Oceanic islands, mammalian fauna of, 81
Ocelot, 398, 399
_Ochotona_, 505
_Octodon_, 487;
_O. degus_, 487
Octodontidae, 487
_Odobaenus_, 451
Odontoceti, 362 f.;
fossil forms of, 383
_Ogmorhinus_, 453
Okapi, 305
_Ommatophoca_, 453;
_O. rossi_, 453
_Onohippidium_, 247 n.
_Onychodectes_, 193;
_O. tissonensis_, 193
_Onychogale_, 134
_Onychomys_, 479
_Opolemur_, 544
Opossum, 155;
Thick-tailed, 156;
Virginian, 155
Orang Utan, 580, 581, 582, 583, 587, 589
_Orca_, 375;
_O. gladiator_, 341, 375
_Orcella_, 376;
_O. brevirostris_, 376;
_O. fluminalis_, 376
_Oreinomys_, 475
_Oreodon_, 330
Oreodontidae, 330
_Oreopithecus bambolii_, 569
_Oreotragus saltator_, 310
_Orias_, 316;
_O. canna_, 316;
_O. livingstonii_, 316
Ornithodelphia, 106
Ornithorhynchidae, 112
_Ornithorhynchus_, 112;
_O. anatinus_, 112;
shoulder girdle of, 34;
skeleton of, 114
_Orohippus_, 248
Orycteropodidae, 187
_Orycteropus_, 187;
teeth of, 188;
_O. aethiopicus_, 188;
_O. capensis_, 187;
_O. gaudryi_, 188
_Oryx_, 314;
_O. beatrix_, 314;
_O. beisa_, 315;
_O. leucoryx_, 314
_Oryzomys_, 480
{611}
_Oryzoryctes_, 513
_Otaria_, 451;
_O. gillespiei_, 451;
_O. hookeri_, 451;
_O. jubata_, 448;
_O. nigrescens_, 451;
_O. pusilla_, 450;
_O. ursina_, 451
Otariidae, 450
_Otocyon_, 415;
_O. megalotis_, 415
_Otomys_, 475;
_O. unisulcatus_, 475
_Otonycteris_, 529
Otter, 441;
Sea, 439
Ouakari Monkey, 560;
Red-faced, 560
_Oulodon grayi_, 380
Ounce, 396
_Ourebia_, 310
Ova, 71;
of Monotremes, 72
Ovaries, 70
_Ovibos moschatus_, 327
Oviduct, 73;
of Marsupials, 74
_Ovis_, 321;
_O. blanfordi_, 323;
_O. burrhel_, 322;
_O. montana_, 322;
_O. musimon_, 324;
_O. nahura_, 324;
_O. ophion_, 322;
_O. poli_, 321;
_O. tragelaphus_, 323;
_O. vignei_, 321
Oxen, 317
_Oxymycterus_, 480
Paca, 493
_Pachynolophus_, 248
_Pachyrucos_, 213
_Pachyuromys_, 475
_Palaeochoerus_, 280
_Palaeoerinaceus_, 510
_Palaeonictis_, molar teeth of, 56
_Palaeosyops_, 266
_Palaeotragus_, 306
Palate, 61
Palm Civet, 407
Pancreas, 64
Panda, 431
_Pangolin_, 188
Pangolin gigantesque, 211
_Panochthus_, 185
Panther, 395
_Pantholops_, 311
_Pantolambda_, 206;
_P. bathmodon_, 207;
skull of, 206
Pantolestidae, 328
_Paradoxurus_, 407;
_P. grayi_, 407;
_P. niger_, 407
_Patriofelis_, 449, 456
Peccary, 278
Pecora, 290 f.
_Pectinator_, 490;
_P. spekii_, 491
Pectoral girdle, 35
_Pedetes_, 486;
_P. caffer_, 486
Pedetidae, 486
_Pelea_, 311;
_P. capreolus_, 311
_Peltephilus_, 186
Peludo, 177
Pelvis, 41
_Peraceras_, 262
_Peragale_, 156;
_P. lagotis_, 157
_Perameles_, 158
{612}
Peramelidae, 156
_Peramus_, 99
_Peramys_, 156
_Perascalops_, 518
_Periptychus_, 204;
_P. rhabdodon_, 205
Perissodactyla, 235 f.
_Perodicticus_, 547
_Perodipus_, 484
_Perognathus_, 484
_Peromyscus_, 479
_Petauroides_, 142
_Petaurus_, 141;
_P. breviceps_, 142
_Petrodromus_, 516;
_P. tetradactylus_, 516
_Petrogale_, 134;
_P. penicillata_, 134;
_P. xanthopus_, 134
_Petromys_, 488
_Phacochoerus_, 277;
_P. aethiopicus_, 277;
_P. africanus_, 277
_Phalanger_, 140;
_P. maculatus_, 140
Phalanger, 138;
Flying, 141;
Striped, 141;
Ring-tailed, 141
Phalangeridae, 138
_Phalangista vulpina_, 140
_Phascolarctos cinereus_, 142, 143
_Phascologale_, 153;
_P. virginia_, 153
_Phascolomys_, 144;
skull of, 145;
_P. latifrons_, 145;
_P. mitchelli_, 145;
_P. ursinus_, 145;
_P. wombat_, 144
_Phascolonus_, 148
_Phascolotherium_, 99;
_P. bucklandi_, 99
_Phatagin_, 188
_Phenacodus_, 202;
_P. primaevus_, skeleton of, 196;
molar teeth of, 56
_Phenacomys_, 479
_Phlaeomys_, 473
_Phoca_, 452;
_P. groenlandica_, 452;
_P. hispidia_, 452;
_P. vitulina_, 452;
skeleton of, 447
_Phocaena_, 374;
_P. communis_, 374;
_P. dallii_, 374;
_P. spinipennis_, 374;
_P. tuberculifera_, 342
Phocidae, 452
_Pholidotus_, 188
_Phyllorhina_, 527
Phyllostomatidae, 531
_Phyllotis_, 480
_Physeter_, 363;
_P. macrocephalus_, 363;
_P. tursio_, 366
Physeteridae, 362
_Physodon_, 383
Pichy-ciego, 176
Pig, 275;
sternum of, 32;
foot of, 199;
solid-hoofed, 270
Pika, 505
Pinnipedia, 446 f.
_Pithecanthropus erectus_, 584
_Pithechirus_, 473
_Pithecia_, 562;
_P. albinasa_, 561;
_P. cheiropotes_, 562;
_P. satanas_, 562
Placenta, 125
_Plagiaulax_, 99
_Plagiodontia_, 489
{613}
_Platacanthomys_, 471;
_P. lasiurus_, 471
_Platanista_, 380;
_P. gangetica_ 381
Platanistidae, 380
_Platycercomys_, 486
Platypus, 113
Platyrrhines, 555, 556
_Plecotus_, 529;
_P. auritus_, 529
_Plesiomeryx_, 329
_Pliopithecus_, 585
_Poebrotherium_, 288;
_P. labiatum_, foot of, 197;
_P. wilsoni_, skull of, 288
_Poecilogale_, 437;
_P. albinucha_, 437
_Poephagus grunniens_; see _Bos grunniens_
_Pogonodon_, 401
_Poiana_, 407
Polecat, 436
_Polycladus_, 301
Polyprotodontia, 149 f.
_Pontoporia_, 382;
_P. blainvillii_, 382
_Porcula salvania_, 276
Porcupine, 499, 500;
Tree, 498;
Brush-tailed, 501
Porpoise, 374
_Potamochoerus_, 278
_Potamogale_, 513;
_P. velox_, 513
Potamogalidae, 513
Potoroinae, 131, 137
_Potorous_, 138
Potto, 547
Pouch; _see_ Marsupium
Prairie-dog, 465
_Praopus_, 178
Prepollex, 41
Primates, 533 f.
_Priodon_, 173, 179;
_P. giganteus_, hand of 175
_Prionodon_, 406;
_P. pardicolor_, 406
_Priscodelphinus_, 384
_Proaelurus_, 401
Proboscidea, 216 f.
