of Seaman Evans’ illness is required. When Wilson was coaching us as
to how we should meet the hazards of Antarctic sledging, he told us of
frostbites, chills, blizzards, and so forth. I said that these seemed
surmountable, but I added, “What are we to do if one of the party
breaks his leg?” which seemed by no means impossible in the rough
rocky region before us. Dr. Bill replied, “Well, you will have to make
a more or less permanent camp, kill plenty of seals, and wait there
until you are relieved, or until the leg is usable again.” Two factors
were vital—rest for the invalid, and seal meat for the party’s
sustenance. When Evans met with his accident, there could be no rest
for any, sick or well. It was a race with famine, in which only strong
men had any chance. There was no need for a severe accident to
handicap the party hopelessly, as in the case of Dr. Mertz. A slight
ailment rapidly becomes mortal. A sick man must be kept warm, and in
the Antarctic the only warming agent is the human one. Very literally
a man “keeps himself warm” with the most wonderful furnace in
nature—fed with fuel in the form of biscuits and pemmican. And so, I
believe, that, short of abandonment, the party had no hope with a sick
man on their hands. Scott and Wilson would remember, however, that
they had managed to bring back Shackleton to safety in 1903, and would
hope to do the same again, even though the distance was four hundred
miles instead of a hundred and fifty.
With each hour’s delay each man grew weaker. Each day the weather grew
worse than the preceding. The sun now sank below the horizon at night
and the Antarctic cold, unopposed by his warm beams, spread resistless
through both animate and inanimate nature. Each night was longer, each
march a harder fight against the blizzard drift.
I used to wonder how Shackleton managed his wonderful feat with an
unsupported party. He told me that he would never have got through if
it had been calm, nor if the wind had been but a trifle different. For
days, on their return Barrier journey, they were marching through
drift which did not rise to their eyes and so block their view; but
was due to a southern blizzard wind just strong enough to fill their
sail and push them to the north. Captain Scott met with no such
fortune. He was a month later than Shackleton, and when Oates fell
sick their chance had gone.
[Illustration:
_Glossopteris_, a Permo-Carboniferous fern from the Upper Beardmore
Glacier.
]
I do not believe that unaided the three men would have survived even
if they had reached One Ton Depôt. There was no chance of thorough
rest there, and nothing else could have saved them. At their slow rate
of marching they were still ten days from Discovery Hut, and such a
period of exposure would have been too much for them. Their journey
was a supreme struggle against all the powers of Nature, and when all
human effort had been expended they succumbed, winning a deathless
renown which has aroused the envy of all brave men and the admiration
of the world.
On their last few marches, when everything was fighting against them,
they kept the specimens gathered by Wilson at the head of the
Beardmore Glacier. Scott writes, “The geological specimens carried at
Wilson’s request will be found with us or on our sledge.” It is
pleasant to think that these specimens, which must have a greater
sentimental value than any others of their kind, have also a greater
scientific value than any hitherto obtained in the Antarctic. At the
Australian meetings of the British Association Professor Seward gave
two lectures dealing with the fossil leaves which they contained.
Perfect examples of the fern-like plant _Glossopteris_ were
preserved—closely related to those occurring in India, Australia,
South Africa, and South America. In fact, this plant is the emblem of
the ancient continent of Gondwanaland; and the Polar specimens give
positive and invaluable evidence of the condition of the world in
Permo-Carboniferous times, of a sort which can truly be called
epoch-making.
I can here give no account of the doings of the small band during the
last months spent by the expedition in Antarctica. The record of the
survey of Erebus by Priestley and Debenham and of the search for the
Polar party can be read in other volumes.
However the world knew nothing of this disaster until the ship
returned in February, 1913. Remembering the pleasure I had felt from
Professor David’s gift of “Queed,” I sent down a few books by the ship
in the preceding December. In each case I tried to suit the
recipient’s taste. Thus Nelson received “Queed” (Harrison); to Wright
I sent “Marriage” (Wells); to Cherry “The Dreadnought on the Darling,”
in memory of his Australian travels. To Debenham and Uncle Bill I sent
books in the writing of which I had had a part. To Bowers (in the
character of “Farmer Hayseed”) I sent Bean’s fine book “On the
Wooltrack”; and to Priestley, “We of the Never Never” (Gunn).
Atkinson, I hope, had a fellow-feeling for pugilist “Shorty McCabe”;
while Gates would have been carried back to Africa by “The Dop
Doctor.” I knew Rex Beach would attract Gran—so he was furnished with
“The Silver Horde.”
I was carrying out a geological survey at the Federal capital, and in
the solitary evenings I managed to pile up a huge budget of letters
for my returning mates. Some of them, alas! were returned unopened.
In February Bernard Day reached Australia and was in Sydney with me
when we heard the sad news. I had never anticipated any serious
accident to the Pole party—chiefly, I expect, because Shackleton had
managed to pull through safely. But I should not have been surprised
to hear of disaster in Campbell’s northern party, for no one had lived
through a winter in such fashion before.
A solemn service was held in the Cathedral at Sydney, and later at a
meeting to initiate a memorial fund, Professor David gave an eloquent
justification of Antarctic exploration and paid a touching tribute to
the characters of the lost men. As a result of similar appeals in this
and other states, the Empire contributed most generously to the
Captain Scott Fund.
The Federal Government kindly granted me leave to collaborate with the
scientific members in London; and Priestley and I returned home in the
_Mongolia_. We arrived in London in time for the Albert Hall meeting
in May. Commander Evans here described to the large and deeply
interested audience the chief features of the 1910 Antarctic
Expedition.
The office in Victoria Street was the rendezvous of the surviving
members of the Expedition, who were nearly all reunited within the
next month or two. Simpson was too busy in India to visit England, Day
was in Sydney; but with these exceptions we were all present at
Buckingham Palace when the King’s medal was presented in July. The men
under Lieutenant Rennick marched from Victoria Street, and joined the
officers in the Palace. Here we were marshalled in three lines—naval
officers, scientific and other officers, and seamen. Lady Scott and
Mrs. Wilson, Mrs. Bowers, Mrs. Evans, and Mrs. Brissenden,[12] were
received first by His Majesty. The others were presented by Prince
Louis of Battenberg, and as each advanced the King shook hands, gave
him the medal, and said a word or two.
We returned to the Caxton Hall, and after drinking some farewell
healths, the expedition, as a whole, was disbanded.
But the scientific work will take several years to complete, and
thanks to the generosity of the public, the means for carrying this
out are adequate. No less than £75,000 was placed at the disposal of
the Committee, while in addition to this the Government is paying out
various sums from the Pension Fund.
Some £34,000 was allocated from the Public Fund to the widows and
dependants of the lost explorers. A bonus was paid to the officers and
men; the debt of the Expedition was paid, and £17,500 was set apart
for the publication of the scientific results.
Some £18,000 remains for a memorial to the men who died. Of this
amount half will be expended on a suitable monument, which will
probably be placed in Hyde Park, and on a tablet in Saint Paul’s. The
balance will be devoted to an endowment fund in aid of future Polar
research. “This is an object which it is believed would have commended
itself greatly to the late Captain Scott.” So concludes the report of
the Mansion House Committee.
This narrative began amid the Colleges of Cambridge, and may very
fittingly close there. Dear Uncle Bill will never return to his rooms
in Caius College; but on the old archway through which he reached his
quarters, are blazoned the names of Wright and Debenham. For Debenham
has joined Caius, and “keeps” just below his sledge-mate, between the
Gates of Wisdom and Honour.
In a spacious room in the Old Court of John’s, Lillie ponders over
problems of Antarctic Biology. Priestley is a Fellow Commoner of
Christ’s, and for a time I had diggings in the Hostel at Emmanuel.
Priestley and I “kept” almost next door to each other, and almost
always had our meals together; and during the day Debenham joined us
in the huge “Antarctic Room” in the Sedgwick Museum. Here the
specimens from the South were labelled, sectioned, and described. Here
often appeared Wright and sometimes Lillie, while Pennell, Nelson,
Atkinson, and others visited us not infrequently.
