[1] William Berry, Encyclopædia Heraldica, 1828-1840.
[2] Higgins, "Anacalypsis," London, 1836, I, p. 230.
[3] "Des Sciences et Religion," p. 256.
[4] R. P. Greg, "The Fylfot and Swastika," Archæologia, XLVIII, part 2,
1885, p. 298; Goblet d'Alviella, "Migration des Symboles," p. 50
[5] Stephens, "Old Northern Runic Monuments," part II, p. 509; Ludwig
Müller, quoted on p. 778 of this paper; Goblet d'Alviella, "La Migration
des Symboles," p. 45; Haddon, "Evolution in Art," p. 288.
[6] Page 12.
[7] "La Migration des Symboles," pp. 21, 22.
[8] "Le Culte de la Croix avant Jésus-Christ," in the Correspondant,
October 25, 1889, and in Science Catholique, February 15, 1890, p. 163.
[9] Same authorities.
[10] Page 316, et seq.
[11] The native Buddhist monarchs ruled from about B. C. 500 to the
conquest of Alexander, B. C. 330. See "The Swastika on ancient coins,"
Chapter II of this paper, and Waring, "Ceramic Art in Remote Ages," p. 83.
[12] "La Migration des symboles," p. 104.
[13] "Ilios," pp. 347, 348.
[14] Bulletins de la Sociètè d'Anthropologie, 1888, p. 678.
[15] Mr. Gandhi makes the same remark in his letter on the Buddha shell
statue shown in pl. 10 of this paper.
[16] "Ilios," p. 348.
[17] "Lotus de la Bonne Loi," App. VIII, p. 626, note 4.
[18] Archæologia, p. 36.
[19] Transactions of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain, III, p.
120.
[20] "Lotus de la Bonne Loi," App. VIII, p. 625, note 2.
[21] "Lotus de la Bonne Loi," p. 626.
[22] "Notes on the Religious, Moral, and Political state of India," Journ.
Asiatic Soc. Great Britain, VI, pp. 310-334.
[23] Low, Trans. Roy. Asiatic Soc. of Great Britain, III, pp. 334, 310.
[24] Ibid., p. 299.
[25] Ibid., p. 299.
[26] Low, Trans. Royal Asiatic Soc. of Great Britain, III, p. 310.
[27] Indian Antiquary, II, May, 1873, p. 135.
[28] "Bilsa Topes," p. 17.
[29] "Ceramic Art in Remote Ages," p. 12.
[30] Tenth Congress International d'Anthropologie et d'Archæologie
Prehistoriques, Paris, 1889, p. 474.
[31] Archæologia, XLVII, pt. 1, p. 159.
[32] "Ceramic Art in Remote Ages," p. 11.
[33] See explanation of the Swastika by Mr. Gandhi according to the Jain
tenets, p. 804.
[34] "Ilios," p. 353.
[35] "Alphabetum Tibetarium," Rome, 1762, pp. 211, 460, 725.
[36] Rockhill, "Diary of a Journey through Mongolia and Tibet,"
Smithsonian Institution, Washington, 1894, p. 67.
[37] "Des Sciences et Religion," pp. 252, 257.
[38] Vol. XI.
[39] "La Migration des Symboles," pp. 61-63.
[40] Archæologia, XLVIII, pt. 2, pp. 322, 323.
[41] "Early History of Mankind," p. 257, note C.
[42] "The Book of the Sword," p. 202, note 2.
[43] Burnouf, "Des Sciences et Religion," p. 18.
[44] The two pieces of wood of _Ficus religiosa_, used for kindling fire.
[45] "La Migration des Symboles," p. 63.
[46] Archæologia, XLIII, pt. 2, pp. 324, 325.
[47] "La Migration des Symboles," p. 64.
[48] "Fylfot and Swastika," Archæologia, 1885, p. 293.
[49] "La Migration des Symboles," p. 65.
[50] "Le Dieu gaulois du Soleil et le symbolisme de la roue," Paris, 1886.
[51] Proc. Amer. Philosoph. Soc., 1889, pp. 177-187.
[52] "Ceramic Art in Remote Ages."