_Procamelus_, 289;
_P. angustidens_, 290;
_P. occidentalis_, foot of, 197
_Procavia_, 232
_Procyon_, 427;
_P. cancrivorus_, 427;
_P. lotor_, 427;
_P. nigripes_, 427
Procyonidae, 426
_Prodelphinus_, 377
_Proechidna_, 111;
_P. bruijnii_, 111;
_P. nigroaculeata_, 111
Pronghorn, 306
_Propalaehoplophorus_, 185
_Propithecus_, 539;
_P. coquereli_, 540;
_P. verreauxi_, 540
_Prorastoma_, 336;
_P. veronense_, 337
_Prosqualodon_, 384
_Proteles_, 413;
_P. cristata_, 413
_Protelotherium_, 280
_Prothylacinus_, 160
_Protoceras_, 284
Protoceratidae, 284
_Protochriacus_, 553
_Protogonia_, 204
{614}
Protohippus, 249
_Protolabis_, 289
_Protoreodon_, 332
Protorotheriidae, 268
_Protorotherium_, 268
_Protoselene_, 205
Prototheria, 105 f.
_Protylopus_, 287;
_P. petersoni_, feet of, 197
_Protypotherium_, 213
_Psammomys_, 475
_Pseudamphicyon_, 424
_Pseudochirus_, 141
_Pseudorca_, 376;
_P. crassidens_, 376;
_P. meridionalis_, 376
_Pseudorhynchocyon_, 516
_Psittacotherium_, 191;
_P. multifragum_, 191
_Pteralopex_, 526;
_P. atrata_, 526
_Pteromys_, 466;
_P. alborufus_, 466;
_P. petaurista_, 466
_Pteroneura brasiliensis_, 441
Pteropodidae, 524
_Pteropus_, 524;
_P. edulis_, 524;
_P. fuscus_, skull of, 524;
_P. nicobaricus_, 526;
_P. poliocephalus_, 525
_Ptilocercus_, 511;
_P. lowi_, 511
_Ptilodus_, 101
_Pudua_, 296
Puma, 399
_Putorius_, 435;
_P. brasiliensis_, 437;
_P. erminea_, 436;
_P. foetidus_ (= _Mustela putorius_), 436;
_P. hibernicus_, 437;
_P. vulgaris_, 437
Pygmy, Hog, 276;
Right Whale, 361
_Pyrotherium_, 232
Quagga, 244, 246
Rabbit, 502;
skull of, 503;
oviduct of, 73;
brain of, 77
Raccoon, 427
_Rangifer tarandus_, 298, 299
_Raphiceros_, 310
Rasse, 406
Rat, 472;
-Kangaroo, 137
Ratel, 437, 438
Red Deer, 293
Reed Buck, 311
Reindeer, 292, 298, 299
_Reithrodon_, 480
_Reithrodontomys_, 480
_Reithrosciurus macrotis_, 464
Reproductive organs, 70
Respiratory organs; _see_ Lungs
_Rhachianectes_, 357;
_Rh. glaucus_, 357
_Rhinoceros_, 254;
_Rh. bicornis_, 257, 258;
_Rh. indicus_ (= _Rh. unicornis_), 255;
femur of, 43;
_Rh. lasiotis_, 257;
_Rh. schleiermacheri_, 258;
_Rh. simus_, 257;
_Rh. sondaicus_, 256;
_Rh. sumatrensis_, 256;
hand of, 199;
_Rh. tichorhinus_, 259
{615}
Rhinoceros, White, 257;
Black, 257
Rhinocerotidae, 253
_Rhinogale_, 410 n.
Rhinolophidae, 527
_Rhinolophus_, 527;
_Rh. ferrum equinum_, 527;
_Rh. hipposiderus_, 527
_Rhinonycteris_, 527
_Rhinopithecus_, 569
_Rhinopoma_, 530
_Rhipidomys_, 480
_Rhizomys_, 482;
_Rh. badius_, 483;
_Rh. pruinosus_, 482;
_Rh. sumatrensis_, 482
_Rhynchocyon_, 516;
_Rh. chrysopygus_, 516
_Rhynchogale_, 410
_Rhynchomys_, 474;
_Rh. soricioides_, 474
_Rhynchonycteris_, 531
_Rhytina_, 338
Ribs, 29;
single-headed, of Whales and Monotremes, 30
Risso's Dolphin, 375
River Hog, Red, 278
Roan Antelope, 314
Rodentia, 458 f.;
brain of, 461;
teeth of, 459
Roe Deer, 295
_Romerolagus_, 504
Rorqual, 355
Ruminantia, 280 f.;
stomach of, 281 f.
_Rupicapra_, 326
Sable, 435;
Antelope, 313
_Saccopteryx_, 531
_Saccostomus_, 472
Sacrum, 24
_Sagmatias_, 376
_Saiga_, 311;
_S. tartarica_, 311
Saki monkey, 562
Salivary glands, 64
_Samotherium_, 305;
_S. boissieri_, 306
_Sarcophilus ursinus_, 151;
skull of, 149
Scales, 9;
of Anomaluridae, 463;
of Manidae, 188
_Scalops_, 518
_Scapasius_, 518
_Scapteromys_, 480
_Scaptonyx_, 518
Scapula, 36;
of Whales, 37
_Scelidotherium_, 180
_Schizodon_, 488
_Schizotherium_, 211
Sciuridae, 463
_Sciuropterus_, 467;
_S. volucella_, 467
_Sciurus_, 463;
_S. castaneiventris_, 464;
_S. laticaudatus_, 511;
_S. maximus_, 464
_Scleropleura_, 179;
_S. bruneti_, 179
_Scotophilus_, 529
_Scotozous_, 530;
_S. dormeri_, 530
Seal, 452;
Bladder-nosed, 454;
compared with Zeuglodonts, 385;
Elephant, 454;
Eared, 450;
hooded, 453
Sea-Lion, 450;
see _Otaria_
{616}
Sealskin, 9
Sea Serpent, 368
Selenodont, 272
Selenodontia, 280
_Semnopithecus_, 568;
_S. entellus_, 568;
_S. schistaceus_, 569
Sewellel, 469
Sheep, Barbary, Blanford's, and other species of, 321 f.
Shoulder girdle, 35;
of _Ornithorhynchus_, 34;
of _Echidna_, 37
Shrew, 518;
Elephant-, 515
Siamang, 571
Sibbald's Rorqual, 2, 356
_Sigmodon_, 479
_Simia satyrus_, 580, 581;
skeleton of, 582;
skull of, 583;
nest of, 583
Simiidae, 570
_Simocyon_, 423
Simplicidentata, 462 f.
Sing-sing Antelope, 310
_Siphneus_, 479
Sirenia, 333 f.
_Sivatherium_, 306
Size, of Mammals, 2;
progressive secular increase in, 103;
of Whales, 342
Skull, 25;
of Human embryo, 27;
of adult, 586;
of Dog, 25, 29;
comparison of, with that of Anomodontia, 28
Skunk, 439
Sloth, 170;
Ground-, 180
_Smilodon_, 402;
_S. neogaeus_, 402
_Sminthopsis_, 153;
_S. virginiae_, 153
_Sminthus_, 486
_Smutsia_, 188
_Solenodon_, 514;
_S. cubanus_, 514
Solenodontidae, 513
_Sorex_, 518;
_S. alpinus_, 519;
_S. minutus_, 519;
_S. vulgaris_, 519
Soricidae, 518
_Soriculus_, 518
_Sotalia_, 378;
_S. gadamu_, 379;
_S. guianensis_, 378;
_S. lentiginosa_, 379;
_S. pallida_, 382;
_S. sinensis_, 378;
_S. teueszii_, 378
Souslik, 464
Spalacidae, 482
_Spalacopus_, 487;
_S. poeppigi_, 487
_Spalacotherium_, 99
_Spalax_, 482;
_S. typhlus_, 482
Sparassodonta, 160
Speke's Antelope, 315 f.
_Speothos_, 423
Sperm Whale, 363
Spermaceti, 363
_Spermophilus_, 464;
_S. tredecimlineatus_, 465
_Sphingurus_, 498;
_S. prehensilis_, 498 f.
