Hissarlik, 373.
_Talents_, of Homer, their small value, 328;
probably such as the blades of silver found in the Treasure, 328.
_Tassels_, golden, in the Treasure, 336;
on the ægis of Athena and the zone of Hera, 336, 337.
_Temple_ of Ajax, 177, 178.
----, Greek, of Apollo, 146, 257.
_Temple_, Trojan, of Athena, on the Pergamus, mentioned
by Homer, 147, 222, 223;
doubt as to its real existence, 346.
----, Greek, of Athena, excavation of, 186;
supposed débris of, 221, 222;
drain of, 223;
Doric style of, 223;
excavations on site of, 226;
ruins of, 240, 249, 278, 279;
reservoir of, 249;
ancient houses under, 289, 290.
----, a small, at Ilium, in the time of Alexander, 146, 147, 251;
traces of a small, and objects found on its site, 234, 236.
_Terra-cottas_ found at Hissarlik, 15, foll.;
their materials and colours, 49;
with two holes and a stamp in the Greek stratum, 65, 174, 269;
at lower depths, 295;
models of canoes, 79;
small round perforated pieces, perhaps for spindles, 79;
fine vessels of remarkable form, 85, 87;
a remarkable one, 130;
with Aryan symbols, 135, 136 (_see_ WHORLS);
remarkable vessels of, 149, 152;
seals, 162;
coarser in third stratum, 167;
balls, with astronomical and religious symbols, 167, 168, 188;
with inscriptions, 372, 373;
plain and painted, of Greek Ilium, 174;
Greek statuettes in, 186;
balls, with suns, stars, &c., 188, 364;
a bell, 192;
various and beautiful, 192, 194;
material, colour, and mode of engraving, 193-4;
found at small depths, 207;
hippopotamus, bright red, 228;
vases of curious shape, 229;
serpents’ heads, 236, 238;
a decorated tube of, 293;
found on the Tower, 281, foll., 286, 340;
found in the Palace, 307-314;
found in the later house above it, 314, 315;
Greek, 279, 291, 317, 343;
curious vessels found on the north side, 351;
with hieroglyphics, 291, 351;
heads of oxen and horses, 353.
(_See_ VASES.)
_Thera_ (_Santorin_) and _Therasia_, the house-walls
and pottery at Hissarlik like those in these islands, 79, 80, 115, 204.
_Thymbria_, 70, 71.
_Thymbrius_, the, 177;
aqueduct from, 239.
_Tomb_ of Batiea or Myrina, 179, 180;
identified with the Pacha Tépé, 198.
_Tombs_, the three so called, of heroes near Bunarbashi, are Greek, 44.
----, of Patroclus and Antilochus, 178.
_Tower_, Great, of Ilium, 16, 21, 26;
discovery of, 201;
splendid view from, 202;
further excavation of, 212, 213;
objects found on, 213;
and on each side of, 215, 216;
excavation of, 249, 250, 251;
original height of, 254;
great house on, 276, 277;
plan of, 305;
top discovered, 318;
trench for archers, _ibid._;
steps, _ibid._
----, of the Greek age, 323.
_Treasure_, of Priam, 17;
the great discovery of, 323;
expedient for its preservation, 323, 324;
articles described, 324;
copper shield, 324;
copper caldron, 325;
curious copper plate and silver vase, 325;
copper vase, _ibid._;
bottle and vases of gold, 325, 326;
the golden δέπας ἀμφικύπελλον, 326, 327;
electrum cup, 327;
six blades or plates (_talents_), 328;
silver vases, 329;
silver goblet and dish, 329;
copper lance-heads, 329, 330;
copper battle-axes, 330, 331;
copper daggers, sword, &c., 331;
the articles fused together by the conflagration, 332;
signs of having been packed in a wooden chest, 332, 333;
key to chest found, 333;
probably left behind in an effort to escape, 333, 334;
great wall built over it, 334;
gold jewels in a silver vase, 334, 335;
two gold diadems, 335, 336;
gold fillet and ear-rings, 336;
bracelets and finger-rings, 337;
ear-rings, 337;
8750 small jewels of gold, 338-340.
----, copper articles analysed, 340, 361, 362.
_Tree of Life_ (the _Sôma-tree_), an Aryan emblem on
the terra-cottas, 119, 120, 135, 160.
_Triglyphs_, block of (_See_ METOPÉ.)
_Troad_, good wine of the, 232.
_Trojans_ of Homer, 16, &c.;
their affinity to the Greek race (Appendix), 364.
_Troy_, chronology of, 12, 123;
first city destroyed by Hercules, 26;
small extent of the Homeric, 18, 343, 344;
discussion of site, 41;
opinions of modern authorities, 43-46;
plain of, and heroic _tumuli_, 70;
the plain _not_ alluvial, 71;
supposed ruins reached, 90;
extent of the Pergamus, 117;
naming of site as, 211;
Homer’s, identified with the site of Greek Ilium, 216;
return to, to take plans and photographs, 220;
plain of, spring weather in, 248;
tests of extent of, 304;
its walls traced, 344;
its reality established, 344;
small, but as large as Athens and Mycenæ, 117, 344, 345;
its wealth and power, 345;
great height of its houses, 345;
probable population, 17, 71, 176, 345;
known to Homer only by tradition, 345, 346;
its strata of burnt wood-ashes, 347;
plan of, in Priam’s time, 347;
part of real, destroyed in excavations, 348;
the buildings brought to light by Schliemann, 349, 350;
stones of, not used in building other cities, 348.
_Tub_ of terra-cotta, 341.
_Turkish Government_, the author’s relations with the,
52, 53, and Preface, p. xxiii.
_Turks_, traces of former excavations by, 144.
U.
_Urns_, fragments of great, 110, 111, 129;
one containing human remains, 153, 267;
their _upright_ position, 111, 112, 175.
V.
_Vases_, with symbols of the Ilian Athena, 35, 37, 106,
159, 208, 214, 258, 293, 294, 317;
with uplifted wings, 48, 87;
small two-handled, on feet, 87, 169;
with rings for hanging up, 159, 167;
of remarkable forms, 114, 115, 151, 152;
fragments of decorated, 128, 135;
in forms of animals, 159, 208, 209, 214, 352;
finely decorated, 193;
owl-faced, 229, 292;
splendid, found on the Tower, 226;
splendid, found in the Palace, 307, foll.;
with
cuneiform decorations, 193;
perforated, 352.
(_See_ TERRA-COTTAS.)
_Vases_, silver, found in the Treasure, 325, 328, 329;
in the Palace of Priam, 334, 342.
_Virgil_ quoted, 74, 177, 358.
W.
_Wall_, ancient, on northern slope, 200, 201, 217;
retaining, on the south side of the hill, 221;
of Troy, 227, 228, 316, 340;
of Lysimachus, 230, 231.
_Walls_, damage done to remaining, 220;
enormous, close below the surface, 230;
further discoveries of, 250, 251;
curious stone, three sets one above the other, near
the Scæan Gate, of different periods, 288, 290.
_Weapons_, of stone, 21, 22, 79, 83, 168;
of copper, and moulds for casting, 139, 162;
and ornaments of stone, copper, and silver, 213.
_Weights_, supposed Trojan, 154;
table of, 359, 360.
_Well_, Roman, 64, 93, 123.
----, in third stratum, 169.
----, Greek, 175, 162.
_Wheels_ in motion, whorls representing, 136, 137, 162.
_Whetstones_, 79, 169.
----, inscription on a, 24, 368.
_Whorls_, perforated, mostly of terra-cotta, with Aryan symbols, 38, 39;
found in Italy, 39, 101;
plain, 40, 41;
in all the strata below the Greek, 65, &c.;
sizes and materials, 66;
a great number of, 77, 297;
their use discussed, 77, 78, 84, 189, 190;
engraved with the suastika, 101;
with central suns, stars, suastika, the Sôma, and altars, 118, 121;
with inscriptions (_see_ INSCRIPTIONS);
with Aryan symbols, 133, 135, 136;
with antelopes, praying man, altars, hares, 136;
plain and engraved, 149;
of lowest stratum, 160;
their interesting devices, 160, 162;
some of lead and fine marble, 162;
in third stratum, 168;
of fourth settlers, of a degenerate form, 170, 174;
many with suastikas and suns, 186, 187;
wheel-shaped, with simple patterns, 187;
just below the surface, 207;
on site of the Temple, 230;
important distinction between plain and decorated, 232;
various types, 255, 264;
new types, 268, 269, 286;
extreme fineness of engravings on, 284.
_Winds_, cold north, Homer’s “blasts of Boreas,” 224, 225.
“_Windy_” (ἠνεμόεσσα), fit epithet of Ilium, 185.
_Wooden Ilium_, built by the fourth settlers; its burnt _débris_, 29.
_Works_, the, difficulties of, 61, 96;
cost of, 98, 204;
dangers, and engineering expedients, 115, 116, 131, 132;
narrow escape of six men, 132;
fall of an earth-wall, 147, 148;
plan of a
trench through the whole hill, 148;
cost of, 184, 185;
for security during the winter, 221;
progress of, at S. E. corner, 239;
difficulties of excavation of the Tower, 249;
progress of, 259;
further excavations on north side, 346, 347.
_Workmen_, number of, 64;
new, 98;
increase of, 184, 233;
attempt forgery, 194;
mode of naming them, 194;
want of, 225, 226.
_Writing_, used at Troy long before Homer (Appendix), 369, foll.;
answer to objections, 371.
X.
_Xerxes_, sacrifices at Ilium, 12, 61, 174.
ERRATUM.
Page 345.--After the third paragraph, ending “from all quarters,”
insert the following:--
“Troy had therefore no separate Acropolis; but as one was necessary for
the great deeds of the Iliad, it was added by the poetical invention of
Homer, and called by him _Pergamus_, a word of quite unknown
derivation.”
COMPARATIVE TABLE OF THE ILLUSTRATIONS IN DR. SCHLIEMANN’S ATLAS AND THE
TRANSLATION.
NOTE.--In the columns headed “Translation” the _Roman numerals_ refer to
the _Plates_.
A (?) against Schliemann’s Numbers signifies that we have not been able
to identify the objects _certainly_ with those engraved by us from M.
Burnouf’s drawings.