The various researches are being carried out under the supervision of
the British Museum authorities, while Captain H. G. Lyons is acting as
general editor of the scientific publications.
I have finished. In this account I have tried to show that a Polar
expedition is a microcosm in its own peculiar way. Here are labours of
a strenuous type, but not insuperable in the main. Here are dangers
which the city dweller never meets, but which lose half their terrors
with familiarity. Here are pleasures—like the labours and the
danger—more concentrated than those met with in times of ease. Here,
lastly, is fellowship, which is the chiefest charm of exploration.
It is a truism to declare that friends of the sledge-trace and
sleeping-bag are friends for aye. My mates, in the 1910 Expedition,
have forged yet a closer bond for our future sledge journeys. When
this cruel war is past, we trust that Priestley will join forces with
a relative of Debenham’s, while Wright and I have started anew on
life’s journey with Priestley’s sisters to help us in the traces!
I shall, in all probability, never again see the Antarctic; but my
advice to any volunteer, who has that opportunity offered him, is to
take it. Especially is this the case if he be a scientist or writer,
for the present tendencies of modern life are all opposed to the
multiplication of such experiences. Only in Polar lands is to be found
the joy of a “real return to the primitive,” in association with the
best types of strenuous youth. There, if anywhere, is life worth
while, and effort sure of recognition. To few explorers is it given to
serve under a leader with Scott’s kindly sympathy for every detail of
his work; but after each and every expedition, the heavy cloud of
discomforts, dangers, and disaster gradually fades from memory, and
nought remains but the brightness of the silver lining.
[Illustration:
MAP OF THE REGION TRAVERSED ON THE WESTERN JOURNEYS 1911 AND 1912 FROM
SURVEYS BY GRIFFITH TAYLOR, B.Sc., B.E., B.A., F.G.S., FRANK
DEBENHAM, B.A., B.Sc., & CHARLES WRIGHT, B.A.
EXPLANATORY NOTE
_The Southern portion of the map is based on theodolite angles, the
Northern portion on plane-table angles. The Topography is drawn from
sketches, photographs, and aneroid readings. The upper Mackay region
and the Mount Lister scarp, are based on distant angles. The_
“Discovery” _map has been incorporated for portion of the
Ferrar-Taylor area_.
GRIFFITH TAYLOR 23.9.13.
_The boundaries of the ice and rock in the Lister cairn are only
indicated approximately._
]
APPENDIX
RECENT AND FUTURE EXPLORATION
[Illustration:
Period 1898–1908 (based on H. R. Mill).
]
[Illustration:
Period 1908–1914
]
Recent and future exploration.
APPENDIX
RECENT AND FUTURE EXPLORATION
Hugh Robert Mill has given a masterly account of Antarctic Exploration
in his work “The Siege of the South Pole.” He deals fully with the
voyages which took place before Shackleton’s great exploit. I have
found it so difficult myself to get a comprehensive idea of the later
expeditions that I have drawn the two charts shown herewith. If we
divide Antarctica into four quadrants (as shown in Fig. A) we see that
no expedition among the eleven charted has attacked the African
quadrant, and only two (Amundsen and Charcot) have explored the
Pacific quadrant. A survey of these maps shows that two great problems
as regards the sixth continent are still unsolved. First, Is there a
low-level, ice-covered strait connecting the floating Barrier seen by
Filchner in the Weddell Sea with that crossed by Amundsen south of the
Ross Sea?
In a paper published by the Royal Geographical Society in October,
1914, I have advanced arguments in support of this possibility. We
hope that Shackleton, in his forthcoming journey between Filchner’s
and Scott’s bases, will answer the question.
The other problem deals with the character of Antarctica to the west
of Enderby Land, for the whole coast-line south of Africa is unknown.
One can only hope that some future leader following Mawson’s example
will set aside all idea of transcontinental journeys, and devote his
energies to detailed coastal surveys, which are infinitely more
profitable from the purely scientific standpoint. However, under
present political conditions there is little chance of any extensive
work succeeding Shackleton’s present enterprise until several years
have elapsed.
I have, however, felt that it would be useful to collect the results
of my experiences in the Antarctic in so far as they touch details of
scientific equipment. These may be grouped under the following heads:
(1) Personnel; (2) Tents and Sledging Stoves; (3) Notebooks; (4)
Instruments; (5) Cameras; (6) Clothing; (7) Food.
_Personnel._—It may be that I am prejudiced by training, but to my
mind these _coastal_ parties should consist essentially of geologists,
who must be capable of using theodolite and plane-table. The refined
knowledge of an expert navigator or surveyor is wasted in such a
journey, where only the lunch hour or evening halt is available for a
hurried “round of angles.” The recognition of topographic forms should
be a specialty of modern geologists, if they have had an adequate
physiographic training, and (again, _me judice_) this is more probably
found in the geologist than in the naval officer or professional
surveyor.
It is unnecessary to point out that a biologist—whether botanist or
zoologist—would be wasted on such a journey. Most geologists, however,
have studied some botany and zoology, and are capable of collecting
such mosses and lichens, etc., as they may come across, and with a
little advice can make useful notes on the types and habits of the
fauna encountered.
(I am not here referring to the _Plateau or Inland journeys_, where
the main essentials in an explorer are a knowledge of navigation on
trackless plains, such as naval men obviously possess to a high
degree, coupled with indomitable pluck and endurance, in which they
also have an unrivalled record.)
Too little stress has been laid on ability to take successful
photographs and to make numerous sketches. The latter is
all-important. With practice quite valuable sketches can be made in
quarter of an hour, which are far ahead of any verbal description.
Outside these qualifications nothing is so essential as a cheery
temperament. It is worth more than strong biceps, for the latter
develops _en route_, while humour has a tendency to become diluted
after four months’ stiff sledging. Certainly the latter is not an
ideal environment for its birth and growth.
_Equipment for Scientific Coastal Exploration._—So far as the sledging
outfit is concerned, it would be difficult to improve on that provided
on Captain Scott’s Expedition. But I am sure that a dog team would
have enabled us to do twice as much work while along the coast. They
could, I feel sure, be left tethered at the coast for a week or so,
while inland journeys were made, with some provision of seal meat.
Probably they would eat all the food in the first few days, but in the
warmer summer months they could (and have been known to) exist without
food for many days after such a gorge. Seals are very abundant in
December, January, and February. For instance, in New Harbour we saw
two herds totalling about a hundred individuals.
_Iron Runners_ were undoubtedly of immense assistance to the Northern
party on _sticky_ sea-ice. We tried them on rugged glacier ice and
they were useless, for they had no “grip” at all, and on any sort of
slope would not follow the traces, but simply slid down the “dip” of
the ice.
_Tents._—The larger floorcloth was much preferable where many
instruments were carried. I should make it the full size of the
tentfloor and shut out all snow. In the ordinary pattern there was
over a foot margin inside the tent. A small tomahawk would be very
useful for cutting up seal meat. We had none. Also one of Priestley’s
small ice-picks would be well worth carrying if there were the
slightest risk of being abandoned, even for a month. The ice-axes were
not often used for their legitimate purpose of chipping steps. They
were certainly valuable as supports on the slippery glaciers, but
should have been stronger, even if it added a few pounds to the load.
The _Blubber Stove_ was worth its weight in gold. It was made by Day,
of sheet iron, and was simply a rectangular box, 18 inches long, and
about 10 by 10 inches in cross section. A round hole (about 8 inches
in diameter) was cut in the top. A chimney of sheet iron, about 3
inches diameter, was riveted in one end, and was about 4 feet high;
but we found that the length was not essential, as there was always
sufficient wind to make about 18 inches of chimney act.
The only objection to Day’s pattern was the door, which occupied the
other end of the oven and was hinged at the top. It would have been
better if the opening had been stiffened and the door also, so that it
would shut readily, even when the oven was warped and dinted.
