animó habébat. Circé tamen cum haec cógnóvisset, ex odió ad amórem
conversa omnibus precibus eum óráre et obtestárí coepit ut paucós diés
apud sé morárétur; quá ré tandem impetrátá tanta beneficia in eum
contulit ut facile eí persuásum sit ut diútius manéret. Postquam tamen
tótum annum apud Circén cónsúmpserat, Ulixés mágnó désíderió patriae
suae mótus est. Sociís igitur ad sé convocátís quid in animó habéret
ostendit. Ubi tamen ad lítus déscendit, návem suam tempestátibus tam
adflíctam invénit ut ad návigandum paene inútilis esset. Hác ré cógnitá
omnia quae ad návís reficiendás úsuí essent comparárí iussit, quá in ré
tantam díligentiam omnés adhibébant ut ante tertium diem opus
perfécerint. At Circé ubi omnia ad profectiónem paráta esse vídit, rem
aegré ferébat et Ulixem vehementer obsecrábat ut eó cónsilió désisteret.
Ille tamen, né anní tempore a návigátióne exclúderétur, mátúrandum sibi
exístimávit, et tempestátem idóneam nactus návem solvit. Multa quidem
perícula Ulixí subeunda erant antequam in patriam suam perveníret, quae
tamen hóc locó longum est perscríbere.
NOTES
PERSEUS
_The numbers refer to the page of text and the line on the page
respectively_.
3.6. Danaé. Many proper names in this book are words borrowed by Latin
from Greek, and have forms not given in the regular Latin declensions. It
will not be necessary to learn the declension of such words.
7. enim. This word commonly stands second in its clause.
8. turbábat. Notice that this verb and dormiébat below are in the
imperfect tense to denote a state of things existing at the past time
indicated by territa est.
autem. This word has the same peculiarity of position as enim; so also
igitur, which occurs in line 11.
12. Seríphum. Notice that Latin says 'the island Seriphos,' but English
more often 'the island of Seriphos.'
13. appulsa est. Postquam is regularly followed by the perfect or present
indicative, but the English translation usually requires the pluperfect.
15. quódam. _Quídam_ means 'certain' as applied to some person or thing
not fully described, while _certus_ means 'certain' in the sense of
'determined.' 'sure,'
ad domum. This means 'to the house'; 'to be brought home' would be _domum
addúcí_, without the preposition.
16. Ille is often used, as here, when the subject is changed to a person
mentioned in the preceding sentence. In this use it is to be translated
'he.'
18. benefició. See the derivation of this word in the vocabulary.
20. multós annós. Duration of time is regularly expressed in the
accusative case.
22. eam. Latin has no pronoun of the third person, and _is_ often takes
the place of one; it is then to be translated 'he,' 'she,' 'it,' 'they,'
according to its form.
25. haec. The literal translation would be 'these things,' but we must
say 'thus' or 'as follows.'
4. 1. es. With iam dúdum and similar expressions of duration, the present
indicative is often used to denote an action or state begun in the past
but continuing in the present. The English equivalent is the perfect.
híc, is not the pronoun, but an adverb.
2. mihi. This dative may be translated 'for me.' How would 'to me' with a
verb of motion be put?
3. refer. _Dícó, dúcó, fació_, and _feró_ have the imperative forms _díc,
dúc, fac_, and _fer_, instead of _díce_, etc.
4. Perseus. When the subordinate and the principal clause of a Latin
sentence have the same subject, this usually stands first, followed by
the subordinate clause.
haec. Here a different rendering is required from that suggested in the
note on 3, 25. What is it? Notice that it is necessary to know the
literal significance of the Latin words, but that the translation must
often be something quite different if it is to be acceptable English. The
rule for translation is: Discover the exact meaning of the original; then
express the same idea correctly and, if you can, elegantly in the
language into which you are translating.
5. continentem. What is the derivation of this word?
vénit. Is this present or perfect? How do you know?
8. Graeás. The Graeae were three old women who had one eye and one
tooth in common, and took turns in using them.