+--------------------+-----------------------+
| Atlas. | Translation. |
+--------------------+-----------------------+
| Pl. No. | No. Pl. |
| | |
| 1, 1 | 317, XXII. |
| 4 | 318, XXII. |
| 10 | 475, XLVI. |
| 12 | 319, XXII. |
| 20 | 320, XXII. |
| 2, 34 | 381, XXX. |
| 35 | 380, XXIX. |
| 36 | 382, XXX. |
| 37 | 321, XXII. |
| 42 | 410, XXXV. |
| 51 | 322, XXII. |
| 53 | 329, XXII. |
| 57 | 42, p. 80. |
| 58 | 324, XXII. |
| 60 | 325, XXII. |
| 61 | 482, XLVIII. |
| 64 | 323, XXII. |
| 65 | 413, XXXV. |
| 66 | 327, XXII. |
| 3, 70 | 328, XXII. |
| 93 | 471, XLV. |
| 4, 105 | 437, XXXIX. |
| 124 | 480, XLVIII. |
| 125 | 81, p. 138. |
| 132 | 333, XXIII. |
| 4, 133 | 330, XXII. |
| 5, 134 | 430, XXXVIII. |
| 136 | 398, XXXIII. |
| 140 | 460, XLIII. |
| 142 | 489, XLIX. |
| 143? | 354, XXIV. |
| 145 | 476, XLVI. |
| 156 | 408, XXXIV. |
| 160 | 419, XXXVI. |
| 161 | 332, XXII. |
| 166 | 334, XXIV. |
| 168 | 423, XXXVII. |
| 6, 174 | 44, p. 80. |
| 175 | 478, XLVII. |
| 176 | 389, XXXI. |
| 193 | 335, XXIII. |
| 208 | 115, pp. 161, 367 |
| 7, 224 | 337, XXIII. |
| 231 | 336, XXIII. |
| 8, 237 | 352, XXIV. |
| 242 | 490, XLIX. |
| 245 | 384, XXX. |
| 252 | 403, XXXIV. |
| 253 | 400, XXXIII. |
| 259 | 483, XLVIII. |
| 8, 260 | 402, XXIII. |
| 261 | 331, XXII. |
| 263 | 43, p. 80. |
| 264? | 396, XXXII. |
| 266 | 80, p. 137. |
| 270 | 361, XXVI. |
| 9, 272 | 416, XXXVI. |
| 273 | 414, XXXV. |
| 274 | 365, XXVII. |
| 276 | 424, XXXVII. |
| 279 | 338, XXIII. |
| 282 | 356, XXV. |
| 285 | 359, XXV. |
| 288 | 377, XXVIII. |
| 289? | 372,[A] XXVIII. |
| 289? | 411,[328] XXXV. |
| 294 | 370, XXVII. |
| 295 | 362, XXVI. |
| 296 | 380, XXIX. |
| 297 | 447, XLI. |
| 298 | 381, XXX. |
| 299 | 379, XXIX. |
| 10, 307 | 339, XXIII. |
| 326 | 340, XXIII. |
| 327 | 341, XXIII. |
| 337 | 458, XLIII. |
| 11, 344 | 387, XXXI. |
| 346 | 392, XXXII. |
| 356 | 369, XXVII. |
| 356 | 298-9, p. 369. |
| 12, 384 | 428, XXXVIII. |
| 410 | 391, XXXII. |
| 13, 418 | 344, XXIII. |
| 13, 422 | 342, XXIII. |
| 424 | 346, XXIII. |
| 426 | 444, XL. |
| 427 | 343, XXIII. |
| 428 | 347, XXIII. |
| 430? | 466, XLV. |
| 431 | 465, XLIV. |
| 432 | 496, LI. & p. 367. |
| 433 | 345, XXIII. |
| 434 | 348, XXIII. |
| 436 | 301, XXI. |
| 438 | 302, XXI. |
| 442 | 303, XXI. |
| 443 | 304, XXI. |
| 445 | 305, XXI. |
| 446 | 306, XXI. |
| 448 | 307, XXI. |
| 449 | 308, XXI. |
| 14, 450 | 493, LI. |
| 452 | 491, L. |
| 15, 460 | 498, LII. |
| 471 | 486, XLIX. |
| 16, 472 | 484, XLVIII. |
| 473 | 149, p. 199. |
| 474 | 62, p. 95. |
| 485 | 309, XXI. |
| 486 | 310, XXI. |
| 487 | 311, XXI. |
| 488 | 312, XXI. |
| 489 | 313, XXI. |
| 491 | 314, XXI. |
| 494 | 315, XXI. |
| 497 | 316, XXI. |
+--------------------+-----------------------+
+--------------------+-----------------------+
| Atlas. | Translation. |
+--------------------+-----------------------+
| Pl. No. | No. Page. |
| 17, 503-4 | 2, 21 |
| 512 | 142, 173 |
| 513 | 37, 65 |
| 518 | 38, 65 |
| 519 | 39, 65 |
| 18, 529 | 40, 65 |
| 537 | 162, 232 |
| 540 | 290, 353 |
| 19, 541 | 143, 188 |
| 546 | 116, 162 |
| 553 | 147, 192 |
| 554 | 148, 192 |
| 555 | 4, 24, 368 |
| 556 | 78, 130 |
| 20, 562 | 109, 155 |
| 564 | 24, 36 |
| 565 | 18, 36 |
| 566 | 15, 36 |
| 567 | 12, 164 |
| 568 | 16, 36 |
| 570 | 20, 36 |
| 572 | 141, 172 |
| 577 | 23, 36 |
| 578_a_ | 77, 129 |
| 578_b_ | 76, 129 |
| 21, 583 | 26, 36 |
| 586 | 28, 36 |
| 587 | 144, 190 |
| 22, 592 | 71, 110 |
| 601 | 56, 94 |
| 610 | 57, 94 |
| 24, 639 | 66, 101 |
| 643 | 47, 83 |
| 644 | 48, 83 |
| 645 | 49, 83 |
| 24, 646 | 50, 83 |
| 656 | 67, 101 |
| 657 | 68, 101 |
| 660 | 122, 165 |
| 661 | 123, 165 |
| 662 | 124, 165 |
| 25, 665 | 14, 36 |
| 666 | 92, 159 |
| 669 | 93, 150 |
| 670 | 94, 150 |
| 671 | 95, 150 |
| 672 | 96, 150 |
| 674 | 97, 150 |
| 675 | 98, 150 |
| 678 | 99, 150 |
| 681 | 100, 150 |
| 682 | 101, 150 |
| 683 | 58, 94 |
| 685 | 61, 94 |
| 687 | 59, 94 |
| 689 | 60, 94 |
| 26, 700 | 83, 150 |
| 701 | 84, 150 |
| 702 | 85, 150 |
| 703 | 86, 150 |
| 705 | 87, 150 |
| 713 | 90, 150 |
| 718 | 88, 150 |
| 719 | 89, 150 |
| 720 | 91, 150 |
| 721 | 79, 135 |
| 27, 722 | 1, 15 |
| 732 | 110, 157 |
| 734 | 19, 36 |
| PLATE 30 | PLATE III. |
| 32, 774 | 131, 170 |
| 775 | 10, 34 |
| 776 | 11, 34 |
| 779 | 64, 97 |
| 782 | 136, 171 |
| 786 | 137, 171 |
| 787 | 134, 171 |
| 788 | 135, 171 |
| 34, 867 | 138, 172 |
| 868 | 139, 172 |
| 35, 872_a_ | 129, 169 |
| 874 | 132, 171 |
| 882 | 133, 171 |
| 41, 994 | 125, 166 |
| 996 | 130, 170 |
| 1003 | 70, 106 |
| 48, 1152 | 127, 167 |
| 52, 1158 | 128, 167 |
| 1257 | 126, 166 |
| 54, 1275 | 13, 35 |
| 55, 1287 | 41, 74 |
| 61, 1374 | 233, 320 |
| 64, 1433-5 | 157, 215 |
| 65, 1440 | 150, 208 |
| 1441 | 55, 87 |
| 1446 | 12, 34 |
| 67, 1497-8 | 232, 320 |
| 1505 | 184, 268 |
| 68, 1520 | 158, 219 |
| 69, 1535 | 45_a_, 82 |
| 1536 | 45_b_, 82 |
| 1537 | 45_c_, 82 |
| 1538 | 45_d_, 82 |
| 1539 | 45_e_, 82 |
| 1540 | 45_f_, 82 |
| 69, 1541 | 45_g_, 82 |
| 1553 | 46, 82 |
| 72, 1582 | 6, 25 |
| 75, 1623 | 74, 115 |
| 1628 | 155, 214 |
| 1630 | 113, 159 |
| 1632 | 51, 86 |
| 84, 1762 | 53, 87 |
| 1768 | 111, 158 |
| 1770 | 112, 158 |
| 90, 1864 | 117, 163 |
| 1880 | 118, 163 |
| 1886 | 119, 163 |
| 91, 1893 | 151, 208 |
| 97, 2022 | 153, 209 |
| 2025 | 104, 151 |
| 98, 2044 | 8, 25 |
| 101, 2272_a-d_ | 108, 155 |
| 2272_g_ | 120, 163 |
| 2272_l_ | 154, 211 |
| 102, 2290-1 | 73, 114 |
| 2292 | 102, 151 |
| 2293 | 103, 151 |
| 103, 2294 | 107, 153 |
| 2296 | 106, 152 |
| 104, 2298 | 105, 152 |
| 2299 | 152, 209 |
| PLATE 110 | PLATE VIII. |
| 114, 2317 | 156, 214 |
| 2325 | 72, 110 |
| PLATE 118 | MAP. |
| 119, 2330 | 159, 228 |
| 2331 | 65, 97 |
| 120, 2352 | 160, 229 |
| 2362 | 161, 229 |
| 120, 2363 | 170, 237 |
| 121, 2389 | 454, XLII. |
| 2390-1? | 477, XLVII. |
| 2392 | 451, XLII. |
| 2393 | 367, XXVII. |
| 122, 2423 | 384 XXX. |
| 2432 | 171, 238 |
| 2435 | 9, 27 |
| 2438 | 165, 235 |
| 2442 | 435, XXXIX. |
| 2444 | 167, 236 |
| 123, 2467 | 166, 236 |
| 125, 2515 | 489, XLIX. |
| 126, 2554 | 455, XLIII. |
| 2555 | 164, 235 |
| 2560 | 163, 234 |
| PLATE 127 | PLATE IV. |
| 130, 2561 | 176, 261 |
| 2577 | 177, 261 |
| 132, 2613 | 172, 255 |
| 2615 | 473, XLVII. |
| 133, 2633 | 179, 264 |
| 2638 | 180, 264 |
| 2639 | 174, 260 |
| 2662 | 202, 286 |
| 134, 2664 | 193, 282 |
| 2674 | 195, 283 |
| 2683 | 192, 281 |
| 135, 2694 | 404, XXXIV. |
| 2699 | 300, 372 |
| 2706 | 187, 268 |
| 2707 | 186, 268 |
| 2708 | 181, 265 |
| 2721 | 189, 279 |
| 138, 2741 | 82, 139 |
| 138, 2746 | 63, 95 |
| 139, 2755 | 178, 262 |
| 140, 2768 | 52, 86 |
| 2769 | 196, 283 |
| 141, 2778 | 36, 63 |
| 2780 | 197, 284 |
| 2782 | 194, 282 |
| 2784 | 199, 285 |
| 142, 2791 | 191, 280 |
| 2803 | 198, 285 |
| 2806 | 200, 286 |
| 2815 | 422, XXVII. |
| 143, 2827 | 201, p. 286 |
| 2840 | 395, XXXII. |
| 145, 2838 _bis_ | 215, 296 |
| 2839 _bis_ | 204, 292 |
| 146, 2850 | 190, 280 |
| 147, 2862 | 209, 294 |
| 2865 | 210, 295 |
| 2889 | 29, 36 |
| 2892 | 371, XXVII. |
| 148, 2898 | 439, XL. |
| 2899 | 29, p. 36. |
| 2912 | 206, 293 |
| 2921 | 216, 296 |
| 2924 | 217, 297 |
| 149, 2951 | 213, 296 |
| 2952 | 209, 296 |
| 2964 | 378, XXVIII |
| 150, 2975 | 211, 295 |
| 2977 | 203, 291 |
| 2981 | 205, 292 |
| 2984 | 487, XLIX. |
| 2988 | 212, p. 295 |
| 2998 | 214, 296 |
| PLATE 153 | PLATE V. |
| 154, 3050 | 168, 237 |
| 3051 | 169, 237 |
| PLATE 156 | PLATE XI. B. |
| PLATE 157 | PLATE IX. |
| 158, 3063 | 231, 317 |
| 3065 | 220, 308 |
| PLATE 159 | 188, 278 |
| 160, 3084 | 229, 315 |
| 161, 3087 | 228, 315 |
| 3088 | 230, 315 |
| 3089 | 54, 87 |
| 3092 | 221, 309 |
| 3092 | 33-4, 50 |
| 3094 | 224, 311 |
| 3095 | 222, 310 |
| 3096 | 223, 310 |
| 162, 3111 | 363, XXVI. |
| 3117 | 464, XLIV. |
| 3124 | 448, XLI. |
| 3131 | 226, 312 |
| 3134 | 472, XLVI. |
| 163, 3143 | 385, XXXI. |
| 3158 | 421, XXXVI. |
| 3166 | 225, 312 |
| 164, 3171-3 |HEADING TO CONTENTS. |
| 3174-7 |LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. |
| 3187 | 366, XXVII. |
| 3189 | 431, XXXVIII. |
| 3193 | 227, 312 |
| 165, 3224 | 453, XLII. |
| 166, 3229 | 497, LII. |
| 3233 | 291, 363 |
| 3248 | 21, 36 |
| 3249 | 31, 37 |
| 166, 3252 | 388, XXXI. |
