announces his intention to add to this force 2/27th Foot and
1st Anglo-Italians, who had been 28 officers and 823 men and 40
officers and 1,153 men respectively, in the ‘state’ of October
25, but are not present in the ‘state’ of December 10 (except for
288 men of 1st Anglo-Italians).
_Officers._ _N.C.O.’s
and Men._
20th Light Dragoons 8 223
R.A. -- 60
2nd Anglo-Italians 2 176
Calabrian Free Corps (1 division) 14 325
Sicilian Cavalry 22 204
Sicilian Infantry (the Estero Regiment) 77 1,185
--- -----
Total 123 2,173
It may be well to give here the garrisons of Cadiz and Gibraltar in
1812, as both of them supplied troops to the field army during that
year.
In Gibraltar, under General Campbell, there were the 2/9th, 2/11th,
37th, and the 4th and 7th Veteran Battalions throughout the year. The
1/82nd was there till the summer, when it was relieved by the 1/26th,
sent back from Portugal by Wellington. The 1/82nd sailed for Lisbon and
marched up to the front, but arrived just too late for the battle of
Salamanca.
At Cadiz General Cooke commanded, at the commencement of the year, the
3/1st Guards (which had arrived and relieved the ‘composite battalion
of Guards’ before the end of 1811), also the 2/47th, 2/67th, 2/87th,
two companies of the _Chasseurs Britanniques_, De Watteville’s regiment
(which arrived before the end of 1811), the strange corps sometimes
called the ‘battalion of Foreign Deserters,’ sometimes the ‘battalion
of Foreign Recruits,’ two companies of the 2/95th, and a squadron of
the 2nd Hussars K.G.L., also the 20th Portuguese.
Early in the year the 2/67th and five companies of De Watteville’s
regiment were sent off to Cartagena.
In September the 3/1st Guards, 2/47th, 2/87th, two companies 95th, and
20th Portuguese marched to join Hill at Madrid, taking with them the
German squadron and two field-batteries: they were just 4,000 strong.
The 2/59th came out from home about the same time, and was in October
the only _British_ battalion at Cadiz. With them remained the ‘Foreign
Deserters,’ seven companies of De Watteville, and two companies of
_Chasseurs Britanniques_, as also some artillerymen.
XV
THE SCOVELL CIPHERS
By the very great kindness of Mr. G. Scovell of Brighton, I have had
placed at my disposition the papers of his great-uncle, General Sir
George Scovell, G.C.B., who served during the Peninsular War in the
Intelligence branch of the Quartermaster-General’s department. In
the beginning of 1812 the number of intercepted French dispatches
in cipher which came into Wellington’s hands, through the happy
activity of Julian Sanchez and other guerrillero chiefs, began to be
so considerable that the Commander-in-Chief thought it worth while to
detail a member of his staff to deal with them. Captain Scovell was
selected because of his ingenuity in this line, and became responsible
for attempting to interpret all the captured documents. They were made
over to him, and, having done what he could with them, he placed the
fair-copy of the ‘decoded’ result in Wellington’s hands, but seems
to have been allowed to keep the originals--which were, of course,
unintelligible because of their form, and therefore useless to his
chief. The file of documents which thus remained with him is most
interesting: they range in size from formal dispatches of considerable
bulk--eight or ten folio pages long--down to scraps of the smallest
size written on thin paper, and folded up so as to go into some secret
place of concealment on the bearer’s person. Some of them look as if
they had been sewed up in a button, or rolled under the leather of a
whip handle, or pushed along the seam of a garment. I take it that
these must all have been entrusted to emissaries sent in disguise,
_Afrancesados_ or peasants hired by a great bribe. Presumably each of
these scraps cost the life of the bearer when it was discovered--for
the guerrillero chiefs did not deal mildly with Spaniards caught
carrying French secret orders. The large folio dispatches, on the
other hand, must no doubt have been carried by French aides-de-camp or
couriers, whose escorts were dispersed or captured by the _partidas_ at
some corner of the mountain roads between Madrid and the head-quarters
of the Armies of Portugal and Andalusia.
The cipher letters are of two sorts--in the first (and more numerous)
class only the names of persons and places, and the most important
sentences are in cipher--invariably a numerical cipher of arbitrary
figures. In the other class the whole dispatch is written in figures,
not merely its more weighty clauses. The reason for adopting the former
method was that it saved much time; the transliterating of unimportant
parts of the dispatch (such as compliments, and personal remarks of
no strategical import) would have taken many extra hours, when it was
necessary to get a letter sent off in a hurry. But, as we shall see
later on, there was grave danger in using this system, because the
context might sometimes allow the decipherer to make a good guess at
the disguised words, after reading that part of the letter which was
not so guarded.
Occasionally a French dispatch is ciphered after the same infantile
system that readers of romances will remember in Poe’s _Gold Bug_ or
Conan Doyle’s _Sherlock Holmes_, where letters or numbers are merely
substituted for each other--where, for example, 2 always means letter
_e_, or 25 letter _r_. This sort of cipher is dangerously easy to
an expert reader, especially if the words are separated from each
other, so that the number of letters in each can be counted. Take,
for example, a letter sent to Soult in 1813 by Cassan, the blockaded
governor of Pampeluna[797]. Only one precaution had been taken in this
cipher-epistle, viz. that elaborate care has been taken to defeat the
attempt of the reader to arrive at results by counting what figures
appear most frequently, and so deducing by their repetition that these
must be _e_ (the most frequently used letter in French, as in English),
_s_, _i_, _a_, _t_, and other common letters. This is done by having
six alternative numbers for _e_, four each for _a_ and _i_, three for
_t_, _s_, and _n_. Taking the simple phrase
47.50.40.41.14.26
58.24
3.51.10.36.44.23.17.24.10.50.53.27
47.46
11.18.39.17.46.21,
which deciphers into ‘depuis le commencement du blocus,’ we see that
_e_ appears five times, but is represented by both 50, 24, and 44; _u_
three times, but varied as 14 and 46; _m_ thrice, varied as 10 and
36. This made the reader’s work harder, but not nearly so difficult
as that required for certain other ciphers: for the whole set of
signs, being not much over 60 in number, there was a limited amount
of possibilities for each figure-interpretation. And the words being
separated by spaces, there was a certainty that some of the two-letter
units must represent _et_, _de_, _ce_, _eu_, _du_, and similar common
French two-letter words. As a matter of fact this particular dispatch
was deciphered in a few hours owing to the lucky guess that its initial
words
10.45.23.21.16.2.41.25
5.24
10.4.25.24.3.9.8.5
might be ‘Monsieur le Maréchal,’ the preliminary address to the
intended recipient. This hypothesis was verified at once by finding
that this rendering made good sense for the two-letter words 23.24 =
_ne_, and 10.2 = _me_, lower down in the letter. After this all was
plain sailing.
[797] This particular letter is _not_ one of the Scovell file.
But the usual French cipher, the ‘Great Paris Cipher’ as Scovell called
it, was a very much more complicated and difficult affair, as the list
of figures, instead of being only a few score, ran to many hundreds.
And of these only some few represented individual letters, more were
parts of a syllabary: _ma_, _me_, _mi_, _mo_, _mu_, for example, had
each a figure representing them, and so had _ab_- _ac_- _ad_- _af_-
_ag_- &c. Moreover, there was a multitude of arbitrary numbers,
representing under a single figure words that must often be used in a
dispatch, such as _hommes_, _armée_, _général_, _marche_, _ennemi_,
_corps d’armée_, _canons_. In addition there was a code of proper
names, e.g. 1216 meant the River Douro, 93 Portugal, 1279 Talavera,
585 King Joseph, 1391 General Dorsenne, 1327 the Army of the South,
1280 Soult, 1300 Wellington, 400 Ciudad Rodrigo, &c. If the King wished
the Duke of Dalmatia to send 9,000 men of the Army of the South to
Talavera, he had only to write
‘585 désire que 1280 dirige 1156 (neuf) 692 (mille) 1102 (hommes)
de 1327 sur 1279.’
He would then cut up _désire_ and _dirige_ into the syllables
_de-si-re_ and _di-ri-ge_, for each of which the syllabary had set
figures; there were also arbitrary numbers for _sur_, _de_, and _que_.
So the whole sentence would take up only fourteen numbers when written
out.
It would seem at first sight that to interpret such a dispatch would be
a perfectly hopeless task, to any one who had not the key to the cipher
before him. That the admirably patient and ingenious Scovell at last
made out for himself a key from the laborious comparison of documents,
was nevertheless the fact. He was started on the track by the fortunate
circumstance that most of the intercepted dispatches were only _partly_
in cipher. Marmont would write
‘Avec les moyens que j’ai, et 798, 1118, 602, 131,
1112.663.1135.502 au delà de Sabugal,’
or
‘J’avais donné l’ordre que 1003, 497, 1115, 1383, 69,711, 772,
530, de descendre cette rivière et de se mettre en communication
avec moi.’