9. galeam. This belonged to Pluto, the god of the underworld of the dead,
and whosoever wore it was invisible. The story is that Perseus compelled
the Graeae to tell him how to obtain the helps to his enterprise by
seizing their tooth and eye.
11. pedibus, 'on his feet,' dative of indirect object.
induit. See the note on 3, 13.
áera. _Áér_ is borrowed from Greek, and keeps this Greek form for its
accusative.
12. volábat. Distinguish between _voló, voláre_, and _voló, velle_.
13. céterís. _Céterí_ is used to denote all not already named ('the
other'), while _alií_ denotes some of those who have not been already
named ('other').
14. specié horribilí, 'of terrible appearance.' ablative of description.
A noun never stands alone in this construction,
eárum. See the note on 3, 22.
15. contécta. This and factae below are used as predicate adjectives, not
to form the pluperfect passive with erant. Translate, therefore, 'were
covered.' not 'had been covered.'
18. vertébantur. The imperfect here denotes customary action, one of its
regular uses.
19. Ille. See the note on 3, 16.
20. hóc modó, ablative of manner.
21. vénit, dormiébat. The perfect simply expresses an action which took
place in past time, the imperfect tells of a state of things existing at
that past time.
25. fugit. When dum means 'while,' 'as,' it is followed by the present
indicative, even when used of past events.
26. fécit. Like _postquam_, ubi has the present or perfect indicative,
where English would use the pluperfect.
5. 2. illó tempore, ablative of time.
régnábat. Observe the force of the tense, and try to find the reason for
each change of tense in this paragraph.
Híc. This must here be translated simply 'he.' Compare the use of Ille,
3, 16.
4. veniébat. See the note on 4, 18.
6. omnium, 'of all men.' or 'of all.' The adjective is used as a noun, as
in the second of the English expressions.
óráculum. It was believed in antiquity that the will of the gods and a
knowledge of future events might be learned at certain shrines, of which
the most famous were those of Apollo at Delphi, of Zeus or Jupiter at
Dodona, and of Hammon in Egypt. Hammon was really an Egyptian god,
represented as having the horns of a ram, but he was identified by the
Greeks with Zeus and by the Romans with Jupiter.
7. fíliam. Where there is no ambiguity, the possessive is often omitted
in Latin.
8. autem, often, as here, simply introduces an explanation ('now'),
nómine, 'by name.'
9. Cépheus. See the note on _Perseus_, 4, 4.
10. cívís suós, 'his subjects.'
13. certam. See the note on _quódam_, 3, 15. _Diés_ is regularly
masculine, but when used of an appointed day it is often feminine.
omnia, 'all things,' 'everything,' or 'all.' See the note on _omnium_,
line 6.
16. déplórábant, tenébant. Be careful to show the meaning of the tense by
your translation.
18. quaerit. The present is often used of a past action instead of the
perfect, to bring the action more vividly before us as if it were taking
place now. This is called the historical present.
19. haec geruntur, 'this is going on.'
20. horribilí. Here the adjective is made emphatic by being put before
its noun; in 4, 14 the same effect is gained by putting _horribilí_ last
in its clause.
22. omnibus, dative of indirect object after the compound verb
_(in+iació)_. Translate 'inspired in all,' but the literal meaning is
'threw into all.'
26. induit. See the note on 3, 13.
áera. See the note on 4, 11.
6. 2. suó, éius. Distinguish carefully between these words. _Suus_ is
used of something belonging to the subject, _éius_ of something belonging
to some other person or thing just mentioned.
5. volat. See the note on 4, 25.
7. sustulit. Notice that the perfect forms of _tolló_ are the same as
those of _sufferó (sub + feró)_, 'endure.'
8. neque, here to be translated 'and ... not.' _Neque_ is thus used
regularly for _et nón_.
13. exanimáta, used here as a predicate adjective.
16. rettulit. 'To give thanks' or 'thank' is usually _grátiás agere_, as
in 3, 19; _grátiam referre_ means 'to show one's gratitude,' 'to
recompense' or 'requite.'