| 3258 | 7, 25 |
| 168, 3273 | 3_a_, 23 |
| 3278 | 3_b_, 23, 369 |
| PLATE 169 | PLATE X. |
| PLATE 170 | PLATE XI. A. |
| 171, 3290 | 349, XXIV. |
| 3292 | 145, 191 |
| 3295 | 146, 191 |
| 3296 | 289, 352 |
| 172, 3323 | 386, XXXI. |
| 3341 | 405, XXXIV. |
| 173, 3364 | 360, XXV. |
| 174, 3380 | 288, 352 |
| 175, 3384 | 287, 351 |
| 3390 | 286, 351 |
| 176, 3401 | 284, 342 |
| PLATE 177 | PLATE VII. A. |
| PLATE 178 | PLATE VII. B. |
| PLATE 180 | PLATE I. |
| PLATE 186 | PLATE VI. |
| 187, 3407 | 182, 265 |
| 3415 | 494, LI. |
| 188, 3439 | 207, 294 |
| 3450 | 114, 160 |
| 189, 3455 | 173, 258 |
| 3462 | 283, 341 |
| 190, 3464 | 374, XXVIII. |
| 3474 | 5, 24, 368 |
| 191, 3483 | 219, 307 |
| 192, 3484 | 262, 332 |
| 3485 | 264, 332 |
| 3486 | 247, XVIII. |
| 3489 | 256, 330 |
| 3490 | 269, 333 |
| 192, 3490_a_ | 243, XVII. |
| 3490_b_ | 244, XVII. |
| 3490_c_ | 245, XVII. |
| 3490_d_ | 246, XVII. |
| 193, 3492 | 257, 330 |
| 3493 | 258, 330 |
| 3495_d_ | 259, 330 |
| 3495_e_ | 260, 330 |
| 3495 | 218, 302 |
| 3495_a_ | 218, 302 |
| 3495_g_ | 267, 332 |
| 194, 3496 | 273, 334 |
| 3497_a_ | 274, 334 |
| 3497_b_ | 275, 334 |
| 3499 | 263, 332 |
| 3502 | 252, 330 |
| 3503 | 253, 330 |
| 3504_a_ | 261, 331 |
| 3504_f_ | 254, 330 |
| 3504_g_ | 255, 330 |
| 3504_i_ | 272, 334 |
| 195, 3511 | 285, 350 |
| 196, Selection. | 278, XX |
| 197, 3585 | 270, 334 |
| 3586 | 271, 334 |
| 3586_a_ | 236, XV |
| 198, 3587 | 234, XIV |
| 199, 3588 | 235, XIV |
| 200, 3489-94 | 242, XVII |
| 3595 | 250, XVIII |
| 3596 | 251, XVIII |
| 201, 3600 | 265, 332 |
| 3600_a_ | 266, 332 |
| 3600_b_ | 268, 332 |
| 3600_c_ | 249, XVIII |
| 202, 3601 | 281, 337 |
| 3602 | 238, XV. |
| 3603 | 248, XVIII. |
| 3603_a_ | 237, XV. |
| 3603_b_ | 240, XVI. |
| 203_a_ | 239, XVI. |
| 204 | PLATE II. |
| 205 | 276, XIX. |
| 206 | 277, XIX. |
| 208 | 282, 339 |
| 209 | 279-80, XX. |
| 211 | PLATE XII. |
| 212 | PLATE XIII. |
| 213 | PLAN I. |
| 214 | PLAN II. |
| 215 | PLAN IV. 347 |
| 216 | PLAN III. 306 |
| 217 and last. | 32, 48. |
[Illustration: PL. XXI.
SPECIMENS OF WHORLS, &c. DUG UP AT TROY]
[Illustration: PL. XXII.
SPECIMENS OF WHORLS, &c. DUG UP AT TROY]
[Illustration: PL. XXIII.
SPECIMENS OF WHORLS, &c. DUG UP AT TROY]
[Illustration: PL. XXIV.
SPECIMENS OF WHORLS, &c. DUG UP AT TROY]
[Illustration: PL. XXV.
SPECIMENS OF WHORLS, &c. DUG UP AT TROY]
[Illustration: PL. XXVI.
SPECIMENS OF WHORLS, &c. DUG UP AT TROY]
[Illustration: PL. XXVII.
SPECIMENS OF WHORLS, &c. DUG UP AT TROY]
[Illustration: PL. XXVIII.
SPECIMENS OF WHORLS, &c. DUG UP AT TROY]
[Illustration: PL. XXIX.
SPECIMENS OF WHORLS, &c. DUG UP AT TROY]
[Illustration: PL. XXX.
SPECIMENS OF WHORLS, &c. DUG UP AT TROY]
[Illustration: PL. XXXI.
SPECIMENS OF WHORLS, &c. DUG UP AT TROY]
[Illustration: PL. XXXII.
SPECIMENS OF WHORLS, &c. DUG UP AT TROY]
[Illustration: PL. XXXIII.
SPECIMENS OF WHORLS, &c. DUG UP AT TROY]
[Illustration: PL. XXXIV.
SPECIMENS OF WHORLS, &c. DUG UP AT TROY]
[Illustration: PL. XXXV.
SPECIMENS OF WHORLS, &c. DUG UP AT TROY]
[Illustration: PL. XXXVI.
SPECIMENS OF WHORLS, &c. DUG UP AT TROY]
[Illustration: PL. XXXVII.
SPECIMENS OF WHORLS, &c. DUG UP AT TROY]
[Illustration: PL. XXXVIII.
SPECIMENS OF WHORLS, &c. DUG UP AT TROY]
[Illustration: PL. XXXIX.
SPECIMENS OF WHORLS, &c. DUG UP AT TROY]
[Illustration: PL. XL.
SPECIMENS OF WHORLS, &c. DUG UP AT TROY]
[Illustration: PL. XLI.
SPECIMENS OF WHORLS, &c. DUG UP AT TROY]
[Illustration: PL. XLII.
SPECIMENS OF WHORLS, &c. DUG UP AT TROY]
[Illustration: PL. XLIII.
SPECIMENS OF WHORLS, &c. DUG UP AT TROY]
[Illustration: PL. XLIV.
SPECIMENS OF WHORLS, &c. DUG UP AT TROY]
[Illustration: PL. XLV.
SPECIMENS OF WHORLS, &c. DUG UP AT TROY]
[Illustration: PL. XLVI.
SPECIMENS OF WHORLS, &c. DUG UP AT TROY]
[Illustration: PL. XLVII.
SPECIMENS OF WHORLS, &c. DUG UP AT TROY]
[Illustration: PL. XLVIII.
SPECIMENS OF WHORLS, &c. DUG UP AT TROY]
[Illustration: PL. XLIX.
SPECIMENS OF WHORLS, &c. DUG UP AT TROY]
[Illustration: PL. L.
SPECIMENS OF WHORLS, &c. DUG UP AT TROY]
[Illustration: PL. LI.
SPECIMENS OF WHORLS, &c. DUG UP AT TROY]
[Illustration: PL. LII.
SPECIMENS OF WHORLS, &c. DUG UP AT TROY]
* * * * *
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[Illustration:
The
Plain of Troy.
]
[Illustration:
PLAN OF
ILIUM
THE
GRECIAN COLONY.
]
[Illustration:
RUINS OF TROY.
GENERAL PLAN OF RESEARCHES MADE BY M. SCHLIEMANN
IN 1870, 1871, 1872 AND 1873.
[dotted line] Outer Wall of Lysimachus.
[dotted line] Outer Wall of Troy.
1. Greek Wall.
2. Great Hellenic Construction.
3. Interior Bastion of Lysimachus.
4. Great Tower of Ilium.
5. Trenches for the protection of Archers.
6. Courses of stone in form of seats.
7. Ruins of Palace of Priam and later superincumbent constructions.
8. Trojan constructions erected upon old Trojan houses
in the depths of the Temple of Minerva.
9. Large jars of earthenware enclosed in the wall.
10. Wall of the Temple of Minerva under Lysimachus.
11. Remains of the same Temple of Minerva.
12. House of two storeys in the basement of the Temple
anterior to the taking of Troy.
13. Trojan houses.
14. Sacrificial Altar of the Trojan Minerva, with drain
for carrying away the blood.
15. Inner Cistern of the Temple of Minerva of Lysimachus.
16. Remains of the Wall of the Temple of Minerva under Lysimachus.
17. Remains of Trojan houses.
18. Remains of the Temple of Minerva.
19. Wall constructed of fragments of the columns of the Temple of Minerva.
20. Outer Wall later than Troy.
21. Wall later than Troy.
22. Artificial Mound.
23. Wall of Troy.
24. Trojan houses and later walls built upon them.
25. Wall anterior to Troy.
26. Mosaic anterior to the Epoch of Priam.
27. Wall of Fortification anterior to the time of Troy.
28. Sustaining Wall anterior to Troy.
29. Mound of natural or virgin soil.
30. Hellenic Wall.
31. Excavations of Mr. Frank Calvert.
32. Outer Wall of Troy.
33. Encircling Wall later than Troy.
34. Tower later than Troy.
35. Encircling Wall later than Troy.
36. Hellenic Tower.
37. Scæan Gate, and paved road.
38. Dwelling-house.
39. Lodging for Workpeople.
40. Magazine.
41. Workpeople’s Canteen.
42. Place where the treasure of Priam was found.
]
FOOTNOTES:
[1] See the Appendix, pages 369, 370.
[2] “_Trojanische Alterthümer. Bericht über die Ausgrabungen in Troja_,
von DR. HEINRICH SCHLIEMANN. Leipzig, in Commission bei F. A. Brockhaus,
1874.” It may be convenient to state here, lest the reader should be
disappointed at finding no details of the excavations at Hissarlik in
the first year (1870), that the work of that year was merely preliminary
to the systematic researches of 1871-3. An account of that first year’s
work, and of the arguments which convinced Dr. Schliemann that he must
search for Troy at Hissarlik and no where else, will be found in his
earlier work, “_Ithaque, le Péloponnèse, et Troie_.”
[3] Several misprints and wrong references in the original have been
corrected. For the correction respecting the _débris_ at Jerusalem (note
to p. 218), the Editor is indebted to his friend Mr. George Grove.
[4] The Anglicized form of the word is used as a matter of common sense
and convenience. Dr. Schliemann does the same in German.
[5] See the Letter of Mr. S. Comnos in the _Athenæum_ of August 8th, and
the Answer of Dr. Schliemann in the _Academy_ of November 7th, 1874.
[6] See Mr. Newton’s Report, and the discussion thereupon, in the
_Academy_ of February 14th, 1874, and in the ‘Transactions of the
Society of Antiquaries.'
[7] The _Athenæum_, November 7th, 1874. Some of Mr. Calvert’s
corrections seem of importance, but we have not felt it right to use
them in the absence of the reply which Dr. Schliemann will doubtless
make, as he has done to his other critics.
[8] _Iliad_, II. 486. See the full quotation at p. 346. Professor Max
Müller quotes the same passage in favour of the non-reality of Homer’s
Troy; but surely the κλέος ἀκούομεν implies a positive tradition, and
the οὐδέ τι ἴδμεν confesses ignorance of details only. Are Homer’s
Hellespont, and his Plain of Troy, watered by the Scamander and Simoïs,
also “to be sought rather among the Muses who dwell on Olympus than”
about “the Hill of Hissarlik"?