More important still, there should have been a “sill” at least one
inch high to keep the blubber oil from all escaping from the floor of
the oven. We took a grid to carry the “fids” of blubber and asbestos
wicks, but they were unnecessary; the ashes from the burnt skin or
bits of bone acted as a suitable burning surface. We never needed to
“render” the blubber, but just fed it in its native state. This stove
must be completely sheltered from strong winds, and we built a granite
hut for its use. It cannot be used in the tent, for in spite of all
precautions it evolves the filthiest oily soot that ever disfigured
scientific notebooks.
_Note-Books._—Plain good paper with linen-covered cardboard backs,
opening sideways, with a loop and pencil and rubber tied on with
string. Take four thin books (8 × 5 or so) rather than one thick one.
For long panoramic sketches, fold down one inch of the right-hand page
and sketch over this fold, then the panorama can be sketched
continuously and to scale on the next pair of pages, and so on.
An ordinary geological hammer of medium weight, a small cold chisel
(wrapped in canvas to prevent it sticking to you), and a stout
rucksack are essential.
_Instruments._—The prismatic compass is almost useless for accurate
work in the magnetic area. Wright and I used two independently, and
found we differed about three or four degrees. This would not perhaps
matter for a very small area. The needle is extremely sluggish; but we
found them useful for route marching with thick snow falling, and one
should certainly be taken.
The plane-table is the instrument _par excellence_. Debenham deserves
great credit for taking one south, for Captain Scott was extremely
sceptical as to their value on sledge journeys. In open country with a
prominent peak (as a referring object) in the line of
traverse—conditions such as one always gets in coastal work—the
plane-table was extremely rapid and enabled Debenham to do excellent
work each day. For details of the geology of a cape or cliff area the
plane-table is simply magnificent.
A light theodolite (4-inch) was carried, of course, to tie on to
prominent distant peaks and for elevation and base-line measurements.
Latitude and longitude and sun azimuths were taken as checks on the
triangulation, which later in our journeys was tied on to Mount
Erebus.
_Cameras._—We had large experience with these, Debenham taking
Ponting’s place when the latter returned. We carried Zeiss and Goerz
panorama-stereoscope cameras. They had two grave faults for southern
work. The rubber focal plane shutters froze stiff, and used to crawl
down and then stop halfway, when one wished to give ¹⁄₅₀ a second!
Secondly, they were arranged for glass plates. In spite of advice
given me by Mawson and other photographers in the South, I am
convinced that a hundred films would give one ten times as many good
photos as _ten plates_, for plates get scratched and broken, and the
weight (the only important factor) is the same. When we went a long
side-tramp we always relied on the two _film_ cameras, and they
succeeded in producing many splendid photos, while the trouble of
changing plates at −20° F. (with your head inside a moulting fur
sleeping-bag) can be imagined by any one. For geologists I would
recommend the Goerz outfit with _front shutters_ and a film-pack
attachment. As it was, my exposures in a very expensive camera of this
type (guaranteed to give ¹⁄₁₅₀₀ of a second) were made by means of a
red cotton handkerchief presented to me by Charles Wright!
For physiographic details, a stereoscopic camera is _sine qua non_;
for topographic work a panorama camera is essential; for lantern
slides a ¼ plate is advisable. The two cameras I have specified fulfil
all these conditions, and both have, of course, magnificent lenses.
_Clothing._—No one altered the regulation rig very materially. The
geologists had to wear the strong corduroy trousers, which were hot
for sledging, because the rocks tore windproof to pieces. As it was,
mine were darned in fifty places with strong twine, and even so were
disintegrating when we were picked up. I did not carry my notebooks in
a case as Wilson preferred, for they slipped easily into the huge
pockets on the Wolsey knitted jacket. Aesthetics are perhaps out of
place when sledging, but some grey or brown colour would have been an
improvement on the white of these otherwise excellent jackets. The
white jackets soon gave us an even more filthy appearance than
necessary, and one sees too much snow and ice to appreciate white
clothing. A neutral colour would really have been a welcome object in
the view when sledging over the Barrier.
_Boots_ were, however, the one article in which the expedition was
weak. We had all sorts of ski-boots made of fine supple leather, but
nothing shod with nails to resist the granite moraines of the western
area. When damp, the nails which we inserted soon pulled out of the
soft leather. Real workmen’s Bluchers—size 12 to accommodate four
pairs of socks—are advisable. The uppers might be made less stiff; but
one’s legs are swathed in putties, so that matters little. Perhaps
professional Alpine boots of the right size might suffice; but plenty
of spare spikes and nails should be taken.
_Socks._—We took spare socks in our personal gear, but on the first
journey, owing to bad boots, we were always darning. On the second I
reinforced the heels of my outer socks with an oval patch of canvas
(about three inches long), and I never had to darn a pair.
These trivialities bulk extremely large on a sledging trip, so that I
make no apology for mentioning them.
_Crampons_ are illustrated in “Scott’s Last Expedition.” The canvas
tops acted admirably over the fur “finnesko.” I should prefer the
steel spikes to be even longer, and I should think they might be
screwed into the aluminium sole so that new spikes could be inserted.
They did not make the feet cold to any marked degree.
For use with the leather boots I liked the 1902 type of _Steig-eisen_.
These were strapped under the instep, and enabled me to walk with
great ease on slippery glacier ice, though some of the men found they
hurt the feet considerably, and so preferred to risk numerous tumbles.
_Food._—The regular ration of pemmican, biscuit and butter was grand,
and suited all our party. Chocolate, some flour for “thickers,” sugar,
tea and cocoa cannot be surpassed as the less important staples. I
should be inclined to issue a regular ration of simple condiments or
flavourings, especially if the party is going to live largely on seal
meat. Onion powder was worth its weight in gold, for we became very
tired of seal meat after several months. The latter is practically
tasteless (if it is not fishy!), but with onion powder, one did not
need a strong imagination to conjure up “steak and onions.” The meal
is often the only comfort when sledging, and these condiments weigh so
little that I think they might be issued.
The Primus and cookers worked very well indeed. We had no trouble in
six months, part of which consisted of extremely rough glacier work,
which was calculated to jolt to pieces the anatomy of anything less
staunchly built than a Hjorth primus.