Clearly the cipher-figures in the first case have something to do with
a march on Sabugal, in the second with orders to some general or body
of troops (to be identified hereafter) to march down a river which the
context shows must be the Tagus. This is not much help, and the task
looked still very hopeless. But when intercepted dispatches accumulated
in quantities, and the same cipher-figures kept occurring among
sentences of which part was written out in full, it became evident
that various cryptic figures must mean places and persons who could
be guessed at, with practical certainty. Occasionally a French writer
completely ‘gives himself away’ by carelessness: e.g. Dorsenne wrote on
April 16 to Jourdan,
‘Vous voulez de renseignement sur la situation militaire et
administrative de 1238:’
obviously the probable interpretation of this number is ‘the Army of
the North,’ and this is rendered almost certain by passages lower down
the same letter. Equally incautious is King Joseph when he writes to
Marmont,
‘J’ai donné l’ordre au général Treillard de 117.8.7 la vallée du
1383, afin de marcher à 498.’
Considering the situation of the moment 117.8.7 must almost certainly
mean _evacuate_, 1383 _Tagus_, and 498 some large town.[798] [The
particular dispatch in which this occurs is on a most curious piece of
paper, half an inch broad, a foot long, and excessively thin. It is
bent into twelve folds, and would fit into any small receptacle of one
inch by half an inch. I fear the bearer who had it on his person must
have come to a bad end.] Suchet also made Scovell the present of some
useful words when he wrote on September 17 to Soult,
‘Le Général Maitland commande l’expédition anglaise venue de 747:
O’Donnell peut réunir 786 692 1102 en y comprenant le corps de
l’Anglais Roche. Le 19 août je n’avais que 135 692 1102 à lui
opposer.’
Here it is quite clear that ‘747’ means _Sicily_; that ‘692.1102’ in
the two statements of forces means _thousand men_. A little guessing
and comparison with other cryptic statements of forces would soon show
that 135 meant 7 and 786 meant 12.
[798] Wellington wrongly guessed Plasencia: it was Aranjuez.
Notwithstanding much useful help it was still a marvellous feat of
Scovell to work out by the end of 1812 no less than _nine hundred_
separate cipher-numbers, ranging in complexity from the simple vowel
a to the symbol that represented ‘train des équipages militaires’! He
must have had a most ingenious brain, and unlimited patience. Down
to the end there remained numbers of unsolved riddles, figures that
represented persons or places so unfrequently mentioned that there was
no way of discovering, by comparison between several documents, what
the number was likely to mean.
Sometimes very small fish came into the net of the guerrilleros,
and were sent on to Wellington; take, for example, the tiny scrap
containing the pathetic letter of the young wife of General Merlin, of
the cavalry of the Army of the Centre--I fear that the bearer must have
fallen into the hands of Julian Sanchez or one of his lieutenants, and
have had short shrift:--
‘Mon cher Ami,--Depuis ton départ je n’ai reçu qu’un seul mot de
toi--pendant qu’il arrive des courriers (c’est-à-dire des paysans)
du quartier général. Mon oncle qui écrit régulièrement dit toujours
qu’on se porte bien, mais tu peux te mettre à ma place! Je crains que
ta goutte ne soit revenue, je crains tant de choses, qui peut-être
passent le sens commun, mais qui me tourmentent. Je ne dors plus, et
n’ai d’autre plaisir que celui de regarder ma fille, qui se porte
bien. Encore si elle pouvait m’entendre et me consoler! Adieu! Je
suis d’une tristesse insupportable, parce que je t’aime plus que
moi-même.--Mercédes.’
It may suffice to show the general character of a typical
cipher-dispatch if we give a few lines of one, with the interpretation
added below--the following comes from a dispatch of Marmont written on
April 22, 1812, to Berthier, from Fuente Guinaldo:--
Le roi après m’avoir donné l’ordre
1060 462 810 195 1034 1282
de faire par- tir deux divisions
971 216 13 192 614 20 90 92
et plus de la moi- ti- é de la
1265 582 637 851 809 388 177
cavalerie dis- po- ni- ble, et avoir
669 112 923 2 786 692 1102
ré- du- it à douze mille hommes
le nombre de troupes que j’ai disponible m’ordonne
13 1040 1003 370 860 400 817 69 862 718 1100
de chercher à pren-dre Ciudad Rodrigo lors que je ne ai
423 815 591 710 850
pas un canon de siège!
It will be noted that of all the words only _partir_, _moitié_,
_disponible_, _réduit_, _prendre_, required to be spelled out in the
syllabary: single fixed numbers existing for all the common words, and
for the military terms _siège_, _cavalerie_, and _division_.
It was, of course, only by degrees that Scovell succeeded in making out
the bulk of the French phrases. In Wellington’s dispatches there is
often, during the spring and summer of 1812, an allusion to information
only partly comprehensible, obtained from captured letters. On June 18
(_Dispatches_, ix. p. 241) Wellington writes to Lord Liverpool that he
‘is not able entirely to decipher’ the intercepted papers that have
been passing between King Joseph and Soult and Marmont. On June 25th
he sends to the same recipient the happy intelligence that he has now
the key to King Joseph’s cipher. Yet again, on July 16th (_Dispatches_,
ix. p. 290)--with No. 36 of the file catalogued below before him--he
says: ‘I have this day got a letter from the King to Marmont of the
9th inst. in cipher, which I cannot entirely decipher: it appears,
however, that he thinks Drouet will not cross the Tagus, and I suspect
he orders General Treillard to collect some troops in the valley of
the Tagus, and to move on Plasencia.’ The interpretation was correct,
save that Treillard was to move not on Plasencia but on Aranjuez. The
code-numbers for the two places were neither of them known as yet. But
by September all essential words were discovered, and Wellington could
comprehend nearly everything, unless Joseph or Soult was writing of
obscure places or distant generals.
A list of the whole of Scovell’s file of 52 French dispatches may be
useful: those whose number is marked with a star are wholly or partly
in cipher, the remaining minority are in plain French without disguise.
It is clear that Wellington had many more French papers not in cipher,
which did not get into Scovell’s portfolio.
_Date._ _Sender._ _Recipient._ _Contents._
1. Mar. 6, 1812 Col. Marmont Long interview with
Jardet Berthier. He says you
must ‘contain’
Wellington in the
North. All else in Spain
matters comparatively
little.
2*. April 11 ” Marmont Brennier See that Silveira does not
molest my communications.
3*. April 14 ” Soult Berthier Marmont has betrayed me, and
caused the loss of Badajoz.
Synopsis of Andalusian affairs.
4*. April 16 ” Marmont Berthier As I prophesied, my raid into
Portugal produces no effect:
we begin to starve.
5*. April 16 ” Dorsenne Jourdan I refuse to acknowledge the king
as controlling my army.
6*. April 17 ” Soult Berthier Details of the fall of Badajoz,
‘événement funeste.’
7*. April 22 ” Marmont Berthier I have been starved out of
Portugal. Have seen no
British troops, save a few
cavalry.
8*. April 23 ” Foy Jourdan Send me food. My division is
nearly starved.
9*. April 25 ” King Dorsenne I am your Commander-in-Chief.
Joseph Send me a report of your army.
10. April 26 ” Gen. Lafon- Gen. News from Andalusia at last:
Blaniac[799] Treillard[800] Soult has failed to save
Badajoz.
11*. April 28 ” Marmont Dorsenne Send me 8,000 quintals of wheat
at once.
12*. April 28 ” Marmont Berthier I have sent Bonnet, as ordered,
to invade the Asturias.
13. April 28 ” Gen. Clarke I send parole of Colquhoun
Lamar- Grant, a suspicious character.
tinière[801] The police should look to
him[802].
14*. April 29 ” Marmont Jourdan If I keep troops on the Tagus,
I am too weak on the Douro
and Tormes. I must draw my
divisions northward.
15*. April 29 ” Marmont Berthier I find that five British divisions
were chasing me last week.
Wellington is very strong in
the North.
16*. April 30 ” Marmont Berthier Send me a siege-train, I am
helpless without one: also
plenty of money.
17. April 30 ” Marmont Gen. Come up at once to join my
Tirlet[803] army.
18*. May 1 ” Jourdan Marmont We will keep unhorsed guns for
you at Talavera, so when
moving South bring gunners
and horses only.
19*. May 1 ” King Dorsenne You are placed under my command.
Joseph Obey my orders.
20*. May 1 ” Jourdan Dorsenne Send a division to Valladolid,
to support Marmont.
21*. May 1 ” Jourdan Marmont You must send more troops to
the Tagus: Drouet is hard
pressed in Estremadura.
22*. May 1 ” Jourdan Berthier Wellington is advancing in
Estremadura. Marmont must
send troops southward.
23*. May 1 ” King Berthier Observations on the
Joseph military situation.
24. May 1 ” Col. Gen. Technical artillery
Bousseroque Doguerau[804] matters.
25. May 20 ” Proclamation by Suchet The King is appointed
Commander-in-Chief in Spain.
26*. May 26 ” King Soult Hill has stormed Almaraz.
Joseph Why was not Drouet
near enough to save it?
27*. May 26 ” Jourdan Soult Hill has stormed Almaraz. Try
to re-open communications
with Foy.
28*. June 1 ” Marmont Jourdan The fall of Almaraz means that
Wellington will attack me next.
He is not threatening Soult,
but me.
29*. June 22 ” Marmont King I stop in front of Salamanca
Joseph manœuvring. I dare not attack
Wellington till Caffarelli’s
reinforcements arrive.
30*. June 24 ” Marmont Caffarelli I am manœuvring opposite
Wellington. Your reinforcements
are required _at once_.