[9] The excellent dissertation by Dr. Eckenbrecher, to which Schliemann
refers at page 46, has just been republished in a revised edition, “_Die
Lage des Homerischen Troja_, von Dr. GUSTAV VON ECKENBRECHER.” With 2
Maps and a View of Hissarlik, 1875. The Author has purposely kept his
argument in favour of the site at Hissarlik, from Homer and the later
classical writers, distinct from what he distinctly accepts as its
confirmation by Schliemann’s discoveries.
[10] See the remarks on this point in the _Appendix_, p. 364. Lest the
views here indicated should seem to be at variance with the frequent use
of the term “pre-Hellenic” throughout this work, it may be well to
explain, once for all, that “pre-Hellenic” is to be taken as signifying
nothing else than “before the occupation of the site by the people of
the historical Greek Ilium.”
[11] The _Phrygians_ (of which race the Trojans were a branch) are among
the nations mentioned as having held in succession the supremacy at sea
(θαλασσοκρατία).
[12] The evidence of the Egyptian monuments to the power of Troy, and
the bearing of that evidence on the date of the remains at Hissarlik,
are among the subjects which we must refrain from discussing, as both
too large and as yet too imperfectly investigated. It must suffice at
present to refer to the letters by M. FRANÇOIS LENORMANT in the
_Academy_ for March 21st and March 28th, 1874, and to the two articles
in the _Contemporary Review_ for June and July, 1874, which it is
understood that Mr. GLADSTONE is about to republish under the title of
‘_Homer and Egypt_; a Contribution towards determining the Place of
Homer in Chronology.'
[13] Those desirous of pursuing this study from its fountain-head may
consult, besides the works quoted by Dr. Schliemann, SPIEGEL’S ‘Iranian
Antiquities’ (_Eranische Alterthumskunde_, Vols. I. and II., Leipzig,
1871, 1873).
[14] Professor Van Benschoten’s ‘Remarks on Dr. Schliemann’s
Discoveries,’ in the ‘Proceedings of the Sixth Annual Session of the
American Philological Association, held at Hartford, July 1874.’ We have
been pleased to find this testimony, while correcting this sheet for
press, in the _Academy_ for January 9th, 1875.
[15] Had the first conclusions of Haug and Gomperz remained good, we
should have had the very significant evidence that all the inscriptions
were in the nature of dedications or invocations; but of course this
question must now be held in suspense.
[16] See Max Müller’s Review of Schliemann in the _Academy_, Jan. 10th,
1874, p. 39; Schliemann’s Reply, entitled ‘Hera Boöpis and Athené
Glaukopis,’ _Ibid._ Nov. 21st, 1874, p. 563, and Max Müller’s Rejoinder,
_Ibid._ Nov. 24th, p. 585.
[17] On the whole subject of this symbolism see the recent work of
PROFESSOR CONZE on the ‘Figures of Heroes and Gods’ (_Heroen-und
Götter-Gestalten_). He shows that the _symbol_ preceded the _image_, two
things which have been confounded in the discussion. A fuller
illustration may be obtained from the use of _animals_ in the _armorial
devices of the Greeks_, which has been recently discussed by Professor
Curtius in a paper contributed to the Berlin Academy of Science. He
believes that the practice came originally from _Assyria_, so that
_Troy_ would be on the route.
[18] While writing this, we remember (though without the means of
verification at hand) that Niebuhr maintains the same view in his
‘Lectures on Ancient History'; and it is confirmed by the tradition
among the Æolians of the Troad, that Agamemnon was the founder of their
colony (κτίστης).
[19] See the _Academy_, Jan. 9th, 1875.
[20] ‘_Anatolica_; or the Journal of a Visit to some of the ancient
Ruined Cities of Caria, Phrygia, Lycia, and Pisidia. By the Rev. E. J.
DAVIS, H.B.M.'s Consular Chaplain, Alexandria, 1874.’ Page 101.
[21] The _Academy_, Nov. 7th, 1874.
[22] The only exceptions to this description are the two terra-cottas,
Pl. XXI. No. 309, and Pl. XLVIII. No. 484, and the one on Pl. XXIV. No.
349, which links the whorls with the round terra-cottas of the Greek
strata.
[23] The descriptions of the patterns are partly from Dr. Schliemann’s
work, and partly added by the Editor; but the chief part are from M.
Burnouf’s descriptions appended to the original drawings by himself and
his accomplished daughter, from which all, from Plate XXIV. and onwards,
have been engraved. These descriptions are quoted simply for what they
may be worth, as the _speculations_ of so eminent an orientalist. We
have omitted some of them as too speculative. In special cases the
initial (B) is added. The material, colour, and style of work are given
from M. Burnouf’s notes. Those on Plates XXI., XXII., XXIII., are
engraved from the photographs in Schliemann’s Atlas.
[24] D for _double_, denotes a whorl decorated on both sides.
[25] In M. Burnouf’s descriptions the 卐 is called “_le sacrifice_,” or
“_le saint sacrifice_.”
[26] Where the depth is not given, we have been unable to discover the
objects in the Atlas; neither the numbers nor the depths being given on
the drawings.
[27] One of numerous examples showing the workman’s _free hand_; he has
not measured his spaces with any exactness.
[28] This is rather suggestive of a _teetotum_.
[29] An example of one of the rudest attempts at drawing from the
_latest_ pre-Hellenic stratum; some equally rude figures are scratched
on a wall at Pompeii.
[30] This is an example of many cases, in which the pattern may be
viewed quite differently, according as we start from the centre or from
the circumference.
[31] Dr. Schliemann desires us to add that this ship was the “Dorothea”
(Captain Simonsen), owned by the merchants Wachsmuth and Kroog.--{ED.}
[32] Each of these Memoirs forms a chapter of the Translation.
[33] For this remarkable vessel see Chapter XXIII. and Plate XVII.
[34] But a second was found in the stratum above (see the Illustration,
No. 35, at the end of the Introduction).
[35] The word by which Dr. Schliemann usually denotes these curious
objects is _carrousels_, as a translation of _fusaioli_, the term
applied by the Italian antiquaries to the similar objects found in the
marshes about Modena. It is difficult to choose an English word, without
assuming their use on the one hand, or not being specific enough on the
other. _Top_ and _teetotum_ are objectionable on the former grounds, and
_wheel_ is objectionable on both. On the whole, _whorl_ seems most
convenient, and Dr. Schliemann gives his approval to this term. Their
various shapes are shown in the Plates at the end of the volume. Those
in the form of single cones, with flat bases, seem to be what Dr.
Schliemann calls volcanoes (_Vulkans_), the hole representing the
_crater_.--{ED.}
[36] See p. 280.
[37] See the Plan of Greek Ilium (Plan I.).
[38] See the Plan of Dr. Schliemann’s Researches. (Plan II.).
[39] The double form of an outer and inner gate, and the use of πύλαι in
the plural for a city gate, are both far too frequent to justify our
founding an argument merely on the plural form of the Σκαίαι
πύλαι.--{ED.}
[40]
Νῦν δὲ δὴ Αἰνείαο βίη Τρώεσσιν ἀνάξει,
Καὶ παίδων παῖδες, τοί κεν μετόπισθε γένωνται.
“But o’er the Trojans shall Æneas reign,
And his sons’ sons, through ages yet unborn.”
This is the declaration of Poseidon to the gods, when Æneas was in peril
of his life by the sword of Achilles. (But compare p. 182).--{ED.}
[41] To this statement there are at least some exceptions. See the
Analysis by M. Damour, of Lyon, at the end of the book.--{ED.}
[42] We omit here the Author’s further enumeration of the objects
composing the “King’s Treasure,” as they are fully described on the
occasion of their wonderful discovery (Chapter XXIII.). Meanwhile the
Plate opposite gives a general view of the whole.--{ED.}
[43] Engraved among the lithographic plates at the end of the volume,
Pl. LI., No. 496. Since the publication of Dr. Schliemann’s work, many
of these Trojan inscriptions have been more certainly determined to be
real inscriptions in the _Cyprian syllabic character_, through the
researches of Dr. Martin Haug and Professor Gomperz of Vienna. (See the
Appendix.)--{ED.}
[44] Dr. Schliemann has since pronounced these crown-shaped vessels to
be _covers_ of vases; though they may, he thinks, have been used for
cups as well. One is seen placed on the splendid vase on p. 48.--[ED]
[45] See Plan III., p. 306.
[46] _Iliad_, V. 640-642, where Tlepolemus boasts of his ancestor
Hercules--
Ὅς ποτε δεῦρ’ ἐλθὼν ἕνεχ’ ἵππων Λαομέδοντος,
Ἓξ οἴῃς σὺν νηυσὶ καὶ ἀνδράσι παυροτέροισιν,
Ἰλίου ἐξαλάπαξε πόλιν, χήρωσε δ’ ἀγυιάς.
“With but six ships, and with a scanty band,
The horses by Laomedon withheld
Avenging, he o’erthrew this city, Troy,
And made her streets a desert.”
[47] This most important key to the archæological evidence collected by
Dr. Schliemann has been preserved in the present translation. The depths
are given in _meters_ for the reasons stated in the Preface.
[48] These objects resemble those from other strata, engraved in Chapter
IV. and subsequently.
[49] Chapter XVI., p. 239; comp. Chap. XV., p. 230, XVII., p. 250, XIX.,
p. 272.
[50] It will be seen, however, from the analysis of M. Damour, that
traces of iron (probably in the state of an ore) are found in one of the
sling-bullets discovered by Dr. Schliemann.--{ED.}
[51] See Plan II. at the end of the volume.
[52] Chapter X.
[53] _Nimbus und Strahlenkranz._
[54] See the Sections on the Plates of Whorls.
[55] For examples of this type see Nos. 337, 340, 341, &c.
[56] See the Illustrations to Chapter II., p. 65.
[57] ‘Le Signe de la Croix,’ pp. 88-89.
[58] See the Sections of Plain Whorls, Pl. XXI., Nos. 436-440.
[59] This statement needs considerable qualification. The notes on M.
Burnouf’s drawings, supplied by Dr. Schliemann for this book, frequently
describe the decorated whorls as worn and rubbed, especially on the
under side and at the point, in some cases “by a circular motion.” All
this strongly favours the hypothesis of their use for spindles.--{ED.}
[60] These restorations are indicated in the engravings by light
shading.
[61] XIII. i., p. 122, Tauchnitz edition.
[62] Strabo, XIII. i., p. 99. See the Map of the Plain of Troy.
[63] XIII. i., p. 103.
[64] ‘Rheinisches Museum,’ Neue Folge, III., s. 573-608.
[65] ‘Jahresbericht über das Gymnasium Fridericianum,’ Schwerin, 1871
und 1872.
[66] ‘Rheinisches Museum,’ Neue Folge, 2. Jahrg., s. 1 fg.
[67] ‘Dissertation on the Topography of the Trojan War.’ Edinburgh,
1822. Second Edition. ‘The Plain of Troy described,’ &c. 1863. Dr.
Schliemann might have added the weighty authority of Mr. Grote, ‘History
of Greece,’ vol. i., chap. xv.--{ED.}
[68] Dr. Émile Burnouf has published a very clear and interesting
account of Dr. Schliemann’s discoveries, in the ‘Revue des Deux Mondes’
for Jan. 1, 1874.--{ED.}
[69] As we call it, _lamp-black_, that is, tolerably pure carbon.--{ED.}
[70] See the Cut No. 1 on p. 15.
[71] These are the vases so often mentioned as having the form of great
champagne glasses (see the Cuts on pp. 85, 158, 166, 171). Dr.