18. dúxit. This word came to mean 'marry,' because the bridegroom 'led'
his bride in a wedding procession to his own home. It will be seen,
therefore, that it can be used only of the man.
Paucós annós. See the note on 3, 20.
20. omnís. What does the quantity of the _i_ tell you about the form?
7. 1. quod, not the relative pronoun, but a conjunction.
3. eó, the adverb.
in átrium. Although inrúpit means 'burst _into_,' the preposition is
nevertheless required with the noun to express the place into which he
burst.
6. ille. See the note on _Perseus_, 4, 4.
8. Acrisí. In Nepos, Caesar, Cicero, and Vergil, the genitive singular of
second-declension nouns in _-ius_ and _-ium_ ends in _í_, not _ií_; but
the nominative plural ends in _ií_, and the dative and ablative plural in
_iís_.
10. istud. Remember that _iste_ is commonly used of something connected
with the person addressed. Here the meaning may be 'that oracle I told
you of.' See 3, 4.
12. Lárísam. See the note on 3, 12.
neque enim, 'for ... not,' as if simply _nón enim_, but Latin uses _neque_
to connect the clauses.
14. in omnís partís, 'in all directions' or 'in every direction.'
15. Multí. See the note on _omnium_, 5, 6.
17. discórum. The discus was a round, flat piece of stone or metal, and
the athletes tried to see who could throw it farthest.
18. cású. This is one of the ablatives of manner that do not take _cum_.
19. stábat. Notice the tense.
HERCULES
9. 2. omnium hominum. This means 'all men' in the sense of 'all mankind.'
3. óderat. _Ódí_ is perfect in form, but present in meaning; and the
pluperfect has in like manner the force of an imperfect.
5. mediá nocte, 'in the middle of the night,' 'in the dead of night.'
7. Nec tamen, 'not ... however.' See the note on _neque enim,_ 7, 12.
8. movébant. Contrast this tense with appropinquáverant and excitátí
sunt.
13. Tálí modó = _hóc modó_, 4, 20.
20. á pueró, 'from a boy,' 'from boyhood.'
exercébat, the imperfect of customary action, as is also cónsúmébat.
24. autem. See the note on 5, 8.
25. artí, dative of indirect object with the intransitive verb studébat.
10. 2. omnibus víribus, 'with all his might,' ablative of manner.
3. é vítá. Notice that the preposition denoting separation appears both
with the noun and in the verb. Compare _in átrium inrúpit_, 7, 3.
4. neque quisquam, 'and not any one,' _i.e_. 'and no one.' _Quisquam_ is
used chiefly in negative sentences.
5. voluit, 'was willing.'
7. facit. See the note on 4, 25.
8. nómine. See the note on 5, 8.
9. vir crúdélissimus, not 'cruelest man,' but 'most cruel man.' The
superlative is often thus used to denote simply a high degree of the
quality.
cónsuéverat. Inceptive verbs end in _scó_ and denote the beginning of an
action or state. The perfect and pluperfect of such verbs often represent
the state of things resulting from the completion of the action, and are
then to be translated as present and imperfect respectively. So
_cónsuéscó_ = 'I am becoming accustomed,' _cónsuéví_ = 'I have become
accustomed' or 'am accustomed,' _cónsuéveram_ = 'I had become accustomed'
or 'was accustomed.'
11. sacrifició, 'for the sacrifice,' dative of purpose.
ea. Why is diés feminine here? See the note on _certam_, 5, 13.
12. omnia. See the note on 5, 13.
15. capitibus, dative of indirect object after the compound verb _(in +
pónó)_.
16. iam. The omission of the conjunction that would naturally join this
clause with the preceding, and the repetition of _iam_, which thus in a
way connects the two clauses, reflect the imminence of the danger and
heighten our anxiety for the hero. Observe too how the tenses of the
verbs contribute to the vividness of the picture. We see Hercules at the
altar and the priest, knife in hand, about to give the fatal blow.
18. alteró. Supply _íctú_.
19. Thébís, locative case. Notice that some names of towns are plural in
form.
21. Thébánís, dative with the adjective fínitimí.
autem, 'now.'