31*. July 1 ” Marmont King When the Salamanca forts fell,
Joseph I retreated to the Douro.
I cannot fight Wellington till
I get 1,500 more horse and 7,000
more infantry.
32. July 1 ” Suchet King Narrative of guerrilla war
Joseph in Aragon.
33. July 1 ” Suchet King Favour shall be shown to
Joseph _Afrancesados_.
34*. July 6 ” Marmont Jourdan I had to retreat to the Douro
because Caffarelli sent no
help. Can you lend me
Treillard’s cavalry division?
35*. July 7 ” King Soult Send 10,000 men to Toledo
Joseph _at once_.
36*. July 9 ” King Marmont I shall march to your aid in a
Joseph few days, when my troops are
collected.
37*. July 22 ” Suchet King I am much worried by Maitland’s
Joseph approach. Have beaten Joseph
O’Donnell at Castalla.
38. July 29 ” Gen. Lafon- King Madrid remains tranquil.
Blaniac[805] Joseph
41*. July 30 ” Marmont King We can never hope to unite.
Joseph My army retires via Lerma on
Burgos.
42. Aug. 2 ” Gen. King Wellington is marching on
Espert[806] Joseph Segovia.
43*. Aug. 7 ” King Marmont Communicate with me by the
Joseph Somosierra Pass.
44*. Aug. 12 ” Suchet King I am much alarmed at the possible
Joseph results of Maitland’s landing.
45*. Aug. 12 ” Soult Clarke The King is betraying the Emperor
and negotiating with the Cadiz
Cortes[807].
46*. Sept. 17 ” Suchet Soult Explains situation in Valencia.
47*. Dec. 9 ” King Napoleon Plans for reorganizing
Joseph the armies.
48*. Dec. 22 ” King Napoleon Plans for next year. Should I
Joseph make Burgos my capital, and hold
Madrid only as an outpost?
49*. Jan. 8, 1813 King Napoleon Soult is intolerable. Let D’Erlon
Joseph replace him. Send us money.
50*. Jan. 28 ” King Napoleon Your decision about Soult shocks
Joseph me. I shall send him away on
my own authority.
51*. Mar. 14 ” King Gen. D’Erlon shall look after Salamanca.
Joseph Reille Send two divisions to hunt the
guerrilleros.
52. Mar. 16 ” Col. King Discouraging news from Paris. No
Lucotte Joseph men or money for Spain!
[799] Governor of La Mancha.
[800] Commanding cavalry on the Tagus.
[801] Marmont’s Chief-of-the-Staff.
[802] See above, p. 293.
[803] Commanding artillery of the Army of Portugal, on leave.
[804] Commanding artillery of the Army of the Centre.
[805] Now governor of Madrid.
[806] Governor of Segovia.
[807] For the story of this letter see above, pp. 538-9.
In addition to the ciphers, the Scovell papers consist of short diaries
of Major Scovell for the Corunna Campaign, and for 1809-10-11-12-13,
as also a large bundle of reports and maps of roads and passes in
Portugal, all the papers concerning the raising of the Corps of Guides,
a number of notes and reports on suggested travelling forges for the
artillery and engineers, and some whole or mutilated contemporary
Spanish newspapers. There is some curious and interesting information
scattered through all of them.
XVI
BRITISH AND PORTUGUESE ARTILLERY IN THE CAMPAIGNS OF 1812
[DETAILS COLLECTED BY MAJOR J. H. LESLIE, R.A.]
I. ROYAL HORSE ARTILLERY
The following troops were serving in the Peninsula in 1812:--
_Troop._ _Under Command of_ _Arrived in _Designation in 1914._
Peninsula._
A Brevet Major H. D. Ross July 1809 ‘A’ Battery, R.H.A.
D Captain G. Lefebure[808] March 1810 ‘V’ Battery, R.H.A.
[Later 2nd Captain E. C.
Whinyates]
E Captain R. Macdonald August 1811 ‘E’ Battery, R.H.A.
I Brevet Major R. Bull August 1809 ‘I’ Battery, R.H.A.
[808] Lefebure died of sickness in October, and the battery was
commanded till next spring by Whinyates.
A, E, and I were serving with Wellington’s main army in 1812, attached
respectively to the Light Division, the 7th Division, and the 1st
Division of Cavalry (Stapleton Cotton). All three were present at
Salamanca, but A was left at Madrid in August with the Light Division,
and did not take part in the Burgos Campaign. D was attached to
Erskine’s ‘2nd Cavalry Division,’ and served under Hill in Estremadura
from the beginning of the year till Hill marched up to Madrid in
October.
II. ROYAL (FOOT) ARTILLERY
A.
The seven companies shown in the following tables were serving in the
Peninsula in 1812 with the field army.
NOTE.--In 1812 there were ten battalions of Royal (Foot) Artillery, the
companies of which were always designated by the name of the commanding
officer, whether he was actually present with his company or no.
_Bat- _Under Command of_ _Arrived in _Designation in 1914._
talion._ Peninsula._
1st Captain J. May[809] March 1809 2nd Battery, R.F.A.
4th Captain S. Maxwell October 1810 72 Company, R.G.A.
5th Captain F. Glubb[810] March 1809 48 Company, R.G.A.
8th Brevet Major R. W. April 1811 78 Company, R.G.A.
Gardiner
8th Captain R. Lawson August 1808 87th Battery, R.F.A.
8th Captain J. P. Eligé[811] October 1810 Reduced in 1819.
[Later, Captain T. A.
Brandreth]
9th Captain R. Douglas March 1812 45th Battery, R.F.A.
[809] Actually under command of 2nd Captain H. Baynes.
[810] Actually under command of 2nd Captain W. G. Power.
[811] Eligé was shot through the heart on the second day of the
siege of the Salamanca forts. 2nd Captain W. Greene commanded the
company at the battle of Salamanca.
Of these, Gardiner’s company was attached to the 1st Division,
Maxwell’s to the 2nd, Douglas’s to the 3rd, Lawson’s to the 5th,
Eligé’s to the 6th. May’s company accompanied the main army without
guns, in charge of the Reserve ammunition train.
Glubb’s company was attached to the heavy 18-pounders and 24-pounder
howitzers of the Reserve Artillery.
Gardiner’s, Douglas’s, Lawson’s, and Eligé’s [now temporarily under 2nd
Captain W. Greene, Eligé having been killed at the Salamanca forts]
companies were present at Salamanca, as was also the Reserve Artillery,
but the last-named was not engaged.
Maxwell’s company was with Hill in Estremadura from January till the
march to Madrid in September-October. Part of it was present at the
capture of Almaraz on 19 May.
B.
The following additional companies were in Portugal in 1812, but did
not join the field army:--
_Bat- _Under Command of_ _Arrived in _Designation in 1914._
talion._ Peninsula._
6th Brevet Major H. F. April 1811 102 Company, R.G.A.
Holcombe
1st Captain A. Bredin September 1808 37th Battery, R.F.A.
6th Captain G. Thompson March 1809 18th Battery, R.F.A.
5th Captain H. Stone March 1812 92 Company, R.G.A.
6th Captain W. Morrison October 1812 51 Company, R.G.A.
Of these Holcombe’s company was employed at the sieges of Ciudad
Rodrigo and Badajoz. The other companies present at these leaguers were
Glubb’s and Lawson’s at Rodrigo, and Glubb’s and Gardiner’s at Badajoz.
In June Holcombe’s and Thompson’s companies were sent round by sea to
the east coast of Spain, and there joined the Anglo-Sicilian expedition
of General Maitland, with which they continued to serve.
C.
At the beginning of 1812, there were present at Cadiz, Cartagena, and
Tarifa, doing garrison duty, the following companies under Lieut.-Col.
A. Duncan:--
_Bat- _Under Command of_ _Arrived in _Designation in 1914._
talion._ Peninsula._
2nd Captain P. Campbell[812] March 1810[813] 62 Company, R.G.A.
5th Captain H. Owen January 1810 60 Company, R.G.A.
9th Captain P. J. Hughes January 1810 Reduced in 1819.
10th Captain W. Roberts March 1810 63 Company, R.G.A.
10th Major A. Dickson April 1810 21 Company, R.G.A.
10th Captain W. Shenley April 1810 11 Company, R.G.A.
[812] This company went to Cartagena from Cadiz at the end
of January 1812, where it remained until the end of the war.
Campbell was not with it, having command of an infantry regiment
in the Spanish Army.
[813] From Gibraltar.
Of these Hughes’s company was detached to Tarifa, and took a brilliant
part in its defence in Dec. 1811-Jan. 1812. The rest were in Cadiz and
the Isle of Leon. Owen’s and Dickson’s companies (the latter until July
1812 being commanded by Captain R. H. Birch, whose own company of the
10th battalion was at Gibraltar, as Dickson, with the rank of Major,
was serving with the Portuguese Army) marched from Cadiz to Madrid
with Skerrett’s column at the end of September 1812, and in October
joined Wellington’s main field army. Hughes’s, Roberts’s, and Shenley’s
companies remained in garrison at Cadiz, and Campbell’s was divided
between Cartagena and Tarifa.
D.
