EARLY HAND-GUNS.
The invention, or at all events the first application of these weapons
for the purposes of warfare, in the sense of the use of detonating
gunpowder for the discharge of projectiles, in contradistinction
to those applied merely for setting fire to buildings, is probably
due to the Flemings or Italians, but the approximate date of their
introduction is very difficult to trace, as early writers on the
subject so often confound hand-guns with cannon, and _vice versâ_;
besides, some of the earlier guns were innocent of any projectile
whatever, being simply used for frightening horses, an office at that
time far from being contemptible in repelling an onset of men-at-arms.
The earliest mention of hand-guns occurs in connection with Perugia
as early as 1364,[53] and an inventory of Nuremberg, of 1388, refers
to forty-eight of these weapons as being in the possession of that
city. There are other examples of the use of what would appear to be
hand-guns occurring in Italian, French, and German manuscripts of the
last quarter of the century, but it is rarely absolutely clear whether
artillery or hand-guns are meant, especially when the word “bombard”
or “bombarde” is used, unless, as in the case of Perugia, where the
dimensions are given. In German MSS. the use of the word “handbüchsen”
is, of course, conclusive; and such a case occurs in connection with
Ratisbon in 1379. These early “handbüchsen” or “handbombards” could
not be very heavy, as there exist several “illuminations” at Vienna,
where one of the two gunners who served the piece holds the weapon
with his right hand, with the round thin stock against his breast; his
colleague stands apart with the ramrod in his hand, apparently after
having loaded the piece. One of these “illuminations” shows that the
charge is being ignited near the mouth of the piece, which might go
to show that the gun was innocent of projectile. These pictures would
seem to date very early, probably not later than 1350–60. Juvenal des
Ursins mentions a hand-gun as being in use in 1414. A Florentine writer
states that these weapons were used at the siege of Lucca, in 1430; and
what is still more to the point is that an actual and early specimen,
made of brass, was found among the _débris_ at Tannenberg, a castle
besieged and demolished in 1399: this weapon was probably of as early
make as the Nuremberg guns. It was only with great difficulty that the
early rough hand-guns made their way at all against those weapons where
manual or mechanical force was used. Both the longbow and crossbow
were infinitely superior to the clumsy tube stuck on to the end of a
stick, not only in regard to precision of aim, but also in the number
of missiles that could be discharged within a given time, and it was
principally on this account that these firearms are so rarely mentioned
by mediæval writers. Actual specimens preserved are few and far
between, and this is not surprising when one considers how very soon
the weapons became obsolete in the rapid improvements that took place.
There is a connecting link between early artillery and hand-guns in
various weapons from the small elementary semi-portable cannon fixed
to the end of a long wooden shaft, and fired from a forked support or
from a wall; and later, large models of guns of the harquebus type
manipulated in the same manner. The latter form was the “arquebus à
croc,” weighing up to sixty pounds, and was from five to six feet
long. This class of weapon was much used in sieges, and they were
sufficiently portable to be carried and worked by three or four men.
Most national collections contain specimens of these firearms.
Mr. John Hewitt figures an early hand-gun, taken from the Burney
MS., which is simply a replica of the weapon found at Tannenberg.
Hand-cannon were being made at Augsburg in 1381. An early weapon of
this kind is figured on a piece of tapestry in the church of Notre-Dame
de Nantilly, Saumur. The piece is served by two soldiers, one holding
it with both hands, while his comrade applies a hot coal. The form of
the visored bassinet worn by these soldiers would fix the date as being
late in the fourteenth century, and actual specimens of this time may
be seen at the Historische Museum at Berne, and at the Germanische
National Museum at Nuremberg.
In the collection at the Königl. Zeughaus, Berlin, is a hand-gun
dating from late in the fourteenth century or early in the fifteenth,
consisting of a stock and barrel. The former is rudely cut for the
shoulder, like the butt of a crossbow, while the latter is a tube
between three and four feet in length, with a touch-hole on the right
side; calibre, 16mm. Some drawings of about 1430 in the Hauslab Library
show similar pieces. This weapon is to all intents and purposes the
prototype of the modern hand-gun, and is, in fact, a very early form
of “Hakenbüchse,” one of the many names for the harquebus.
Late in the fourteenth, or early in the following century, hand-guns
like small culverins, with a touch-hole on the right side, were in use
and discharged from the shoulder. The weapon was fired by applying a
match to the touch-hole, and the soldier had to find his way to it
while he took aim. Like the Berlin example, this class of weapon was
rudely fashioned to the shoulder. The hand-cannon consists of a small
bombard fixed to a wooden shaft, and fired by means of a match. The
following items occur in a roll of purchases of the Castle of Holy
Island, in Northumberland, for the year 1446:--
“Bought ij hand-gunnes de ere iiijs.
Item, gonepowder iiijs.”
Demmin gives a drawing from a manuscript dated 1472, and Herr
Wendelin Boeheim that of a petronel (_poitrine_, the chest), a kind
of hand-bombard, fired by a horseman from a forked rest fixed on to
the saddle. The author has a specimen of this kind of support in his
possession, which is hollow, and combines a long dagger screwed in
at the top; but this accessory points to a rather later period than
that of the hand-gun in question. It is an early form of linstock. The
hand-gun when not in use hung suspended from the rider’s neck; it was
attached by a ring to a necklace, and fired from the breast, and the
left arm sustained the petronel, while the right hand manipulated the
match-cord. The character of the armour on the figure would indicate a
date in the second half of the century (the fifteenth), and the weapon
is the prototype of the modern blunderbuss. The figure is taken from
Victor Gay’s work. A still earlier example, but very similar, appears
in one of a series of “notes” of great ability and industry, by Major
Sixl in the _Zeitschrift für historische Waffenkunde_, and the features
of both correspond very closely. The hand-gun of the earlier example
is provided with a “hac” or spur; the horse on which the gunner is
seated is unbarded, excepting for a crinet with a long spear springing
from between the ears like a unicorn, while the horse of the later
figure is barded, and the bassinet visored.
The first person of note that we hear of as having been killed by a
hand-gun was the Earl of Shrewsbury at Châtillon in 1453.[54]
The type of weapon used by a contingent of three hundred Flemings in
the ranks of the army of Edward IV. in 1471 was the hand-culverin; and
the English Yeomen of the Guard were armed with it in 1485, as also
was the Swiss contingent of six thousand men at the battle of Morat in
1476. These hand-culverins were each served by two men, one for holding
the gun, and the other for applying the match, etc.; they were fired by
a fuse-cord.