Spider Monkey, 558
Spiny Anteater; see _Echidna_
Springbok, 312
_Squalodon_, 384
{617}
Squalodontidae, 384
Squamata, 188
Squirrel, 463;
Pygmy, 464;
Ground, 464;
Flying, 466
_Steatomys_, 473, 476
_Stegodon_, 229;
_S. ganesa_, 229
Steinbok, 310
Steller's Sea-cow, 338
_Steno_, 379;
_S. perniger_, 379
_Stenodelphis_, 382
_Stenoplesictis_, 441
_Stenops_, 545
_Stenorhynchus_, 453
_Stentor_, 558
_Stereognathus_, 99
Sternum, 31;
of Whales, 32, 33, 352;
of Dugong, 33
Stoat, 436
Stomach, 62;
of various mammals, 63;
of Whales, 347
_Strepsiceros_, 316;
_S. imberbis_, 316;
_S. kudu_, 316
_Stylacodon_, 99
_Stylinodon_, 193;
_S. cylindrifer_, 193;
_S. mirus_, 193
Stylinodontidae, 191
Sublingua, 61
Suidae, 275
_Suricata_, 410;
_S. tetradactyla_, 411
_Sus_, 275;
_S. barbatus_, 276;
_S. erymanthius_, 279;
_S. salvania_, 276;
_S. scrofa_, 275;
_S. sennaariensis_, 275;
_S. verrucosus_, 276;
_S. vittatus_, 276
_Synaptomys_, 479
_Synetheres_, 498
_Synotus_, 529;
_S. barbastellus_, 522, 529
_Systemodon_, 250
_Tachyoryctes_, 483
_Talpa_, 517;
_T. europaea_, 517
Talpidae, 516
_Tamandua_, 167;
sternum of, 168
Tamarin, 556
_Tamias_, 464
_Taphozous_, 531
Tapir, 11
Tapiridae, 250
_Tapirus_, 250;
_T. bairdi_, 251;
_T. dowi_, 251;
_T. ecuadorensis_, 251 n.;
_T. indicus_, 252;
_T. leucogenys_, 251 n.;
_T. roulini_, 251;
_T. terrestris_, 251
Tarsiidae, 550
Tarsipedinae, 140, 145
_Tarsipes_, 145
_Tarsius_, 550;
_T. spectrum_,foot of, 551
Tasmanian, Devil, 151;
Wolf, 150
_Tatusia_, 173;
_T. novemcincta_, 178
_Taurotragus oryx_, 316 n.
_Taxidea_, 438
Tayra, 433
Teeth, 43;
minute structure of, 44;
development of, 52;
brachyodont (with short roots), 48;
{618}
bunodont, 272;
diphyodont, 51;
heterodont, 47;
homodont, 47;
hypselodont (with long roots), 48;
lophodont, 51;
monophyodont, 53;
selenodont, 272
Teledu, 433
_Teleoceras_, 259 n.;
_T. fossiger_, 261
_Telmatotherium_, 267;
_T. cornutum_, 267
Temperature of Monotremata, 112
Tenrec, 511
Testes, 75
_Tetraceros_, 310
_Tetraprotodon_, 274
_Thalassarctos_, 443
_Theropithecus_, 566
_Thoatherium_, 268
_Thomomys_, 483
_Thrinacodus_, 489;
_T. albicauda_, 489
_Thrynomys_, 489;
_T. swindernianus_, 489
_Thylacinus_, 150;
_T. cynocephalus_, skull of, 150
Thylacoleo, 147;
_T. carnifex_, skull of, 147
_Thyroptera_, 529
Tiger, 394
Tillodontia, 506 f.
_Tillotherium_, 507;
_T. fodiens_, 507;
skull of, 507
_Tinoceras_, 210
_Titanops_, 264
Titanotheriidae, 264
_Titanotherium_, 264;
_T. coloradense_, 264;
_T. elatum_, 265;
_T. heloceras_, 264;
_T. platyceras_, 265, 266;
_T. ramosum_, 266;
_T. trigonoceras_, 265
Tolypeutes, 173;
T. tricinctus, 176, 177
_Tomitherium_, 552
Tongue, 61
_Toxodon_, 214
Toxodontia, 214 f.
_Tragelaphus_, 315;
_T. gratus_, 316;
_T. spekii_, 315;
_T. sulvaticus_, 316
Tragulidae, 282
Tragulina, 281
_Tragulus_, 282;
_T. meminna_, 282;
_T. napu_, 283;
_T. stanleyanus_, 283
Tree- Porcupines, 498;
Kangaroos, 136
_Triaenops_, 527
Trichechidae, 451
_Trichechus_, 451
_Trichomys_, 488
_Trichosurus_, 140;
_T. vulpecula_, 140
_Trichys_, 501;
_T. lipura_, 501
_Triclis_, 149;
_T. oscillans_, 149
_Triconodon_, 99
Trituberculata, 99
Trituberculy, definition of, 56
_Tritylodon_, 98
_Troglodytes_, 576;
_T. aubryi_, 579;
_T. kooloo-kamba_, 579;
_T. savagei_, 576
{619}
_Trogontherium_, 469
Tubulidentata, 186
Tuco-tuco, 488
_Tupaia_, 511;
_T. belangeri_, 511;
_T. tana_, 511
Tupaiidae, 511
_Tursio_, 379;
_T. borealis_, 380:
_T. peronii_, 380
_Tursiops_, 379;
_T. abusalam_, 379;
_T. tursio_, 379
Tusks, 49
_Tylomys_, 480
Tylopoda, 285 f.
_Typhlomys_, 471
Typotheria, 212 f.
_Typotherium_, 213
_Uintacyon_, 424
_Uintatherium_, 210
Unau, 170, 171
Ungulata, 195 f.
Urinary organs, 68
Uromys, 473
_Uropsilus_, 518
_Urotrichus_, 518
Ursidae, 442
Urson, 498
_Ursus_, 442;
_U. arctos_, 442;
_U. fossilis_, 442;
_U. malayanus_, 443;
_U. ornatus_, 443;
_U. pruinosus_, 443;
_U. spelaeus_, 442, 444;
_U. tibetanus_, 442
Urus, 321
Vampire, 532
_Vampyrus_, 531;
_V. spectrum_, 531
_Vandeleuria_, 473
Vansire, 404
Veins, 67;
anterior abdominal, in _Echidna_, 68
Vena cava, double in Elephants, 68
Vertebrae, 19;
cervical, 21, 22;
dorsal, 20, 23;
lumbar, 20, 23;
caudal, 24
_Vespertilio_, 529;
_V. murinus_, 529
Vespertilionidae, 528
_Vesperugo_, 528;
_V. discolor_, 528;
_V. leisleri_, 528;
_V. noctula_, 528;
_V. pipistrellus_, 528;
_V. serotinus_, 528
Vicuna, 286
_Vishnutherium_, 306
_Viverra_, 405;
_V. civetta_, 406
_Viverricula_, 406
Viverridae, 403
Vizcacha, 497
Vole, 477
Vulpine Phalanger, 140
Wallaby, 129;
skeleton of, 130;
Nail-tailed, 134
Walrus, 451
Wapiti, 292
Wart Hog, 277
Waterbuck, 310
{620}
Water Chevrotain, 283
Weasel, 437
Whalebone, 354
Whalebone Whales, 354
Whales, 339;
hunting of, 360
White Whale, 372
Wild Boar of Europe, 276
Wild Cat of Europe, 399
Wisent, 318
Wolf, 420
Wombat, 144;
skull of, 145
Wrist, 40;
tactile hairs of, 10
Xenarthra, 166 f.
_Xenomys_, 480
_Xenurus_, 173, 178;
_X. unicinctus_, 178
_Xeromys_, 474
_Xerus_, 464
_Xiphodon_, 329
{621}
Xiphodontidae, 329
Xiphodontotherium, 330
Yak, 320
Yapock, 156
_Zaglossus_, 111 n.
_Zamicrus_, 184
_Zapus_, 486
_Zarrhachis_, 384
Zebra, 244;
Burchell's, 245;
Common, 244;
Grevy's, 244
_Zenkerella_, 463 n.
_Zeuglodon_, 384
Zeuglodontidae, 384
_Ziphius_, 367, 370;
_Z. cavirostris_, 370;
_Z. novae zelandiae_, 370
Zoological regions, 84
Zorilla, 438
* * * * *
{622}
{623}
THE CAMBRIDGE NATURAL HISTORY
Edited by Sir S. F. HARMER, K.B.E., Sc.D., F.R.S., and A. E. SHIPLEY,
G.B.E., M.A., F.R.S.
In Ten Volumes. Fully Illustrated. Medium 8vo. 21s. net each.
_FIELD._--"The Cambridge Natural History series of volumes is one of
very great value to all students of biological science. The books are
not intended for popular reading, but for utilisation by those who are
desirous of making themselves thoroughly acquainted with the branches
of zoology of which they treat."
VOLUME I.
PROTOZOA, by MARCUS HARTOG, M.A., D.Sc.; PORIFERA (SPONGES), by IGERNA B.