INDEX
Adare, Cape, Borchgrevinck’s winter quarters, 79;
Campbell’s party at, 439
Air, ionization of registered, 279
Alcove Camp, described, 133–134;
Evans’ “whisker stones,” 137;
return to, 145
Algæ deposits, 136, 155, 296
Alph Avenue, 173
Alph River, 170, 172, 173
Alps, glacial erosion in, 8, 9
Amphipods, 360
Amundsen, chances discussed, 432–433;
news of his success, 434;
Gran’s prophecy, 434–435;
charts of his and Scott’s parties, 439, 441
Anchor, ice, 60;
method of fixing (sketch), 421
“Ancient cups” (sketch), 256
Anemometer, described, 220, 222
(sketch), 306
Antarctica, attraction of, 14;
ice erosion in, 14;
map showing recent expeditions, 37;
charts of recent and future exploration, 450;
personnel of coastal parties, 451;
notes on outfit, 452 _seq._
Anton, ignorance of English, 107;
accompanies Granite Harbour expedition, 332, 336, 339
Appetite when sledging, 124
Aptera, 381
Arch berg (sketch), 227;
photographed, 250
_Archeocyathinæ_, 256, 303;
Wright’s discovery of, 441
Arguments, in hut, 273–274
Armadillo Camp, 163
Armitage, Cape, _Discovery_ hut at, 189,
visited, 202–203
Arthropod, found, 303
Astronomy for travellers, 50–52
Atkinson, Dr. E. L., 4, 13;
his blubber stove, 63;
excavates _Discovery_ hut, 189;
institutes physical measurements, 225;
successes with fish trap, 240 241;
tests for scurvy, 245;
lecture on, 292–293;
meteor seen, 247;
lost in blizzard, 275 _seq._;
(sketch), 276;
landed at Hut Point, 422
Augites, on Observation Hill, 204;
at Flat Iron Rocks, 379
Aurora Australis, first seen, 203;
watch instituted, 226;
observation of, 231–232
Australian harbours, geology of, 23;
maps, 24
Avalanche Bay, 352
Balleny Isles, 427
Balloon Meteorograph, described, 234;
(sketch), _ib._;
results obtained, 425
Barne, Cape, 85
Barne Glacier, cliff-like edge of, 88;
first crossing, 103 _seq._;
features of, 220;
movement noted, 322–323
Barrier, first sighted, 81;
height of, 82
Barrier shudder, 151, 313
Bath, on board _Terra Nova_, 45;
hot, 75, 416
Beacon Sandstone, 131;
worm burrows in, 148;
not of desert origin, _ib._;
debris, 385
Beardmore Glacier, fossils from, 10,
(sketches) 255, 256, 257, 444;
Taylor’s lecture on, 255;
sponge corals from, 256;
_Glossopteris_ from, 444
Beaufort Island, 85
Beaumont, Sir Lewis, gift of books, 283
Bernacchi, Cape, depôt, 341;
minerals found, 341;
camp at, 409
Bets, currency used, 163, 369
Bicycling, in Alps in winter, 4;
in Antarctica, 315, 316
Biological station at South Bay, 262
Bird, Mt., 334
Birds, catching, 55;
shooting, 61
Black Sand Beach, rolled pebbles on, 320
Blizzards, signs of, 157;
snow in, 158;
wind velocity, 251, 279, 293;
explorer in (sketch), 263;
higher temperatures during, 293, 295, 363 _seq._;
thick drift of, 294;
local nature of, 319
“Blizzometer,” 220, 222
Blubber, as food, 158, 176, 455;
fork for (sketch), 176
Blubber-lamp (sketch), 201
Blubber-stove, Dr. Atkinson’s, 63;
in _Discovery_ hut (sketch), 193;
at Cape Geology, 358;
difficulties of, 403;
value of, 453
Blue Glacier, snout examined, 153;
surroundings of, 154;
dangerous surface of, 411
Bonney, Lake, 8, 134, 136, 139, 145
Bonney, Professor, 8, 134
Bonney Riegel, 134, 136
Books, discussed, 50;
stock of, in hut, 282
Boots, damaged, 117, 128, 153;
sketch of worn, 154;
“browning” the, _ib._;
sealskin “brogans” for (sketch), 159;
cause sore heel, 169;
method of cobbling; 253;
Oates’ hobnails, 309;
crampons for, 322–323;
thawed, 333;
“ironclads,” 373;
(sketch), _ib._;
best type for Antarctica, 455
Borchgrevinck, winter at Cape Adare, 79
Botany Bay, 371
Bowers, Lieut. H. R., first meeting with, 9;
adrift on sea-ice, 197–198;
as geologist, 199;
lectures by, 250, 300;
Christmas tree, 268 seq.;
Cape Crozier expedition, 270, 285 _seq._;
Polar books read, 283;
provisions bagged, 294;
list of stores for Granite Harbour expedition, 332
Breadmaker, Clissold’s electrical (sketch), 216
Bruce, Lieut. Wilfred, 76
Buckle Island, 427
Burdens, various methods of carrying, 138
Butter Point, name and description, 117;
depôt, 120;
ice breaks up, 152;
Taylor’s camp at, 338;
depôt damaged by weather, 410
Camera, “mousetrap,” 121, 289;
(sketch), _ib._, 296;
damaged by sun, 377.
_See also under_ Photography
Campbell, V. L. A., independent command of, 6;
stores for Eastern Party, 66;
attempted relief of, 421, 423;
winter at Evans Coves, 442
Castle Rock, composition of, 186;
described, 206
Cathedral Rocks, appearance of, 127;
depôt at, 150
Catspaw Glacier, 132
Cavendish Icefalls, 148–149
_Cephalodiscus_, 418
“Chad,” Lake, 145
Chanties, 48
Charcot, Dr., 264, 451
Cheetham, 75
Cherry-Garrard, A., gifts to comrades, 13;
penguin skinning, 66;
adrift on sea-ice, 197–198;
editor of _South Polar Times_, 231, 233, 265 _seq._;
hut-building by, 262;
Cape Crozier expedition, 270, 285 _seq._
Chess, 271, 384, 400
Christchurch, N.Z., Expedition offices at, 23
Christmas on _Terra Nova_, 73–74
Cinematograph, tabular berg recorded, 59;
subjects for, 89;
football played for, 321
Cleveland Glacier, 384
Clissold, T., his electrical breadmaker (sketch), 216;
fall from iceberg, 316
Clothing, Antarctic, 6;
on _Terra Nova_, 36–37;
windproof, 120;
Wilson’s nose-guard, 262;
Bowers’ lecture on, 300 _seq._;
Taylor’s notes on, 454.
_See also under_ Boots, Socks, Goggles
Clove hitch, with one hand (sketch), 163
Coal, loading of, 39–40;
found in Antarctica, 388, 392
“Cold Feet” stalactites, 287
Commonwealth Glacier, 143
Cook, Mt., and the Matterhorn, 25 _seq._
Cook, his duties on sledge journey, 121;
methods, 350–351
Copepods, in Polar seas, 74
Copper pyrites found, 309
Coral, sponge, from Beardmore Glacier (sketch), 256
Coral-reef surface, 121, 128
_Corethron_, staining of floes by, 74
Corner Camp, Evans’ journey to, 193
Course, the, 233
Crater Heights, origin of moraines on, 197
Crampons, 322–323, 455
Crevasses, 152, 353, 375, 406
Crow’s nest, 35–36
Crozier, Cape, desired as headquarters, 80;
visited by boat, 83;
midwinter expedition to, 271–272, 285 _seq._
Cuff Cape, 376
Current meter, 68
Cwms (armchair valleys), 127;
formation of, 136;
on Davis Glacier, 161;
on Mt. Lister, 167, 340;
theory of, 174 _seq._;
diagrams, 175
Cycle of life in Polar seas, 74–75, 83–84;
rhyme, 84
Dailey Island, 177, 178
Danger Slope, 113, 186
David, Professor F. W. E., work under, 7;
advice by, 10;
letter by, found, 105, 120, 142, 257, 346, 416, 445
Davis Bay, 158
Davis Glacier, 161;
(sketch), _ib._
Davis, Professor W. M., 8, 160
Day, B. C., 9, 66, 85;
binding for _South Polar Times_, 254, 265;
lecture on motor sledges, 264;
ingenious turning, 307;
difficulties with motor sledges, 322 _seq._;
dangerous journey of, 440–441
Debenham, Frank, 11, 66;
visits Inaccessible Island, 95;
geological and photographic work, 119;
black lava found, 134;
as cook, 176, 350;
frostbitten, 179;
painting, 248;
collection of sixpenny novels, 283;
Cape Evans mapped, 295;
long-distance geology, 307;
Tent Island explored, 311, 316;
trip to Shackleton’s hut, 319 _seq._;
knee strained, 321;
excellent sight of, 369;
coal found, 388;
value of plane-table, 453
Debris cones, 296, 297, 385
Demetri, 91
Dennistoun, Mr. J., 416, 424
Descent Pass, 127, 130, 151
Devil’s Punch Bowl, and Thumb, sketch-map of region, 376;
features of, 378
Dewdrop Glacier, 378
Diatoms, 74
_Discovery_, pack crossed, 78
Discovery Bluff, 371
_Discovery_ Hut, condition of, 106;
compared with Shackleton’s hut, 113;
described, 189 _seq._;
environs of (sketch), 190;
plan of (sketch), 191;
difficult approach to, 192;
blubber stove at (sketch), 193;
routine at, 194;
literature at, 195;
storm at, 196;
sleeping quarters, 198;
sunsets at, 199;
Scott’s visit to, 216, 223.