By the end of the fifteenth century the priming was held in a pan at
the side of the barrel, and the pan was protected by a lid, which
moved on a pivot. The next improvement was the attachment of the pan
to the plate, and the stock was more bent. These weapons, the length
and weight of which varied greatly, were in general use; the bore was
usually about half an inch. Examples may be seen at the Musée des
Invalides, Paris, and in many other national collections. A hand-gun
of the harquebus type is figured in “The Triumph of Maximilian”; the
stock is straight, and almost square. The figure bearing it wears a
bandolier collar! A similar weapon, with a primitive form of serpentin,
is figured in one of the books of Maximilian I., about 1500.
These early hand-guns were full of drawbacks and imperfections; an
uncertain aim and form of ignition, whereby the weapons often missed
fire; the long time required for loading; the cumbersome accessories,
such as bullets, rest, and match; besides one granulation of powder for
charging and another for priming, all combined to discredit the value
of these weapons as against bills and bows; the effect of which was
much more rapid in action. So much so was this the case, that owing
to their dilatory habit both hand-guns and ordnance were frequently
captured in battle after a first discharge, and their servers rendered
_hors de combat_. They had practically nothing with which to defend
themselves. The long dagger screwed into the butt of the rest was no
match at all as against long-handled weapons, such as the gisarme,
halbard, and bill. All this taxed the ingenuity of the time for the
production of a surer and more reliable weapon with more simplicity of
action. Here, as in the case of early crossbows, mechanical appliances
came to the aid of the human arms and fingers, making the manipulation
of hand firearms somewhat less cumbersome and dilatory.
The hakenbüchse, hagbut, hackbutt, hackenbuse, hequebutte, arquebus,
and harquebus, are all names for the same kind of weapon, which is
merely a development from the ruder forms, with a smaller calibre than
the hand-culverin; but the great distinction generally observable
between it and older forms is the presence of a pair of movable
nippers called “serpentin,” the prototype of the “cock,” a primitive
example of which has been already referred to. Hand-guns of this type,
however, existed before the appearance of the serpentin; and the word
“haken,” with variations, as a matter of fact refers to the “hac or
haken,” which is a projecting spur of iron placed on the bottom side
of the stock, near the head; the object of which was to deaden the
recoil by placing the spur against a stone rampart. There are many
examples in the Königl. Historische Museum at Dresden. A very early
instance of the use of the “hac” occurs on a hand-gun preserved at
Berne, and there are drawings in the University Library at Heidelberg
of several examples of the harquebus of the fourth quarter of the
fifteenth century, with the “hac,” but of course without serpentin.
The oscillatory movement made in applying fire with the hand naturally
caused the weapon to swerve, thus interfering greatly with the
accuracy of aim; and at length the earliest form of lock called the
serpentin was invented, the object of which was to let down the match
mechanically. Thus we have the earliest form of matchlock, and the
stock became shaped for the shoulder. Harquebuses with the serpentin
gave victory to the Spaniards at the battle of Pavia. Philip de
Commines mentions the weapon towards the end of the fifteenth century
as a new invention.
The serpentin is adjusted on a pivot through the stock, and forms
a lever for the fingers beyond it. Then, holding a match, it is
brought into contact with a slow match in a holder on the barrel and
ignited; then by raising the lever, it is forced into the flashpan and
touch-hole, where the priming is placed, and the gun discharged. This
movement is in three varieties: the earliest moves towards the pan from
the stock, while later it was fixed in the opposite direction; in the
third it is propelled by a snap. First manipulated by the hand, then
with a lever, and afterwards by a crank in connection with the trigger.
The idea of the serpentin goes back to the fourteenth century, for the
Froissart preserved in the town library at Breslau shows a drawing of
a hand-bombard with an elementary form of triggered serpentin; and the
same adjustment occurs in representations of these primitive weapons on
a drawing preserved in the Hofbibliothek at Vienna. The mainspring was
a further simplification of procedure in lending a more direct action
to the serpentin, which fell with greater force, and obviated the
necessity for blowing on the match.
The harquebus was of several kinds and sizes, some fired from a
rest, others from the shoulder or breast. There was also the heavy
semi-portable weapon already referred to, served by three or four
men; used both for field and fortress work. The length of the hand
harquebus ranged from two and a half feet and upwards; barrels are
both muzzle and breech-loaders; bores are of various sizes, sometimes
very wide and bell-mouthed. The great disadvantage of the matchlock
was the trouble and uncertainty experienced in retaining fire, and
in it being necessary always to have a lighted match, or means of
striking a light. This was especially felt in the chase, and the
wheel-lock, which is said to have been invented by Johann Kiefuss of
Nuremberg, in 1517, provided a much needed improvement on the older
method; there is, however, at least one earlier example of this lock
with the date inscribed. It did not, however, displace the matchlock
for war purposes, owing to the greater cheapness and simplicity of the
latter, which continued in use up to the eighteenth century. There is
an example of a regimental matchlock musket at the Rotunda, Woolwich,
dating about 1700--barrel, 46 inches long; calibre, 0.540 inch; steel
mounts. The main principle of the wheel-lock is to generate the spark
which is to ignite the powder for firing the shot in a self-acting
manner, in contradistinction to the principle of the matchlock, where
the ignition was served by a match which required to be kept constantly
burning.
The costliness of the wheel-lock, which was made in as many as ten
separate pieces, greatly restricted its use as regards hand-guns,
but it was applied generally to pistols, and pieces for the hunting
field. Cavalry used weapons with this lock, as it was very inconvenient
to manage the match-cord on horseback, especially as it required
regulating with every shot fired. Ignition was accomplished by sparks
which were caused by the friction of a steel wheel, notched long and
crosswise, rubbing against a flint, or by the striking of the wheel
against a cube of solid pyrites. The lock was wound up by a spanner,
which hung at the soldier’s belt. The main details of this lock are as
follow, viz.:--A serrated wheel, connected to the backplate by a chain
and spring, forming with the backplate the bottom of the flashpan, and
wound up by a spanner. With the wheel-barrel is connected one end of a
strong spring, by a chain, which winds round the barrel when the wheel
is turned, tightening the spring until the catch of a bar drops into a
corresponding notch of the wheel, thus holding spring and wheel cocked.
After winding up, the trigger is pressed, releasing the wheel, which
revolves round with great energy, by means of the accumulated force
lent it by the winding, and coming into contact with the pyrites in
the cock produces the sparks that ignite the priming in the flashpan
trough, and fires the piece. Various improvements in the mechanism of
this lock took place from time to time.
