The fourth day of creation produced the sun, the moon, and the stars.
These heavenly spheres were not actually fashioned on this day; they
were created on the first day, and merely were assigned their places in
the heavens on the fourth.[98] At first the sun and the moon enjoyed
equal powers and prerogatives.[99] The moon spoke to God, and said: "O
Lord, why didst Thou create the world with the letter Bet?" God
replied: "That it might be made known unto My creatures that there are
two worlds." The moon: "O Lord: which of the two worlds is the larger,
this world or the world to come?" God: "The world to come is the
larger." The moon: "O Lord, Thou didst create two worlds, a greater and
a lesser world; Thou didst create the heaven and the earth, the heaven
exceeding the earth; Thou didst create fire and water, the water
stronger than the fire, because it can quench the fire; and now Thou
hast created the sun and the moon, and it is becoming that one of them
should be greater than the other." Then spake God to the moon: "I know
well, thou wouldst have me make Thee greater than the sun. As a
punishment I decree that thou mayest keep but one-sixtieth of thy
light." The moon made supplication: "Shall I be punished so severely
for having spoken a single word?" God relented: "In the future world I
will restore thy light, so that thy light may again be as the light of
the sun." The moon was not yet satisfied. "O Lord," she said, "and the
light of the sun, how great will it be in that day?" Then the wrath of
God was once more enkindled: "What, thou still plottest against the
sun? As thou livest, in the world to come his light shall be sevenfold
the light he now sheds."[100] The Sun runs his course like a
bridegroom. He sits upon a throne with a garland on his head.[101]
Ninety-six angels accompany him on his daily journey, in relays of
eight every hour, two to the left of him, and two to the right, two
before Him, and two behind. Strong as he is, he could complete his
course from south to north in a single instant, but three hundred and
sixty-five angels restrain him by means of as many grappling-irons.
Every day one looses his hold, and the sun must thus spend three
hundred and sixty-five days on his course. The progress of the sun in
his circuit is an uninterrupted song of praise to God. And this song
alone makes his motion possible. Therefore, when Joshua wanted to bid
the sun stand still, he had to command him to be silent. His song of
praise hushed, the sun stood still.[102]
The sun is double-faced; one face, of fire, is directed toward the
earth, and one of hail, toward heaven, to cool off the prodigious heat
that streams from the other face, else the earth would catch afire. In
winter the sun turns his fiery face upward, and thus the cold is
produced.[103] When the sun descends in the west in the evening, he
dips down into the ocean and takes a bath, his fire is extinguished,
and therefore he dispenses neither light nor warmth during the night.
But as soon as he reaches the east in the morning, he laves himself in
a stream of flame, which imparts warmth and light to him, and these he
sheds over the earth. In the same way the moon and the stars take a
bath in a stream of hail before they enter upon their service for the
night.[104]
When the sun and the moon are ready to start upon their round of
duties, they appear before God, and beseech him to relieve them of
their task, so that they may be spared the sight of sinning mankind.
Only upon compulsion they proceed with their daily course. Coming from
the presence of God, they are blinded by the radiance in the heavens,
and they cannot find their way. God, therefore, shoots off arrows, by
the glittering light of which they are guided. It is on account of the
sinfulness of man, which the sun is forced to contemplate on his
rounds, that he grows weaker as the time of his going down approaches,
for sins have a defiling and enfeebling effect, and he drops from the
horizon as a sphere of blood, for blood is the sign of corruption.[105]
As the sun sets forth on his course in the morning, his wings touch the
leaves on the trees of Paradise, and their vibration is communicated to
the angels and the holy Hayyot, to the other plants, and also to the
trees and plants on earth, and to all the beings on earth and in
heaven. It is the signal for them all to cast their eyes upward. As
soon as they see the Ineffable Name, which is engraved in the sun, they
raise their voices in songs of praise to God. At the same moment a
heavenly voice is heard to say, "Woe to the sons of men that consider
not the honor of God like unto these creatures whose voices now rise
aloft in adoration."[106] These words, naturally, are not heard by men;
as little as they perceive the grating of the sun against the wheel to
which all the celestial bodies are attached, although the noise it
makes is extraordinarily loud.[107] This friction of the sun and the
wheel produces the motes dancing about in the sunbeams. They are the
carriers of healing to the sick,[108] the only health-giving creations
of the fourth day, on the whole an unfortunate day, especially for
children, afflicting them with disease.[109] When God punished the
envious moon by diminishing her light and splendor, so that she ceased
to be the equal of the sun as she had been originally,[110] she
fell,[111] and tiny threads were loosed from her body. These are the
stars.[112]