_See also under_ Hut Point
Distances deceptive, 150
Dogs, Antarctic born, recognise water, 10;
put on board _Terra Nova_, 30;
hangar for on ship, 46;
character of, 52, 281, 290;
exercised on floes, 69;
and penguins, 69, 88, 91;
and seals, 116, 332;
“rifle-pits” for, at Hut Point, 193;
“Macaca” found, 260;
puppies born, 290
Dog-sledging, 91;
Scott, 106;
Taylor, 115
Dog-teams, Peary’s use of, 9;
guided by voice, 69, 91, 116
Dolerite sills, 131
Double Curtain Glacier, 125–126
Drake, F. R. H., 66, 428
Dry Valley, 9, 130, 132, 142 _seq._;
Lt. Evans’ chart of, 280
Dun Glacier, 131
Dunlop Island, minerals found on, 309;
features of, 344
Earth, shape deduced, 272, 279
England, Mt., 380
Erebus, Mt., compared to Vesuvius, 85;
appearance of steam cloud on, 88, 218, 281
(sketch), _ib._; 295, 325, 346;
crevasses on, 189;
signs of heat from, 217;
activity of, 288
Erosion: frost, 380:
glacial, study of in Alps, 8–9, 14;
problem in Antarctica, 14–15;
in New Zealand Alps, 23–29, 120, 132;
stages of, 133;
wind action, 134, 145;
on Taylor Glacier, 136;
no lateral in Antarctica, 148;
on Mackay Glacier, 377:
water, 138, 159;
at Tent Island, 311
Erratic (sketch), 387
Euchre, 302
Euphausia, 63, 65, 75
Evans, Cape, named, 86;
site described, 87, 215;
sketch of, 90;
landing at, 89 _seq._;
lakes at, 87, 215;
plan of hut at, 212;
music at, 223;
magnetic variation at, 261;
pull of gravity at, 279;
physiographic features of, 298 _seq._;
map of, 299;
ice-forms at, 310–311;
_Terra Nova’s_ return to, 418
Evans Coves, 439, 441
Evans, Lieut. E. R. G. R., 6, 9;
journey to Corner Camp, 193;
chart of Dry Valley, 280;
coast survey by, 295;
trip to first depôts, 313;
attacked by scurvy, 421, 442
Evans, Edgar, P.O., 5, 137;
“Football Fields” named, 139;
straw hat, 145;
a fall, 148;
former expedition, 151;
and literature, 151, 284, 302;
on Blue Glacier, 153;
humour of, 153, 157;
one-handed clove-hitch, 163;
as steersman, 165;
loses a bet, 171;
imaginary frostbite, 182;
on blizzards, 185;
prudence of, on Danger Slope, 186;
lessons in cobbling given, 253;
(sketch), _ib._;
as bezique player, 259
Eyes, effect of Antarctica on, 49
Felspar, from Erebus, sketch of, 145
Fern, sketch of fossil, from Beardmore Glacier, 444
Ferrar Glacier, former accident on, 75;
explored, 121–131;
surface altered since 1902, 129;
movement of, 151, 202, 309;
shape of ice at mouth of, 257–258;
Scott’s trip to, 304, 309
Ferrar, Mr. H. T., on ice-slabs, 162
First View Point, 349
“First Western Expedition,” 113 _seq._
Fish, caught by floe, 70;
_Notothenia_, 97;
in ice, 180,202;
remains of, on glacier, 164, 165;
trap for, 240–241;
parasites in _Notothenia_, 241;
caught, 251;
fossils of, found, 386
_Flagellata_, at Cape Evans, 215
Flat Iron, 377;
unusual minerals on, 379;
survey of, and composition, 392
Flea, primitive, 125
Food, biscuit packing, 119;
allowance on sledge journeys, 335;
cooking of, 350–351;
suggestions for, 455;
Football in Antarctica, 236, 238, 247;
for cinematograph, 321
“Football Fields,” 139
Forde, R., P.O., attacked by gangrene, 313, 331;
cave discovered, 352;
reservoir constructed, 354,
(sketch), _ib._;
as seal butcher, 355;
as cook, 360;
and literature, 363;
snow-blindness, 408
Foraminifera (_Orbulina_), 68, 74
Fossils, from Beardmore Glacier, 10, 255 _seq._;
sketches of, 255–257;
on Gondola Ridge, 386
Frostbite, pain of, 116;
Taylor’s toe, 202;
Forde’s hand, 313, 331
Games in Antarctica, 271.
_See also_ Football, Euchre, Chess
Geology, Cape, blubber stove at, 358;
view from (sketch), 374
George, Lake, rain gauge in, 240
Glacial erosion. _See_ Erosion
Glacier Tongue, nature of, 113;
bulbous icicles on, 117;
sea-ice broken away from, 189;
broken fragments from, 309, 342;
features of, 315;
waved edge of (sketch), 316
Glaciers, of New Zealand visited, 25 _seq._;
map, 27;
of Antarctica, organic remains on, 127, 177;
tables, 132;
twin, 130, 149;
in Luzern valley
(sketch), _ib._;
movement measured, 151, 202, 309
Glasson, 7
Glenroy, parallel roads of, 160, 296
Globigerina ooze, 75
_Glossopteris_ from Beardmore Glacier (sketch), 444
Gneiss Point, 342
Goggles, fogging of, 335;
benefit of amber glasses, 369
Gold, washing for, 145
“Golden Stairs,” 233
_Gomphocephalus_, found at Granite Harbour, 356
(sketch), _ib._;
Lillie’s catch of, 418
Gondola Ridge, 384;
fish fossils on, 386;
sketch of, 391
Gramophone records, at Cape Evans, 265
Gran, Lieut. Tryggve, former experiences, 13;
as ski expert, 68, 69;
and white magic, 76;
ice caves discovered, 230;
guesses at _South Polar Times_ authors, 278;
debris cones dissected, 297;
ski slope constructed, 312;
birthday present to Taylor, 357;
as cook, 357;
latitude and longitude, simple method of calculating, 357;
sea-kale planted, 370;
golden mica found, 377;
midsummer bathe in open air, 378;
as surgeon, 379;
Mt. Suess circumnavigated, 388;
birthday ode, 401;
prophecy of Amundsen’s success, 434–435
Granite, on Dunlop Island, 309
Granite Harbour, expedition to 321, 331 _seq._;
Bowers’ list of stores for 332;
reached, 348;
seals at, 353;
pressure ridges in sea-ice (sketch), 361
Gravity, pull of, at Cape Evans, 279
Grummets, 409
Gully Bay, algæ deposits above, 296
Hair clipping, 38
Harbours, Australian, geology of, 23;
maps, 24
Hat, straw, 146
Heald Island, 167–169
Hedley Glacier, 131
Hjort’s Hill, 409
Hobbs Glacier, 158–159
Hooker Glacier, 28;
Horses, Oates’ lectures on, 246–247.
_See also under_ Ponies
Hut, building of, 98 _seq._;
map of locality, 107;
life at, _ib._;
interior arrangement of, 108
Hut Point, geological sketch of, 114–115;
arrival at, 186;
seals killed at, 192;
wind at, 196;
difficult approach to, 192;
telephone to, 319.
_See also under_ _Discovery_ Hut.