[53] "The Book of the Sword," p. 202.
[54] Trans. Lancaster and Cheshire Antiq. Soc., 1886.
[55] Haddon, "Evolution in Art," London, 1895, p. 288.
[56] Sampson, Low, Marston & Co., London.
[57] Goodyear, "The Grammar of the Lotus," pp. 4, 5.
[58] Ibid., p. 6.
[59] Goodyear, "The Grammar of the Lotus," pp. 7, 8.
[60] Ibid., p. 71.
[61] Ibid., pp. 74, 77.
[62] "Age du Bronze," Deuxieme partie, p. 301.
[63] Matériaux pour l'Histoire Primitive et Naturelle de l'Homme, 3d ser.,
VIII, p. 6.
[64] "Grammar of the Lotus," pl. 8, p. 81.
[65] Ibid., pp. 82-94.
[66] Ibid., p. 96.
[67] Ibid., pl. X, figs. 7-9, p. 97.
[68] Ibid., p. 354.
[69] Ibid., p. 353.
[70] Ibid., p. 354, fig. 174.
[71] Cesnola, "Cyprus, its Ancient Cities, Tombs, and Temples," p. 410.
[72] "Industrial Arts of India," p. 107.
[73] "Zur Geschichte der Swastika."
[74] "La Migration des Symboles," chap. 2, pt. 3, p. 66.
[75] Ibid., p. 67.
[76] "La Migration des Symboles," p. 69.
[77] Ibid., p. 71.
[78] "La Migration des Symboles," pp. 72, 75, 77.
[79] Ibid., p. 61.
[80] Athenæum, August 20, 1892, p. 266.
[81] Numismatic Chronicle, 1880, XX, pp. 18-48.
[82] Madras Journ. of Lit. and Sci., III, pl. 9.
[83] London, 1880.
[84] Rawlinson, "Cuneiform Inscriptions of Western Asia," V, pl. 60;
Trans. Soc. Biblical Archæology, VIII, p. 165.
[85] "History of Art in Chaldea and Assyria," I, p. 200, fig. 71.
[86] Bull. Soc. d'Anthrop., Paris, 1888, pp. 674, 675.
[87] Archæologia, XLVIII, pt. 2, p. 326.
[88] Proc. Amer. Philosoph. Soc., 1889, XXIX, p. 180.
[89] Quarterly Statement of the Palestine Exploration Fund, January, 1895,
pp. 81, 85.
[90] "La Migration des Symboles," pl. 3.
[91] "La Migration des Symboles," p. 93.
[92] Ibid., p. 107.
[93] "Ilios," p. XXI.
[94] Ibid., p. 352.
[95] Ibid., p. 353.
[96] "La Migration des Symboles," p. 43.
[97] "Peintures céramiques de la Grèce propre." I, pl. XV, fig. 17.
[98] "Histoire de l'art dans l'antiquité," III, figs. 513, 515, 518.
[99] Bull. Soc. d'Anthrop., Paris, December 6, 1888, pp. 669, 679, 680.
[100] "Grammar of the Lotus," p. 318 et seq.
[101] Archæologia, XLVII, pt. 1, p. 159.
[102] "Ages Prehistorique de l'Espagne et du Portugal," pp. 285-293.
[103] Ibid., p. 286.
[104] Ibid., p. 293.
[105] "Ceramic Art in Remote Ages," p. 13.
[106] Proc. Amer. Philosoph. Soc., 1889, XXIX, p. 179.
[107] "Musée Préhistorique," fig. 1230; Bull. Soc. d'Anthrop., Paris,
1886, pp. 299, 313, 314.
[108] "Catalogue of Oriental Porcelain and Pottery," pl. 11, fig. 139.
[109] De Morgan, "Au Caucase," fig. 180.
[110] "Pottery and Porcelain," p. 254.
[111] "Ilios," p. 352.
[112] "Le Swastika et la roue solaire en Chine," Revue d'Ethnographie, IV,
pp. 319, 350.
[113] "La Migration des Symboles," p. 35.
[114] New York Independent, November 16, 1893; Science, March 23, 1894, p.