22. Thébás. Names of towns are used without a preposition to express the
place to which.
23. veniébant, postulábant, imperfect of customary action.
25. cívís suós, 'his fellow-citizens.' Compare 5, 10.
hóc stípendió, ablative of separation.
27. atque. This conjunction adds an important statement by way of
supplement. Here the meaning is something like 'and not only that, but.'
11. 11. conversa. _Est_ and _sunt_ are frequently not expressed with the
perfect participle.
17. suós ipse suá. Notice how the enormity of the crime is emphasized by
the use of all these words repeating the same idea.
23. óráculum Delphicum. See the note on 5, 6.
hóc óráculum omnium = _hóc omnium óráculórum_.
25. Hóc in templó. Monosyllabic prepositions often stand between the
noun and an adjective modifying it.
12. 1. quí. Remember that the relative pronoun agrees in gender, number,
and person with its antecedent; that its case depends upon its use. How
are the person and number of quí shown?
2. hominibus. See the note on 9, 2.
4. neque. See the note on 6, 8.
7. Tíryntha. This is a Greek accusative form. See the note on _áera_,
4, 11.
10. Duodecim annós, accusative of duration of time.
11. Eurystheó. The English verb 'serve' is transitive, but _servió_ ('be
subject to') is intransitive and takes an indirect object.
14. quae. See the note on line 1. What is the case of quae?
16. Prímum is chiefly used in enumeration, prímó (line 6) in contrasting
an action or state with one that follows it.
19. sécum. The preposition _cum_ follows and is joined to the reflexive
and personal pronouns, usually also to the relative pronoun.
22. neque enim. See the note on 7, 12.
26. respírandí, the genitive of the gerund. It modifies facultás. The
gerund corresponds to the English verbal noun in _-ing_.
13. 5. Hóc. We might expect _haec_ referring to Hydram, but a
demonstrative pronoun is commonly attracted into the gender of the
predicate noun (here mónstrum).
cui erant, 'which had,' literally 'to which there were.' This
construction is found only with _sum_. It is called the dative of
possession.
8. rés. In rendering this word choose always with great freedom the most
suitable English word.
13. 8. mágní perículí. We say 'one of great danger.'
9. éius. What possessive would be used to modify sinistrá?
11. hóc cónátú, ablative of separation.
14. comprehendérunt. See the note on 3, 13.
unde = _ex quibus_.
16. auxilió Hydrae, 'to the aid of the Hydra,' but literally for aid
(i.e. as aid) to the Hydra,' for Hydrae is dative. This is called the
double dative construction, auxilió the dative of purpose, and Hydrae the
dative of reference, i.e. the dative denoting the person interested.
17. abscídit. See the note on 4, 25.
mordébat, 'kept biting,' the imperfect of repeated action.
18. tálí modó. See the note on 9, 13.
interfécit. We have now had several verbs meaning 'kill.' _Interfició_ is
the most general of these; _necó_ (line 4) is used of killing by unusual
or cruel means, as by poison; _occídó_ (12, 23) is most commonly used of
the 'cutting down' of an enemy in battle.
19. reddidit, as well as imbuit, has sagittás for its object, but we must
translate as if we had _eás_ with reddidit.
22. ad sé. Compare this construction with the use of the dative in 4, 2.
Notice that sé does not refer to Herculem, the subject of referre, but to
Eurystheus, the subject of Iussit. When the reflexive thus refers to the
subject of the principal verb rather than to the subject of the
subordinate verb with which it s directly connected, it is called
indirect.
23. tantae audáciae. The genitive of description, like the ablative of
description, consists always of a noun with some modifying word. Compare
_specié horribilí_, 4, 14.
autem. Compare 5, 8 and 10, 21.
24. incrédibilí celeritáte, ablative of description.
25. vestígiís, ablative of means.
26. ipsum, contrasts cervum with vestígiís.
27. omnibus víribus. See the note on 10, 2.
14. 1. currébat, 'he kept running.'
sibi, dative of reference. It need not be translated,
ad quiétem, 'for rest.' Purpose is frequently thus expressed by _ad_.