Ice, pack: met, 58;
scene in, 60;
width of, 76, 78;
pressure blocks, 77;
map of course through, 77
Ice problems, Wright’s lecture on, 248
Ice-age, future (sketch), 281
Ice-anchor, 60; method of fixing (sketch), 421
Icebergs: the first, 56;
origin of various kinds, 56, 59;
watch for, 57, 64, 75, 427;
effect of wind on, 59;
sketches of, 64;
a white-back, 70, 71;
Tunnel berg, 96,
(sketch), 97;
mistaken for islands, 345;
various shapes of, 347;
flexure of (sketch), 403
Ice-forms: pancake, 58, 60, 77;
sunholes, 93
(sketch), _ib._; 121;
coral-reef surface, 121, 128;
topsy-turvy icicles, 124;
fan crystals, 124, 128;
arabesques, 126, 132, 291;
plough-share, 128, 148, 162;
thumb marks, 148;
ice-falls, 148, 149;
slabs, 155, 162;
bottle-glass, 156, 384;
glass-house, 156, 157, 162, 384; various, 163;
armadillo, 163; frozen park, 164;
honeycomb, 165;
Stonehenge, 168;
stalactites, 170;
caves formed by crevasses, 230;
at Cape Evans, 310–311;
crystals, 288–289;
screw-pack, 338–339
Ice-houses, 101, (sketch), 102
Inaccessible Island, visited, 95, 287;
direction of blizzards on, 294;
wind-ridge on (sketch), 294
Infusoria, 74
Instruments, value of various, 453–454
Invertebrates, Nelson’s lecture on, 303
Ionization of the air, registered, 279
Island Lake, 233
“Jam-jar,” 128
_Jeannette_, 283
Kar Plateau, 365;
granite cliffs (sketch), 375
Kea Point, 28
Keerweer Camp, 179
Kenyte, 87;
felspar in, 145;
on Land’s End moraine, 291;
at Cape Bernacchi, 309
Killer-whales, attacks on men, 75, 95, 152;
on ponies, 198
Knob Head Mountain, features of, 149;
magnetic variation at, 261
Koettlitz Glacier, moraine deposit from, 160;
explored, 167–173;
stream from, 168
Kukri Hills, 127;
coaly debris, 134;
Wales Glacier named, 143;
age of rocks, 146–147;
cwm valleys on, 340;
camp below, 409
Lacroix Glacier, 140,
(sketch), _ib._, 162
Lakes, at Cape Evans, 87;
_Flagellata_ in, 215
Land’s End, features of, 230;
named, 233
Lashley, W., former experiences, 75;
Polar journey, 442
Lateral moats. _See_ Moats
Latitude and longitude, simple method of calculating, 357
Lectures, list of winter, 229
Levick, Dr. G. M., 49;
and seal-killing, 120;
penguin studies, 439
Lichens, at Cape Geology, 360, 387
Lillie, D. G., former adventures, 7;
caricatures by, 65;
collections made, 418
Lister, Mt., 127
Literature, on sledge journeys, 151.
_ See also under_ Books
Lots, novel method of drawing, 357
Luzern, Lake, formed by twin glaciers, 130, 149
Lyons, Capt. H. G., 447
Lyttelton, reached, 11, 21;
geology of, 23;
experiences at, 23;
return to, 435
Mackay Glacier, 348, 353;
ice tongue, 359, 365;
tongue movement measured, 373, 375, 395;
erosion on, 377;
journey over, 382 _seq._
Mackellar, Mr., gift of books, 283
McMurdo Sound, 85
Magic, white, 76
Magnetic needle, dip calculated, 261
Magnetic variation. _See_ Variation
Marble Cape, 342
Marine animals in sea-ice, 177
Markham, Sir Clements, gift of books, 283
Marr, Dr., 3
Matterhorn, 25 _seq._;
the Antarctic, 25;
described, 145
Mawson, Dr., 5, 7, 9
Meares, C. H., dogs and ponies collected, 11;
and dog sledges, 69;
penguin-charmer, 72;
return from Hut Point, 245;
Barrier journey, 440–441
Melbourne, Mt., 418
Meteorograph, balloon. _See_ Balloon
Meteorology, Simpson’s lecture on, 288;
station routine, 305
Mica, golden, found, 377
Microscopic life, 74
Midnight sun. _See_ Sun
Midwinter Day celebrations, 264 _seq._
Mill, Hugh Robert, 451
Mirabilite, 155;
evidence of upheaval, _ib._
Moats, lateral, 126, 134, 147, 377;
measured, 147–148
Monteagle, Mt., 79
Moraines, medial, 146, 387;
silt, 155, 156;
crater lakes in, 156;
on Crater Heights, origin of, 197;
Gondola Ridge, 386–387;
“road metal,” 410;
Strand, 410;
Archæocyathine fossil in, 441
_Morning_, voyage of, 58;
pack crossed, 78
Morse Code, key-words, 35
Mosses, at Cape Geology, 360, 393
Motor-sledges. _See under_ Sledges
Mueller Glacier, 28
Murchison Glacier, 26
Music, on _Terra Nova_, 48;
at Cape Evans, 223, 254
Nansen, Mt., 418
Natrolite, found, 379
Nelson, E. W., 7;
tow-net captures, 65;
soundings at Cape Evans, 249;
biological station, 262;
“star performer” at games of skill, 271;
propensity to argument, 273;
sounding tackle frozen in, 293;
lecture on invertebrates, 303;
accompanies Granite Harbour expedition, 332, 336, 339
New Glacier, 377;
erosion on, 380–381
New Harbour, crossed, 340;
signs of 1902 expedition, 409
New Year’s Day on _Terra Nova_, 79
New Zealand Alps, ice conditions in, 23–29
Nicknames of the officers, 213
_Nimrod_, 21
North Bay, 233
_Notothenia_, in ice, 97, 180, 202, 203;
eye lens, 98;
parasites in, 241
“Nursery,” the, 46, 66
Nussbaum, Dr., 9
Nussbaum, Mt., 143
Oates, Capt. L. E. G., 13, 66;
sackcloth helmet (sketch), 200;
bunk built by, 227;
lectures on horses, 246–247;
taste in literature, 283, 284;
departure on Southern Journey, 326
Observation Hill, telephone to, 101;
Scott’s cross on, 113;
augite crystals on, 204
Ocean soundings. _See_ Soundings
Officers, travels of, 242;
maps, 12;
list of, 15 _seq._;
nicknames of, 213;
musical abilities, 223;
physical measurements of, 225, 248;
occupations in the hut, 248–249;
list of returning, 424;
presented to King George, 446
_Orca gladiator._ _See_ Killer-whales
Organic remains on glacier, 127
Overflow Glacier, 127, 128
Pack ice. _See under_ Ice
“Paddock,” the, 233
Palimpsest theory of glacial valleys, 174 _seq._;
diagrams, 175
Parasites in _Notothenia_, 241
Park Lane Camp, 164
Parties, list of, 15 _seq._
Paton, 75, 85
Peary, Commander, lecture by, 9
Pendulums, ice grotto for, 278–279;
show pull of gravity, 279
Penguins: Adelie, first seen, tricks of, 64;
Emperor, first seen, 71;
contents of stomach, 71;
frozen in, 82;
on Ferrar Glacier, 127–128;
hardness of bones, 128;
swimming, 154;
at Cape Crozier, 271, 286;
eggs examined, 325;
hunting on floes, 72;
appearance of swimming, 85;
spoor of (sketch), 94;
Wilson’s lecture on, 244–245
Pennell, Lieut. H. L. L., 34, 66, 76, 423
Perched Block (sketch), 387
Pets on _Terra Nova_, 53, 428
Photography, in field work, 119;
Taylor’s outfit, 224;
Antarctic, 224, 452.