162.
[115] "Diary of a Journey through Mongolia and Tibet in 1891-92," p. 67.
[116] "La Migration des Symboles," p. 55, citing note I, Journ. Asiatique,
2{e} série, IV, p. 245, and Pallas, "Sammlungen historischer Nachrichten
über die mongolischen Völkerschaften," I, p. 277.
[117] Ibid., p. 55.
[118] "Des Sciences et Religion," p. 256.
[119] "Introduction to Popular Religion and Folk Lore of North India," p.
58.
[120] Trubner & Co., London, 1883, pp. 140, pl. 60.
[121] "Âge du Bronze," pt. 1, p. 206.
[122] "Musée Préhistorique," pl. 98; "Notes de l'Origine Orientale de la
Métallurgie," Lyon, 1879; "L'Âge de la Pierre et du Bronze dans l'Asie
Occidentale," Bull. Soc. d'Anthrop., Lyon, I, fasc. 2, 1882; Bull. Soc.
d'Anthrop. de Paris, 1886, pp. 299, 313, and 314.
[123] "Ceramic Art in Remote Ages."
[124] "La Migration des Symboles," pp. 51, 52.
[125] "Det Saakaldte Hagebors," Copenhagen, 1877.
[126] "La Migration des Symboles," pp. 51, 52.
[127] Bull. de la Soc. d'Anthrop., December 6, 1888, XI, p. 671.
[128] "La Migration des Symboles," p. 51.
[129] "Histoire de l'Art dans l'Antiquité," IV.
[130] "Mission Scientifique au Caucase."
[131] "Recherches Anthropologiques dans le Caucase," tome deuxième,
période protohistorique, Atlas, pl. 11, fig. 3.
[132] Count Goblet d'Alviella, "La Migration des Symboles," p. 51.
[133] "Ceramic Art in Remote Ages," pl. 41, figs. 5 and 6.
[134] "Ceramic Art in Remote Ages," pl. 42, fig. 20_c_.
[135] "Mines de l'Orient," V.
[136] Harper's Magazine, August, 1895.
[137] Bulletins de la Soc. d'Anthrop., 1888, II, p. 678.
[138] Dixième Congrès International d'Anthropologie et d'Archéologie
Préhistorique, Paris, 1889, p. 474.
[139] "Ilios," pp. 229, 350, note 1.
[140] Ibid., figs. 63-70, p. 229.
[141] Ibid., p. 303.
[142] All spindle-whorls from the hill of Hissarlik are represented
one-half natural size.
[143] Archæologia, XLVIII, pt. 2, p. 322.
[144] "Ilios," pp. 518, 571.
[145] "Ilios," fig. 1852.
[146] Ibid., p. 573.
[147] Tenth Congr. Inter. d'Anthrop. et d'Archæol. Prehist., Paris, 1889,
p. 474.
[148] "Ilios," p. 418.
[149] See p. 786.
[150] "Ilios," fig. 226, p. 337.
[151] Ibid., p. 694.
[152] Ibid., p. 338.
[153] See p. 795.
[154] Genesis i, 28.
[155] Genesis viii, 17; ix, 7.
[156] Genesis iii, 16.
[157] Genesis xiii, 16; xv, 5.
[158] "Ilios," preface, p. xi.
[159] "Ilios," app. 1, p. 685.
[160] Ibid., app. 6, p. 379.
[161] "Troja," p. xii.
[162] "La Migration des Symboles," pp. 51, 52.
[163] "Ceramic Art in Remote Ages," p. 82.
[164] Archæologia, XLVII, pt. 1, p. 159.
[165] "Grammar of the Lotus," pl. 30, figs. 2 and 10, p. 356.
[166] "Les Tapisseries Coptes," sec. 4, pp. 5, 6.
[167] Forrer, "Die Gräber-und Textilfunde von Achmim-Panopolis," p. 20.
[168] Bull. Soc. Française de numism. et d'archéol., II, pl. 3, p. 3.
[169] "Ilios," p. 353.
[170] See p. 845.
[171] "Grammar of the Lotus," p. 352.