At Alicante, under General Maitland, there were present during the
later months of the year not only Holcombe’s and Thompson’s companies,
which had come round from Lisbon, but also the two following British
companies from Sicily:--
_Bat- _Under Command of_ _Arrived in _Designation in 1914._
talion._ Peninsula._
8th Captain J. S. Williamson August 1812 40th Battery, R.F.A.
4th Captain R. G. Lacy December 1812 25 Company, R.G.A.
III. KING’S GERMAN LEGION ARTILLERY
Of the three companies of the Legionary Artillery in the Peninsula
only one (No. 4) was with the field army, that of Captain F. Sympher,
attached to the 4th Division. This unit was present at the siege of
Ciudad Rodrigo, and also at the battle of Salamanca.
Captain K. Rettberg’s (No. 1) and Captain A. Cleeves’s (No. 2)
companies were doing garrison duty in the Lisbon forts; but Rettberg
himself, with a detachment of two officers and thirty men of his
company, came up to the siege of Badajoz in March-April.
IV. PORTUGUESE ARTILLERY
[The details are taken from Major Teixeira Botelho’s _Subsidios_.]
Only three field batteries accompanied the allied field army during the
campaign of 1812, though seven had been at the front in 1811. These
batteries were:--
Captain J. da Cunha Preto’s 6-pounder [from the 1st regiment] and
Captain W. Braun’s 9-pounder [from the 2nd regiment] batteries, both
attached to General Hamilton’s Portuguese division, which always acted
with Hill in Estremadura, and Major S. J. de Arriaga’s 24-pounder
howitzer battery, which formed part of the Artillery Reserve, and
accompanied Wellington’s own army to Badajoz, Salamanca, and Burgos.
This company came from the 1st (Lisbon) regiment.
But in addition the 2nd or Algarve regiment supplied one company, under
Captain J. C. Pereira do Amaral for the siege of Badajoz.
The 4th or Oporto regiment gave two companies (200 men) under Captain
J. V. Miron for the siege of Ciudad Rodrigo, and one (70 men) under
Captain William Cox for the siege of Badajoz. Cox’s company was sent
round to Alicante in June, along with the British companies of Holcombe
and Thompson, and joined Maitland’s Anglo-Sicilian corps for the rest
of the war.
Another company of the 4th regiment under Captain D. G. Ferreri formed
the divisional artillery of Silveira’s Militia corps, and was present
at the blockade of Zamora in June-July 1812.
The 1st or Lisbon regiment sent a company under Captain M. A. Penedo to
Alicante, along with the company of Cox mentioned above from the 4th
regiment. It also supplied one company under Lieutenant A. da Costa e
Silva for the siege of Ciudad Rodrigo.
The 3rd or Elvas regiment supplied three companies, under the command
of Major A. Tulloh[814], for the siege of Badajoz--they were those of
Captains A. V. Barreiros, J. Elizeu, and J. M. Delgado.
[814] Captain R.A., but now serving in the Portuguese Artillery,
with the rank of Major.
INDEX
Abadia, Francisco Xavier, general, orders for, 220;
tiresome conduct of, 337.
Abbé, general, governor of Navarre, his proclamation against
guerrilleros, 102;
defeated by Mina, 198.
Alba de Tormes, Carlos de España fails to hold castle of, 415, 466.
Albuera, Hill in position at, 269;
combats in front of, 527-30.
Alcantara, bridge of, restored by Wellington, 333.
Aldaya, combat of, 64.
Alicante, occupied by Mahy, repulses Montbrun, 78, 79;
Maitland lands at, 573.
Almaraz, forts of, stormed by Hill, 322-30.
Almeida, re-fortified by Wellington, 160;
repulses the attack of Clausel, 281.
Almendralejo, seized by Hill, 132.
Altafulla, combat of, 96.
Alten, Victor, general, fails to assist Carlos de España at Rodrigo, 280;
retreats to Villa Velha, 284;
results of his action, 290;
with Wellington’s advance into Spain, 352;
at Salamanca, 365, 369, 372-3;
at Pollos, 389, 399, 401;
his successful charge at Castrillo, 405-6;
wounded at Salamanca, 422.
America, Spanish colonies in, troubles of, 136-8, 337.
Andalusia, position of Soult in, 80, 108, 109, 110, 274, 305;
evacuation of, proposed by Jourdan, 307, 308;
resisted by Soult, 309-10;
operations in, during June-August, 521, 522, 535, 536;
evacuation of, by Soult, 539-43.
Andriani, Luis, colonel, defends Saguntum, 13, 17-30;
surrenders, 45-6.
Anson, George, major-general, operations of his cavalry, 401, 402;
at Salamanca, 449, 461;
at Garcia Hernandez, 501.
Anson, William, major-general, his brigade at Castrillo, 406;
at Salamanca, 457, 458.
Aragon, French army of, 5;
Suchet’s garrisons in, 6;
operations of Duran and the guerrilleros in, 21-3;
French reinforcements for, 51-2;
Palombini’s and Severoli’s campaigns in, 98-101.
Arentschildt, Friedrich, colonel, takes command of a brigade at
Salamanca, 442-5, 454, 461, 494;
marches on Madrid, 504.
Artificers, Royal Military, at siege of Badajoz, 225, 255-6;
converted into Royal Sappers and Miners, 256.
Artillery, the allied, table of the, in 1812, Appendix, pp. 619-22.
Astorga, siege of, 337-8, 388, 502.
Asturias, the, evacuated by Bonnet, 196-8;
reconquered by him, 338;
evacuated again, 390, 391.
Aubert, colonel, governor of Almaraz, slain there, 324-6.
Ayerbe, skirmish at, 22.
Baccelar, Manuel, general, commands Portuguese of the North, 219-21;
concentrates to keep off Marmont, 282-3;
dissuades Trant from attacking Marmont, 285.
Badajoz, siege of, 217-56;
disgraceful sack of, 256-64.
Ballasteros, Francisco, general, harasses Soult in south Andalusia, 111;
harasses the besiegers of Tarifa, 116-17;
unwilling to receive orders from British, 230;
threatens Seville, 274;
retires prematurely, 275;
his ineffective raids on Zahara and Osuna, 275;
routs Rey at Alhaurin, 276;
checked at battle of Bornos, 336, 348, 385;
instructed by Wellington to threaten Seville, 519;
defeated at Bornos, 521, 522;
surprises Malaga, 535;
and Osuna, 536;
harasses retreating French, 542, 544.
Barcelona, alleged poisoning plot at, 565.
Barnard, Andrew, colonel, at the storm of Ciudad Rodrigo, 179;
becomes commander of the Light Division on Craufurd’s death, 182, 184.
Barrié, general, governor of Ciudad Rodrigo, 165, 173, 188.
Barrois, general, takes part in siege of Tarifa, 116;
sent to Drouet’s aid by Soult, 525, 531.
Bathurst, Henry, second earl, his correspondence with Wellington on
financial difficulties, 350, 351.
Bentinck, Lord Frederick, negotiates with Wellington, 344.
Bentinck, Lord William, commander of British forces in Sicily,
proposes expedition against east coast of Spain, 342, 343;
sends only a small force, 346, 347;
his indecision, 386, 408;
the expedition starts, 499, 565.
Beresford, William Carr, marshal, his strict discipline for Portuguese
army, 149;
at siege of Badajoz, 217, 228;
leads centre of army advancing into Leon, 352;
nominated by Wellington second in command in event of his being
disabled, 353;
before Salamanca, 359;
with Wellington involved in skirmish of Castrejon, 402;
urges delay in attack at Salamanca, 427;
in the battle, 459;
wounded, 471.
Berkeley, admiral, sends Russian guns for siege of Badajoz, 224.
Berthier, Louis Alexander, marshal, his dispatch to Marmont on
reorganization of army of Portugal, 189;
sends news of Joseph’s appointment as Commander-in-Chief to the
marshals in the Peninsula, 298-9.
Bertoletti, general, governor of Tarragona, 96.
Bilbao, taken by Popham and Mendizabal, 556;
recaptured by Caffarelli, 557.
Blake, Joaquim, general, Spanish commander-in-chief in Valencia,
assumes defensive against Suchet, 10;
his plans, 19-23;
advances against Suchet, 31;
defeated at battle of Saguntum, 36-43;
besieged by Suchet in Valencia, 47-72;
surrenders, 73;
imprisoned at Vincennes, 73.
Blaniac, H. Lafon, general, appointed governor of Madrid on Joseph’s
departure, 488;
defends the Retiro against Wellington, 507;
surrenders, 516.
Bock, Eberhard, major-general, commanding Heavy Dragoons K.G.L. at
Badajoz, 219, 229;
with army advancing into Leon, 352;
at Salamanca, 365, 372, 373;
at Pollos, 389;
at Castrillo, 399;
at Salamanca, 403, 425;
at Garcia Hernandez, 476-7;
marches on Madrid, 504;
goes north with Wellington, 581.
Bonnet, general, his expedition into the Asturias, 338;
summoned by Marmont before Salamanca, 354;
joins him, 381, 390, 391;
his feigned advance against Wellington, 397;
at Salamanca, 424-39;
assumes command on Marmont’s being disabled, 440;
wounded, 440, 469.
Bornos, battle of, 336, 385.
Bourke, general, defeated by Eroles at Roda, 98.
Boussard, general, wounded at Aldaya, 64.