There are examples of wheel-lock weapons in the Tower of London dating
from about the middle of the sixteenth century; a breech-loading
harquebus, with a lock of something like the same date, is in the Musée
d’Artillerie at Paris. A harquebus revolver, with seven barrels, may
be seen in the Hohenzollern collection at Sigmaringen, and there are
countless examples existing among the museums of Europe, and notably at
Dresden.
During the sixteenth century, and especially in the later half, the
footman wore half-armour, and usually discharged his weapon from a prop.
In a matchlock the match is lit at both ends.
The air-gun was invented in Germany in 1560. In this weapon the bellows
are wound up against a spring, which is released by pulling the
trigger; the receiver is in the stock, and filled by a pump.
The principle of rifling barrels was certainly applied as early as
1510, and there are very early examples of revolvers. There is one in
the Tower of London with a matchlock, dating from about the middle of
the sixteenth century. A patent for rifling barrels was taken out
in London in 1635. It is said that the invention of grooved arms is
due to Gaspard Kollner of Vienna, in 1498; other writers attribute it
to August Kollner of Nuremberg, early in the sixteenth century; but
whether the grooves were straight or spiral, or when they became the
latter, is not so obvious; at all events, the principle was not much
adopted for military arms before the seventeenth century.
The caliver is a harquebus or light musket of a standard calibre,
introduced into England during Elizabeth’s reign; it was four feet ten
inches long, discharged without a rest, and the fire was much more
rapid than that of its predecessors, and had the great advantage of
uniformity of projectile. Edmund Yorke, writing in Queen Elizabeth’s
reign, says: “Before the battle of Mounguntur, the princes of the
religion caused several thousand harquebusses to be made, all of one
‘calibre,’ which was called ‘Harquebuse de calibre de Monsieur le
Prince.’”[55]
Hand-grenades of the sixteenth century were made of very coarse glass,
almost slag or pottery; they were nearly three and a half inches in
diameter, holding from three to seven ounces of powder.
The snaphance was the immediate precursor of the flintlock, and was
a German invention of the second half of the sixteenth century,
fired through the medium of sulphurous pyrites. This lock forms the
connecting link between the wheel-lock and flintlock, there being a
hammer instead of a wheel; the pan is the same, but the cover was
moved back by a spring, leaving the powder clear for the action of the
sparks. A fine collection of these weapons may be seen in the Dresden
Museum.
The method of extracting fire by means of flint and steel is an ancient
one, being mentioned by both Virgil and Pliny. The credit of the
invention of the familiar flintlock is claimed by France, anno 1640,
but an actual specimen in the Tower armoury, dated 1614, effectually
disposes of this pretension. The French claim that the improvements of
the screw-plate, “à miqulet,” led to the mechanism of the flintlock;
but it was long before the system displaced that of the old matchlock.
The musketeer continued to carry his matchlock gun up to the beginning
of the seventeenth century, and even later, while the flintlock
continued in use until long after Waterloo; indeed, matchlock,
wheel-lock, and flintlock weapons were all to the fore together for a
part of the seventeenth century.
Wheel-lock pistols formed part of the equipment of the Reiters or
Pistoliers of the second half of the sixteenth century. Hefner says
pistols were common in Germany in 1512, before the invention of the
wheel-lock. The pistol of the Reiters, who usually wore blackened
demi-armour, are very easily recognisable by the round pommel.
The pistol was often combined with other weapons, both for battle and
for the chase, and such combinations are often met with in the axe,
mace, and even sword; while there are instances of pistols with two
and even three locks. The introduction of these weapons produced great
changes in warlike tactics. The etymology of the word is uncertain,
some maintaining that the name arose from the weapon having been
invented in Pistoja; others believe that the word originated from a
coin of the time, the pistole, from the fact, if it be one, that the
bore of the weapon had the same diameter as the coin.
Hand-guns of the later middle ages and the “renaissance” may be divided
into plain weapons for the ordinary soldiers, and decorated guns for
leaders and parade, besides hunting purposes. Brescia was a great
centre for their manufacture. Numbers of these guns were fired without
touching the shoulder, the recoil being provided for by placing the
thumb firmly against the nose.
The musket (muchite, so named from the sparrow-hawk), which was longer
and more powerful than the harquebus, though similar in construction
and mechanism, appears in the third quarter of the sixteenth century,
and St. Remy refers to it as being in use about the end of the
seventeenth century. It was first fired from the breast, then from a
long-forked rest, furnished with a spike at the end for sticking into
the ground; but this fell into desuetude in the seventeenth century. It
was found very difficult to keep the powder dry in the bandoliers,[56]
which were cases of wood or tin, each containing a charge of powder,
and strung round the neck; and powder flasks began to be used about
1540, the bullet-bag being carried on the soldier’s right hip.
Powder flasks appear very early in the sixteenth century, with the
well-known arrangement for the measured charge; early examples are
given in the arsenal books of Maximilian I. They were first very small,
but gradually increased in size as the century wore on, mostly circular
in form, but later they are often three-cornered, and frequently made
of horn, wholly or in part. Cartridges superseded their use about the
middle of the seventeenth century, and the bayonet is first mentioned
about the same time.
Arrows or quarrels were often used as projectiles for the musket, but
this happened mostly at sea.
The harquebusier of the seventeenth century carried a weapon two and a
half feet long.
The carbine or caraben is a gun with a wide bore, first used in Queen
Elizabeth’s reign.
The decoration of many of the hand-guns of the sixteenth century was
of a most artistic character, the barrels being often enriched with
chasings, fine metal incrustations, or damascened, while the stocks
were curiously and delicately carved and inlaid. It is generally
assumed that the material usually used for inlaying is ivory, but it is
really bleached stagshorn, and inlaying with tortoise-shell was also
not uncommon.
A great amount of decorative skill was also expended on powder flasks.
There were several diminutives and combinations of the leading
hand-guns referred to. Examples of early hand-guns are given in Fig. 51.
* * * * *
It is well to furbish up bygone things and ages, and to remember now
and then what we owe to cumulative history. Master Wace, the chronicler
of the Norman Conquest, says in his retrospections: “All things hasten
to decay; all fall; all perish; all come to an end. Man dieth, iron
consumeth, wood decayeth, towers crumble, strong walls fall down, the
rose withereth away, the war-horse waxeth feeble, gay trappings grow
old, all the works of men perish. Thus we are taught that all die, both
clerk and lay; and short would be the fame of any after death if their
history did not endure by being written in the book of the clerk.”
[Illustration: Fig. 51.--Early Hand-guns.]
FOOTNOTES
[1] Dalstrom’s _Illustreret Verdenshistorie_, vol. i., p. 122.