[172] Goodyear, "Grammar of the Lotus," pl. 61, fig. 1.
[173] See p. 795.
[174] Matériaux pour l'Histoire Primitive et Naturelle de l'Homme, XVIII,
p. 14.
[175] Athenic vases painted by Andokides, about 525 B. C., represent the
dress of the goddess, ornamented with Swastika and _Croix swasticale_. Am.
Journ. Archæol., January-March, 1896, XI, No. 1, figs. 9, 11.
[176] "Grammar of the Lotus," pp. 348, 353.
[177] "Cyprus, its Ancient Cities, Tombs, and Temples," pl. 45, fig. 36.
[178] "History of Art in Phenicia and Cyprus," II, p. 302, fig. 239.
[179] "Ceramic Art in Remote Ages," pl. 42, fig. 2.
[180] "Troja," p. 123.
[181] "Ceramic Art in Remote Ages," frontispiece, fig. 3, and p. 115.
[182] Matériaux pour l'Histoire Primitive et Naturelle de l'Homme, 1881,
XVI, p. 416.
[183] Another Rhodian vase, similar in style, with Swastikas, is shown in
the "Grammar of the Lotus," pl. 37, fig. 4.
[184] G. Hirschfield, "Vasi archaici Ateniesi," Annali dell' Instituto di
corrispondenza archæologica, 1872, Tav. d'Ag. K. 6, 52.
[185] Bull. Soc. d'Anthrop., Paris, 1888, pp. 674-675.
[186] Ibid., p. 675.
[187] "Salaminia," p. 240, fig. 226.
[188] Aphrodite = Phenician Ashtoreth, Astarte = Babylonian Ishtar.
[189] See p. 773.
[190] Archæologia, XLVIII, pt. 2, p. 305.
[191] Bull. Soc. d'Anthrop., Paris, 1888, p. 679.
[192] "Cities and Cemeteries of Etruria," I, p. 69.
[193] Ibid., II, p. 457.
[194] Annali dell' Instituto, Rome, 1871, pp. 239-279; Bulletino
Instituto, Rome, 1871, pp. 31-52; Pigorini and Sir John Lubbock, "Notes on
Hut Urns and other objects from Marino," London, 1869; Virchow, "Die
Huttenuruen von Marino," Berlin, 1883.
[195] "Troja," p. 122.
[196] "Cities and Cemeteries of Etruria," I, p. lxxxix.
[197] "La Migration des Symboles," p. 67.
[198] See p. 786.
[199] "Ilios," p. 352.
[200] There are bronze hatchets from Italy, with Swastikas in intaglio and
in relief, in Musée St. Germain. De Mortillet, "Musée Préhistorique,"
figs. 1153, 1154.
[201] "Lake Dwellings," pl. 161, figs. 3, 4.
[202] "Age du Bronze," pt. 2, figs. 53-55, p. 195.
[203] Zeitschrift für Ethnographie, Berlin, 1871 and 1876.
[204] Coll. Majlath Bela; Hampel, "Antiquités Préhistoriques de la
Hongrie;" Erztergom, 1877, pl. 20, No. 3.
[205] Hampel, "Catalogue de l'Exposition des Musées des Provinces,"
Budapest, 1876, p. 17; Schliemann, "Ilios," p. 352.
[206] Matériaux pour l'Histoire Primitive et Naturelle de l'Homme, 1884,
pp. 14, 120.
[207] "Old Northern Runic Monuments," pt. 3, p. 407.
[208] Proceedings of the Eighth Session, I, pp. 457-460.
[209] Du Chaillu, "Viking Age," I, fig. 335.
[210] "Ceramic Art in Remote Ages," pl. 43, fig. 11; "Viking Age," II,
fig. 1311; Englehardt, "L'Ancien Age de Fer." fig. 28.
[211] Du Chaillu, "Viking Age," I, fig. 379.
[212] "Ogam Inscribed Monuments," p. 359, pl. xlix.
[213] Ibid., p. 358, pl. xlviii.
[214] Greg, Archæologia, XLVIII, pt. 2, pl. 19, fig. 27.
[215] "La Migration des Symboles," p. 49.