_See also under_ Camera
Physical measurements of officers, 225, 248
Piedmont Glacier, 152 seq., 342, 345, 405
Ponies, landing of, 89;
“Hackenschmidt,” 89, 100;
“Blücher,” 101;
“Guts,” 101;
“Weary Willy,” 101;
lost on sea-ice, 197–198;
Oates’ lectures on, 246–247;
verminous, 278;
arrangement of on Southern Journey, 325
Ponting, H. G., 11, 70;
and killer-whales, 95;
and Tunnel berg, 96;
work at Cape Evans, 214, 215, 250;
lecture on Burmah, 242;
cinematograph films exhibited, 282;
lantern slides exhibited, 295;
coaches Scott and Bowers in photography, 304;
successful studies obtained, 440
Port Chalmers, 35
Potholes, 282, 383
Pram (Norwegian dinghy), 61, 62, 72
Pram Point, 202
Prestrud (Amundsen’s lieutenant), 440
Priestley, R. E., 10, 85;
old footprints of, found, 286;
ice-notes, 439
Pulpit Rock (sketch), 370
Pumps, choked in storm, 42;
plan of, _ib._
Quartz found, 309
“Quick runs,” in magnetic work, 261
Ramp, the, named, 233;
origin of debris cones on, 296;
cones dissected, 297,
(sketch), _ib._;
composition of, 298
Range-finder for icebergs, 46, 57
Referring Facet, 384
Rennick, Lieut. H. E. de P., 4, 34, 66, 76
Riegels, 134, 136, 141, 143
Roberts, Cape, features of, 399;
camp at, 400 _seq._;
depôt left at, 406
Rocks, age of (sketch), 147;
sedimentary, near Taylor Glacier, 141;
solitary, 132–133, 147
Ross Island, sketch-map, 81;
survey of, 85;
_Discovery_ hut on, 189
Round Valley, 144–145
Royal Society Range, 127
Royds, Cape, Shackleton’s hut at, 105–106;
Taylor’s visit to, 260
Sabine, Mt., 79
Sails, Bay of, 343
Salmon Peak, 160
Schizopods, 75
Science men as seamen, 35, 424
_Scotia_, 46
Scott, Captain R. F., 4;
first impressions of, 5;
old adventure on Ferrar Glacier, 75;
visits Hut Point, 106; geological sketch of Hut Point, 114;
facsimile of sledging orders, 122–123;
One Ton depôt laid, 189;
variety of interests, 196;
journey to Cape Evans, 207 _seq._;
takes party to _Discovery_ hut, 216, 223;
Sunday services at Cape Evans, 225;
institutes aurora watch, 226;
main features of winter quarters named, 233;
lecture on Plans of the Expedition, 241–242;
belief in discussions, 248;
discussion on Ferrar Glacier, 257–258;
speech at Midwinter Day dinner, 268;
Taylor Glacier named, 280;
taste in literature, 283, 325;
trip to Ferrar Glacier, 304, 309;
Taylor’s summer plans discussed, 311;
Taylor’s sledging orders, 321;
departure on Southern Journey, 325;
charts of his and Amundsen’s parties, 439, 441, 442;
hardest day’s work, 440;
reason of disaster to, 443–444
Scurvy, Atkinson’s tests for, 245;
his lecture on, 292–293;
Lt. Evans attacked by, 421, 442
Sea, winter temperature of, 262
Seal Rock, 233
Seals, crab-eater, 62–63, 65;
flensing, 63, 358;
killing, first experiences, 116, 120;
twenty miles up glacier, 141, 167–168;
lassoed, 155;
killed at Hut Point, 192, 196;
method of enlarging ice-holes, 317,
(sketch), _ib._;
and dogs, 116, 332;
at Gneiss Point, 342;
at Granite Harbour, 353;
method of butchering, 355;
meat as substitute for pemmican, 360
Sedimentary Rocks. _See_ Rocks
Seward, Professor, 3, 444
Shell, found on Ferrar Glacier, 125
Simpson, Dr. G. C., 5, 13, 66;
meteorological instruments, 221;
balloons sent up, 234
(sketch), _ib._;
lectures by, 236, 288;
magnetic work, 261;
return of sun first seen, 295;
value of weather records, 440
_Siphonophora_, 262
Sketching, Wilson’s lecture on, 251–253;
value of, in Antarctica, 452;
notebooks for, 453
Ski, 68, 293
Ski-ing, learning on the floes, 69;
on Erebus slopes, 103
Skua gulls, mode of killing, 11, 100;
young learning to fly, 179;
quarrelsome nature of, 355, 399;
eggs obtained, 372, 378;
sketch of embryo, 373;
signs of intellect in, 380
Skua Lake, 233
Sledge diary, 181 _seq._
Sledge-flags, 49, 73
Sledge foods, Bowers’ lecture on, 250
Sledges, loads of, on First Journey, 117–119;
steel runners for, 119, 452;
motor, 91;
loss of, 99 _seq._;
Day’s lecture on, 264;
difficulties with, 322 _seq._
Sledging, stores, how calculated, 53;
weights carried, 54;
literature carried, 151;
facsimile of orders, 122–123;
food allowance, 335;
cooking, 350–351
Slippery Slope, 233, 296
Smith, Mr. Reginald J., gift of books, 50, 283
Snow, as thirst quencher, 373
Snow-blindness, 408
Snow Valley, 116, 169, 173
Socks, patent heel-tip (sketch), 308, 455
Soil-creep (solifluxion), 115, 300, 388
Sollas Glacier, 139, 162
Solitary Rocks. _See_ Rocks
Soundings, depth of ocean, 61, 79;
apparatus (sketch), 67;
off glacier mouths, 120;
off Cape Evans, 249
South American Glacier, 131
South Bay, named, 233;
biological station at, 262
_South Polar Times_, Wilson’s sketches, 156;
resumed, 231;
Day’s binding for, 254;
volumes produced, 265 _seq._, 302–303, 317;
guesses at authors, 270, 303
Spiders, sea-, 303
“Sponge-coral” (sketch), 256
Sponges, in the ice, 177, 180
Springtail, Antarctic. _See_ _Gomphocephalus_
Stalactites, how formed, 287
Stamps, surcharged, 80
Steig-eisen (sketch), 197
Stocking Glacier, 28, 132
Storm, on outward voyage, 40–44;
on homeward voyage, 428–432
Strand moraines, 410
Straw hat, 146
Suess Glacier, and sketch, 141–142
Suess, Mt., 362;
nunatak (sketch), 383;
map, 385;
circumnavigated, 388,
(sketch), 389
Sun, midnight, 59;
lowest point of, calculated, 269,
(sketch), _ib._;
return of, celebrated, 294;
first seen, 295
Sun-holes, 93, 121
Sunshine recorder, sketch of, 306
Swinging ship. _See_ _Terra Nova_
Tasman Glacier, 26;
sketch of, 27
Taylor, Griffith: official position, 7;
a walker, 7, 10;
visit to Alps, 8, 9;
survey work in Australia, 10;
his problem in Antarctica, 14;
bowie knife disturbs compass, 34;
midnight watch, 59;
retrieves fish from floe, 70;
sledge work on landing, 92;
visits Inaccessible Island, 95
FIRST WESTERN JOURNEY, 111 _seq._;
a geologist’s equipment, 144;
washes for gold, 145;
fall into “moat,” 147;
dreams, 150, 182;
adventure among crevasses, 152;
lassoes a seal, 155;
a week’s cooking, 165–166;
flooded out, 174;
unfulfilled prophecy, 177;
sledge diary, 181 _seq._;
hallucination, 185
A MONTH IN DISCOVERY HUT, 189 _seq._;
visits Crater Heights, 197;
cook, 200, 202;
dreams, 201;
frostbite, 202;
fall into sea-ice, 205;
journey to Cape Evans, 207 _seq._
IN WINTER QUARTERS, 211 _seq._;
plan of hut, 212;
first aurora seen, 218;
report on Western Journey, 219;
musical abilities, 223;
photography, 224, 296;
ice caves visited, 230;
night watchman, 231, 243, 264;
main features of winter quarters named, 233;
lectures by—on principles of physiography, 238–239;
on Beardmore Glacier, 255;
on physiography of Western Mountains, 270;
on glaciation, 295;
on corals, 303;
list of officers’ travels, 242–243;
physical measurements, 225, 248;
articles for _South Polar Times_, 241, 243, 287, 288, 312, 318;
hut routine, 247–249;
chart of mean temperatures, 255;
visit to Cape Royds, 260;
speech at Midwinter Day dinner, 268;
sun’s lowest point calculated, 269;
competition with Gran, 270;
chess, 271;
hut arguments, 273–274;
dreams, 277–278, 287;
night-watch supper (sketch), 274;
“jam day,” 279;
Taylor Glacier named, 280;
Erebus steam cloud sketched, 281;
books read, 283–284;
book-binding, 293;