Brennier, Antoine François, general, blockades Rodrigo, 281;
beaten at Castrillo, 405, 406;
his division routed at Salamanca, 451.
Burgoyne, John, major of engineers, takes charge of assault on
castle of Badajoz, 251;
besieges the forts of Salamanca, 362.
Cadiz, bombardment of by the French, 167, 168;
politics at, 137-44;
siege of, raised, 539, 540.
Caffarelli, Louis Marie, general, occupies Saragossa, 57;
troubles of, in Aragon, 82;
vainly pursues Mina, 103;
Wellington’s plans against, 339, 340;
promises help to Marmont, 356, 372;
fails to send it, 378, 393, 394;
sends cavalry brigade under Chauvel, 419;
relieves Santander, 554;
retakes Bilbao from Mendizabal, 556, 557.
Calatayud, captured by Duran, 21, 22;
attacked by Montijo, 51-2;
captured by Gayan, 101.
Campbell, Colin, general, governor of Gibraltar, garrisons Tarifa, 112;
forbids abandonment of the town, 123.
Campbell, John, colonel, commands brigade of Portuguese horse in
Estremadura, 219, 530, 531, 534.
Caro, José, general, at battle of Saguntum, 33, 41, 42.
Caroline, queen of the Two Sicilies, her intrigues against the
British, 346, 347.
Carrera, La, Martin, brigadier, encompasses Boussard’s cavalry at
Aldaya, 64;
his gallant raid on Murcia, 81;
death, 81.
Carrié, general, beaten and captured at Castrillo, 405.
Castalla, battle of, 567-70.
Castaños, Francis Xavier, general, in command in Galicia, 197, 219,
337, 388.
Castello Branco, sacked by Clausel, 284.
Castlereagh, Lord, succeeds Canning at the Foreign Office, 155, 349.
Castrejon, combat of, 401, 402.
Castrillo, combat of, 405, 406.
Castro Urdiales, taken by Popham, 553.
Catalonia, French army of, 4, 5;
operations of Lacy, Eroles, and Decaen in, 90-9;
formally annexed by Napoleon, 97;
projected British landing in, 344;
Lacy’s summer campaign in, 562-4;
Maitland refuses to land in, 571.
Ceccopieri, colonel, slain near Ayerbe, 22.
Cerdagne, ravaged by Eroles, 93;
by Sarsfield, 99.
Chauvel, general, arrives after Salamanca, and covers retreat of
French army, 482.
Chlopiski, general, commands flank-guard at Saguntum, 35;
his victorious charge, 37.
Chowne, Christopher Tilson, general, makes false attack on castle of
Miravete, 324-8.
Ciudad Real, seized by Morillo, 134.
Clausel, Bertrand, general, fails to attack Almeida, 281;
occupies Castello Branco, 284;
dissuades Marmont from attacking at Salamanca, 367, 368;
his unsuccessful attack at Castrillo, 405, 406;
at battle of Salamanca, 430, 435;
assumes command after Marmont and Bonnet are disabled, 440;
advances on Wellington’s centre, 458;
repulsed, 460;
wounded, 469;
his dispatch to Joseph, 489;
continues to retreat north, 491.
Clinton, Henry, general, his victorious advance at Salamanca, 459-60;
left to contain Clausel, 501.
Codrington, Edward, captain R.N., operations of, on the coast of
Catalonia, 92, 563, 564;
his views on Lacy and Eroles, 572.
Colborne, John, colonel, leads storming-party at Ciudad Rodrigo, 167;
wounded, 182, 184.
Cole, Hon. Lowry, general, his operations on June 10, 403-6;
his advance at Salamanca, 455;
wounded, 456.
Conroux, Nicolas, general, surprised by Ballasteros, 522.
Constitution, the Spanish, drawn up by the Cortes, 140, 144.
Copons, Francisco, general, at the siege of Tarifa, 112, 118;
opposes evacuation of the town, 123, 125.
Cortes, the, at Cadiz, Constitution drawn up by, 140.
Cotton, Stapleton, general, routs Drouet’s rearguard at Villagarcia,
278;
commands rearguard on retreat to Salamanca, 401;
in the battle, 434-47, 449;
wounded there, 471.
Craufurd, Robert, general, observing Ciudad Rodrigo, 159;
mortally wounded in storm of Ciudad Rodrigo, 182;
Charles Stewart’s high estimate of him, 186.
Creagh, Juan, general, at Valencia, 60, 65.
Cruz Murgeon, Juan, general, storms Seville, 540, 541.
Cuenca, occupied by Mahy, 24;
taken by D’Armagnac, 56;
evacuated by Maupoint, 488.
Daricau, general, operations of, in Estremadura, 233, 275, 521, 526,
533.
D’Armagnac, general, goes to aid Suchet in Valencia, 56-76;
co-operates with Montbrun, 478.
Decaen, Charles, general, commands in Catalonia, 4, 5, 90;
his difficulties with Barcelona, 92;
relieves Barcelona, 94;
harassed by the Catalan army under Lacy, 563.
Decken, Gustav von der, captain, his gallant charge and mortal wound
at Garcia Hernandez, 477.
Delort, colonel, defeats O’Donnell at Castalla, 568, 569.
D’Erlon, _see_ Drouet.
Denia, captured by General Harispe, 87.
Dickson, Alexander, colonel, brings up siege-guns to Ciudad Rodrigo,
160;
prepares for siege of Badajoz, 201, 224;
his account of the storm, 247;
with Hill’s expedition to Almaraz, 322;
at Salamanca, 364.
Dombrouski, general, driven from Merida, 131, 132.
Dorsenne, Jean Marie, general, ignores the danger of Ciudad Rodrigo,
187, 188, 194;
meets Marmont at Valladolid, 192;
declines to obey Jourdan’s orders, 300, 304.
Downie, John, colonel, his gallant conduct at Seville, 541.
Doyle, Charles, general, suggests fortification of Saguntum
(Murviedro), 11, 12.
Drouet, Jean Baptiste, Comte d’Erlon, in Estremadura, observing Hill,
106, 107;
driven from Almendralejo by Hill, 132;
retires before Graham, 230, 231;
sends pressing summons to Soult, 267;
routed by Le Marchant at Villagarcia, 277;
fails to intercept Hill after Almaraz, 330, 331;
threatened by Hill, 525;
his manœuvres against Hill, 531-5;
retreats suddenly to join Soult, 543.
Duran, José, chief of guerrilleros, seizes Calatayud, 21;
attacks Suchet’s rear, 49;
seizes Almunia, and retires to Molina, 51.
D’Urban, Benjamin, colonel, chief of the Portuguese staff, his views
on Wellington’s advance into Leon, 317;
with Silveira on the Douro, 339;
his activity, 386, 387, 409;
joins Wellington before Salamanca, 410-13;
in the battle, 426-36;
his charge, 441-5, 453, 454, 461;
in pursuit of Joseph at Segovia, 495;
enters the town, 496;
marches on Madrid, 504;
routed by Treillard at Majalahonda, 509-13.
‘El Manco,’ guerrillero chief, 102.
Empecinado, Juan Martin, the, his co-operation with the army of
Valencia, 3, 5, 10;
seizes Calatayud, 21;
attacks Suchet’s rear, 49;
attacks Mazzuchelli, 51;
his jealousy of Montijo, 52;
his disaster at Siguenza, 102;
captures the garrison of Guadalajara, 516.
Engineers, Wellington’s demand for sappers and miners, 255, 256.
Eroles, General Baron, raids French frontier, 93;
destroys a French column at Villaseca, 95;
defeated at Altafulla, 96;
defeats Bourke at Roda, 98;
his differences with Lacy, 562-3.
Erskine, Sir William, lieut.-general, sends false intelligence of
French advance to Hill, 330;
Wellington’s comments on, 331-2;
his slack pursuit of Pierre Soult, 542.
España, Carlos de, general, 220;
retires from Rodrigo before Marmont’s advance, 280, 281;
reports lack of provisions to Wellington, 290;
joins Wellington before Salamanca, 355, 365;
at the ford of Pollos, 389;
at Castrillo, 399;
at Salamanca, 411;
fails to hold castle of Alba de Tormes, 415, 466;
marches on Madrid, 504;
governor of Madrid, 517, 567.
Estremadura, invaded by Hill, 133, 134;
operations by Hill and Graham in, 228-33;
campaign of Hill and Drouet in, June-August, 520-33.
Ferey, general, advises Marmont to fight at San Cristobal, 367;
covers retreat of French at Salamanca, 462-5;
slain, 464, 469.
Figueras, fall of, 1.
Fletcher, Richard, colonel, engineer officer directing siege of
Ciudad Rodrigo, 170;
at Badajoz, 228, 237;
wounded, 238;
again on duty, 243.
Fortescue, Hon. John, his estimate of the British Ministers and their
dealings with Wellington, 152.
Foy, Maximilien, general, moves with Montbrun against Valencia, 52-78;
attempts to divert British from Badajoz, 233, 266;
fails to help Almaraz, 329;
his description of Marmont’s plans at San Cristobal, 367;
at Toro, 390;
makes feigned advance against Wellington, 397;
describes opening of battle of Salamanca, 420, 421, 424, 433;
criticism of Marmont, 438, 461;
successfully covers French retreat, 467;
his account of battle of Salamanca, 472-3;
defeated at Garcia Hernandez, 475-8.