3. cucurrerat. The pluperfect is sometimes used with postquam when the
lapse of time is denoted.
4. cursú, ablative of cause.
exanimátum = _quí exanimátus erat_. The participle is often equivalent to
a relative clause.
5. rettulit. See the note on 13, 19.
8. rem. See the note on _rés_, 13, 8.
10. apró, dative of indirect object after the compound verb (_ob +
curró_).
11. tímóre perterritus. It is not necessary to translate both words.
13. iniécit, i.e. upon the boar.
summá cum difficultáte. Compare this with _omnibus víribus_, 13, 27, and
notice that _cum_ may be omitted with the ablative of manner when there
is an adjective. For the position of cum, see the note on 11, 25.
15. ad Eurystheum. We are told elsewhere that Eurystheus was so
frightened when he saw the boar that he hid in a cask.
vívus. Why have we the nominative here, but the accusative (vívum) in
line 5?
17. quartó. The capture of the Erymanthian boar is usually given as the
third labor and the capture of the Cerynean stag as the fourth.
nárrávimus. The writer sometimes uses the first person plural in speaking
of himself, instead of the first person singular. This is called the
plural of modesty, and is the same as the English usage.
18. in Arcadiam. How does this differ in meaning from _in Arcadiá_?
20. appeteret. The subjunctive introduced by cum, 'since,' may express
the reason for the action of the main verb.
23. Herculés. See the note on _Perseus_, 4, 4.
26. quod, conjunction, not pronoun.
reliquós centaurós, 'the rest of the centaurs,' 'the other centaurs.'
Compare _mediá nocte_, 9, 5. Notice that _reliquí_ means about the same
as _céterí_, and see the note on 4, 13.
28. inquit, historical present. This verb is used parenthetically with
direct quotations.
15. 1. dabó. Notice that Latin is more exact than English in the use of
the future tense in subordinate clauses. In English we often use the
present in the subordinate clause and leave it to the principal verb to
show that the time is future.
7. pervénérunt. See the note on 4, 26.
10. cónstitit, from _cónsistó_, not _cónstó_.
16. fugá. Latin says 'by flight,' not 'in flight.'
17. ex spéluncá. See the note on 10, 3.
21. locum, the direct object of Adiit, which is here transitive. We might
also have _ad locum_ with _adeó_ used intransitively.
16. 4. Herculí. See the note on 10, 15.
labórem. This labor is usually given as the sixth, the destruction of the
Stymphalian birds as the fifth.
6. tria mília boum, 'three thousand cattle,' literally 'three thousands
of cattle.' The partitive genitive is the regular construction with the
plural _mília_, but the singular _mílle_ is commonly used as an
adjective, like English 'thousand.' Thus 'one thousand cattle' would be
_mílle bovés_.
7. ingentís mágnitúdinis. See the note on _tantae audáciae_, 13, 23.
8. neque enim umquam, 'for ... never.' See the note on _neque enim_, 7,
12.
11. multae operae. See the note on _mágní perículí_, 13, 8.
12. duodévígintí pedum, i.e. in width.
dúxit. This word is used with reference to the progress of work on a wall
or ditch from one end of it to the other.
15. opus. Compare this word with operae and labóre, line 12. _Labor_ is
used of heavy or exhausting labor, _opera_ of voluntary exertion or
effort, _opus_ of that upon which one labors or of the completed work.
17. imperáverat. This verb takes an indirect object to express the person
ordered (eí). The action commanded is expressed by the subjunctive in a
clause introduced by _ut_ and used as the object of _imperó_ (ut
necáret). Notice that this may be translated 'that he should kill' or 'to
kill.' Compare now the construction with _iubeó_, 13, 22, with which the
command is expressed by the accusative and infinitive (_Herculem
referre_).
19. carne. _Véscor_ is an intransitive verb and governs the ablative.
22. appropinquandí. See the note on 12, 26.
23. cónstitit, from _cónstó_. Compare 15, 10.
pedibus, 'on foot,' literally 'by his feet.'