[2] A similar fragment was found at Cataractonium (see _Archæological
Journal_, vol. iii., p. 296).
[3] _Proc. Soc. Antiq. Newc._ (O.S.), p. 155.
[4] In old German “Brunne.”
[5] _Zeitschrift für historische Waffenkunde_, vol. i., p. 288.
[6] Where the rings have been hammered flat a decidedly double
appearance is given to the mail.
[7] Demmin.
[8] These two figures are given in Hewitt.
[9] Since writing the above, I see from Mr. J. Starkie Gardner’s work
that Mr. J. G. Waller, F.S.A., considers the insertion of the thong to
constitute what is known as “banded mail,” and this would quite account
for the appearance it presents on effigies. If this be so, there is an
actual specimen at Woolwich, which has already been mentioned.
[10] On the brass of William de Aldeburgh, in Aldborough Church,
Yorkshire.
[11] A kind of cloth.
[12] The words “helm” and “var-helm” appear repeatedly in the epic poem
of Beowulf.
[13] The first attempt at a movable visor seems to have occurred in
France, during the reign of Louis le Gros.
[14] This helm was given to Sir S. Rush Meyrick by the Dean: a flagrant
instance of how such trust property was treated in his day.
[15] The term “men-at-arms” was often applied to knights on foot or
on horseback, but its early significance was heavy-armed infantry.
The grades mentioned in the army of Philip Augustus were: bannerets,
knights, squires, and “men-at-arms.”
[16] “Notes on the Hanseatic League,” by the writer. _Proceedings of
the Society of Antiquaries, Newcastle-upon-Tyne_, 1893–94.
[17] These pieces will be referred to fully under the section
“Maximilian Armour.”
[18] Johnes’s _Froissart_, vol. iii., p. 23.
[19] _Archæologia_, vol. li., p. 250.
[20] Nithard, the nephew of Charlemagne. Book III.
[21] The illustration occurs in “Paul Lacroix.”
[22] Vol. i., p. 169.
[23] The lance of the thirteenth century was always sharp, and, as
mentioned more particularly earlier in this chapter, the coronal was
a contrivance of the fourteenth century. The word “stechen” means to
pierce, so its very designation carries the course back possibly to the
thirteenth century.
[24] Very often the Grandguard and Volant-piece are screwed together.
[25] The piece usually called Pass-guard is the projecting guard over
the shoulders for stopping pike-thrusts, but we have Viscount Dillon’s
authority that the Tilting Elbow-guard is really the Pass-guard.
[26] _Helmets and Mail_, p. 84.
[27] The Redmarshal effigy is in the County of Durham, and the Downes
effigy is in the North Choir Aisle of Macclesfield Church, in Yorkshire.
[28] Hewitt.
[29] Like many classifications of the kind, this is rather arbitrary,
as we have many late instances of “bear-paw” sollerets.
[30] Caylus figures a Roman caltrop (_Recueil_ iv., Pl. 98).
[31] The designation “Gothisch” (Gothic) seems as ridiculous and
inappropriate when applied to armour as to architecture.
[32] The mentonnière is throughout referred to as the combined piece of
gorget and chin-piece as used with the sallad.
[33] A specimen of the work of this great artist may be seen on a
sword-hilt in the Armeria Reale, Turin.
[34] In the early chronicles “bills and bows” are often mentioned. It
must be borne in mind, however, that the word “bills” often covered all
long-handled weapons.
[35] In the Republican Library at Paris, a MS. written by Marcus
Græcus, called “Liber Ignium.” It is dated 846.
[36] _Proceedings_, vol. v., p. 26.
[37] Demmin.
[38] Boeheim of Vienna says that he was born in 1530, and died about
1583.
[39] The father of Lucio, the great armour-smith.
[40] _Archæologia Æliana_, vol. xxii., pp. 1 _et seq._
[41] Greener on the Gun, p. 3.
[42] This class of machine was termed “tormenta,” from the twisting of
the ropes which supplied the propelling force.
[43] _Encyclopædia Britannica_, under “Fire.”
[44] Others in the author’s collection are stated to have been used by
the Town Guard of Newcastle-upon-Tyne.
[45] See _Proceedings of Newcastle-upon-Tyne Society of Antiquaries_,
vol. ix., in a paper by the writer.
[46] Rénard, Liège.
[47] Johnes’s _Froissart_, vol. i., p. 145.
[48] Johnes’s _Froissart_, vol. i., p. 190.
[49] Vol. i., p. 278.
[50] This occurs in a part taken from two MSS. in the Hafod Library,
“not in any of the printed copies.”
[51] Meyrick.
[52] The rough projectiles of this period would doubtless soon cause
damage to the interior of cannon, necessitating its frequent renewal.
[53] The archives run: “Il nostre comune di Perugia fece fare ... 500
bombarde, una spanne lunghe,” etc. General Kohler mentions this in his
book.
[54] Hollinshed.
[55] Maitland’s _History of London_.
[56] Small cases for holding measured charges of powder ready for
loading.
INDEX.
A.
Accolade, 35
Acinace, 162
Agathias, 159, 179, 193
Ages--Stone, Bronze, and Iron, 15
Ailettes, 42, 49
Air-gun, 224
_Akten des Dresdener Oberhof-marshallamtes_, 92
_Alexiad_, 205
Allecret armour, 135
Almau, Juan de, 156
Almayne rivets, 65, 108, 131
Almayne armourers, 69
Anelace, 166, 176
Angelo, Michael, 140
Anglo-Saxon arms, 26, 152, 197
Arbelest, 185
Archers, 55, 59, 182
Armament of the Caledonians, 151
Armati, 54
Armet, 98
Armorial bearings, 27, 28
Arms and armour as mortuaries, 20
Armeria Real de Madrid, 73, 91, 132, 148
Armeria Reale, Turin, 74, 140
Armourers’ Album, South Kensington, 69, 139
Armourers’ pincers, 65
Armour, Gothic, at Parham, 115;
at Sigmaringen, 116;
at Vienna, 119
Armour from Rhodes, 98, 115
Armour for boys, 68
Armour-smiths, 114, 119, 120, 132, 149, 156
Arms of the Franks, 151, 152
Army, fourteenth century, 55
Arrière-ban or ban-fieffé, 57
Arrow, the broad, 180;
the plain pile, 180
Artillery, the earliest, 208;
at the Porte de Hal Museum, 209;
the serpentin, 210;
the bombard, 210;
the harquebus-mitrailleuse, 211;
the orgue, 211;
the elbow bombard, 211;
bombard at Woolwich, 212
Artists and craftsmen, 140
Aventail, 47
Ayala, Tomas de, 156
B.