Schliemann also applies the name to the unique boat-shaped vessel of
pure gold found in the Treasure.--{ED.}
[72] If M. Burnouf meant this seriously at the time, it can now only
stand as a curious coincidence, interesting as one example of the
tentative process of this new enquiry. (See the Appendix.)--{ED.}
[73] These indications of a fifth pre-Hellenic settlement, if confirmed
by further investigation, would seem to point to the spread of the
Lydians over western Asia Minor.--ED.
[74] This date refers to Dr. Schliemann’s former opinion, that there
were Byzantine remains at Hissarlik. He now places the final destruction
of Ilium in the fourth century, on the evidence of the latest coins
found there. See pp. 318, 319.--ED.
[75] _Voyage de la Troade_ (3e éd. Paris, 1802).
[76] See Plan I., of Greek Ilium, at the end of the volume.
[77] See the Frontispiece.
[78] See Plan II., of the Excavations, at the end of the volume.
[79] The Turkish _piaster_ is somewhat over twopence English.
[80] Herod. VII. 43.
[81] Strabo, XIII. 1. 8; Arrian, I. 11.; Plutarch, Life of Alexander the
Great, viii.
[82] See Plan II., of the Excavations.
[83] The various forms of the whorls are shown in the lithographed
plates at the end of the volume.
[84] See Plate IV. View of the Northern part of the Plain of Troy.
[85] Homer, _Iliad_, II. 790-794:--
Ἀγχοῦ δ’ ἱσταμένη προσέφη πόδας ὠκέα Ἶρις·
Εἴσατο δὲ φθογγὴν υἷϊ Πριάμοιο Πολίτῃ,
Ὃς Τρώων σκοπὸς ἵζε, ποδωκείῃσι πεποιθὼς,
Τύμβῳ ἐπ’ ἀκροτάτῳ Αἰσυήταο γέροντος,
Δέγμενος ὁππότε ναῦφιν ἀφορμηθεῖεν Ἀχαιοί--
“Swift Iris stood amidst them, and the voice
Assuming of Polites, Priam’s son,
The Trojan scout, who, trusting to his speed,
Was posted on the summit of the mound
Of ancient Æsyetes, there to watch
Till from their ships the Grecian troops should march--”
[86] See Plate V., View of the South-eastern part of the Plain of Troy.
The word “perpetual” (_ewigem_) in reference to the snow on Ida is
omitted at the desire of the Author, who has ascertained that the summit
is clear of snow in July and August.--{ED.}
[87] The difference of temperature in the springs seems to have been
disproved afterwards. (See Chapter V., p. 92.)--{ED.}
[88] This work has now been done. See ‘Introduction,’ p. 51.
[89] The ‘Introduction’ has already shown how Dr. Schliemann changed his
opinion as to the magnitude of Troy. Compare also Chapter XXIII. It is
hard to see how the vague poetic language of the passage cited furnishes
any _data_ for the computation in the text.--{ED.}
[90] See the Map.
[91] Lycophron’s _Cassandra_; Virgil’s _Æneid_, III., 302-305; Strabo,
XIII., 1.
[92] For the further and most interesting discoveries which speedily led
Dr. Schliemann to recal this conjecture, and which have affected all
previous theories about the ages of stone and bronze, see the beginning
of Chapter IV.
[93] The stone implements here described are so similar in form to the
better-made objects of the same sort, exhibited in subsequent
illustrations, that it seems superfluous to engrave them here.--{ED.}
[94] This depth of 10 meters, or 33 feet, is that which Dr. Schliemann
came to regard as the _lower_ limit of the ruins of the true heroic
Troy. The depth of 7 meters, or 23 feet, presently mentioned is the
_upper_ limit of the same stratum. (See the Introduction and the later
Memoirs.)--{ED.}
[95] These, like all the objects of copper found at Troy, are coated
with verdigris and malachite. (Letter-press to the Atlas.)
[96] See Plate LI., No. 496. Comp. Chapter IX., p. 138. This is one of
the most important of the inscriptions determined to be such by
Professor Gomperz. It has _six_ characters. (See the Appendix.)
[97] This is given on Plate XXII., No. 326, from the Photograph, and
more accurately from M. Burnouf’s drawing on Plate XLVIII., No. 482. Dr.
Schliemann supposed that it bore an inscription; but he afterwards
recalled the opinion. (See Chapter IX., p. 137.)--[ED.]
[98] These cups, as already observed, are really covers of vases, the
“coronet” being the upper, instead of the under part.--{ED.}
[99] In these the Author afterwards recognized moulds for casting
instruments and ornaments of copper. (See Chapter IX.)--[ED.]
[100] This refers to the _lowest_ of the _strata_, which Dr. Schliemann
long took for the ruins of the Homeric Troy.--[ED.]
[101] A few, however, were afterwards found in lower strata, at 6 and
even 8 meters. (See p. 295.)--[ED.]
[102] See the Frontispiece and Plan II.
[103] Gabriel de Mortillet, _Le Signe de la Croix avant le
Christianisme_.
[104] Plates XXI. to LII. at the end of the volume.
[105] Copied in the _Zeitschrift für Ethnologie, Organ der Berliner
Gesellschaft für Anthropologie und Urgeschichte_, 1871, Heft III.
[106] Émile Burnouf, _La Science des Religions_.
[107] A. W. Franks, _Horæ ferales_, pl. 30, fig. 19.
[108] The cut, for which we are indebted to Mr. Fergusson, represents
the foot-print of Buddha, as carved on the Amraverti Tope, near the
river Kistna. Besides the _suastika_, repeated again and again on the
heels, the cushions, and the toes, it bears the emblem of the _mystic
rose_, likewise frequently repeated (comp. the lithographed whorls, Nos.
330, 339, &c.), and the central circles show a close resemblance to some
of the Trojan whorls.--{ED.}
[109] See an illustration to Chapter X. for similar ivories, still more
interesting, from their greater depth, than those mentioned in the text,
which are very imperfectly shown on the original photograph.
[110] See the Plate of Idols, p. 36.
[111] See Cut, No. 13, p. 35.
[112] Dr. Schliemann is here speaking of the “cups” which he afterwards
decided to be _covers_, which of course represent only the _head_, the
_body_ being on the vase.--{ED.}
[113] See Cut, No. 54, p. 86.
[114] _Ithaque, le Péloponnèse et Troie._ Dr. Schliemann’s subsequent
change of opinion on this point is explained in subsequent chapters, and
in the Introduction.
[115] The various types of whorls spoken of here and throughout the work
are delineated in the lithographic Plates at the end of the volume, and
are described in the List of Illustrations.
[116] These “rising suns” are the arcs with their ends resting on the
circumference of the whorl, as in Nos. 321-28, and many others on the
Plates. M. Burnouf describes them as “stations of the sun.”
[117] For the type of whorls with “sôma-trees” or “trees of life” (four,
or more, or fewer), see Nos. 398, 400, 401, 404, &c. In No. 410 the four
trees form a cross.
[118] Plate LII., No. 498.
[119] This falcon seems to be represented by rude two-legged figures on
some of the whorls:--_e. g._ on Plate XLV., No. 468 (comp. p. 135).
[120] _Abhandlungen der K. bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften_,
1846, S. 127.
[121] A. Kuhn, ‘Herabkunft des Feuers.'
[122] _Geschichte der Kunst._
[123] See the cut No. 75 and also on Plate XXX., No. 382. M. Burnouf
describes the animal to the right as a _hare_, the symbol of the Moon,
and the other two as the _antelopes_, which denote the prevailing of the
two halves of the month (_quinzaines_).
[124] See Plate XXXV., No. 414. The same symbol is seen on several other
examples.
[125] _Iliad_, XIV. 346-351. An English writer ought surely to use our
old-fashioned form _Jove_, which is also even philologically preferable
as the stem common to Ζεύς and _Ju_-piter (Διο = Ζεϝ = _Jov_), rather
than the somewhat pedantically sounding Ζεύς.--{ED.}
[126] _Essays_, II. 93.
[127] _Iliad_, XX. 216-218:--
Κτίσσε δὲ Δαρδανίην· ἐπεὶ οὔπω Ἴλιος ἱρὴ Ἐν πεδίῳ πεπόλιστο,
πόλις μερόπων ἀνθρώπων, Ἀλλ’ ἔθ’ ὑπωρείας ᾤκεον πολυπίδακος Ἴδης.
“By Dardanus, of cloud-compelling Jove Begotten, was Dardania peopled
first, Ere sacred Ilion, populous city of men, Was founded on the
plain; as yet they dwelt On spring-abounding Ida’s lowest spurs.”
[128] See Plate XXII., No. 327.
[129] _Essays_, II. 324.
[130] _Herabkunft des Feuers_, p. 59.
[131] See, for example, _Iliad_, XI. 633-635, _Odyssey_, XV. 116, 446.
[132] Dr. Schliemann found afterwards that these fragments did not
belong to double cups. (See Chap. XXII., p. 313, and ‘Introduction,’ p.
15.)
[133] As the device on a seal may be presumed to be significant, and as
patterns strikingly similar to this occur on some of the whorls (_e.g._
on Plate XLIV., No. 461), we have a strong argument for the significance
of the latter class of devices.--{ED.}
[134] See Plate XXII., No. 321.
[135] That is, belonging to the lowest stratum.
[136] Chapter VII., p. 121.
[137] See No. 380, on Plate XXIX.
[138] See No. 383, on Plate XXX.
[139] Plate XXIX., No. 379. The front bears 4 卐; on the back are the
emblems described, which are shown separately in detail, and of which M.
Burnouf gives an elaborate description. (See List of Illustrations.)
[140] Plate XXVIII., No. 377; compare Plate XXVII., No. 367.
[141] See Plate XXII., No. 328; the _depth_ (14 M.) deserves special
notice. The _wheel-shape_, which is characteristic of the whorls in the
lowest stratum, is seen at No. 314, Plate XXI.
[142] Chapter IV., p. 84. See Plate XXII., No. 326, from the Atlas of
Photographs, and Plate XLVIII., No. 482, from M. Burnouf’s drawings.
[143] Plate XXX., No. 383.
[144] Page 83, and Plate LI., No. 496. This is one of the inscriptions
examined by Professor Gomperz. (See Appendix.)
[145] See Cut, No. 81, and Plate XXVII., No. 369. The latter is an
inscription, which Professor Gomperz has discussed. (See Appendix.)
[146] Iliad, VI. 168-170:--
Πέμπε δέ μιν Λυκίηνδε, πόρεν δ’ ὅ γε σήματα λυγρά,
Γράψας ἐν πίνακι πτυκτῷ θυμοφθόρα πολλά,
Δεῖξαι δ’ ἠνώγειν ᾧ πενθερῷ ὄφρ’ ἀπόλοιτο.
“But to the father of his wife, the King
Of Lycia, sent him forth, with tokens charged
Of dire import, on folded tablets traced,
Which, to the monarch shown, might work his death.”
[147] Chapter IV., pp. 83-84. Though not Phœnician, these are Cyprian
letters, and they have been discussed by Professor Gomperz, who found in
this very whorl his _experimentum crucis_. (See Appendix.)
[148] Chapter IV., p. 87.
[149] Some examples of these jars, still more interesting on account of
the great depth at which they were found, are seen in Plate XI., p. 290.
[150] Chapter VIII.
[151] For a further description and discussion of this splendid relief,
see the Introduction, pp. 32-34. An acute critic has suggested to us
that the metopé is a sculpture of the best age of Greek art, before or
about the time of Alexander, inserted in a Doric frieze of late debased
work, as is proved by the difference of styles, and by the evident fact
that the metopé was originally too large for the space between the
triglyphs. The temple to which it belonged, in Dr. Schliemann’s final
opinion, was a temple of Apollo, which he discovered later (comp. Chap.