25. consúmpsisset. The imperfect and pluperfect tenses of the subjunctive
are used with cum, 'when,' to describe the circumstances of the action of
the main verb. Compare 14, 20, and the note.
26. hóc cónátú. See the note on 13, 11.
27. peteret. The subjunctive is used with ut to express purpose. The best
translation is usually the infinitive ('to ask'), but the Latin
infinitive is not used in model prose to express purpose.
17. 3. ávolárent. This is not subjunctive of purpose, but of result, as
is indicated by tam.
6. ex. Compare this with _ab_, 16, 21, and _dé_, 16, 13. We commonly
translate all of these 'from,' but the real meanings are 'out of,' 'away
from,' and 'down from' respectively.
Crétá. See the note on 3, 12.
7. esset. See the note on 14, 20.
8. ínsulae, dative with the compound verb (_ad_ + _propinquó_).
appropinquáret. See the note on 16, 25.
9. tanta ... ut. Notice how frequently the clause of result is connected
with a demonstrative word in the main clause.
12. návigandí imperítus, 'ignorant of navigation,' 'inexperienced in
sailing.' See the note on 12, 26.
21. cum, the conjunction.
ingentí labóre. See the note on _summá cum difficultáte_, 14, 13.
25. ut redúceret. See the note on 16, 27.
26. carne. See the note on 16, 19.
véscébantur, imperfect of customary action.
18. 3. ut tráderentur. Notice that _postuló_, like _imperó_, takes an
object-clause introduced by _ut_ and having its verb in the subjunctive.
sibi, the indirect reflexive. See the note on 13, 22.
4. írá ... interfécit, 'became furiously angry and killed the king,'
literally 'moved by wrath killed the king.' The participle is frequently
best rendered by a finite verb.
18. 4. cadáver. The subject of an infinitive stands in the accusative
case. We might translate here 'and gave orders that his body should be
thrown.' See the note on 16, 17.
6. míra rérum commútátió. When a noun has both an adjective and a
genitive modifier, this order of the words is common.
7. cum cruciátú, ablative of manner.
necáverat. See the note on _interfécit_, 13, 18.
10. referébant. See the note on 6, 16.
modo. This is the adverb, not a case of _modus_, the dative and ablative
singular of which would be _modó_. Make a practice of carefully observing
the quantity of vowels.
11. órábant. Notice that this verb, like _imperó_ and _postuló_, takes
_ut_ and the subjunctive.
14. ad návigandum. See the note on _ad quiétem_, 14, 1.
16. post, here an adverb of time.
18. dícitur. Notice that the Latin construction is personal ('the nation
is said to have consisted'), while English commonly has the impersonal
construction ('it is said that the nation consisted').
19. reí mílitáris, 'the art of war.'
25. mandávit. See the note on 16, 17.
26. Amázonibus, dative after the compound verb.
19. 1. persuásit. Notice that this verb governs the same construction
that we have already found used with _imperó_ and _mandó_.
2. sécum. See the note on 12, 19.
5. appulit. Supply _návem_.
6. docéret. A clause of purpose is frequently introduced by a relative.
Translate like the _ut_-clause of purpose, here 'to make known,'
literally 'who was to make known.'
14. mágnó interválló, ablative of degree of difference.
16. nón mágna. The effect of the position of these words may be
reproduced by translating 'but not a large one.'
neutrí. The plural is used because the reference is to two parties, each
composed of several individuals. 'Neither' of two individuals would be
_neuter_.
17. volébant, dedit. Consider the tenses. Each army waited for some time
for the other to cross; finally Hercules gave the signal.
22. occíderint. The perfect subjunctive is sometimes used in result
clauses after a past tense in the principal clause. This is contrary to
the general principle of the sequence of tenses, which requires the
imperfect or pluperfect subjunctive after a past tense, the present or
perfect subjunctive after a present or future tense.
23. Virí. Compare this with _hominibus_, 12, 2.
24. praestábant. Compare the tense with praestitérunt, line 21.
27. neu. As _neque_ or _nec_ is used for 'and not,' so _néve_ or _neu_
for 'and that not' in an object-clause or a clause of purpose.