Freire, Manuel, general, prevented from joining Blake at Valencia, 57;
with Mahy’s force, 77, 78;
his raid on eastern Andalusia, 559.
Frère, general, protects Suchet’s rear in Catalonia, 6, 92.
Galicia, state of, in 1812, 220, 337, 338.
Garcia Hernandez, combat of, 467-8.
Gaspard-Thierry, colonel, governor of Picurina fort at Badajoz, taken
prisoner, 240.
Gayan, guerrillero chief, seizes Calatayud, 101.
Gijon, occupied by the French, 338.
Gough, Hugh, colonel, takes part in defence of Tarifa, 118;
opposes its evacuation, 122-7.
Graham, Thomas, general, overruns Estremadura, 228;
fails to catch Reymond, 230-2;
falls back on Albuera, 268;
obliged to throw up his command, 352-3;
before Salamanca, 359, 369, 373-5.
Granada, evacuated by Soult, 544, 545.
Grant, Colquhoun, major, captured at Idanha Nova, 292, 318.
Guarda, Trant’s disaster at, 285-6.
Guarena, combat of the, 404-5.
Gudin, colonel, at the storming of Saguntum, 17, 18.
Guetaria, attacked by Home Popham, 553, 557.
Gurwood, lieutenant, J., leads forlorn hope at storm of Ciudad
Rodrigo, 181;
controversy concerning, 589.
Habert, general, at storming of Saguntum, 17, 28, 33, 39;
at capture of Valencia, 58-63;
joins Harispe, 67;
at Gandia, 85.
Hamilton, general A., commands a Portuguese division under Hill, 130,
520.
Harispe, general, in invasion of Valencia, 14;
at battle of Saguntum, 34, 40;
at capture of Valencia, 58, 61-4;
moves toward Alicante, 85;
defeats O’Donnell at Castalla, 567-70;
retires behind the Xucar, 573.
Hay, Andrew Leith, captain, his account of the storming of Badajoz,
255;
of the battle of Salamanca, 448-9.
Henriod, governor of Lerida, repulses Lacy, 564.
Hill, Rowland, General, his advance into Estremadura, 86:
retires into Portugal, 106;
seizes Merida, 130-2;
forms covering force for siege of Badajoz, 218, 228, 233;
joins Graham at Albuera, 268;
contains Drouet in Estremadura, 291;
his raid on Almaraz, 311-29, 348;
Wellington’s instructions to him to harass Drouet, 519;
advances to Zafra, 522;
awaits Drouet’s attack, 527;
his manœuvres against Drouet, 531-5;
does not pursue when Drouet joins Soult, 543;
warns Wellington of Soult’s evacuation of Andalusia, 578;
marches on Madrid, 579.
Hodenberg, Karl, captain in the K.G.L., his account of the sack of
Badajoz, 262;
of Garcia Hernandez, 480.
Infantado, J. de Silva, Duke of, created a member of the Regency 144,
145.
Jones, John, colonel R.E., his remarks on the siege of Ciudad Rodrigo,
173;
on the storming of Badajoz, 247;
on the siege of the Salamanca forts, 371.
Joseph Bonaparte, King of Spain, Napoleon’s instructions to him to
send troops to Valencia, 53;
he negotiates with the Cortes at Cadiz, 138;
receives news of the siege of Ciudad Rodrigo, 188;
appointed commander-in-chief by Napoleon, 298;
difficulties of his situation, 301, 302;
determines to march to Marmont’s aid, 385;
authorizes Marmont to give battle, 395;
marches north to join Marmont, 484;
receives news of the defeat of Salamanca, 488;
retreats to Madrid, 489;
halts at Segovia, 492;
evacuates Madrid, 505;
orders Drouet to join him, 533;
marches on Valencia, 574-8.
Jourdan, Jean Baptiste, marshal, appointed Chief-of-the-Staff to
Joseph, 298;
his comments on the situation, 301;
his _Mémoire_ of May 1812, 303-7;
urges Marmont to attack Wellington, 394, 395;
his criticism of Marmont’s failure at Salamanca, 430, 473;
marches with Joseph to aid Marmont, 488;
and retreats, 489;
urges evacuation of the Retiro, 507.
Kempt, James, major-general, leads assault on castle of Badajoz,
239-40;
takes command when Picton is disabled, 251;
wounded, 252.
Kincaid, John, his account of the sack of Badajoz, 261.
King, Henry, major, takes part in defence of Tarifa, 112, 118;
opposes its evacuation, 122, 123.
La Carrera, _see_ Carrera.
Lacy, Luis, general, his raids against Igualada, Cervera, and
Montserrat, 5;
his quarrels with the Catalan Junta, 91;
endeavours to starve out Barcelona and Tarragona, 94;
his unpopularity, 91, 562, 563;
his fruitless attack on Lerida, 564;
dissuades Maitland from landing at Palamos, 571.
Lafosse, general, governor of Tortosa, surprised and routed by Eroles,
95.
Lallemand, general, defeats Slade at Maguilla, 523, 524;
skirmishes with Hill’s cavalry, 530, 531.
Lamare, commandant of engineers at Badajoz, 235;
his able conduct in the defence, 246.
La Peña, Canon, secret agent of King Joseph, 139, 140.
Lardizabal, José, general, commanding a division in Valencia, 3;
at battle of Saguntum, 32, 40, 44;
at siege of Valencia, 60, 66;
fails to cut his way out, 70;
surrender of, 73.
Leith, James, general, commanding 5th Division, his successful
escalade at Badajoz, 245, 253, 254;
at Salamanca, 434, 435;
leads central attack, 446, 448;
wounded, 449, 471.
Le Marchant, John Gaspard, general, commanding heavy dragoons, 219,
228;
routs Drouet’s rearguard at Villagarcia, 277;
with Wellington’s advance into Leon, 352;
at Salamanca, 365, 374;
at Pollos, 389;
to Fuente la Peña, 399;
at Salamanca, 403, 425, 447, 449;
charges Maucune’s division, 450, 451;
fatally wounded, 452;
founder of Military College at High Wycombe, 452.
Le Mesurier, Haviland, general, governor of Almeida, repulses Clausel,
281;
his report on the defences of the city, 283.
Leval, Jean François, general, besieges Tarifa, 116-29;
fails to catch Ballasteros, 536;
harassed by Freire, 559, 560.
Liverpool, Lord, his support of Wellington, 152-6, 349;
sanctions Sir Home Popham’s naval expedition on coast of Biscay,
340;
and Bentinck’s scheme for attacking Catalonian coast, 342, 343.
Llerena, Graham’s operations round, 230, 231.
Longa, Juan, guerrillero chief, 340;
joins Popham’s raid on Biscayan coast, 553;
joins Mendizabal at Bilbao, 557.
Lübeck, sack of, by Bernadotte’s troops a parallel to that of Badajoz,
262.
Luddites, the, riots of, 153.
Macdonald, Étienne, marshal, Duke of Tarentum, recall of, 1.
Mackinnon, Henry, major-general, at siege of Ciudad Rodrigo, 178, 180;
killed in the storm, 181.
Madrid, Wellington marches on, 497;
evacuated by Joseph, 506, 507;
Wellington’s triumphal entry, 513, 514.
Maguilla, combat of, 385, 523, 524.
Mahy, Nicolas, general, commands Murcian army, 20;
his abortive expedition against Cuenca, 23;
joins Blake in attacking Suchet, 31;
at battle of Saguntum, 36-8;
his comments, 39;
opinion of Valencians, 50;
abandons Valencia, escapes to the south, 64, 68;
occupies Alicante, 78;
abandons Denia, 87;
removed from his command, 87.
Maitland, Frederick, general, leads Sicilian expedition against
Catalonia, 346, 347, 499, 565;
arrives at Palamos, 571;
at Alicante, 572;
threatens Harispe, 573;
withdraws to Alicante, 574.
Majalahonda, combat of, 509-13.
Malaga, surprised by Ballasteros, 535;
seized by English squadron, 559.
Marmont, Auguste Frédéric, marshal, Duke of Ragusa, sends expedition
to Valencia, 53, 157, 161;
receives news of fall of Ciudad Rodrigo, 187, 188;
reorganization of his army by Napoleon, 190, 191;
warned by Thiébault of Wellington’s advance on Ciudad Rodrigo, 192,
195;
concentrates troops to oppose him, 196;
retires to Valladolid 199;
deprived of some troops by the Emperor, 203, 204;
severely criticized by Napoleon, 203-6, 221-6;
makes a raid on central Portugal, 243;
concerts joint action with Soult against Wellington, 266;
masks Rodrigo and Almeida, and marches to Sabugal, 283;
surprises Trant at Guarda, 285;
returns to Sabugal, 288;
and Fuente Guinaldo, 288;
escapes from Wellington at Fuente Guinaldo, 290-5;
receives news of Joseph’s appointment as commander-in-chief, 298-9;
sends in report to Joseph, 302;
his partial compliance with Joseph’s orders, 310-11;
his intercepted dispatches, 318-19;
evacuates Salamanca, 354;
his dispatch to Joseph, 370;
waits vainly for Caffarelli, 370-8;
retreats on to the Douro, 380;
requisitions horses, 391;
advances against Wellington, 397;
long strategical movements, 398-417;
opens battle of Salamanca, 421-37;
wounded, 437;
his dispatch, 469;
criticism of his actions, 472-4;
his report to Joseph, 488.