J. SOLLAS, B.Sc; COELENTERATA AND CTENOPHORA, by S. J. HICKSON, M.A.,
F.R.S.; ECHINODERMATA, by E. W. MACBRIDE, M.A, F.R.S.
_FIELD._--"The book can be in the strongest manner recommended to those
for whose benefit it has been written. We know of no work from which a
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{624}
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LONDON: MACMILLAN AND CO., LTD.
* * * * *
NOTES
[1] The degeneration of the hind-limb in Whales and Sirenia forbids the use
of this character as a distinctive one on the principles advocated by the
selection of the above list. But it would be absurd to leave out hair.
[2] "Ueber die Haare der Saeugethiere," _Morph. Jahrb._ xxi. 1894, p. 312.
[3] "Bemerkungen ueber den Ursprung der Haare," _Anat. Anz._ 1893, p. 413.
[4] See for this matter, p. 90. Dr. Bonavia has recently advanced (_Studies
in Evolution_, London, 1895) the somewhat fantastic view that the
pigment-patches of Carnivorous and other mammals are a reminiscence of an
earlier scaly condition. There is no direct evidence that the primitive
mammals were scaly, nor are the Monotremata or Marsupials furnished with
any more traces of such a condition than are other mammals; and they are
the most lowly organised of existing Mammalia.
[5] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1887, p. 527.
[6] "Ueber Marsupialrudimente bei Placentaliern," _Morph. Jahrb._ xx. 1893,
p. 276.
[7] See Haacke, "On the Marsupial Ovum, the Mammary Pouch, etc., of the
Echidna," _Proc. Roy. Soc._ 1885, p. 72; and "Ueber die Entstehung der
Saeugetiere," _Biol. Centralbl._ viii. 1889, p. 8.
[8] See Gegenbaur's _Elements of Comp. Anat._ Transl. by Bell, 1878, p.
421.
[9] "Ueber die Beziehungen zwischen Mammartasche u. Marsupium," _Morph.
Jahrb._ xvii. 1891, p. 483.
[10] _Catalogue of Marsupials in British Museum_, 1886.
[11] Its independence from the epistropheus is emphasised in Monotremes and
some Marsupials by its late fusion with that vertebra.
[12] Intercentra are but rarely met with anterior to the caudal series. Mr.
Parsons has, however, recorded their occurrence in the lumbar vertebrae of
_Atherura_.
[13] _Tufts College Studies_, No. 6, 1900.
[14] Cf. the Armadillo _Peltephilus_, p. 186.
[15] Gegenbaur, _Vergl. Anat. Wirbelth._ Leipzig, 1898, p. 404.
[16] Ehler's _Zool. Miscellen_, i. 1894.
[17] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1865, p. 567.
[18] _Vergl. Anat. der Wirbelth._ Leipzig, 1898, p. 497.
[19] To this category are perhaps to be referred cartilaginous pieces
occurring in the Rabbit, _Mus_ and _Sorex_ (see Fig. 29 above).
[20] "On the Coracoid of the Terrestrial Vertebrates," _P.Z.S._ 1893, p.
585.
[21] Horny matter is apt to be formed upon extremities; instances which are
well known are the "claws" upon the tail of the Lion and Leopard and the
Kangaroo _Onychogale_. For an account of the first see _Proc. Zool. Soc._
1832, p. 146.
[22] Cf. Tomes, _A Manual of Dental Anatomy_, 5th ed. London, 1898.
[23] _Materials for the Study of Variation_, London, 1894.
[24] _Morph. Jahrb._ xix. 1892, p. 502.
[25] It would be of the greatest interest in relation to this and many
other problems to ascertain the precise meaning of the monophyodont
dentition of _Ornithorhynchus_.
[26] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1899, p. 922.
[27] Mr. M. Woodward, however (_P.Z.S._ 1893, p. 467), is disposed to think
that in some Macropodidae at any rate the supposed tooth of the second set
really belongs to the milk dentition, arising late between Pm_{3} and
Pm_{4}.
[28] See for a summary, Osborn, _American Nat._ Dec. 1897, p. 993.
[29] _e.g._ the "protoloph," "metaloph," etc. (see Fig. 36, p. 51), of the
modern Ungulate form of tooth.
[30] "On the Primitive Type of the Plexodont Molars of Mammals," _Proc.
Zool. Soc._ 1899, p. 555.
[31] _Jen. Zeitschr._ ii. 1866, p. 365.
[32] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1883, p. 8.
[33] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1894, p. 715.
[34] Beddard, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1895, p. 136.
[35] _Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci._ xxiv. 1884, p. 9.
[36] _S.B. Jen. Gesells._ 1885, p. 1.
[37] _Proc. Roy. Phys. Soc. Edin._ viii. 1885, p. 354.
[38] _Phil. Trans._ clxxviii. 1887, p. 463.
[39] Robinson, _Studies Biol. Lab. Owens Coll._ ii. 1890, p. 35.
[40] Beddard, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1900, p. 667.
[41] Wallace, _The Geographical Distribution of Animals_, 1876. Heilprin,
_The Distribution of Animals_, Internat. Scientific Series, 1887. Beddard,
_A Text-book of Zoogeography_, Cambridge Natural Science Manuals, 1895.
Lydekker, _Geographical History of Mammals_, Cambridge Geographical Series,
1896. W. L. and P. L. Sclater, _The Geography of Mammals_, Kegan Paul and
Co. 1899.
[42] This term is sometimes used in a wider sense; cf. vol. viii. p. 74.
[43] A series of papers in the _Phil. Trans._ for 1888-96, of which a
useful abstract by Professor Osborn was published in the _American
Naturalist_, 1898, p. 309; see also _Cambr. Nat. Hist._ viii. 1901, p. 303.
[44] Cf. vol. viii. p. 82.
[45] It may be necessary to exclude the Whales from the comparison.
[46] _Dental Anatomy_, 5th ed. 1898, p. 304.
[47] "On the Fossil Mammalia from the Stonesfield Slate," _Quart. Journ.
Micr. Sci._ xxxv. 1894, p. 407.
[48] This groove has been found in the existing _Myrmecobius_, see p. 154.
[49] _Trans. New York Acad. Sci._ xiii. 1894, p. 234.
[50] Gegenbaur, _Zur Kenntniss der Mammarorgane der Monotremen_, Leipzig,
1886.
[51] _Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci._ xxiv. 1884, p. 124.
[52] Beddard, _Proc. Roy. Phys. Soc. Edinb._ viii. 1885, p. 354.
[53] See _Phil. Trans._ clxxviii. 1887, where the literature of the subject
is fully cited.
[54] Muscular insertions and attachments do not, however, altogether
support the comparison.
[55] _Journ. Anat. Phys._ 1899, p. 309.
[56] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1864, p. 18.
[57] _Myrmecophaga aculeata_ was the name given by Shaw.
[58] _Zaglossus_ has apparently priority as a name; but _Proechidna_ is
better known.
[59] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1892, p. 545.
[60] _Quart. J. Micr. Sci._ xxix. 1888, p. 353.
[61] _Proc. Roy. Soc._ xlvi. 1889, p. 127. See also Stewart, _Quart. J.
Micr. Sci._ xxxiii. 1892, p. 229.
[62] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1880, p. 649.
[63] Moreover, the "corpus callosum and the anterior commissure ... in ...
_Erinaceus_ and _Dasypus_ are almost Monotreme-like."
[64] See Wilson and Hill, _Quart. J. Micr. Sci._ xxxix. 1899, p. 427.
[65] In _Dendrolagus_ at any rate. See _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1895, p. 132.
[66] _Anat. Anz._ i. 1886, p. 338; and see Weber, _ibid._ ii. 1887, p. 42.
[67] Works dealing exclusively with the Marsupials are: Lydekker, in
Allen's _Naturalists' Library_, 1894; Aflalo, _Natural History of
Australia_, Macmillan and Co. 1896; Waterhouse, _Natural History of
Mammalia_, i. London, 1848; Oldfield Thomas, _British Museum Catalogue of
Marsupialia and Monotremata_, 1888.
[68] "The Cerebral Commissures in the Marsupialia and Monotremata," _Journ.
Anat. Phys._ xxvii. 1893, p. 69.
[69] When there are more than two, _two_ are especially developed. See
Figs. 76, 77 (pp. 149, 150).