Bachelle, 34
Bachelor, 34
Ballad of the “Albigéois,” 191
Ballista, 54, 187
Ban, 24, 57
Banded mail, 36
Bandoliers, 227
Banner, 34
Banneret, 34
Bards, 53, 54, 66, 88, 89
Barriers for lists, 90
Baselard or badelaire, 177
Bases, 34, 66
Bas-relief in the Louvre, B.C. 700, 178
Bassinet, 48, 97
Baston, 196
Battle of Poitiers (anno 732), 23;
of Courtray, 57, 114;
Granson, 57;
Morat, 57, 220;
Nancy, 57;
Hastings, 58, 193;
Pavia, 58, 222;
Creçy, 60, 179, 184, 206, 207;
Poitiers, 60, 114, 195;
Auray, 60;
Agincourt, 68, 179, 184;
Flodden, 179;
“Haringues,” 183;
Navarete, 192;
Culloden, 197;
“Rosebecque,” 199;
Rhodes, 207;
Choggia, 207;
Sluys, 207;
Mounguntur, 225
Battle-axe, 196
Battering-ram, 151
Bavier, 98
Bawdric, 164
Bayeux tapestry, 25, 27, 46, 161, 179, 193, 194, 197
Bayonet, 204
Beowulf, poem of, 21, 200
Bequest of Guy de Beauchamp, 40;
of William Lord Bergavenny, 83
Berefreid, beffroi, or belfrey, 191
Berne tapestry, 195
Bill, 200
Blackened armour, 65
Black and white armour, 137
Blore’s _Monumental Remains_, 116
Blount’s _Antient Tenures_, 163
Boeheim, Wendelin, 63, 85, 95, 219
Bombard, 155, 210, 211
Bombard, bronze, 209
Bombardelle, 210
Bombardier of fourteenth century, 213
Boutel, 19
Bow of Pandarus, 178
Bows, German and Italian, 181
Bows, order in Council, anno 1595, concerning, 157
Bowyers, 180
Brabançons, 58
Brassards, 39, 89, 106
Brasses, English, 18
Brasses:
Beauchamp, 18;
Daubernoun, 18, 19, 28, 30, 32, 37, 38, 112, 161, 194;
Great Chart, 18;
D’Argentine, 31, 33, 38, 39, 114;
Thomas Cheyne, Esquire, 31, 107;
Sir John Say, 33;
Minster Church, Sheppey, 36;
Thomas Lord Berkeley, Wotton-under-Edge Church, 39;
William de Aldeburgh, 39;
Porte de Hal, Brussels, 40;
Martin de Visch, 41;
Trumpington, 44;
Sir John Lowe, 50;
Sir William de Tendering, 50;
Arkesdon Church, 60, 104;
Gerart, Duke of Gulich, Altenberg, 61;
Sir Robert Staunton, 62, 98, 116;
Qui, 64, 101;
Sir William Harper, 67;
Spilsby Church, 101;
Sir John Fitzwaryn, 101;
Sir John Lysle, 108;
Harpham Church, 106;
Sir John Drayton, 108;
Nicholas Hawberk, 108;
John Leventhorpe, 109;
Lementhorp, 109;
St. Mary’s Church, Thame, 115;
King’s Sombourne, 177
Brasses, German, French, and Spanish, 19, 65
Brayette or cod-piece, 108
Braquamart, 167
_Branche des Royaux Leguages_, 183, 199
Breastplates, 49
Brewis Parker on swords, 173
_Brief Discourse on Warre_ (Sir Roger Williams), 200
Brigandine, 185
Broadsword, 169
Brockberger, 156
Burton, Sir Richard F., on the sword, 158
Burgkmair, Hans, 84
Burgonet, 99
Byrnie, 22
C.
Cabasset, 66, 100
Caliver, 225
Caltrop, 113
Camail, 38
Canterbury Bible, 161
Cannon, rifled, 215
Cannon, wood, hemp, paper, 207
Cannon in the Königl. Zeughaus, Berlin, 210
Cap of maintenance, 38
Carbine, 227
Carda, 44
Cartridges, 227
Casque, 100
Catapulta, 54, 187
_Catálogo de la Armeria de Madrid_, 157
Cellini, Benvenuto, 140
Cerebrerium, 97
Cervelière, 97
Chain-mail, 20;
oriental, 23;
double-ringed, 23
Chanfrein, 45
Chapel-de-fer, 48
Chapeline, 48
Charlemagne, 23
Chausses, 26, 29, 31, 110
Chaussons, 39, 110
Chaucer, 32, 37, 52, 81, 176
Childeric, 196
Chilperic, sword of, 159
Chivalry, 24
Cinquedea, 167
Ciro, Philippo, 156
Claymore, 173
Coats of arms, 28
Coif de mailles, 30
Colichemarde, 174
Column of Trajan, 20, 162
Combined weapons, 186, 226
Comnena, Princess Anna (_Alexiad_), 24, 25, 183, 205
Condottieri, 58
Continuous hoods, 30
Contracts for the Beauchamp effigy, 117
Coronal of the lance, 76, 89, 90
Cosson, Baron de, 146, 163, 176
Coudières, 106
Coutes, 31
Crapeaudeau, 210
Creeny, 19
Crinet, 54
Crossbows, 183
Crusades, 28, 41
Cuir-bouille, 37, 107
Cuirass, 51, 101, 138;
Gothic form, 103
Cuisse, 31, 110
Cultellus or coustel, 161, 177
Culverins, 209
Cutlass, 174
Cyclas, 33
D.
Dagger guards, 176
Das Deutsche Stechen, 88
Decline of armour, 136
Defaut de la cuirasse, 105
Degradation of a knight, 53
Demi-armour, 135
Demmin, 206
_Dictionnaire du Mobilier_ (V. le Duc), 199
Diechlinge, 87, 94
Dillon, Viscount, 105, 129, 130, 203, (Guns in the Tower) 215
Dirk, 177
Discs, 105
Donatello, 140
Dresden Museum, 87, 148
Duel, judicial, 80
Duelling, 169, 170
Dürer, Albrecht, 125, 140, 156
Dusack, 167
E.