Mathieu, Maurice, general, operations of, in Catalonia, 94-6, 563.
Maucune, general, at Salamanca, 430-7.
May, John, brevet-major, R.A., in charge of siege of forts of
Salamanca, 362.
Mazzuchelli, general, his skirmishes with Aragonese guerrilleros, 51.
Melito, André, Miot de, Joseph’s minister, his comments on his
master’s situation, 301.
Mendizabal, Gabriel, general, commanding 7th army, employed by
Wellington to harass Caffarelli, 339, 348;
comes to aid Popham, 554;
in conjunction with Popham captures Bilbao, 550-7;
driven out by Caffarelli, 557.
Merida, seized and evacuated by Hill, 130-2;
reoccupied, 233;
raided by the French, 535.
Merino, guerrillero chief, his cruelty, 102.
Mina, Francisco, guerrilla chief, 4, 6, 21;
destroys Ceccopieri, 22;
eludes Musnier, 23;
his reprisals against the governor of Navarre, 102;
escapes into Aragon, 103;
seizes French convoy in the Pass of Salinas, 103;
escapes from Pannetier, 104;
his activity in the North, 190;
defeats Abbé near Pampeluna, 198;
his activity 548, 549;
sends aid to Popham, 553.
Miranda, José, general, at battle of Saguntum 36-44;
at Valencia, 60.
Mislata, combat of, 65-6.
Montbrun, Louis Pierre, general, leads expedition against Valencia, 53,
76;
advances on Alicante, 77;
retires, 78;
returns to Toledo, 79, 265.
Montijo, conde de, commands irregular troops against Suchet, 49, 52;
besieges Soria, 198;
with O’Donnell at rout of Castalla, 568-9.
Morillo, Pablo, general, his raid on La Mancha, 134, 135;
with Penne-Villemur threatens Seville, 274;
co-operates with Hill, 520;
marches with Hill on Madrid, 580.
Mosquera, Joaquim, member of the Council of the Indies, created member
of the Spanish Regency, 144.
Murat, Joachim, King of Naples, failure of his expedition against
Sicily, 341.
Murcia, captured and evacuated by Pierre Soult, 80, 81.
Murviedro, _see_ Saguntum.
Musnier, general, 9;
opposed by guerrilleros, 21-3;
marches on Valencia, 57;
attacks Valencia, 61, 69:
relieves Tarragona, 94-6.
Napier, George, major, at the storm of Ciudad Rodrigo, 181;
wounded, 182.
Napier, Sir William, historian, his remarks on the surrender of
Peniscola, 88;
comments on the fall of Ciudad Rodrigo, 194;
account of the storming of Badajoz, 247;
of Salamanca, 407, 457;
comments on Soult’s plan for retiring on Andalusia, 546;
accepts Suchet’s version of his administration in Valencia, 560, 561.
Napoleon, Emperor, his plans for the invasion of Valencia, 2;
arrangements for reinforcing Suchet, 53-5, 80;
withdraws troops from Spain for the Russian War, 83-4, 189;
his plan for the subjection of Catalonia, 96-7;
fails to foresee Wellington’s advance on Ciudad Rodrigo, 193, 194;
withdraws troops from Marmont, 203:
his criticism on the fall of Badajoz, 270;
his forebodings about the Russian campaign, 297;
appoints Joseph commander-in-chief of forces in the Peninsula, 298;
further instructions to Joseph, 312, 313;
his condemnation of Marmont’s failure at Salamanca, 396, 397, 431,
439, 473.
Navarro, Garcia, treacherously surrenders Peniscola, 87;
deserts to the French, 89.
Navas de Membrillo, combat of, 131.
Neveux, captain, exploit of, at Navas de Membrillo, 131.
Nevill, P. P., colonel, his account of the sack of Badajoz, 263, 264.
Ney, Michel, marshal, Duke of Elchingen, his views on the treatment of
a garrison that held out to the last, 259.
Niebla, the Condado of (western Andalusia), operations in, 107, 274,
539.
Obispo, José, general, cuts French communications, 20;
driven away by Palombini, 24;
returns to Segorbe, 30;
advances on Saguntum, 32, 35;
arrives too late for the battle, 36, 38;
at Valencia, 60;
retires to Cullera, 65.
O’Donnell, Charles, general, threatens Suchet’s flank, 20, 21;
forced to retire from Benaguacil by Suchet, 24, 25;
at battle of Saguntum, 35, 544.
O’Donnell, Henry, conde de la Bispal, made member of the Regency, 144.
O’Donnell, Joseph, general, captain-general of Murcia, reorganizes
Mahy’s troops, 559;
routed by Harispe at Castalla, 567-70.
Ollorgan, combat of, 557.
O’Ronan, colonel, at battle of Saguntum, 32, 37.
Oropesa, garrisoned by Blake, 13, 14;
taken by Suchet, its garrison escapes, 25.
O’Toole, Bryan, major, commanding Portuguese caçadores at Ciudad
Rodrigo, 179, 183.
Oviedo, captured by Bonnet, 338;
evacuated by him, 381.
Pack, Denis, general, commanding Portuguese brigade at Ciudad Rodrigo,
179, 183;
sent to Badajoz, 217, 229;
to Portalegre, 291;
with Wellington’s advance into Leon, 352;
at Salamanca, 365;
at Pollos, 389;
at Salamanca, 411, 424, 425;
his attack on the Greater Arapile, 455, 457;
marches on Madrid, 504;
with Wellington’s army moves North, 581.
Pakenham, Hon. Edward, major-general, takes command of the 3rd
Division before Salamanca, 352, 353;
in battle, 425, 426;
executes turning movement, 436;
routs Thomières, 443, 445, 461.
Palacio, Marquis, captain-general of Valencia, 20.
Palamos, Maitland at, 571.
Palombini, general, sent against Obispo, 24, 30;
at siege and battle of Saguntum, 28, 33, 41;
at capture of Valencia, 63, 65, 66;
moved to southern Aragon, 85;
checked by Villacampa, 100;
summoned by Joseph to Madrid, 487;
at Majalahonda, 509.
Peña La, Canon, employed by Joseph to negotiate with Cortes at Cadiz,
139.
Peniscola, held by General Garcia Navarro, 13;
treacherously surrendered by him, 87, 88.
Penne-Villemur, Conde de, threatens Seville, 229, 230;
with Morillo makes a raid on Seville, 274;
co-operates with Hill, 520, 522;
routed by Lallemand at Santa Marta, 530;
pursues Drouet, 543;
marches with Hill on Madrid, 580.
Perceval, Spencer, Prime Minister, his troubles, 151-6.
Phillipon, Armand, general, governor of Badajoz, 235;
his energy and ability, 236, 240, 242;
his gallant defence at the storm of the city, 45, 246;
surrenders, 254;
Soult’s over-confidence in him, 270.
Picurina, fort at Badajoz, stormed, 239, 240.
Ponsonby, Hon. William, commanding cavalry brigade at Villagarcia,
278;
at Salamanca, 365;
marches on Madrid, 504;
drives away Treillard from Majalahonda, 512;
goes north with Wellington’s army, 58.
Popham, Sir Home, leads naval expedition against coast-forts of
Cantabria and Biscay, 340-8;
prevents Caffarelli from joining Marmont, 378, 384, 393;
his descent on the Biscayan coast, 550;
his successes, 552, 553;
captures Santander, 554, 555;
captures Bilbao, 556, 557.
Porlier, Juan Diaz, guerrillero leader, in Cantabria, 338, 339, 340,
555, 556.
Regency, the, of Portugal, its financial difficulties, 145, 350-51.
Regency, the, of Spain, its composition changed, 144.
Reille, Honoré Charles, general, commands division on Upper Ebro, 4;
joins Suchet, 7, 48, 52, 57;
attacks Valencia, 61;
appointed chief of the army of the Ebro, 96;
his plan for the subjection of Catalonia, 98;
fails to capture Mina, 104.
Reizenstein, August von, captain K.G.L., leads charge at Garcia
Hernandez, 479.
Renaud Redoute, at Rodrigo, stormed by Colborne, 167, 168.
Renovales, Colonel, his operation in Biscay, 556-7.
Reymond, general, escapes from Graham, 230, 231.
Ridge, Henry, lieut.-colonel, killed at the storm of Badajoz, 252.
Rignoux, general, governor of Seville, alarmed by raids of
guerrilleros, 274, 275.
Rivas, Ignacio Rodriguez de, member of the Cadiz Regency, 144.
Roche, Philip K., general, organizes a Spanish division at Alicante,
85;
his operations at the battle of Castalla, 567-70;
joins Maitland at Alicante, 572.
Roda, combat of, 98.
Rodrigo, Ciudad, siege of, 158, 161-86;
defies Marmont, 281;
blockaded by Brennier, 281.
Rogniat, general, at the storm of Saguntum, 27.
Ross, captain, killed at Ciudad Rodrigo, 170.
Rouget, general, his campaign about Bilbao, 557.
Russia, Napoleon’s war with, causes withdrawal of French troops from
the Peninsula, 83.