[216] Zmigrodzki, "Zur Geschichte der Suastika," taf. 6, fig. 248.
[217] "Lake Dwellings of Europe," p. 384, pl. 124, figs. 20-22.
[218] "L'Autel de Saintes et les triades gauloises," Revue Archæol., 1880,
XXXIX, p. 343.
[219] Institut Archæologique Liégeois, X, 1870, p. 106, pl. 13.
[220] "La Migration des Symboles," p. 47, fig. 13.
[221] See fig. 238.
[222] Archæologia, L, pt. 2, p. 406, pl. 23, fig. 7.
[223] Archæologia, XXXI.
[224] "Ceramic Art in Remote Ages," pl. 43, fig. 10.
[225] Ibid., pl. 3, fig. 50.
[226] See p. 787.
[227] "History of Art in Phrygia, Lydia, Caria, and Lycia," p. 391.
[228] An unique cast of this tripod is in the U. S. National Museum,
Department of Oriental Antiquities.
[229] The number of heads may have been regulated by the size of the coins
in question, probably answering to different values.
[230] "Ceramic Art in Remote Ages," p. 85.
[231] "Ceramic Art in Remote Ages," pl. 13, fig. 24.
[232] Ibid., pl. 13, fig. 21.
[233] Athenæum, No. 3385, September 10, 1892, p. 353.
[234] Debrett's "Complete Peerage of the United Kingdom of Great Britain
and Ireland."
[235] Snowden, "Mint Manual of Coins of all Nations," Introduction, pp.
ix-xiv; Ackerman, "Roman Coins," pl. 14.
[236] The Bisaltæ and Orrescii were Thracian tribes who dwelt in the
valleys of the Strymon and the Angites, to the north of the Pangæan Range.
[237] See p. 788.
[238] "Ceramic Art in Remote Ages," pl. 41, figs. 20-23.
[239] "Numismatic Chron.," (new series), IV.
[240] "La Migration des Symboles," figs. 17, 123.
[241] Edward Thomas, Journ. Royal Asiatic Soc. (new series), I, p. 475.
[242] "Ceramic Art in Remote Ages," p. 83.
[243] "Numismatic Chron.," pt. I, 1880. See p. 788 of this paper.
[244] Archæologia, XLVIII, pt. II, 1885, p. 306.
[245] Athenæum, August 20, 1892.
[246] "Viking Age," II, figs. 1307, 1309.
[247] Page 436, fig. 140.
[248] Proc. Royal Danish Acad. Sci., 5th ser., III, p. 94, fig. a; "La
Migration des Symboles," p. 50, fig. 16.
[249] Third Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, 1881-82, p. 464 et seq., figs.
139-141.
[250] This theory was first announced by Antonio de Montezinos and
published by MANASSEH ben ISRAEL in Amsterdam, 1636. In Leser Library,
Phil., and Cohen Library, Balto. Catalogued by Dr. Cyrus Adler. First
English Ed. by Moses Wall, London: 1651, republished by Dr. Grossmann, Am.
Jews' Annual, 1889, p. 83.
[251] Max Müller and Ohnefalsch-Richter agree with this. See pp. 772, 773
of this paper.
[252] Cf. Ghandi, p. 882, of this paper.
[253] Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, 1883-84, pp. 96-106, figs. 42,
43, 45.
[254] These explorations were made for the Department of Ethnology at the
World's Columbian Exposition, Chicago, 1893.
[255] "Prehistoric America," p. 22, note 24, fig. 9.
[256] "Primitive Industry," p. 32.
[257] American Naturalist, XIX, July, 1885, p. 670.
[258] Ibid., pl. 20.
[259] This was the last time I ever saw Mr. Dorsey. He died within a
month, beloved and regretted by all who knew him.
[260] "Troja," p. 123.
[261] "The Cliff Dwellers of the Mesa Verde, Southwestern Colorado," P. A.
Norstedt & Son, Chicago, 1893.
[262] From letter of Mr. Walter Hough, Winslow, Ariz. "I send you two
pieces of pottery [bearing many ogee Swastikas] from the ruins near here
formerly inhabited by the Moki. Many of the bowls which we have found in
this ruin had the Swastika as a major _motif_ in the decoration."