Early seventeenth century armour, 138
Edicts against tournaments, 78
Effigies:
Beauchamp, 19, 62, 69, 105, 109, 115, 116;
Robert de Vere, 28, 110;
Haseley Church, 28;
Johan le Botiler, 28;
G. de Mandeville, 29;
William Longespee, 30, 107;
in the Temple Church, 30;
Jean de Dreux, 30;
Walkerne Church, 30;
Norton Church, 32;
Whitworth, 33, 47;
Black Prince, 33, 38, 52, 97, 107, 121;
Sir John Pechey, 33;
Ogle, 33;
Otto von Piengenau, 35;
Alb. von Hohenlohe, 35;
Berengar von Berlichingen, 35;
Conrad von Seinsheim, 35;
St. Peter’s Church, Sandwich, 35;
Tewkesbury Abbey Church, 36;
Alvechurch, 36, 97, 106;
Ash Church, 37, 43, 102;
Willem Wenemaer, 40, 176;
Wilhelm de Ryther, 37;
Brian Lord Fitz Alan, 37;
Humphrey de Bohun, 38, 107;
Newton Solney Church, 38;
Sir Richard Pembridge, K.G., 38, 48;
Sir Robert Harcourt, K.G., 39;
Gunther von Schwarzburg, 40;
Peter le Marechal, 43;
Clehongre, 43;
Tew, 43;
Porte de Hal, Brussels, 44;
Rudolph von Hierstein, Bâle, 44;
Diether von Hael, 45;
Burkhard von Steenberg, 45;
G. von Furstenberg, 45;
Staunton Church, 47;
Naples, 50;
Lucas de Corta, 61;
at Meissen, 62;
Hertford, 66;
Southerly Church, 105;
Sir Richard de Burlingthorpe, 107;
Sir Robert Grey, 107;
Whitchurch, 108;
Redmarshal, 103;
Downes, Macclesfield Church, 103;
the second Baron Berkeley, 176;
Ebersberg, 164;
Borfe, 164
Egypt, 15
Ehrenpforte of Maximilian, 33, 125
Ehrenthal, Max von, 73, 85, 157
Endorfer, Jörg, 156
Enrichment of armour in fourteenth century, 52
Enriched armour at Dresden, 148
Épaulières, 49, 104
Épée de passot, 167
Equipment of men-at-arms, 59
Espadon, 166
Espringal, 189
Esquire, 34, 52, 77
Estoc, 169
Extra tilting pieces, 83
F.
Falarica, 189
Falchion or fauchon, 162
Falchion, the Conyers, 163
Falconet, 210
Feathers and plumes, 53
Fencing, 169
Ferrara, Andrea, 170
Feudalism, 51, 55, 57
Field of the Cloth of Gold, 84
Firearms, early, 71
Flail, military, 201
Flamberge, 166
Flintlock, 226
Fluted Maximilian suit at Berne, 122
Fork, military, 202
Francisca, 151
Frauenpreis, Mathaus, 131, 134
Free companies, 58
Freiturnier, 92
Freydal, 91
Froissart, 25, 59, 79, 192, 194, 202, 203, 205, 207, 222
Fussturnier, 92
Fustibal, or staff sling, 192
G.
Gads or gadlings, 39
Gambeson, 51
Garde-de-bras, 92, 107
Garde-de-reine, 108
Garter insignia, 34
Gauntlets, 31, 107, 132
Gedritts, 88
Gemlich, Ambrosius, 168
Gennet, order of the, 34
Genoese crossbowmen, 183
Genouillières, 31, 110
Germanisches Museum, Nuremberg, 75
Ghinelli, 156
Ghisi, Georgio, 63
Gisarme, 202
Glaive, 200
_Gloss du Droit_, 34
Gloves of mail, 30
Goatsfoot crossbow, 185
Goedendag, 198
_Goedendag, Le arme Flamande sa Légende, etc._, 198
Gorget, 40, 100, 101
“Gothic” armour, 61, 114
Gothic suit in the author’s collection, 123
Gothic, transitional, 124
Gothic armour at the Rotunda, Woolwich, 123
Gothic armour at Parham, 115
Gothic armour, 1440–1500, 114
Gothic suit at Sigmaringen, 120
Gothic suit, formerly part of the collection of Prince Carl of
Prussia, 122
Gradual disuse of armour, 136, 138
Greek fire, 189, 205;
ingredients of, 192
Grenades, 193
Grose, _History of the English Army_, 206
Grotesque visors, 66
Grünewalt, Hans, 63, 123
Gudrun, epic poem of, 26
Gunpowder, invention of, 155
Gunpowder, 51, 154, 214
Gunners and artillerymen, 55
Gunlocks, 214, 222;
matchlock, 222;
wheel-lock, 223;
snaphance, 225;
flintlock, 225
Gurlitt, Cornelius, 63, 85, 92
Gynours, 54
H.
Habergeon, 52
Haketon, 52
Halbard, 202
_Handbuch der Waffenkunde_, 82
Hand-bombard, 219
Hand-culverin, 220
Hand-guns, earliest mention of, 216
Hand-guns, 180, 216
Hand-guns in the Königl. Hist. Museum, Dresden, 221
Hand-grenades, 225
Hanseatic Bund, 58
Harquebus, 68, 221
Harquebusiers, 227
Hastiludes, 76
Hauberks, 29, 51, 52
Heaume, 46
Hefner’s _Trachten_, 19
Helm, great, 36, 96
Helm, great jousting, 96
Helms with horns, 44
Helmet, close, 98
_Helmets and Mail_ (De Cosson), 100
Helmets, grotesque, 128
Heralds, 77
Herald’s tabard, 33
Hermandes, Sebastian, 156
Hewitt’s _Hist. of Mediæval Weapons, etc._, 165
Hexham water ewer, 31
Historische Vaabensamling, Copenhagen, 74
Hobby horse, 54
Hobilers, 54
_Hohenzollern Jahrbuch_, 135
Holy-water sprinkler, 201
Holbein, Hans, 140, 156
Holbein’s “Costumes Suisses,” 136, 165
Hood of mail, 29
Horsemen, twelfth, thirteenth, and fourteenth centuries, 54
Horn, Klemens, 156
Housings, 54, 88
Howitzers, 214
Hungarian tourney, 94
I.
Imperial collection at Vienna, 73
Importation of armour into England, 59, 126
Incised monumental slab at Gotheim, 44
Infantry of twelfth, thirteenth, and fourteenth centuries, 54
Inventories, 52
Inventory:
Piers Gaveston, 37, 44, 53, 111;
Humphrey de Bohun, 38;
Louis Hutin, 53;
of the arsenal at Nuremberg, 1338, 216
J.
Jackboots, 149
Jamb, 31, 110
Javelin, 193
Jazerant armour, 24, 26
Jeddart staff, 197
Joust of peace, 76
Joust à outrance, 76
Judicial combat, 79
Jupon, 102
K.