Cape Evans mapped, 295, 298 _seq._;
plane-table improvised, 295;
debris cones dissected, 297;
Wilson’s caricature of, 301;
meteorological work undertaken, 303, 305;
“patent heel-tips,” 308;
Tent Island visited, 311, 317;
summer plans discussed with Scott, 311;
bicycling to Turk’s Head, 314–315;
trip to Shackleton’s hut, 319 _seq._;
sledging orders for Granite Harbour expedition, 321;
Barne Glacier traversed, 322–323;
last impressions of Gates and Wilson, 326–327
GRANITE HARBOUR EXPEDITION, 329 _seq._;
sledges packed, 331;
Bowers’ list of stores, 332;
blizzards met, 333, 335, 362 _seq._;
magnetic variation, 337,
steering on the march, 337;
Butter Point reached, 338;
relaying, 339;
survey, 340;
ice yacht, 342–343;
dreams, 342, 364;
night marching, 345;
Granite Harbour reached, 348;
View Point camp, 349;
foods on sledge journey, 350–351;
cave discovered, 352;
cloud effects, 353;
water supply, 354;
seal hoosh, 355;
_Gomphocephalus_ found, 356;
birthday of, 356;
adventures on sea-ice, 366;
benefit of goggles, 369;
finger cut, 371, 376, 379;
snow as thirst quencher, 373;
value of “ironclad” boots, 373;
Mackay Tongue movement measured 373, 375;
unusual minerals found, 379;
Christmas Day celebrations, 380;
insects embalmed, 381;
journey over Mackay Glacier, 382 _seq._;
peaks and glaciers named, 384;
fish fossils found, 386;
Mt. Suess circumnavigated, 388;
Mackay Glacier movement measured, 395;
return journey begun, 396;
fall into sea, 397;
as “sledge poet,” 398, 401;
Cape Roberts camp, 400 _seq._;
_Terra Nova_ seen, 402;
crevasses met, 406 _seq._;
snow-blindness, 408;
picked up by _Terra Nova_, 411
THE VOYAGE BACK, 413 _seq._;
gifts from home, 415–416;
gale off Cape Evans, 418–419;
“luff upon luff” (sketch), 420;
coal-trimming, 424–425, 433;
cables for Associated Press prepared and despatched, 427, 433;
“iceberg watch,” 427, 428;
record gale, 428–432;
sperm whales seen, 433;
Akaroa reached, 434
THE END OF THE EXPEDITION, 437 _seq._;
_résumé_ of journeys of other parties, 439 _seq._;
books sent to remaining members of Expedition, 445;
presented to King George, 446;
allocation of funds, 446
APPENDIX, 449 _seq._;
paper published by Royal Geographical Society, 451;
lessons of Antarctic experiences, 451 _seq._
Taylor Glacier, 132–138;
sketch of moraine on, 135;
wind action on, 136;
crater near, 136, (sketch), 137;
previous visit to, 139;
and valley, 141;
named by Scott, 150, 280
Telephones, 101, 103, 294, 315, 319, 326
Temperature, of sea in winter, 262;
of hut, 263, (sketch), _ib._;
high during blizzards, 293, 295, 363 _seq._;
snow melted, 305;
heat of solar rays, 345
Tent, advantage of wider floorcloth for, 333, 452
Tent Island, 286;
features of, 311;
seals at, 317
_Terra Nova_, 6, 21;
voyage to New Zealand, 11;
plans of, 22, 39;
leak stopped, 30;
arrangement of, 30 _seq._;
swinging ship, 34, 46, 80;
storms, 40 _seq._, 428 _seq._;
dinner on, 46;
icing ship, for fresh water, 61, 421, 422;
Pennell’s notice, 423 _n._;
Christmas on, 73–74;
returning officers, 76;
sketch of course through pack, 77;
landing at Cape Evans, 87 _seq._;
stranded, 108;
picks up Taylor’s party, 411;
return voyage of March, 1912;
map, 414;
“rocking ship,” 417;
gale off Cape Evans, 418–419;
anchor raised by “luff upon luff” (sketch), 420;
coal-trimming, 424–425, 433;
Akaroa reached, 434
Terror, Mt., 346
Tesselations, 158, 160
Thermometer screens, erected, 272;
names for, _ib._
Thomson, Alan, 10
Travels of the officers. _See_ Officers
Tremolite found, 379
Turk’s Head, 113;
features of, 314, 315
Twin Glaciers, sketch of, 280
_Universitas Antarctica_, 228
Variation, magnetic, 80, 337;
at Cape Evans and Knob Head Mountain, 261
Vegetation, three types found, 125;
algæ, 136, 155, 296;
mosses, 125, 360, 393;
lichens, 360, 387
Vince’s Cross, 113
“Virtue Villa,” 191
Walcott Glacier, 169
Wales Glacier, 143
Ward Glacier, 169, 171–172
Weather, local types of, 426;
value of Simpson’s records, 440.
_See also_ Blizzards, Temperature, Wind.
Whales, 69, 433.
_See also_ Killer-whales
Whales, Bay of, chart, 432
“Whisker-stone,” 137
Wilson, Dr. E. A., 3, 13, 65, 66;
penguin hunting, 72;
on tone-values, 199;
truth of his sketches, 199, 203;
lectures by, 235, 244–245, 251–253;
sketch of nose-guard, 262;
Cape Crozier expedition, 270, 285 _seq._;
caricature of Taylor (sketch), 298;
his kindness, 304;
“Barrier Silence” poem written, 313;
Emperor penguin eggs examined, 325;
departure on Southern Journey, 325
Wind, tolerable without snow, 144;
at Hut Point, 196;
changes in direction (sketch), 217;
record velocity, 279;
maximum velocity of winter, 293
Windproof clothing. _See_ Clothing
Wind Vane Hill, 233
Winter Quarters, main features named, 233
Worm burrows in sandstone, 148
Wright, C. S., 3, 7, 66;
work on ice crystals, 119, 134;
Kukri Hills visited, 147;
judging distances, 150;
fall into crevasse, 152;
Davis Glacier examined, 161;
and seals, 173;
journey to Corner Camp, 193;
lecture on ice problems, 248;
time observations, 272;
pendulums, 278–279;
ice-section “rubbings,” 282;
diary entries, 289;
_Archæocyathine_ fossil found, 441
Wyatt, Mr. G. F., 31
THE END
PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED. LONDON AND BECCLES.
-----
Footnote 1:
My thanks are due to the Editor of the _Melbourne Argus_ for
permission to reprint this section.
Footnote 2:
The theory of _nivation_ would be out of place here. It is explained
in Hobbs’ “Existing Glaciers,” and I deal with it fully in the
official memoir.
Footnote 3:
These tracks were made by the Rescue party, in their attempts to
save the ponies, ten days earlier.
Footnote 4:
The other parties had all returned from the Barrier a fortnight
before to Hut Point.
Footnote 5:
His meteorology was incorrect.
Footnote 6:
In the coldest weather the helmet covers the chin and a nose-nip
protects the nose.
Footnote 7:
The waist measurement caused great amusement. Evans and I were
measured first, with the result above recorded. Wilson came next and
basely proceeded to constrict “little Mary” to an incredible extent,
so that he had apparently five inches less corporation than Evans
and myself. Every one else followed suit, and many were the jeers at
our expense. However, I got Gran to measure me according to Wilson’s
method, and dropped to 30¾ with ease!
Footnote 8:
Our local time (which we did not use), corresponding to our
longitude 166° E., was 11 hours 5 minutes 46 seconds before
Greenwich. Hence it was midwinter at 1.30 on Friday morning of the
23rd by _local_ time. This experience of ours was a very practical
trial of the Daylight Saving Bill. We used to feel very virtuous
when we turned out at 7.30 by our chronometer while sledging, as we
realized that it was really 6.30 a.m.
Footnote 9:
Scott’s motto was, “Stretched Wings towards the South.”
Footnote 10:
Until the ship is able to ice ship again no water is to be used for
the purpose of washing clothes.—HARRY PENNELL, Lieutenant.
Footnote 11:
See sketch, p. 42.
Footnote 12:
Brissenden, one of the seamen, was drowned in New Zealand.
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