Saguntum (_or_ Murviedro), its defences, 11, 16, 17;
ineffectually stormed by Suchet, 17-19;
battle of, 26-45;
surrender of, 45.
Salamanca, evacuated by Marmont, 354;
Wellington enters, 360;
its forts besieged, 361-79;
Marmont and Wellington manœuvre before, 402-17;
battle of, 421-70.
Salinas (Puerto de Arlaban), Mina’s victory at, 102.
Sanchez, Julian, guerrillero chief, his activity in the neighbourhood
of Salamanca, 188, 220, 299;
marches with Wellington on Madrid, 504.
San Juan, José, general, rout of his Valencian cavalry at Saguntum,
37.
Santander, captured by Popham, 554-5.
Santesteban, general, in the Castalla campaign, 568, 570.
Santocildes, José Maria, general, his half-hearted attack on Astorga,
386-9;
comes to Benavente, 409;
sent to threaten Valladolid, 490;
occupies the town, 502, 503.
Santoña, French garrison at, 551, 555, 558.
Sarrut, general, joins expedition against Valencia, 53;
guards the fords of Huerta, 415-16;
his action at Salamanca, 458-61.
Sarsfield, Pedro, general, his raid on Foix, 99;
Lacy’s jealousy of, 563.
Schepeler, colonel, his account of Blake at Saguntum, 43;
and at Valencia, 66;
seizes Cordova, 543;
his notes on Suchet’s tyranny, in Valencia, 560, 561.
Scovell, George, captain, his ingenuity as cipher-secretary to
Wellington, 317;
account of his file of ciphers, Appendix, 611-18.
Segovia, Joseph, halts at, 492;
occupied by D’Urban, 495.
Severoli, general, commands a division on Upper Ebro, 4;
joins Suchet, 4;
occupies western Aragon, 22, 23;
summoned to Valencia, 48, 52, 57.
Seville, attacked by Penne Villemur, 274, 275;
stormed by Cruz Murgeon and Skerrett, 540, 541.
Silveira, Francisco, general, commanding Portuguese in Tras-os-Montes,
219, 220;
moves on Lamego to protect Beira, 282;
told off by Wellington to blockade Zamora, 339, 348, 386, 387, 491,
502.
Slade, John, general, defeated at Maguilla, 385, 523, 524.
Smith, Charles F., captain R.E., opposes evacuation of Tarifa, 122.
Smith, Harry, 95th regiment, his romantic marriage at Badajoz, 264.
Souham, Joseph, general, put under Marmont’s orders, 189;
summoned by Marmont to Salamanca, 198.
Soult, Nicolas, marshal, Duke of Dalmatia, Napoleon orders him to
assist Suchet, 80;
failure of his expedition to Tarifa, 78;
disposition of his troops in Andalusia, 106-10;
sends Victor to besiege Tarifa, 115;
denounces King Joseph to Napoleon, 140;
moves toward Badajoz, 243, 268;
concerts action with Marmont against Wellington, 265, 266;
retires on hearing of the fall of Badajoz, 269;
reproaches Marmont, 271;
summoned back to Seville, 274, 275;
receives news of Joseph’s appointment as commander-in-chief, 299;
his recalcitrance, 302, 309;
threatens to give up command of Army of the South, 332;
believes Wellington is about to attack him, 357;
refuses to obey Joseph, 485, 492, 493, 495, 528;
denounces Joseph to Napoleon, 538;
begins to evacuate Andalusia, 539, 540, 557;
at Granada, 544;
joins Suchet, 545;
results of his insubordination, 545.
Soult, Pierre, general, seizes Murcia, 80, 81;
marches against Ballasteros, 276;
sent to Drouet’s help, 525, 531;
his raid on Ribera, 542.
Stewart, Charles (Lord Londonderry), his estimate of Craufurd, 186.
Stuart, Charles, British Ambassador in Lisbon, 145, 148.
Sturgeon, Henry, colonel, restores bridge of Alcantara, 333.
Suchet, Louis Gabriel, marshal, invades Valencia, 2;
takes Murviedro and Valencia, 2;
estimate of his forces, 4-9;
crosses Valencian frontier, 14;
fails to storm Saguntum, 17-19;
besieges Saguntum, 26-30;
wins battle, 34-45;
attacks and takes Valencia, 57-73;
violates treaty of capitulation, 74, 75;
deprived of troops for the Russian War, 84;
his illness, 86;
his threats to the governor of Tortosa, and governor of Tarragona, 259;
and Blake, 260;
receives news of Joseph’s appointment as commander-in-chief, 299;
refuses obedience, 304, 309, 341;
alarmed by reports of the Sicilian expedition, 345, 346, 500, 566;
weakness of his position, 559;
raises a war-contribution, 560;
Schepeler’s account of his methods, 561.
Synge, Charles, his narrative of Pack’s attack on the Greater
Arapile, 455.
Tarifa, garrisoned by General Colin Campbell, 112;
siege of, 114-29.
Tarragona, blockaded by the Catalans, 94, 95, 563;
Wellington’s designs against, 344.
Taupin, general, anecdote concerning, 392.
Thiébault, Paul, general, governor of Salamanca, revictuals Ciudad
Rodrigo, 159;
warns Marmont and Dorsenne of Wellington’s movement on Ciudad
Rodrigo, 187, 192, 194.
Thomières, general, his division at Salamanca, 432;
his rout and death, 445, 469.
Todd, Alex., major, restores bridge of Alcantara, 333, 334.
Tordesillas, captured by Santocildes, 502.
Toreno, conde de, his account of Joseph’s negotiations with the Cortes
at Cadiz, 139.
Trant, Nicholas, general, protects Almeida, 281;
moves to Guarda, 283;
his rash scheme for attacking Marmont, 284, 285;
surprised and routed at Guarda, 285.
Treillard, general, routs D’Urban’s force at Majalahonda, 508-13.
Uslar, Frederich von, captain, leads the last charge at Garcia
Hernandez, 486.
Valencia, kingdom of, invasion of by Suchet, 2;
Napoleon’s opinion of the importance of its subjection, 53;
Suchet’s campaign of conquest in, 8-67;
Suchet’s levy of a war-contribution on, 560, 561.
Valencia, city of, 10;
fortified by Blake, 48, 49;
attacked by Suchet, 61-9;
siege of, 70-3;
surrendered by Blake, 73;
oppression of by Suchet, 560.
Valladolid, abandoned by French, entered by Wellington, 491.
Vallée, general, at the siege of Saguntum, 27.
Vandeleur, J. Ormsby, general, commands brigade at the storm of Ciudad
Rodrigo, 179, 181;
wounded, 182.
Vere, Charles, A.Q.M.G., his account of the battle of Salamanca, 455-6.
Victor, Claude Perrin, marshal, Duke of Belluno, his unsuccessful siege
of Tarifa, 115-29.
Villacampa, Pedro, general, rout of his infantry at Saguntum, 37;
at Valencia, 60;
moves to Aragon, 89;
his activity in southern Aragon, 100, 101.
Villagarcia, combat of, 277, 278.
Villa Velha, bridge of, its importance, 284, 333.
Villavicencio, admiral, member for the Cadiz Regency, 144.
Vives, general, governor of Ciudad Rodrigo, refuses Marmont’s summons
to surrender, 280, 281;
commended by Wellington, 296.
Wachholz, Ludwig von, Captain Brunswick-Oels Jägers, his account of
Salamanca, 455, 456.
Wellesley, Richard, marquis, resignation of, 153-6, 349.
Wellington, Arthur Wellesley, Marquis of, takes Ciudad Rodrigo, 2;
his relations with the Portuguese Regency, 145;
financial difficulties, 146-50;
his support by the Home Government, 151-6;
prepares for siege of Ciudad Rodrigo, 161-7, 186;
prepares to be attacked by Marmont, 199;
plans attack on Badajoz, 201-17;
moves to Elvas, 219;
his memorandum on Marmont’s probable action, 221-3;
comments on fall of Badajoz, 255;
his views on giving quarter to a resisting garrison, 260;
soundness of his plan for taking Badajoz, 272;
determines to march on Marmont, 290;
his plan for Hill’s raid on Almaraz, 320, 321;
advances into Leon, 335;
approves Bentinck’s plan for attacking French on Catalonian coast,
343-8;
his financial difficulties, 348-52;
advances on Salamanca, 353-8;
his adventure with French cavalry skirmishers, 402;
long strategical movements, 402-17;
battle of Salamanca, 421-70;
summary of, 470-4;
urges on pursuit of enemy, 475;
gives up pursuit, 483;
enters Valladolid, 491;
marches on Madrid, 497;
his letter to Bentinck, 499;
triumphal entry into Madrid, 514;
his comments on Slade’s defeat at Maguilla, 524;
leaves Madrid for the valley of the Douro, 578;
division of his forces on advancing toward Burgos, 582.
Whigs, their factious opposition to the Peninsular War, 151.
Whittingham, Samuel Ford, general, leads Balearic division to descent
on coast of Catalonia, 565;
at Alicante, 572.
Wilson, John, general, brings Portuguese militia to Guarda, 283;
surprised by Marmont at Guarda, 285.
Zamora, besieged by Silveira, 386-7, 502.
Zayas, José, general, commanding a division in Valencia, 3;
at battle of Saguntum, 32, 39;
at siege of Valencia, 60-6.
END OF VOL. V