Knight-bachelor, 34
Knight-banneret, 34
Knighthood, orders of, 34
Knightly belt, 30, 52
Knightly mantles, 34
Knight Templars, 30
Knopf, Heinrich, 139, 149
Knuckle-bow or finger-guard, 165
Königl. Hist. Museum, Dresden, 72
Königl. Zeughaus, Berlin, 71, 133, 134
Kolman, Lorenz, 84, 120, 123, 156
Kolman, Koloman, 129, 132
Kolman, Desiderius, 133
Kolmans of Augsburg, 62, 122, 132
Kolbenturnier, 93
Kriegswaffen-Saal, Dresden, 141
Kungl. Lifrustkammar, Stockholm, 67, 75
L.
Lamboys, or bases, 66, 130
Lambrequin, or mantling, 38
Langue-de-bœuf, 176
Lansquenette, 168
Lance, 193;
lance-rest, 49;
with coronal, 194
Latch crossbow, 185
Leitner, Quirin von, 89
Licences for tournaments, 77
Linstock, 219
Lists:
plan and decoration, 78;
authorised lists in England, 78
Lochaber axe, 197
Lochner, Conrad, 156
Lochner, Kunz, 139, 141
Locking gauntlet, 108
Longbow, the, 178
Longbow at Wark Castle, 182;
at Dover, 182
Loutterell psalter, 28, 44, 49
Lucerne hammer, 196
M.
Mace, 195
Main-gauche, 177
Mamillières, 35, 36
Mangonel, mangona, or mangonet, 189
Mantling, 38
Man-at-arms, equipment of, 59
Manuscripts, 24, 26, 27, 44, 50, 80, 82, 88, 153, 155, 160, 161,
179, 189, 193, 199, 201, 202, 205, 207, 208, 219
Marshals of the lists, 78
Martel-de-fer, 195
_Mary Rose_, wreck of the, 182
Match-cord, 219, 224
Maximilian armour, 64, 125
Maximilian suits:
at the Tower of London, 127;
at the Zeughaus, Berlin, 127;
at Munich (Army Museum), 127;
at Nat. Museum, Munich, 127;
at Nuremberg, 128;
in the author’s collection (plain), 128;
on horseback with bards, 130
Max or meix, 34
Mazuelle, 196
_Meister der Waffenschmiedekunst, etc._, 157
Mentonnière, 100
Mercenary bands, 58
Meyrick, 24
Milan armourers, 69
Military forks, 202
Misericorde, 177
Missaglias, the, 62, 156
Missaglia, Tomaso da, 116
Missaglia, Antonio da, 119, 122
Mixed armour, 40
Mons Meg, 209
Monograms, 63
Morion, 66, 100
Mortality in battle, 41
Mortar, 208
Morning Star, 201
Munich, Peter, 156
Munsten, Andreis, 149
Musée d’Armures, Brussels, 74
Musée d’Artillerie, Paris, 75, 133
Musket, 227
N.
Nasal, 27, 46
National Museum, Munich, 75, 124, 135
Negrolis, 62, 120, 132, 156
O.
Ocularium, 38, 98
Onager, 189
Ordnance of sixteenth century, 214
Ordinances of Francis I., 100
Oreillettes, 146
Orgue, 211
Ornamentation of armour, fourteenth century, 52, 53
Oxenzunge, 167
P.
Pageant weapons, 156
Palettes, 105
Parazonium, 167
Paris, Matthew, 189
Partizans, 203
Passages of arms, 76
Pas d’ane guard, 165
Pauldrons, 104
Pavises, 112
Payment of troops, fourteenth century, 55
Peascod breastplate, 92, 104, 133
Peffenhauser, Anton, 63, 93, 139, 148
Penny plate, 66
Pennon, 34
Perckhamer, Hans, 134
Persepolis, sculptures of, 16
Petards, 214
Petronel, 219
Pfeifenharnisch (piped armour), 66
Piccinino, Lucio, 63, 139, 144, 156
Piccinino, Antonio, 144, 156
Pikeguards, 64, 104, 126
Pike, 203
Pistols, 226
Plain pile, 180
Plastron-de-fer, 31, 35, 110
Pluteus, 190, 191
Pluvinel, 79
Poleyns, 111
Pole-axe, 196
Poniard, 177
Pourpoint, 32, 33
Powder flasks, 227
_Practice of Arms_ (Sutcliffe), 204
Procopius, 151, 159, 189, 193, 196
Prodd crossbow, 186
Psalter (Loutterell), 28, 44, 49
Pursuivant-at-arms, 35, 52, 77
Q.
Quarrels, 184
Queue for lance, 95
R.
Ranseur, 203
Rapier, 169, 170
_Recherches Historiques sur les Costumes des Gildes, etc._, 198
Reinforcing pieces, 41, 94, 148
Religious military orders, 41
“Renaissance” ornamentation, 157
René d’Anjou, 78
“Rennen” at Innsbruck in 1498, 86
Rerebrace, 106
Ribaudequin, 189
Rifled cannon, 215
Rifling barrels, 224
Ringler, Hieronymus, 149
Ringlerennen, 94
Robinet, 189
Rockenberger, Sigmund, 87, 139
Roll of purchases, Windsor tournament, 42, 44
Roll of purchases at Holy Island, Northumberland, anno 1446, 219
Romans, 16, 17
Roman influence, 17
Rondelles, 105
Rosenberger, Hans, 87
Rotunda collection, Woolwich, 98, 115
Round table game, 81
Routiers, 58
Ruiz, Antonio and Francisca, 156
Running at the ring, 94
Rustred mail, 27
S.
