Shell subcylindrical, with longitudinal ribs, and five to eight transverse
strictures, and prominent girdles between them. On each girdle (at the
lowermost edge of each joint) a single transverse row of circular pores.
The three or four uppermost joints are united, and represent a conical
cephalis.
_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with six joints) 0.1; length of each
joint 0.01 to 0.15, breadth 0.04 to 0.06.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 263 to 274, depth 2350 to 2925
fathoms.
{1485}5. _Lithomitra eruca_, n. sp. (Pl. 79, fig. 3).
Shell subcylindrical, diminishing slightly towards both ends, with ten to
fifteen slight strictures. On each joint a single transverse row of
circular pores, descending obliquely in the wall. The two or three first
joints form together a roundish cephalis. Usually each joint is three times
as broad as long.
_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with twelve joints) 0.2; length of each
joint (on an average) 0.016, breadth 0.05.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 265 to 268, depth 2700 to 2900
fathoms; fossil in Barbados.
6. _Lithomitra chrysalis_, n. sp. (Pl. 79, fig. 4).
Shell subcylindrical, diminishing slightly towards both ends, with elegant
longitudinal ribs, and with five to eight slight strictures. Each of the
upper joints with two (or sometimes three) transverse rows of small pores;
each of the lower joints with only a single row.
_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with six joints) 0.11; length of each
joint 0.01 to 0.015, breadth 0.04 to 0.05.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.
Subgenus 2. _Lithomitrissa_, Haeckel.
_Definition._--All (or the majority) of the joints of the shell with
several transverse rows of pores, in variable number.
7. _Lithomitra cylindrica_, n. sp.
Shell cylindrical, smooth, with twelve to sixteen internal septal rings
(without external strictures). On each joint two transverse rows of small,
regular, circular pores. The hemispherical cephalis also has two rows of
pores. Each joint is twice as broad as long.
_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with sixteen joints) 0.3; length of
each joint 0.02, breadth 0.04.
_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 297, depth 1775 fathoms.
8. _Lithomitra costata_, Haeckel.
_Dictyomitra costata_, Stöhr, 1880, Palæontogr., vol. xxvi. p. 101, Taf.
iii. fig. 23.
Shell with longitudinal ribs, in the upper half conical, in the lower half
cylindrical, with six to eight slight strictures. Small, circular pores in
regular transverse rows; three rows in each upper joint, two rows in each
lower joint (the last joints sometimes confluent).
{1486}_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with eight joints) 0.15; length
of each joint 0.017 to 0.023, breadth 0.04 to 0.05.
_Habitat._--Fossil in Tertiary rocks of Sicily; Grotte (Stöhr),
Caltanisetta (Haeckel).
9. _Lithomitra punctata_, Haeckel.
_Lithocampe punctata_, Ehrenberg, 1844, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d.
Wiss. Berlin, p. 84.
_Eucyrtidium punctatum_, Ehrenberg, 1854, Mikrogeol., Taf. xxii. fig. 24.
_Dictyomitra punctata_, Stöhr, 1880, Palæontogr., vol. xxvi. p. 101, Taf.
iii. fig. 24.
Shell subcylindrical, smooth, with four to six distinct strictures.
Cephalis small, subspherical. Thorax campanulate-conical. Abdomen
cylindrical, with three to four equal joints. In each joint five to six
transverse rows of small, circular pores, quincuncially disposed.
_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with five joints) 0.1; length of each
joint (except the first) 0.02, breadth 0.05.
_Habitat._--Fossil in Tertiary rocks of Sicily; Caltanisetta (Ehrenberg),
Grotte (Stöhr).
10. _Lithomitra seriolata_, Haeckel.
_Eucyrtidium seriolatum_, Ehrenberg, 1858, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad.
d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 33.
_Lithocampe seriolata_, Haeckel, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 316.
Shell subcylindrical, smooth, with four to six sharp strictures. Cephalis
small, hemispherical. Thorax conical. Abdomen cylindrical, with three to
five different joints of alternate sizes. Small circular pores in
transverse rows; three or four rows in the third and fifth joints, seven or
eight rows in the second, fourth, and sixth joints.
_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with six joints) 0.1; length of the
second and fourth joints 0.03, of the third and fifth joints 0.015.
_Habitat._--Mediterranean, Crete (Ehrenberg), Corfu (Haeckel).
11. _Lithomitra hyperborea_, Haeckel.
_Eucyrtidium hyperboreum_, Bailey, 1856, Amer. Journ. Sci. and Arts, vol.
xxii., pl. i. fig. 10.
_Lithocampe hyperborea_, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 315.
Shell cylindrical, with prominent longitudinal ribs and six deep
strictures. Cephalis hemispherical. On each joint three to four transverse
rows of small, obsolete pores. Each joint is about twice as broad as long.