[70] See for a further discussion of this subject the zoogeographical
handbooks of Mr. Lydekker and myself, quoted on p. 78 (footnote).
[71] To this may be added Mr. Thomas' observation that the family of
American Opossums is "very closely allied to the Dasyuridae, from which,
were it not for its isolated geographical position, it would be very
doubtfully separable."
[72] Except in the South American Diprotodonts.
[73] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1893, p. 450.
[74] _Ibid._ 1876, p. 165.
[75] _Journal of the Rt. Hon. Sir Joseph Banks, Bart., K.B., P.R.S._,
edited by Sir Joseph Hooker, London, 1896.
[76] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1896, p. 683.
[77] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1875, p. 48.
[78] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1852, p. 103.
[79] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1895, p. 131.
[80] _Ibid._ 1884, p. 387.
[81] _Ibid._ 1884, p. 407.
[82] _Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales_, i. 1877, p. 34.
[83] "On some Points in the Anatomy of the Koala," _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1881,
p. 180.
[84] Thomas, "On _Caenolestes_, a still existing survivor of the
Epanorthidae of Ameghino, and the representative of a new family of recent
Marsupials," _P.Z.S._ 1895, p. 870.
[85] Stirling and Zietz, _Mem. Roy. Soc. South Australia_, i.; see also a
notice in _Nature_, January 18, 1900.
[86] Quite recently (_Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W._ 1898, p. 1) the carnivorous
character of _Thylacoleo_ has been reasserted by Mr. Broom.
[87] _Horn Scientific Expedition_, pt. ii. _Zoology_, 1896, p. 36.
[88] Leche found five, and Waterhouse stated eight to be the number.
[89] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1887, p. 527. See also Leche, _Biol. Foeren.
Foerhandl._ 1891, p. 136, and literature quoted.
[90] Traces of horny pads, like those of the Duck-bill, have been asserted
to exist in this animal. This is exceedingly interesting when regarded in
conjunction with its multituberculate molars.
[91] See for an account of this animal, Professor Stirling's Memoir in
_Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Australia_, 1891, p. 154, and Gadow, _Proc. Zool.
Soc._ 1892, p. 361.
[92] The male, according to Professor Spencer, has a rudimentary pouch.
[93] Pectoral and abdominal in the Armadillo _Tatusia_.
[94] A rather problematical Armadillo, _Necrodasypus_, has been recorded
from French strata. It consists of a few scutes only.
[95] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1882, p. 358.
[96] _Trans. Linn. Soc._ (2) vii. 1898, p. 277.
[97] _i.e._ large olfactory lobes.
[98] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1899, p. 1014.
[99] See for anatomy Owen, _Trans. Zool. Soc._ iv. 1862, p. 117, and
Forbes, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1882, p. 287.
[100] For the skull of Edentates generally see Parker, _Phil. Trans._
clxxvi. 1885, pt. i. p. 121.
[101] The colour fades in captivity owing to the disappearance of the
algae.
[102] In a letter addressed to Dr. Gray, quoted by the latter in a revision
of the Sloths, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1871, p. 428.
[103] This name is written "_Prionodos_" by Gray, which might lead to a
confusion with the Carnivore _Prionodon_.
[104] For the anatomy of several forms, see Garrod, _Proc. Zool. Soc._
1878, p. 222, who quotes other memoirs.
[105] Flower, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1886, p. 419.
[106] Milne-Edwards, _Nouv. Arch. Mus._ vii. 1871, p. 177.
[107] See especially Lydekker, _An. Mus. La Plata, Pal. Arg._ iii. 1894.
[108] Dr. Moreno and Mr. A. Smith Woodward in _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1899, p.
144; _Wiss. Ergeb. Schwed. Exped. Magellanslaend._ ii. 1899, p. 149.
[109] _Proc. Roy. Soc._ xlvii. 1890, p. 246.
[110] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1893, p. 239, and 1896, p. 296.
[111] "Revision of the Manidae in the Leyden Museum," _Notes Leyd. Mus._
iv. 1882, p. 193.
[112] Weber, _Zool. Ergebnisse einer Reise in Niederl. Ost Indien_, 1892.
See also Roemer, in _Jen. Zeitschr._ xxxi. 1896, p. 604, and Reh, _ibid._
xxx. 1895, p. 137.
[113] See Wortman, "The Ganodonta and their Relationship to the Edentata,"
_Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist._ ix. 1897, p. 59.
[114] This creature is, however, sometimes referred to the neighbourhood of
the Rodents.
[115] _Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist._ ix. 1897, p. 321.
[116] "Notes on some Specimens of Antlers of the Fallow Deer, etc.," _Proc.
Zool. Soc._ 1894, p. 485.
[117] _Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist._ x. 1898, p. 159.
[118] Marsh, _Amer. Journ. Sci._ xliii. 1892, p. 447.
[119] See W. D. Matthew, _Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist._ ix. 1897, p. 303.
[120] Or perhaps rather to the primitive Ungulates Condylarthra. It is
especially compared with _Periptychus_ of that group.
[121] The scapula of _P. bathmodon_ is unknown.
[122] For the structure of this genus and of _Coryphodon_, see Osborn,
_Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist._ x. 1898, p. 169.
[123] Osborn, _Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist._ x. 1898, p. 81.
[124] Gadow, _A Classification of Vertebrata, Recent and Extinct_, London,
1898.
[125] See Osborn, _American Naturalist_, February 1893, p. 118.
[126] It is not absolutely clear whether both or only one genus ranged into
America. Different opinions have been expressed.
[127] It must be remembered, however, that there is a suggestion of a
prehensile character in the hand of _Phenacodus_ (see p. 203).
[128] Cope, _American Naturalist_, xxxi. 1897, p. 485.
[129] _American Nat._ February 1900, p. 89.
[130] It must be borne in mind that the teeth increase in complexity, those
first pushed up having the fewest plates. The first has only four
transverse plates.
[131] Forbes, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1879, p. 420.
[132] See Krueg, _Zeitschr. wiss. Zool._ xxxiii. 1881, p. 652, and Beddard,
_Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1893, p. 311.
[133] So convinced are some persons of the untameable character of the
African Elephant, that it has even been suggested that the animals with
which Hannibal crossed the Alps were not _E. africanus_, but a now extinct
species!
[134] _Wild Beasts and their Ways_, London, 1890.
[135] See _Natural History of the Ancients_, by Rev. M. G. Watkins, London,
1896.
[136] _Bull. Soc. Nat. d'Acclimat._ xlv. 1898, p. 41.
[137] _Trans. Zool. Soc._ ix. 1874, p. 1.
[138] See Busk in _Trans. Zool. Soc._ vi. 1868, p. 227.
[139] There are, however, three milk forerunners of the premolars, of which
one has no successor.
[140] Lydekker, _An. Mus. La Plata, Pal. Arg._ iii. 1894.
[141] M. F. Woodward "On the Milk Dentition of _Procavia (Hyrax) capensis_,
etc," _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1892, p. 38.
[142] "On the Species of the Hyracoidea," _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1892, p. 50.
[143] Sir W. H. Flower, _The Horse_, London, 1890.
[144] See Ewart, _The Penicuik Experiments_, Constable and Co., 1899.
[145] _The Horse_, London, 1890.
[146] Cuyer and Alix, _Le Cheval_, Paris, 1886.
[147] Lubbock, _Prehistoric Times_, London, 1865.
[148] J. Geikie, _Prehistoric Europe_, London, 1881.
[149] _Horses, Asses, and Zebras_, London, 1895.
[150] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1884, p. 540.
[151] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1895, p. 688.
[152] See Pocock, _Ann. Nat. Hist._ (6) xx. 1897, p. 33.
[153] "Das Quagga," _Zool. Garten_, 1893, p. 289.
[154] Of this Horse, remains have been lately discovered (see Loennberg,
_Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1900, p. 379) in the cave which produced the remains of
_Glossotherium_. A piece of skin covered with Fox-red hair, possibly
spotted with paler areas, is believed to be a relic of _Onohippidium_.
[155] _Trans. American Phil. Soc._ xviii. 1896, p. 55.
[156] _T. leucogenys_ and _T. ecuadorensis_ are probably not distinct, the
latter being in reality _T. terrestris_, the former _T. roulini_.
[157] See Beddard, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1889, p. 252, and other papers there
cited, for the anatomy of the Tapir.
[158] _Natural Science_, vi. 1895, p. 161.