XIV., p. 223, and Chap. XVII., p. 257).--{ED.}
[152] Iliad, VI. 302-304:--
Ἡ δ’ ἄρα πέπλον ἑλοῦσα Θεανὼ καλλιπάρῃος
Θῆκεν Ἀθηναίης ἐπὶ γούνασιν ἠϋκόμοιο,
Εὐχομένη δ’ ἠρᾶτο Διὸς κούρῃ μεγάλοιο.
“But fair Theano took the robe and placed
On Pallas’ knees, and to the heavenly maid,
Daughter of Jove, she thus addressed her prayer.”
[153] The reader should bear in mind that Dr. Schliemann finally came
back to this opinion. It is not “_second_ thoughts” (say the authors of
‘Guesses at Truth'), but _first_ and _third_ thoughts, that are
“best."--{ED.}
[154] Compare the sections shown on Plate XXI.
[155] See No. 14, on page 36.
[156] At the end of the volume, pp. 359, 360.
[157] Dr. Schliemann afterwards pronounced these “wedges” to be
battle-axes. See Introduction, p. 21.
[158] Here, as well as in what goes before, Dr. Schliemann writes on the
supposition, which he afterwards abandoned, that the remains in the
lowest stratum are those of the Trojans of the Iliad.--{ED.}
[159] We believe that naturalists are now agreed that such appearances
of toads imprisoned for long periods are deceptive. Into what depths
cannot a tadpole (whether literal or metaphorical) wriggle himself
down?--{ED.}
[160] This description itself suggests an inversion of the so-called
“cup,” which is, in fact, a vase-cover. For its form see No. 74, on p.
115.--{ED.}
[161] See Plate XXIII., No. 339; Plate XLVII., No. 478.
[162] According to Dr. Schliemann’s later view these “successors to the
Trojans” were, as we have seen, the Trojans themselves.--{ED.}
[163]The drawing, Plate XLVII., No. 480, shows the sign 20 times in 5
groups of 4 each. This seems to be a similar type to the one described,
but from a lesser depth.--[_Ed._]
[164] The inscription, which Professor Gomperz has pointed out, is
identical with that on Pl. LI., No. 496. (See pp. 83-84 and
Appendix.)--{ED.}
[165] The types here described will be found on the Lithographs.
[166] Similar jewels are depicted among the articles of the Treasure
(Chapter XXIII., Plate XX.).
[167] Chapter IX., pp. 132-3.
[168] See Plate LI., No. 493. M. Burnouf’s drawings, from which our
engraving is taken, seem to differ from Dr. Schliemann’s description in
a few of the minuter details.--{ED.}
[169] On Plate I., No. 491, this ball is represented from M. Burnouf’s
drawings, showing six different faces.
[170] See No. 5, p. 24.--{ED.} Perhaps they were used to polish the
terra-cotta vases.
[171] See No. 13, p. 35.
[172] Compare these with Cut No. 74 on p. 115.
[173] See Plate XLVIII., No. 484.
[174] We do not feel it right to spoil the unity of the following
disquisition by striking out the few repetitions of arguments urged in
other parts of the work.--{ED.}
[175] Strabo, XIII. i. p. 103; Lycophron, _Cassandra_, 1208. See
further, on the Simoïs, Note A, p. 358.
[176] _Odyssey_, XXIV. 80-81:
Ἀμφ’ αὐτοῖσι δ’ ἔπειτα μέγαν καὶ ἀμύμονα τύμβον
Χεύαμεν Ἀργείων ἱερὸς στρατὸς αἰχμητάων,
Ἀκτῇ ἐπὶ προυχούσῃ, ἐπὶ πλατεῖ Ἑλλησπόντῳ,
Ὥς κεν τηλεφανὴς ἐκ ποντόφιν ἀνδράσιν εἴη
Τοῖς, οἳ νῦν γεγάασι, καὶ οἳ μετόπισθεν ἔσονται.
“We the holy army of the spear-throwing Argives, then raised round these
(bones) a great and honourable tomb on the projecting shore of the broad
Hellespont, so that it might be seen from the sea by the men who are now
born and who shall be hereafter."--Dr. Schliemann’s translation.
[177] Strabo, XIII. 1.
[178] Plutarch, ‘Life of Alexander the Great'; Cicero, pro Archia, 10;
Ælian, _V. H._, 12, 7.
[179] Dio Cassius, LXXVII.
[180] _Iliad_, XX. 215-218.
[181] Herodotus, I. 27; _Iliad_, III. 189-190; Strabo, XIII. 3.
[182] But see further on this point, Chapter XI., pp. 197-8.--{ED.}
[183] _Iliad_, XX. 307-308, quoted in the Introduction, p. 19.
[184] See the Plates of Whorls, Nos. 350, 351, 352, 356, 357, 359, &c.
[185] Plate XXVI., No. 362. M. Burnouf calls these “the 6 bi-monthly
sacrifices.”
[186] Plate XXXIII., No. 402.
[187] Plate XXXIV., No. 403.
[188] Plate XXII., No. 320.
[189] See the Sections on Plate XXI.
[190] In the ball here depicted there is no mistaking the significance
of the line of 卐, the symbols of fire, as denoting the torrid zone. The
three dots are, according to M. Burnouf, the symbol of royal majesty
therein residing. The two rows of dots parallel to the torrid zone may
possibly represent the inhabited regions of the temperate zones,
according to the oriental theory followed by Plato.--{ED.}
[191] See the qualification of this statement on p. 40.
[192] In the Atlas, Dr. Schliemann describes this and another such as
Trojan lamps, but adds that they may be only vase covers.
[193] The one meant seems to be that engraved on p. 115 (No. 74).
[194] See Cut, No. 149, p. 199.
[195] See Cut, No. 1, p. 15.
[196] _Iliad_, XXII. 145-156:--
Οἱ δὲ παρὰ σκοπιὴν καὶ ἐρινεὸν ἠνεμόεντα
Τείχεος αἰὲν ὑπὲκ κατ’ ἀμαξιτὸν ἐσσεύοντο,
Κρουνὼ δ’ ἵκανον καλλιρρόω, ἔνθα τε πηγαὶ
Δοιαὶ ἀναΐσσουσι Σκαμάνδρου δινήεντος.
Ἡ μὲν γάρ θ’ ὕδατι λιαρῷ ῥέει, ἀμφὶ δὲ καπνὸς
Γίγνεται ἐξ αὐτῆς ὡς εἰ πυρὸς αἰθομένοιο·
Ἡ δ’ ἑτέρη θέρεϊ προρέει ἐϊκυῖα χαλάζῃ
Ἢ χιόνι ψυχρῇ ἢ ἐξ ὕδατος κρυστάλλῳ.
Ἔνθα δ’ ἐπ’ αὐτάων πλυνοὶ εὐρέες ἐγγὺς ἔασιν
Καλοὶ λαΐνεοι, ὅθι εἵματα σιγαλόεντα
Πλύνεσκον Τρώων ἄλοχοι καλαί τε θύγατρες
Τὸ πρὶν ἐπ’ εἰρήνης, πρὶν ἐλθεῖν υἷας Ἀχαιῶν.
“They” (Hector and Achilles, in flight and pursuit)
“They by the watch-tower, and beneath the wall
Where stood the wind-beat fig-tree, raced amain
Along the public road, until they reached
The fairly-flowing founts, whence issued forth,
From double source, Scamander’s eddying streams.
One with hot current flows, and from beneath,
As from a furnace, clouds of steam arise;
‘Mid Summer’s heat the other rises cold
As hail, or snow, or water crystallized;
Beside the fountains stood the washing-troughs
Of well-wrought stone, where erst the wives of Troy
And daughters fair their choicest garments washed,
In peaceful times, ere came the sons of Greece.”
[197] See _Iliad_, II. 811-815, quoted above, p. 179.
[198] Chapter II., p. 69.
[199] See Plan II.
[200] _Iliad_, VII. 452-453.
[201] The Tower is marked No. 4, and is also named, on Plan II.
[202] This opinion was changed afterwards. See Chapter XXII., p. 318.--{ED.}
[203] _Iliad_, VI. 386, 387:--
Ἀλλ’ ἐπὶ πύργον ἔβη μέγαν Ἰλίου, οὕνεκ’ ἄκουσεν
Τείρεσθαι Τρῶας, μέγα δὲ κράτος εἶναι Ἀχαιῶν.
“But to the height of Ilion’s topmost tower
Andromache is gone; since tidings came
The Trojan force was overmatched, and great
The Grecian strength.”
[204] Similar rings are shown among the articles of the Treasure
(Chapter XXIII., Plate XX).
[205] Others, even more interesting, were found later (Chapter XX., pp.
279-80).
[206] This last name was afterwards recalled by Dr. Schliemann, and that
of “Ilium” or “Troy” confined to the Hill of Hissarlik. See Chapter
XXIII., p. 343; and Introduction, p. 18.
[207] Respecting these steps, which are marked No. 6, on Plan II., and c
on Plan III., p. 306, see further in Chapter XXII., p. 318, where the
idea of an upper storey is rejected.--{ED.}
[208] The cut represents a vase of this type, with the upper part joined
on by Dr. Schliemann, who remarks that it is doubtful whether the owl’s
face belongs to this vase, as the Ilian goddess is in no other case
represented on vases without the breasts and abdomen. (Description in
the Atlas of Photographs.)
[209] See Plate XXI., No. 309.
[210] According to Mr. Gladstone’s theory, these masses of masonry, and
the tradition ascribing them to Poseidon and Apollo, are signs of
Phœnician influence.--{ED.}
[211] This statement is hardly accurate. The greatest depth of _débris_
discovered by the officers of the Palestine Exploration Fund at
Jerusalem was not in the valleys, but on the Eastern slope of Mount
Moriah. The accumulation reached from the foot of the wall down the
slope to the bed of the Kedron, and beyond it some distance up the slope
of the Mount of Olives. The usual depth at the wall was 60 or 70 feet,
but at the north end it reached as much as 120, owing to the descent of
the original ground at that spot. The masons’ marks on the lowest
courses of the stones, reached by sinking shafts through these great
depths, seemed to show a date nearer that of Solomon than of
Titus.--{ED.}
[212] We leave this, like other such passages, as landmarks of the rapid
progress made in the discoveries opened up by Dr. Schliemann.--{ED.}
[213] _Iliad_, VII. 83 and IV. 508.; see pp. 145-6, 257.
[214] See note ([+]), p. 218.
[215] This recals to mind Homer’s frequent mention of the blasts of
Boreas.--{ED.}
[216] See Cut, No. 9, p. 27.
[217] Dr. Schliemann afterwards assigned these Corinthian pillars to the
time of Constantine. (See Chapter XXII., p. 320, and Introduction, p.
30.--{ED.})
[218] Strabo, XIII., pp. 100, 101, Tauchnitz edition.
[219] Velleius Paterculus, II. 102.
[220] See Cut, No. 13, p. 35.
[221] The serpents’ heads, found so frequently among the ruins of Troy,
cannot but recal to mind the superstitious regard of Homer’s Trojans for
the reptile as a symbol, and their terror when a half-killed serpent was
dropped by the bird of Jove amidst their ranks (_Iliad_, XII. 208,
209):--
Τρῶες δ’ ἐρρίγησαν, ὅπως ἴδον αἰόλον ὄφιν
Κείμενον ἐν μέσσοισι, Διὸς τέρας αἰγιόχοιο.
“The Trojans, shuddering, in their midst beheld
_The spotted serpent_, dire portent of Jove.”
[222] That is, in the strata of the _third_ dwellers on the hill.
[223] sic
[224] sic.
[225] sic.
[226] _Archæological Journal_, vol. xxi. 1864.
[227] _Die Ausgrabungen auf der homerischen Pergamos_, s. 24.