Sabre, 164
Saddles, 89, 91, 93
Sallad, 97
Sautoir, 52
Scale armour, 31, 35, 37, 63
Scale work, 107
Schiavona, 173
Schiesspringle, 202
Schwarz, 156
_Schwenkh’s Hans Wappenmeistersbuch_, 84
Scimitar, 162
Scorpion, 188
Scottish basket-hilted swords, 173
Scramasax, 175
Scutage, 57
Scythe-knife, 200
Seals:
William the Conqueror, 26;
Henry I., 27;
Henry II., 27;
Richard I., 27;
Henry III., 28;
John, 32;
Edward II., 48
Serabagio, Giovanni Battista, 139, 147
Seusenhofer, Conrad, 130, 132
Seusenhofer, Hans, 66, 133
Seusenhofer, Jörg, 95, 133, 141
Seusenhofers, the, 63, 132, 156
Sharfrennen, 86, 88
Shields, 25, 26, 27, 112, 113
Shirt of mail, 52
Sieges:
Rochelle, 182;
Romorantin, 192;
Sancerre, 193;
Cambray, 205;
Vannes, 206;
Oudenarde, 206;
Quesnoy, 206;
Calais, 207;
Hohensalzburg, 207;
Orleans, 212;
Lucca, 217
Silver’s _Paradox of Defence_, 198
Silver, George, 169
Sixl, Major, writing in _Zeitschrift für hist. Waffenkunde_, 219
Sleeping figures in Lincoln Cathedral, 195
Sling stones, 193
Solidified iron rings found at Nineveh, 21;
at Chester-le-Street, 20;
at South Shields, 21
Solingen blades, 172
Sollerets, 31, 111
Sow or cat, 190, 191
Spacino, 156
Spadroon, 172
Spanish sword-blades, 172
Spanner for wheel-lock, 224
Spear, 193
Spetum, 203
Speyer, Peter von, 134;
Wolf von, 91
Splint armour, 37
Spontoon, 203
Spurs, 52, 87, 113
Stammbaum of the Hohenzollerns, 120
Standard of mail, 39, 49, 102
Statue of St. George at Prague, 102
Stature of men in the Middle Ages, 64
Statute of Florence, anno 1315, 50
_Statutum Armorum ad Torniamenta_, 77
Stechen (Das Deutsche), 88
Stechtarche, 89, 133
Stechhelm, 89
Stirrups, 52
Stiletto, 177
Stone shot, 189
Stradiots, 58
Strutt, 24
Studded armour, 40
Studded mail, 39
Suits of armour at Dresden (plain gilded), 149
Suit at Berlin by Peter von Speyer (1550–60), 134
Suit at Berne (Maximilian), 122
Suit in the possession of Prince Ernest of Windisch-Graetz, 122
Suit with lamboys, 130
Suit with lamboys in the Tower of London, 132
Sumptuary laws, 53
Surcoats, 30, 32, 39, 50
Surtees’s _History of Durham_, 32
Swords of Bordeaux and Poitiers, 156;
of Toledo, 156, 170
_Sword, The Forms and History of the_ (Pollock), 169
Sword, the small, 169, 170
Sword marks, 171
Sword and buckler, 167
Sword guards, 168, 170
Sword sheaths, 164
Sword, executioner’s, 165
Sword, two-handed, 166
Sword-guard (thumb-ring), 166
Swords, mortuary, 173
Swords:
the scabbard, 52;
bronze, Assyrian, Greek, and Roman, 159;
of Chilperic, 159;
often endowed with names or titles, 160;
component parts, 160;
proving, 160;
Indian swords, 162;
Conyers falchion, 163;
S guard, 168;
rapier, 169;
Spanish,169;
swords of fourteenth century, 164;
sword-smiths, 156;
swords of fifteenth century, 167;
duelling sword, 170
T.
Tabard of arms, 33
Tactics in warfare, 68
Taces, 108
Tapestry at Saumur, 218;
at Berne, 195
Tapul, 103
Tard-venus, 58
Tarsche, 89
Tassets, 108
Tassets to the knee, 67
Tenebra, 190
Tenures, 163, 164
Testudo, 151, 191
Thumb-ring, 177
“Tilting in Tudor Times,” by Viscount Dillon, 82
Tilting harness, 83, 88, 90, 91, 92, 93
Töjhus, Copenhagen, 95
Tolleno, 189
Topf, Jakob, 139, 171
Tournaments, 76;
Sharfrennen, 86;
German Gestech, 88;
Welsches Gestech, 90;
Freiturnier, 92;
Fussturnier, 92;
Kolbenturnier, 93
Tournament roll, Henry VIII., in Heralds’ College, 82, 83, 91
Tournament armour and weapons, 77
Tournament of Windsor Park, anno 1278, 81
Tournament at Ashby-de-la-Zouche, 80
Tourney, Hungarian, 94;
Baston course, 93
Towers, movable, 191
_Trattato Militaire_, 170
Trebuchet, 189
Trial by ordeal, 79
Tribulus, 113
Trunnions, 211
Tuilles, 108
Tunic, Phrygian, 23, 65
_Turnierbuch des Kaisers Maximilian I._, 84;
of Wilhelm IV. of Bavaria, 91
_Turnois du Roi René_, 78
U.
Ubisch, Edgar von, 85, 110, 135
Umbo, 26
Upper pourpoint, 33
V.
Vambrace, 106
Vamplate, 87, 195
Varlets, 77, 79, 86
Vehmegericht, 177
_Vif de l’harnois_, 41
Vinci, Leonardo da, 140
Vinea, 191
Visors, 99, 101
Vitruvius, 188
Voulge, 202
W.
Wace, 53, 228
Waffensammlung des Kaiserl. Hauses, Vienna, 73
Wages, soldiers’, reign of Edward III., 55
“Wallace” armour, 70
Welsches Gestech, 83, 90;
old form, 91
Wheel-lock pistols, 198, 226
Will of Odo de Rossilion, 32
Windlass crossbow, 184, 186
Wire-drawing, 23
Wirsberg, 156
Wood-carving in Bamberg Cathedral, 35
Workshops for armour, 140
Worms, Wilhelm von, 139, 141
Z.
_Zeitschrift für hist. Waffenkunde_, 88
Zeughaus, Berlin, 48, 71, 85
THE WALTER SCOTT PRESS, NEWCASTLE-ON-TYNE.
Transcriber’s Notes
Simple typographical errors were corrected.
Inconsistent hyphenation was not changed. Ambiguous hyphens at the ends
of lines were removed only when other, mid-line examples were found in
the text. One Index entry was changed to match the page it referenced.
Illustrations in this eBook have been positioned between paragraphs
and outside quotations. In versions of this eBook that support
hyperlinks, the page references in the List of Illustrations lead to
the corresponding illustrations.
Superscripts are represented like this: 12^{d.} Italic text is enclosed
in _underscores_.
The index was not checked for proper alphabetization or correct page
references.
Figure 43 is out-of-sequence, as indicated in the original List of
Illustrations.
Page 80: “Beauté” was misprinted as “Beaulte”; changed here.
Page 123: “Grünewalt” was printed as “Gruenwalt” on this page, but as
“Grünewalt” in the Index. Using the umlaut seems to be the correct
spelling.
Footnotes orignally were at the bottoms of pages, but in this eBook,
they have been sequentially renumbered, collected, and placed just
before the Index.
Footnote 46, originally on page 205: “Liège” was misprinted as “Liége”;
changed here.