[159] Garrod, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1873, p. 92; _ibid._ 1877, p. 707. Beddard
and Treves, _Trans. Zool. Soc._ xii. 1887, p. 183.
[160] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1876, p. 443.
[161] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1894, p. 329. See also Mr. Selous' paper in _Proc.
Zool. Soc._ 1881, p. 275.
[162] P. L. Sclater, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1893, p. 514.
[163] Quite recently, however, a species, _A. incisivum_, preserved at
Darmstadt, has been found by Professor Osborn to possess a slight rugosity
upon the frontal bones, which probably indicates the presence of a
rudimentary horn, and the same author is apparently inclined to place in
_Aceratherium_ the horned _Teleoceras_ (see p. 261).
[164] Osborn, _Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist._ x. 1898, p. 51.
[165] See Osborn, _Mem. American Mus. Nat. Hist._ vol. i. pt. iii. 1898.
[166] Scott, in Gegenbaur's _Festschrift_, ii. 1896, p. 351.
[167] Remains of the genus have been met with in the Balkans.
[168] See especially Osborn and Wortman, _Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist._ vii.
1895, p. 333, and Osborn, _ibid._ viii. 1896, p. 157.
[169] See Osborn, _Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist._ vii. 1895, p. 82.
[170] _N. Acta Acad. Caes. Leop. Car._ xxvii. 1885, p. 238.
[171] See Bateson, _Materials for the Study of Variation_, London, 1894, p.
387.
[172] See, however, p. 196, for a discussion as to which _is_ the more
primitive arrangement.
[173] _Titanotherium_ (see p. 266) is exceptional.
[174] Bones of _Hippopotamus_, however, indicate the very recent occurrence
of that animal in Madagascar.
[175] "On the Pygmy Hippopotamus of Liberia," _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1887, p.
612.
[176] Tomes, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1850, p. 160.
[177] There is, however, some doubt about the first premolars.
[178] Dr. Garson has investigated its anatomy, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1883, p.
413, and states that its differences from _Sus_ are "unimportant and few."
[179] "On the Species of _Potamochoerus_," _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1897, p. 359.
[180] Marsh, _Amer. Journ. Sci._ xlvii. 1894, p. 407.
[181] Osborn, _Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist._ vii. 1895, p. 102.
[182] Marsh, _Amer. Journ. Sci._ xlviii. 1894, p. 262.
[183] For the structure of _Tragulus_, see Milne-Edwards, _Ann. Sci. Nat._
(5) ii. 1864, p. 49.
[184] Marsh, _Amer. Journ. Sci._ 1897, p. 165.
[185] This is the winter dress. In the summer both camels lose their long
rough hair.
[186] See Wortman, _Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist._ x. 1898, p. 93.
[187] "Osteology of _Poebrotherium_," _Journ. Morph._ v. 1891, p. 1.
[188] Unless _Protoceras_ (see p. 284) was furnished with horns.
[189] Sir Victor Brooke, "On the Classification of the Cervidae," _Proc.
Zool. Soc._ 1878, p. 883.
[190] It has been occasionally recorded in an Axis Deer, and in another
species, _Cariacus superciliaris_.
[191] It is not every one that admits so many genera. I follow Sir Victor
Brooke.
[192] Garrod, "On the Chinese Deer named _Lophotragus michianus_ by Mr.
Swinhoe," _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1876, p. 757.
[193] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1877, p. 789.
[194] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1882, p. 636.
[195] Sir W. Flower "On the Structure and Affinities of the Musk Deer
(_Moschus moschiferus_)," _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1875, p. 159; Garrod, _loc.
cit._ 1877, p. 287; and F. Jeffrey Bell, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1876, p. 182.
[196] For the viscera, see Garrod, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1877, p. 5, etc.; and
_ibid._ p. 289, etc.
[197] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1897, p. 273.
[198] _Wild Beasts and their Ways_, 1890, p. 151.
[199] See also Sclater, _Proc. Zool. Soc._, 1901, ii. p. 3.
[200] Forsyth Major. _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1891, p. 315.
[201] "On the Shedding of the Horns in the Prongbuck," see Bartlett, _Proc.
Zool. Soc._ 1865, p. 718; Canfield, _ibid._ 1866, p. 105; Murie, _ibid._
1870, p. 334; and Forbes, _ibid._ 1880, p. 540.
[202] The distinction between the two families has been called "fanciful."
It may be admitted that it is not great.
[203] _The Book of Antelopes_, London, Porter, 1894-1900.
[204] They are straight in the young.
[205] W. L. Sclater, _The Fauna of South Africa, Mammals, i._ 1900.
[206] _Taurotragus oryx_ has unfortunately been discovered to be the
correct name for the Eland.
[207] A. D. Bartlett, "On some Hybrid Bovine Animals bred in the Society's
Gardens," _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1884, p. 399.
[208] See _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1890, p. 592.
[209] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1899, p 64.
[210] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1900, p. 142.
[211] The name _Trigonolestes_ has to be substituted for _Pantolestes_.
[212] _Trans. American Phil. Soc._ xviii. 1896, p. 125.
[213] For complete osteology see Wortman, _Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist._
vii. 1895, p. 145.
[214] In _Halicore_; probably also in _Manatus_. See Turner, _Trans. Roy.
Soc. Edinb._ xxxv. 1889, p. 641.
[215] Kuekenthal has discovered a thick coating of rudimentary hairs in the
foetus of the Manatee, thus showing that it is the descendant of an animal
furry like a Seal.
[216] "On the Manatee," in _Trans. Zool. Soc._ vol. viii. 1872, p. 127.
[217] Hartlaub, "Beitraege zur Kenntnis der Manatus-Arten," _Zool. Jahrb._
1886, p. 1.
[218] Beddard, "Notes upon the Anatomy of a Manatee (_Manatus inunguis_),"
_Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1897, p. 47.
[219] See Kuekenthal in Semon's "Zoolog. Forschungen," _Denkschr. Jen._
1897; Langkavel, "Der Dugong," _Zool. Garten_, 1896, p. 337.
[220] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1892, p. 77.
[221] See van Beneden and Gervais, _Osteographie des Cetaces_; and for a
more general account Beddard, _A Book of Whales_, London, Murray, 1900.
[222] _Vergleichend-anatomische Untersuchungen an Walthiere_, Jena,
1889-93.
[223] "And at his gills draws in, and at his trunk spouts out, a sea,"
wrote Milton, and think many others.
[224] These have been recorded by Professor Howes in the Porpoise.
[225] For details and literature see Jungklaus; _Jen. Zeitschr_. xxxii.
1898, p. 1.
[226] In _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1886, p. 243.
[227] Perrin, "Notes on the Anatomy of _B. rostrata_," _Proc. Zool. Soc._
1870, p. 805.
[228] von Haast, "Notes on a Skeleton of _Balaenoptera australis_," _Proc.
Zool. Soc._ 1883, p. 592.
[229] _Osteographie des Cetaces_, Paris, 1880, p. 130.
[230] _Marine Mammals of the North-West Coast of North America_, 1874.
[231] Cf. Scammon, _loc. cit._
[232] The name that has priority seems to be _glacialis_.
[233] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1881, p. 969.
[234] _Actes Linn. Soc. Bordeaux_, 1881.
[235] For osteology see Hector, _Trans. New Zeal. Inst._ vii. 1876, p. 251;
and Beddard, _Trans. Zool. Soc._ xv. 1901, p. 87.
[236] _Journ. de l'Anat._ xxvi. 1890, p. 270.
[237] _The Cruise of the Cachalot_, London, 1900.
[238] See Pouchet, "Contribution a l'histoire du spermaceti," _Bergens
Museums Aarbog for 1893_, No. I.
[239] Yule, _Travels of Marco Polo_, ii. London, 1874, p. 231.
[240] See Flower, _Trans. Zool. Soc._ viii. 1872, p. 203.
[241] _Bihang Svensk. Akad. Handl._ viii. 1883.
[242] Flower, _Trans. Zool. Soc._ x. 1878, p. 415; and H. O. Forbes, _Proc.
Zool. Soc._ 1893, p. 216.
[243] _Trans. Zool. Soc._ xii. 1889, p. 241.
[244] _Ann. Sci. Nat._ (7), xiii. 1892, p. 259.
[245] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1882, pp. 722, 726.
[246] _Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus._ No. 36, 1889, p. 7.
[247] See an essay on the hunting of this Whale, by S. H. C. Mueller, in
_Fish and Fisheries_, Edinburgh (Blackwood), 1883.