[228] sic.
[229] sic.
[230] sic
[231] Compare Homer’s picture of the marshalling of the Greek forces:
_Iliad_, II. 467-8:--
Ἔσταν δ’ ἐν λειμῶνι Σcαμανδρίῳ ἀνθεμόεντι
Μυρίοι, ὅσσα τε φύλλα καὶ ἄνθεα γίγνεται ὥρῃ.
“Upon _Scamander’s flowery mead_ they stood
Unnumbered as _the vernal leaves and flowers_."--{ED.}
[232] Plutarch, _Life of Alexander_, viii. Comp. p. 146.
[233] As elsewhere, the wedges here spoken of are what the Author
afterwards decided to be axes, and especially battle-axes.--{ED.}
[234] An engraving of a similar mould, found on the Tower, is given in
Chapter XVIII., No. 175. p. 261.
[235] It is perhaps unnecessary to remind the reader again how the
Author afterwards gave up the idea of this distinction between the city
and its Pergamus.--{ED.}
[236] A handle such as this, or as that shown at p. 260 (No. 174), seems
well suited for the long _leaning-staff_ (σκῆπτρον, from σκήπτομαι, “to
lean upon”) which, in Homer, is the symbol of royal authority, and with
which Ulysses beat Thersites. (_Iliad_, II. 46, 265, _et
passim_.)--{ED.}
[237] See a similar example in Chapter XX., p. 286.
[238] Plate XXXIV., No. 404.
[239] See p. 65.
[240] May they have been for flaying the sacrificed animals, a sharp
flint being better for this purpose than a copper knife, and perhaps
also being preferred to metal as less contaminated by human
labour?--{ED.}
[241] _Iliad_, XII. 445-462.
[242] _Iliad_, V. 302-310.
[243] Nor are even these now considered to be Byzantine; see Chapter
XXII., p. 320, and Introduction, p. 30.--[ED.]
[244] Homer’s _Iliad_, III. 362; IV. 459; VI. 9; XIII. 132; XVI. 216.
[245] Few coincidences have struck us more than the comparison of these
helmet-crests with the frequent allusions in Homer, especially where
“Hector of the dancing helmet-crest” (κορυθαίολος Ἕκτωρ), takes off the
helmet that frightened his child (_Iliad_, VI. 469, foll.):--
Ταρβήσας χαλκόν τε ἰδὲ λόφον ἱππιοχαίτην
Δεινὸν ἀπ' ἀκροτάτης κόρυθος νεύοντα νοήσας.
"Scared by the brazen helm and horse-hair plume,
That nodded, fearful, on the warrior's crest."
No such plumed helmets are found among the remains of “pre-historic”
barbarous races. The skeletons, with the helmets and lances beside them,
bear striking witness to a city taken by storm. In Homer, the Trojans
under the command of “the crested Hector” are “valiant with lances”
(μεμαότες ἐγχείῃσιν, _Iliad_, II. 816-818).--{ED.}
[246] Compare Plan II. with the whole of the following description.
[247] See Plate XI.B. Six of the jars are shown, and a seventh (broken)
lies outside of the cut to the right. The two largest of all are out of
view, on the other side of the wall of the magazine, but one of them is
seen in the view on Plate XI.A, in the left-hand bottom corner.
[248] See No. 29, p. 36.
[249] No. 207, p. 294.
[250] No. 208, p. 294. Respecting such an impersonation of the goddess
Hera, see pp. 113, 114, 353.
[251] No. 209, on this page.
[252] Strabo, XIII. p. 589.
[253] Strabo, XIII. p. 609.
[254] Plutarch, _Life of Lucullus_.
[255] _Hist. Nat._, XXXV. 12, s. 55.
[256] Waddington, _Fastes des Provinces Asiatiques de l’Empire Romain_.
Paris, 1872, pp. 43-44.
[257] Pape-Benseler, _Lexikon der Eigennamen_.
[258] It will be seen presently that Dr. Schliemann ultimately limited
the ancient city of Troy to the “Pergamus” itself.--{ED.}
[259] _Iliad_, III. 146-244:--
“Attending there on aged Priam, sat
The Elders of the city; ....
All these were gathered at the Scæan Gates.
... so on Ilion’s Tower
Sat the sage chiefs and councillors of Troy.
Helen they saw, as to the Tower she came.”
[260] Iliad, VI. 390-393:--
Ἦ ῥα γυνὴ ταμίη· ὁ δ’ ἀπέσσυτο δώματος Ἕκτωρ
Τὴν αὐτὴν ὁδὸν αὖτις ἐϋκτιμένας κατ’ ἀγυιὰς.
Εὖτε πύλας ἵκανε διερχόμενος μέγα ἄστυ
Σκαιάς, τῇ γὰρ ἔμελλε διεξίμεναι πεδίονδε----
“So spoke the ancient dame; and Hector straight
Through the wide streets his rapid steps retraced.
But when at last the mighty city’s length
Was traversed, and the Scæan Gates were reached,
Whence was the outlet to the plain----”
[261] This edifice, now first laid open from beneath the ashes which
covered it in the burning of the city, was found by Dr. Schliemann in
the very state to which, in Homer, Agamemnon threatens to reduce it:
“The house of Priam _blackened with fire_” (Iliad, II. 414, 415):
Πρίν με κατὰ πρηνὲς βαλέειν
Πριάμοιο μέλαθρον Αἰθαλόεν, πρῆσαι δὲ πυρὸς δηΐοιο θύρετρα.
[262] In the letter-press to the Atlas of Photographs this object is
described as “a brilliant dark-red Vase, 62 centimeters (above 2 feet)
high, with the owl-face of Troy’s tutelar goddess, her two breasts, a
necklace, and a royal scarf round the whole body. It is remarkable that
this vase has not the two uplifted arms of the goddess, which are
wanting in no other case, and that it has only two handles.”
[263] The Inscription on this Vase has been discussed by Professor
Gomperz, who also pronounces the characters on it as well as on the
other vase (No. 221) to be Cyprian writing. (See Appendix.)
[264] Compare the Introduction, p. 50.
[265] See Cut, No. 54, p. 87.
[266] This most curious vase is engraved in the Introduction, No. 31, p.
37.
[267] See the passage quoted below to illustrate the shield found among
the Treasure (Chapter XXIII., p. 324).
[268] See the illustration, No. 7, p. 25.
[269] This looks very much like the signet-cylinders of the Assyrian and
Babylonian kings.--{ED.}
[270] This is drawn as a _whorl_, and is so called by Dr. Schliemann in
a letter, informing us that it is found to bear an Inscription. It is
not described in the letter-press to the Photographs.--{ED.}
[271] Thus Hephæstus places a δέπας ἀμφικύπελλον in the hand of his
mother, Hera, and she takes it from his hand (Homer’s _Iliad_, I. 584-5,
596).--{ED.}
[272] See the Cuts placed as headings to the “Table of Contents,” and
“List of Illustrations.”
[273] See Plan II., and Plan III. on p. 306, at the mark _b_.
[274] See Plan II., and _c_ on Plan III., p. 306. Compare p. 213.
[275] See the spot marked on Plan II. No. 42, and Plate XIII. _a_.
[276] The articles belonging to the Treasure are partly engraved on
seven separate Plates (XIV.--XX.), and partly marked with TR. in the
cuts. They were found at a depth of 8½ meters, nearly 28 feet. The
_General View of the Treasure_ (Plate III., opposite p. 22) shows a few
objects which are either so like others, or so insignificant, as not to
need a separate delineation.
[277] See Plate XIV., No. 234. This round shield of copper (or bronze?),
with its central boss, and the furrow and rim so suitable for holding
together a covering of ox-hides, reminds us irresistibly of the
seven-fold shield of Ajax:--_Iliad_, VII. 219-223 (cf. 245-247):--
Αἴας δ’ ἐγγύθεν ἦλθε φέρων σάκος ἠΰτε πύργον,
Χάλκεον ἑπταβόειον, ὅ οἱ Τυχίος κάμε τεύχων,
Σκυτοτόμων ὄχ’ ἄριστος, Ὕλῃ ἔνι οἰκία ναίων,
Ὅς οἱ ἐποίησεν σάκος αἰόλον ἑπταβόειον,
Ταύρων ζατρεφέων, ἐπὶ δ’ ὄγδοον ἤλασε χαλκόν.
“Ajax approached; before him, as a tower,
His mighty shield he bore, seven-fold, brass-bound,
The work of Tychius, best artificer
That wrought in leather; he in Hyla dwelt.
Of seven-fold hides the ponderous shield was wrought
Of lusty bulls: the eighth was glittering brass.”
It is equally striking to compare the shield of the Treasure with the
description of Sarpedon’s shield, with its round plate of hammered
copper (or bronze), and its covering of ox-hides, fastened to the inner
edge of the rim by gold wires or rivets (_Iliad_, XII. 294-297):--
Αὐτίκα δ’ ἀσπίδα μὲν πρόσθ’ ἔσχετο πάντοσ’ ἐΐσην
Καλὴν χαλκείην ἐξήλατον, ἣν ἄρα χαλκεὺς
Ἤλασεν, ἔντοσθεν δὲ βοείας ῥάψε θαμειὰς
Χρυσείῃς ῥάβδοισι διηνέκεσιν περὶ κύκλον.
“His shield’s broad _orb_ before his breast he bore,
Well wrought, _of beaten brass_, which the armourer’s hand
Had beaten out, and lined with stout bull’s hide
With golden rods, continuous, all around."--{ED.}
[278] See Plate XIV., No. 235. In the Iliad the λέβης is used almost
always as a caldron, and is often given as a prize at games; in the
Odyssey it is always used for washing the hands or feet. This one shows
the marks of a fearful conflagration, and near the left handle are seen
two fragments of copper weapons (a lance and a battle-axe) firmly molten
on. (Description to the Atlas of Photographs.)
[279] See Plate XV., No. 236. This remarkable object lay at the top of
the whole mass, and Dr. Schliemann supposes it to have formed a hasp to
the lid of the wooden chest in which the Treasure was packed.
(Description in Atlas.)
[280] These vessels of gold are shown on Plate XV., Nos. 237, 238.
[281] Plate XVI., Nos. 239, 240.
[282] Or, as suggested in the ‘Quarterly Review’ for April 1874, a
person, holding the cup before him by the two handles, may have poured a
libation from the further spout and then have drunk out of the nearer.
Thus Achilles used a choice goblet (δέπας) for drinking wine and pouring
libations to the gods. (_Iliad_, XVI., 225-228.)
We are indebted to Mr. J. W. Lockhart for the following account of a
double-spouted boat-shaped bronze vessel, used in a similar manner in
the Chinese temples:--“In China there is a vessel of very nearly the
same shape, but with ears prolonged till they rise an inch above the
cup: the cup stands on three legs and is, in fact, a tripod. Such cups
are used in the temples, especially in the ancestral temples of the real
religion of China, when offerings are made to the _manes_ of ancestors.
The cups are filled with wine, when placed on the altar before the idol
shrine, or before the ancestral tablet; and the wine is afterwards
partly drunk and partly poured out as a libation.” Such vessels are used
in pairs, and our drawing is made from one of a pair in Mr. Lockhart’s
possession. It is of _bronze_, 6 inches long, and 6½ inches high,
including the legs. The width is 2 inches between the upright ears, and
2-3/8 inches at the broadest part. There is only _one_ handle. Mr.
Lockhart calls attention to the “key” ornament round the cup, which is
so well known in the purest Greek art, as a sign of Chinese influence on
the art of Western Asia and Europe. Mr. Lockhart also reads Chinese
characters on some of the Trojan whorls. We are under a deep obligation
to Mr. Lockhart for his spontaneous offer of this very interesting
illustration of one of the most striking and (as we before supposed)
_unique_ objects discovered by Dr. Schliemann.--{ED.}
[283] Plate XVIII., No. 248.