See also The Archæologist, III, No. 7, p. 248.
[263] "Troja," p. 122.
[264] The presence of the Swastika is the only purpose of this citation.
The correctness of the translation is not involved and is not vouched for.
[265] Equivalent to Istar of Assyria and Babylon, Astarte of Phenicia, to
the Greek Aphrodite, and the Roman Venus.
[266] Cited in "Misson Voyage d'Italie," tome 1, p. 217; Dulaure,
"Histoire des Differens Cultes," II; Brantône, "Dames Galantes"; Rabelais,
"Pantagruel," 3, chap. 35.
[267] Second Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, p. 59.
[268] Second Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, 1880-81, p. 273, pl. 54.
[269] Second Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, 1880-81, pl. 55, fig. 1.
[270] Ibid., pl. 55, fig. 2.
[271] Second Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, 1880-81, p. 276, pl. 56, figs.
1, 2.
[272] Op. cit., p. 276, pl. 56, figs. 3, 5, 6.
[273] Op. cit., p. 281.
[274] Second Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, 1880-81, pl. 61.
[275] Second Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, pls. 69-73.
[276] Figs. 402, 413, 415, 416.
[277] Third Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, fig. 157.
[278] Fourth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, 1882-83, fig. 442.
[279] Fourth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, 1882-83, p. 343, fig. 331.
[280] Third Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, 1881-82, fig. 165.
[281] Ibid., pp. 502, 503, figs. 186, 189.
[282] Second Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, 1880-81, p. 271, pl. 51, fig.
1.
[283] Second Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, 1880-81, pp. 272, 273.
[284] Schoolcraft, "History of the Indian Tribes," III, pl. 25; Second
Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, 1880-81, pl. 36.
[285] Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge, p. 33, pl. 14, fig. 7.
[286] "La Migration des Symboles," p. 18.
[287] Tenth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, 1888-89, figs. 1118-1129.
[288] Eighth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, p. 283.
[289] Tenth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, 1888-89, fig. 1165.
[290] Ibid., fig. 1232.
[291] Ibid., fig. 1231.
[292] Ibid., p. 729.
[293] Second Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, p. 61.
[294] Contrib. North American Ethnology, V, p. 144.
[295] "Historia de Mexico," I, p. 238.
[296] Ninth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, 1887-88, p. 479.
[297] "Myths of the New World," p. 96.
[298] "Gaspesi," London, 1691, pp. 170, 172, 199.
[299] Second Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, 1880-81, p. 270.
[300] Sixth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, p. 173 et seq., figs. 257-278.
[301] Second Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, p. 269.
[302] Seventh Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, p. 155.
[303] Second Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, p. 269.
[304] Mem. Soc. d'Anthrop., Paris, 1890, p. 200.
[305] De Quatrefages, "Histoire Générale du Races Humaines," Introduction,
p. 239, figs. 185-191, 193-194.
[306] Goblet d'Alviella, "La Migration des Symboles," pp. 56, 57.
[307] Proc. Am. Philosoph. Soc., xxvi, p. 177.
[308] For general lack of knowledge of Swastika in modern times, see
Preface, p. 763.
[309] Finnische Ornamente. 1. Stichornamente. Heft 1-4. Soumalaisen
Kirjallisuuden Seura Helsingissä, 1894.
[310] Karl Blind, "Discovery of Odinic songs in Shetland," Nineteenth
Century, June, 1879, p. 1098, cited by Alfred C. Haddon in "Evolution in
Art," London, 1895, p. 285.
[311] Miss Fanny D. Bergen, in Scribner's Magazine, September, 1894.
[312] Bull. Soc. d'Anthrop., Paris, October, 1893, p. 600.
[313] Bull. Soc. d'Anthrop., Paris, pp. 461-462.
[314] De Mortillet, "Musée Préhistorique," fig. 1239.
[315] "Prehistoric Man," p. 601.
[316] The Basaltæ and Orrescii were Thracian tribes who dwelt in the
valleys of the Strymon and the Angites, to the north of the Pangæan Range.