[248] Grampus being a contraction of _grand poisson_ is an obvious name to
apply to any Whale.
[249] See _Actes Soc. Linn. Bordeaux_, 1881; and for another figure, also
coloured, Flower, in _Trans. Zool. Soc._ xi. 1880, pl. i.
[250] _Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus._ No. 36, 1889.
[251] _Zool. Jahrb. Syst. Theil_, vi. 1892, p. 442.
[252] _Anatomical Researches Yunnan Exp._ 1878, p. 417.
[253] _Flower, Trans. Zool. Soc._ vi. 1867, p. 106; and Burmeister, _Proc.
Zool. Soc._ 1867, p. 484.
[254] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1892, p. 558.
[255] Thompson, _Studies Mus. Dundee_, i. 1890; and _C. R. Congres de
Zoologie_, 1889, p. 225.
[256] Lydekker, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1892, p. 560.
[257] For a general account of the osteology, see Flower, _Proc. Zool.
Soc._ 1869, p. 4; and for muscular anatomy, Windle and Parsons, _Proc.
Zool. Soc._ 1897, p. 370, and 1898, p. 152.
[258] See St. G. Mivart "On the Aeluroidea," _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1882, p.
135: and _The Cat_, London, J. Murray, 1881.
[259] "On the Pupils of the Felidae," _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1894, p. 481.
[260] "Observations ... on the Seal's Eye," _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1893, p.
719.
[261] It is noteworthy that in the Tiger some of the stripes have pale
centres and are thus like spots pulled out, while there are also small
black spots.
[262] _Natural Science_, vi. 1895, p. 89.
[263] For an account of this and of other mammals which occur in Central
America, see Alston in Messrs. Godman and Salvin's _Biologia
Centrali-Americana_, 1879-1882.
[264] But Mr. Belt says that the "Tigre" never attacks man unless it be
provoked.
[265] See E. Hamilton, _The Wild Cat of Europe_, London, Porter, 1896; and
M. G. Watkins, _Gleanings from the Natural History of the Ancients_,
London, Elliot Stock, 1896.
[266] The retractility is most marked in the Linsangs.
[267] Beddard in _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1895, p. 430.
[268] Where it has probably been introduced.
[269] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1873, p. 196.
[270] Flower, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1872, p. 683.
[271] See also vol. viii. p. 591.
[272] The original name was _Rhinogale_.
[273] That it is an abnormality has been recently stated.
[274] For the anatomy of Hyaenas see Morrison Watson in _Proc. Zool. Soc._
1877, p. 369; 1878, p. 416; and 1879, p. 79.
[275] Flower, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1869, p. 457.
[276] For a general account of the Canidae see Mivart, _A Monograph of the
Canidae_, London, 1890.
[277] Flower, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1879, p. 766.
[278] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1880, p. 70.
[279] The relationship between the Canidae and the Procyonidae must not be
lost sight of in considering this point of external likeness.
[280] _Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist._ xii. 1900, p. 109.
[281] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1890, p. 98.
[282] Temminck, its original describer, placed it in the genus _Hyaena_.
[283] See Garrod, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1878, p. 373.
[284] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1899, p. 533.
[285] See Beddard, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1900, p. 661, for anatomy.
[286] Beddard, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1898, p. 129.
[287] It is a curious fact that a native name for the creature is "Pottos"
(cf. of course _Potto_); and indeed the generic name _Potos_ seems to have
the priority over _Cercoleptes_.
[288] "_Narica_" is generally written, after Linnaeus. But this was,
according to Mr. Alston, probably an error for _nasica_.
[289] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1870, p. 752.
[290] See Wortman, _Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist._ vi. 1894, p. 229.
[291] As a small point of likeness between this Mustelid and the
Procyonidae may be mentioned the colours of the face. _M. anakuma_ is
particularly Raccoon-like.
[292] See _Trans. Zool. Soc._ ii. 1841, p. 201.
[293] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1894, p. 306.
[294] I found fifteen.
[295] _Ann. Nat. Hist._ (6) xiii. 1893, p. 522.
[296] See Matschie, _SB. Ges. Naturf. Berlin_, 1895, p. 171.
[297] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1879, p. 305.
[298] Lydekker, "Note on the Structure and Habits of the Sea-Otter (_Latax
lutris_)," _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1895, p. 421; and _ibid._ 1896, p. 235.
[299] See an article by Mr. Lydekker in _Knowledge_, April 1898, from which
many of the above facts have been taken.
[300] "Preliminary Notes on the Characters and Synonymy of the different
Species of Otter," _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1889, p. 190.
[301] Even apparently in the same species.
[302] The number of premolars is reduced in the Polar Bear.
[303] "The Blue Bear of Thibet," etc., _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1897, p. 412.
[304] _Nouv. Arch. Mus._ vii. 1872, _Bull._ p. 92; and _Recherches pour
servir a l'histoire naturelle des Mammiferes_, 1868-1874, p. 321. This
genus has quite recently (Lankester, _Trans. Linn. Soc._ viii. 1901, p.
163) been definitely referred to the Procyonidae.
[305] For the genera of Pinnipedia see Mivart, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1885, p.
484.
[306] Murie, _Trans. Zool. Soc._ viii. 1874, p. 501.
[307] _Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist._ vi. 1894, p. 129.
[308] P. 456 below.
[309] See especially Allen, _North American Pinnipedes_, 1880.
[310] Murie, _Trans. Zool. Soc._ vii. 1894, p. 411.
[311] Cf. the Dugong, p. 336.
[312] Kuekenthal, _Jen. Zeitschr._ xxviii. 1894, p. 76.
[313] Cunningham, "Sexual Dimorphism in the Animal Kingdom," London, 1900;
see also Flower, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1881, p. 145.
[314] _Journ. Ac. Sci. Philadelphia_, ix. 1886, p. 175.
[315] See especially Tullberg, "Ueber das System der Nagethiere," _Act. Ak.
Upsala_, 1899; and Alston, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1875, p. 61; and for
nomenclature, Thomas, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1896, p. 1012; and Palmer, _Proc.
Biol. Soc. Washington_; xi. 1897, p. 241.
[316] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1884, p. 252.
[317] _Phil. Trans._ 1850, pt. ii. p. 529.
[318] Seen, however, in _Chaetomys_.
[319] See Beddard, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1892, p. 596, and Gervais, _Journ.
Zool._ i. 1872, p. 450.
[320] "Observations sur le genre _Anomalurus_," _Nouv. Arch. Mus._ (2), vi.
1883, p. 277.
[321] "On the Habits of the Flying Squirrels of the genus _Anomalurus_,"
_Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1894, p. 243.
[322] W. E. de Winton, "On a New Genus and Species of Rodents," etc.,
_Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1898, p. 450. Apparently just at the time of the
publication of this paper Matschie described the same animal as
_Zenkerella_.
[323] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1893, p. 179.
[324] Flower and Lydekker.
[325] Thomas, _J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal_, lvii. 1888, p. 256.
[326] E. T. Newton, _Trans. Zool. Soc._ xiii. 1892, p. 165.
[327] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1896, p. 1016.
[328] Reuvens, "Die Myoxidae oder Schlaefer," Leyden, 1890, allows but one
genus, _Myoxus_, the other genera adopted here being termed subgenera.
[329] To which a sixth, the "Yellow-necked Mouse," _Mus flavicollis_, may
perhaps be added.
[330] For anatomy see Windle, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1887, p. 53.
[331] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1889, p. 247.
[332] _Trans. Zool. Soc._ xiv. 1898, p. 377.
[333] _Nouv. Arch. Mus._ iii. 1867, p. 81.
[334] _Popular Natural History of Animals_, London, 1898.
[335] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1863, p. 95.
[336] See O. Thomas, "On some Mammals from Central Peru," _Proc. Zool.
Soc._ 1893, p. 333.
[337] "Notes on the Rodent genus _Heterocephalus_," _Proc. Zool. Soc._
1885, p. 845.
[338] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1885, p. 611.
[339] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1890, p. 610.
[340] Parsons, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1898, p. 858.
[341] Very probably this form should be rather, as it is by Thomas,
referred to the neighbourhood of _Pectinator_, which would clear up the
geographical anomaly.
[342] _Notes Leyd. Mus._ 1891, p. 105.
[343] Guenther, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1879, p. 144.
[344] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1873, p. 786.
[345] _Loc. cit._ (on p. 458), p. 123.