[284] See Plate XVII., No. 242.
[285] The two largest weigh, respectively, a little over and a little
under 6 oz., and the other four are all a little over 5½ oz., troy.
The _gramme_ is 15·43235 grains, that is, a little less than 15½
grains.
[286] _Iliad_, XXIII. 262-270 (cf. vv. 612-616). The passage furnishes
other striking parallels to Dr. Schliemann’s discoveries. The _tripod
with ears containing 22 measures_, which is added to the woman for the
first prize (καὶ τρίποδ’ ὠτώεντα δυωκαιεικοσίμετρον) calls to mind the
vessel from the Trojan stratum, No. 199, p. 285. The _fifth_ prize is a
_double-handled flat cup (or dish) untouched by fire_, i. e. wrought
with the hammer (ἀμφίθετον φιάλην ἀπύρωτον ἔθηκεν). The _metal_ is not
specified, but its coming next to the two _gold talents_ suggests
_silver_, and Dr. Schliemann found silver φιάλαι with side-rings in the
Treasure and the Palace. The passage seems to confirm Schliemann’s
interpretation of δέπας ἀμφικύπελλον, for what sort of a vessel can we
conceive of as a double dish joined bottom to bottom? We know
side-dishes with their covers can be used as two dishes, but what would
be the use of joining them? Aristarchus, indeed, explained ἀμφίθετος as
_double_, i.e. _standing on both ends_, after the supposed analogy of
ἀμφικύπελλον, but Eustathius interpreted it as _with handles on both
sides_, after the sounder analogy of ἀμφιφορεύς. These cumulative
analogies between Hissarlik and Homer, gathered incidentally to a climax
at the end of each work, are very striking.--{ED.}
[287] See Plate XVIII., No. 249.
[288] Ibid., No. 250.
[289] Ibid., No. 251.
[290] For these four vessels see Plate XVII., Nos. 243-246. The silver
bottles, with the caps and the side-rings to both, remind us of modern
travelling flasks.--{ED.}
[291] _Iliad_, XXIV. 228:--Ἦ, καὶ φωριαμῶν ἐπιθήματα κάλ’ ἀνέῳγεν, where
the “beautiful lids” remind us of the terra-cotta pattern which Dr.
Schliemann takes for the inlaying of a chest. (No. 77, p. 129). In the
_Iliad_, XVI., 221, Achilles opens the lid of the beautiful decorated
chest (χηλοῦ δ’ ἀπὸ πῶμ’ ἀνέῳγεν καλῆς δαιδαλέης), to take out the
goblet for pouring his libation. The contents of Priam’s chests may also
be well compared with the articles of the Treasure:--
“He chose twelve gorgeous shawls, twelve single cloaks,
As many rugs, as many splendid robes,
As many tunics; then of gold he took
Ten _talents_ full; two tripods, burnished bright,
Four _caldrons_; then a _cup of beauty rare_,
A rich possession, which the men of Thrace
Had given, when there he went ambassador;
E’en this he spared not, such his keen desire
His son to ransom."--{ED.}
[292] The diadem discovered by Dr. Schliemann can scarcely have been the
κρήδεμνον of Homer, which was a large veil or mantilla, such, for
instance, as the sea-goddess Ino gives to Ulysses, to buoy him up on the
water (_Od._ v. 346). This diadem would rather seem to be, as Mr.
Gladstone has suggested, the πλεκτὴ ἀναδέσμη, which Andromache casts
from her head in her mourning for Hector, where the order of the words
implies that it was worn over the κρήδεμνον. _Il._ XXII. 469-471:--
Τῆλε δ’ ἀπὸ κρατὸς βάλε δέσματα σιγαλόεντα,
Ἄμπυκα κεκρύφαλόν τε ἰδὲ πλεκτὴν ἀναδέσμην
Κρήδεμνόν θ', ὅ ῥά οἱ δῶκε χρυσέη Ἀφροδίτη.
“Far off were flung the adornments of her head,
The net, the _fillet_, and the _woven band_,
The nuptial-veil by golden Venus given."--{ED.}
Our illustration (Plate XIX., Nos. 276, 277) represents one diadem as
set up by Dr. Schliemann, and the other as it might have been worn on
the head of a Trojan lady.--{ED.}
[293] These objects are more fully described, and figured, in the
following pages.
[294] See Plate XX., Nos. 279, 280, for a representation of the fillet
and ear-rings. The four “ear-rings” remind us, both by their _form_ and
_material_, of the “_beautifully twined tassels of solid gold_” which
fringed the _Ægis_ of Athena: _Iliad_, II. 448, 449:--
Τῆς ἑκατὸν θύσανοι παγχρύσεοι ἠερέθονται,
Πάντες ἐϋπλεκέες, ἑκατόμβοιος δὲ ἕκαστος.
“all around
A hundred tassels hung, rare works of art,
All gold, each one a hundred oxen’s price.”
Again, when Hera adorns herself to captivate Jove, her zone is fringed
with a hundred tassels, and her _ear-rings_ are described in terms
corresponding exactly to the _triple leaves_ seen on some of
Schliemann’s (_Iliad_, XIV. 181-3):--
Ζώσατο δὲ ζώνην ἑκατὸν θυσάνοις ἀραρυῖαν,
Ἐν δ’ ἄρα ἕρματα ἧκεν ἐϋτρήτοισι λοβοῖσιν
Τρίγληνα μορόεντα· χάρις δ’ ἀπελάμπετο πολλή.
“Her zone, from which a hundred tassels hung,
She girt about her; and, _in three bright drops_,
Her glittering gems suspended from her ears;
And all around her grace and beauty shone."--{ED.}
[295] Some of these are shown on Plate XX., No. 278.
[296] Dr. Schliemann has strung these in two sets, one of which,
consisting of 4610 pieces, is represented as Cut No. 282. The other set,
of 4090 pieces, is precisely similar. The small jewels described are
shown in detail on Plate XX., No. 278.
[297] See Plate XX., at top.
[298] The subsequent analysis by M. Damour, of Lyon, has, however, shown
the presence of tin in some of the articles of the Treasure, see Note C,
p. 361.--{ED.}
[299] _Iliad_, VII. 452-453.
[300] No. 5, on p. 24. (See Appendix.)
[301] These silver φιάλαι, as shown in the photographs, are too much
battered to be worth engraving; but we give a very fine large silver
vase, which was found in a room of the Palace.--{ED.}
[302] _Iliad_, IV. 52.
[303] Nothing can be clearer than Homer’s own testimony on this point,
when he invokes the Muses to inspire him with the knowledge of what he
had only heard by report (_Iliad_, II. 484-487):--
Ἔσπετε νῦν μοι, Μοῦσαι Ὀλύμπια δώματ’ ἔχουσαι,--
Ὑμεῖς γὰρ θεαί ἐστε, πάρεστέ τε, ἴστε τε πάντα,
Ἡμεῖς δὲ κλέος οἶον ἀκούομεν, οὐδέ τι ἴδμεν--
Οἵ τινες ἡγεμόνες Δαναῶν καὶ κοίρανοι ἦσαν.
“Say now, ye Nine, who on Olympus dwell,
Muses--for ye are Goddesses, and ye
Were present, and know all things: _we ourselves
But hear from Rumour’s voice_, and nothing know--
Who were the chiefs and mighty lords of Greece."--{ED.}
[304] See No. 14 on the Plate of Idols, p. 36.
[305] Plan I.
[306] Plan II.
[307] Plan III. (see p. 306).
[308] XIII. p. 599, ed. Forbiger.
[309] Certainly not; but they may have served for burning charcoal or
incense.--{ED.}
[310] See the similar example, No. 208, p. 294.
[311] This refers, of course, to Dr. Schliemann’s Atlas of photographic
illustrations, of which all the most valuable are reproduced in the
present translation in a greatly improved style of execution.--{ED.}
[312] _Æneid_, III. 302-305:--
“Ante urbem in luco, falsi Simoëntis ad undam,
Libabat cineri Andromache manesque vocabat
Hectoreum ad tumulum, viridi quem cæspite inanem,
Et geminas, causam lacrimis, sacraverat aras.”
[313] The _gramme_ = 15·43235 _grains_; or, approximately, 15¼
_grains_. The _ounce_ (avoirdupois) = 437½ _grains_; and the _pound_,
16 oz., = 7000 grs.
[314] Dr. Schliemann’s work records several interesting examples of his
first impressions on this point, and he appears more often to have
mistaken written characters for mere symbols or ornaments than the other
way.
[315] Curtius, _Die Ionier vor der Wanderung_, Berlin, 1855.
[316] Chabas, _Études sur l’Antiquité historique_, Paris, 1872, p. 190.
[317] Genesis x. 4, 5. The essential letters of the Hebrew name
[Hebrew: Javan] are identical with the Greek ΙΩΝ (Ion), and both
are equivalent to the _Yavanas_, the “younger race” of the old Aryan
traditions, who migrated to the West, while the elder branch remained in
the East. On the whole subject the Editor may be permitted to refer to
the _Student’s Ancient History of the East_, especially to Chapter XX.,
on the Nations of Asia Minor, which contains a discussion of the
Hellenic affinities of the Phrygians and Trojans in particular.
[318] Brandis, _Versuch zur Entzifferung der Kyprioten Schrift_, Berlin,
1873. See also the Life of Brandis by Curtius: _Johannes Brandis, ein
Lebensbild_, von Ernst Curtius, 1873.
[319] See pp. 83, 137, 161.
[320] ‘The Augsburg Gazette’ (_Augsburger Allgemeine Zeitung_), 1874, p.
32.
[321] The whorl on the left hand (the one discussed by Haug and Gomperz)
is engraved from M. Burnouf’s more accurate drawing in our lithographed
Plate LI., No. 496; the other is given at page 161; but they are
repeated here (from Schliemann’s Atlas, Pl. 13, No. 432, Pl. 6, No. 208)
in order to exhibit their identity. It is remarkable that these whorls,
belonging to an age when writing was already known, are very coarse,
both in material and work.
[322] Professor Gomperz gave an interesting and eloquent account of his
labours and their results in two papers in the ‘Vienna Evening Post’
(_Wiener Abendpost_) for May 6th, and June 26th, 1874.
[323] The ‘_Academy_’ for June 6th, 1874.
[324] From a letter to the Editor, dated Vienna, Dec. 9th, 1874, written
in English, as here quoted.
[325] Professor Gomperz adds that his change of opinion was at once
communicated to Moritz Schmidt, and published by him in a postscript to
his work, ‘Die Inschrift von Idalion und das Kyprische Syllabar.’ It has
also been published by Gomperz’s colleague, Professor Conze, in an
article on Schliemann’s discoveries in the ‘Preussische Jahrbücher.’
The _Academy_ of November 28th, 1874 (p. 591), quotes from the _Nation_
the following summary of the proceedings at the meeting of the _Oriental
Society_, held in New York at the end of October:--
“One of the most elaborate and interesting of the papers presented was a
review and criticism of the _Progress of Decipherment of the Cypriote
Inscriptions, with original additions_, by Mr. J. H. HALL. The latest
and best German investigator in this field, MORITZ SCHMIDT, laments that
he has not, in trustworthy form, the material from the _Di Cesnola
collections_; this Mr. Hall has undertaken to furnish him.”
We have now a fresh reason to lament the misfortune by which the Di
Cesnola collection was lost to our Museum.
[326] See B. Schröder, _Die phonicische Sprache_; Halle, 1869, p. 2,
fol.
[327] Besides the numbers of our own engravings, those of Schliemann’s
Atlas are given, as they have been hitherto used for reference in the
discussion by Haug, Gomperz, Max Müller, and other scholars.
[328] Identical design, but different material.