[346] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1892, p. 520.
[347] See Dobson, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1884, p. 233.
[348] Peters, _Trans. Zool. Soc._ vii. 1871, p. 397.
[349] "Field Notes on the Mammals of Uruguay," _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1894, p.
297.
[350] Beddard, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1891, p. 236.
[351] These are stated by Tullberg to be absent. I have found them, but
they are very small bones, not more than half an inch long.
[352] There is a faint development of these ridges, but behind the palatine
foramina in _Dasyprocta aguti_.
[353] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1885, p. 161.
[354] Or absent?
[355] _In the Guiana Forest_, London, 1894.
[356] _MB. Ak. Berlin_, 1873, p. 551.
[357] An account of the three genera is to be found in _Trans. Zool. Soc._
i, 1833, p. 35, by Mr. E. T. Bennett.
[358] Hudson, "On the Habits of the Vizcacha," _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1872, p.
822.
[359] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1894, pp. 251, 680.
[360] _Nat. Science_, vi. 1895, p. 94.
[361] See Parsons. _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1894, p. 675.
[362] Guenther, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1876, p. 739, and 1889, p. 75; and
Cederblom, _Zool. Jahrb. Syst. Abth._ xi. 1897-98, p. 497.
[363] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1881, p. 624.
[364] _Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington_, x. 1896, p. 169.
[365] See especially Dobson, _A Monograph of the Insectivora_, London,
1886-90.
[366] Even in the Otter-like _Potamogale_ the upper jaw, though broad and
flat, projects considerably beyond the lower.
[367] "Bemerkungen ueber die Genealogie der Erinaceen." In _Festschrift f.
Liljeborg_, 1896. See also Anderson, _Trans. Zool. Soc._ viii. 1874, p.
453.
[368] Dobson, "Notes on the Anatomy of the Erinaceidae," _Proc. Zool. Soc._
1881, p. 389.
[369] See _Natural Science_, xiii. 1898, p. 156.
[370] _Manuel d'Hist. Nat._ French trans. by Artaud, 1803.
[371] "Notes on the Visceral Anatomy of the Tupaia of Burmah," _Proc. Zool.
Soc._ 1879, p. 301.
[372] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1848, p. 23.
[373] I quote Woodward, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1896, for this dentition. The
fourth molar of the lower jaw is not always present. It comes late, and
only _old_ animals possess it.
[374] Mivart in _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1871, p. 58.
[375] Thomas, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1892, p. 500.
[376] Allman states the canines to be absent. I follow Flower and Lydekker.
[377] See Allman in _Trans. Zool. Soc._ vi. 1869, p. 1.
[378] The generic name of _Chalcochloris_ was proposed by Dr. Mivart for
these.
[379] See Peters, _Reise nach Mosambique_, 1852, for external characters
and anatomy.
[380] "Mammals collected by Dr. Emin Pasha," in _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1890, p.
446.
[381] Ritsema Bos, _Biol. Centralbl._ xviii. 1898, p. 63.
[382] "A Synopsis of the Genera of the Family Soricidae," _Proc. Zool.
Soc._ 1890, p. 49.
[383] Leche, "Ueber Galeopithecus," _K. Svensk. Ak. Handl._ 1886.
[384] See Dobson, _Ann. Nat. Hist._ (5) xiv. 1884, p. 153.
[385] Dobson, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1875, p. 370.
[386] _Ibid._ p. 381.
[387] Dobson, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1875, p. 546.
[388] _Ibid._ 1876, p. 701.
[389] For a general account of the Primates, see Forbes in _Allen's
Naturalists' Library_, London, 1894.
[390] See Dr. Mivart's papers in _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1864, -65, -66, -67,
and -73 for osteology and teeth.
[391] Murie and Mivart, _Trans. Zool. Soc._ vii. 1869, p. 1.
[392] _Trans. Zool. Soc._ v. 1863, p. 103.
[393] _Hist. Nat. de Madagascar, Mamm._ 1875.
[394] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1895, p. 142.
[395] _Trans. Zool. Soc._ v. 1863, p. 33.
[396] _Verh. Ak. Amsterdam_, xxvii. 1890, Art. 2.
[397] "On some Points in the Structure of _Hapalemur griseus_" _Proc. Zool.
Soc._ 1884, p. 301.
[398] Beddard, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1900, p. 661.
[399] On the Arm Glands of the Lemurs, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1887, p. 369.
[400] So at least the formula has been given; but it is very possible that
the supposed second incisor is really, judging from the other Lemurs, a
canine.
[401] The Malagasy, however, must be vague in definition, or their
interpreters not well grounded in the rudiments of the language; for
Sonnerat states that Indri signifies "homme des bois."
[402] Syn. _Microrhynchus_.
[403] Beddard, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1884, p. 391, and 1891, p. 449; and
Jentink, _Notes Leyd. Mus._ 1885, p. 33.
[404] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1899, p. 554.
[405] _Royal Natural History_, London, 1894, p. 211.
[406] See _Novitates Zoologicae_, vol. i. 1894, p. 2.
[407] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1900, p. 321.
[408] "On the Angwantibo," _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1864, p. 314.
[409] _Verh. Ak. Amsterdam_, xxvii. 1890.
[410] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1882, p. 639; see also Rev. G. A. Shaw, _Proc.
Zool. Soc._ 1883, p. 44, 2nd Art.
[411] For a survey of the position of _Tarsius_, see Earle, _Amer.
Naturalist_, xxxi. 1897, p. 569; and _Nat. Science_, x. 1897, p. 309.
[412] See Schlosser, _Beitraege Pal. Osterr. Hung._ 1888; also Osborn and
Earle, _Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist._ vii. 1895, p. 16.
[413] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1899, p. 987.
[414] _Phil. Trans._ clxxxv. B, 1894, p. 15.
[415] It seems to be possible that this great Lemur was extant so lately as
1658, when a creature possibly answering to it was described by de
Flacourt.
[416] "Notes on _Callithrix gigot_," _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1884, p. 6.
[417] Forbes, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1880, p. 639.
[418] "On a new African Monkey of the genus _Cercopithecus_, with a List of
the known Species," _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1893, p. 243; see also p. 441.
[419] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1879, p. 451.
[420] See the books quoted on p. 576 (footnote).
[421] It is not so ranked by everybody.
[422] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1899, p. 296.
[423] For accounts of the habits of the Gorilla, compiled from various
sources, see Hartmann's "Anthropoid Apes," _International Scient. Ser._
London, 1885; H. O. Forbes, "Monkeys," in Allen's _Naturalists' Series_,
London, 1894; and Huxley, "Man's Place in Nature," vol. vii. of _Collected
Essays_, London, 1894.
[424] "Man's Place in Nature," vol. vii. of _Collected Essays_, London,
1894.
[425] Hartmann's "Anthropoid Apes," in _International Sci. Ser._ London,
1885.
[426] _Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat._ Paris, ii. 1866.
[427] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1899, p. 296.
[428] See also Duckworth, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1898, p. 989.
[429] For the structure of this Ape see Beddard, _Trans. Zool. Soc._ xiii.
1893, p. 177; and for experiments on her intelligence, Romanes, _Proc.
Zool. Soc._ 1889, p. 316.
[430] For the external appearance of the Orang see Hermes, _Zeitschr. f.
Ethn._ 1876, a paper which has coloured plates.
[431] _Pithecanthropus erectus. Eine menschenaehnliche Uebergangsform aus
Java_, Batavia, 1894. See also Ernst Haeckel, _The Last Link_ (with notes
by H. Gadow), London, 1898; Manouvrier, _Amer. Journ. Sci._ 1897, p. 213
(extracts); and Klaatsch, _Zoolog. Centralbl._ vi. 1899, p. 217.
[432] See especially Wiedersheim, _The Structure of Man_, transl. by Howes,
London, 1895.
[433] Cunningham, "Cunningham Memoirs," No. II. _Royal Irish Acad._ 1886.
* * * * *
Corrections made to printed original.
Page 10, in 'a uniform cause of coloration':--"a uniform", printed as "an
uniform" in original.
Page 31, in 'some species of Manis':--"species", printed as "specis" in
original.
Page 181, in 'a cow encrusted with pebbles':--"pebbles", printed as
"peebles" in original.
Page 185, in 'an unusually massive pelvis':--"unusually", printed as
"unusally" in original.
Page 344, in 'as, for instance':--"instance", printed as "intsance" in
original.