_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with six joints) 0.12; length of each
joint 0.02, breadth 0.04.
_Habitat._--Arctic and Northern Pacific, Kamtschatka (Bailey).
{1487}12. _Lithomitra australis_, Haeckel.
_Lithocampe australis_, Ehrenberg, 1844, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad.
d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 187.
_Lithocampe australis_, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 315.
_Eucyrtidium australe_, Ehrenberg, 1847, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad.
d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 43; Mikrogeol., 1854, Taf. xxxv., A 21, fig. 18.
Shell subcylindrical, smooth, with five deep strictures. The two middle
joints somewhat larger than the two proximal and the two distal joints.
Pores small, circular, in regular, transverse rows; two rows in the first
and the sixth joints, five rows in the second and the fifth, seven or eight
rows in the third and fourth joints. The two latter are twice as broad as
long.
_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with six joints) 0.14; length of the
four smaller joints 0.017, of the two larger joints 0.035; breadth 0.06.
_Habitat._--Antarctic Sea (lat. 78° 10' S., long. 162° W.) Ross.
13. _Lithomitra eminens_, Haeckel.
_Lithocampe eminens_, Stöhr, 1880, Palæontogr., vol. xxvi. p. 102, Taf.
iv. fig. 2.
Shell subcylindrical, rough, with seven slight strictures. The two or three
middle joints half as long as the two preceding and the two following
joints. Cephalis small, subspherical. Pores small, in subregular,
transverse rows, on the fifth and sixth joints only two rows, on the
second, third, seventh, and eighth joints four to five rows.
_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with eight joints) 0.27; length of the
fifth and sixth joints 0.17, of the others 0.03 to 0.04; breadth 0.08.
_Habitat._--Fossil in Tertiary rocks of Sicily, Grotte (Stöhr).
14. _Lithomitra infundibulum_, n. sp. (Pl. 79, fig. 5).
Shell in the upper half subconical, in the lower half subcylindrical,
rough, with four slight strictures. Cephalis hemispherical. Thorax conical.
Abdomen subcylindrical, three-jointed. Pores of the second, third, and
fourth joints funnel-shaped, with very small inner, and larger
double-contoured outer aperture; on the thorax twelve transverse rows, on
the third and fourth joints five rows. Fifth joint with irregular,
polygonal pores.
_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with five joints) 0.2; length of the
thorax 0.06, breadth 0.08; length of each abdominal joint 0.04, breadth
0.08.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.
Genus 647. _Eucyrtidium_,[264] Ehrenberg, 1847, Monatsber. d. k. preuss.
Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 54.
_Definition_.--#Stichocorida# (vel Stichocyrtida eradiate aperta) with
ovate or spindle-shaped shell, the mouth of which is constricted, but not
prolonged into a tube. Cephalis with a solid horn.
{1488}The genus _Eucyrtidium_ (as here stated in the definition) and the
three following nearly allied genera differ from the preceding Stichocorida
in the more or less constricted mouth, and the consequent ovate or
spindle-form of the multiarticulate shell. The middle joints of the latter
are broader than the upper and the lower joints. In the earlier definition
given in my Monograph (1862, pp. 312 to 320), the genus had a much wider
sense; but the very large number of species since detected requires a more
strict definition. Ehrenberg confounded in his genus _Eucyrtidium_ a large
number of very different #Cyrtoidea#. In his last works (1872, 1875) he
described not less than one hundred and eleven species, fifty-five fossil
and fifty-six living (eight fossil species being yet living). But, in
reality, these one hundred and three species belong to twenty or twenty-two
very different genera of #Cyrtoidea#.
Subgenus 1. _Eucyrtis_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 438.
_Definition._--All joints of the shell nearly of the same length (excepting
often the first). Surface smooth or rough, without spines.
1. _Eucyrtidium acuminatum_, Ehrenberg.
_Eucyrtidium acuminatum_, Ehrenberg, 1847, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad.
d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 43; Mikrogeol., 1854, Taf. xii. fig. 27.
_Eucyrtidium acuminatum_, Stöhr, 1880, Palæontogr., vol. xxvi. p. 104,
Taf. iv. fig. 6.
_Eucyrtidium acuminatum_, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 326.
_Lithocampe acuminata_, Ehrenberg, 1844, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad.
d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 84.
Shell smooth, slender, nearly spindle-shaped, without external strictures,
but with eight to nine internal septal rings. All joints (except the first)
nearly of the same length (or the upper somewhat longer). The fifth joint
is the broadest. Cephalis small, subspherical, with a short, conical horn.
Pores very small and numerous, regular, hexagonal, four to six on the
length of each joint.
_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with eight joints) 0.14; length of each
joint about 0.02; greatest breadth, in the fifth joint, 0.07.
_Habitat._--Fossil in Tertiary rocks of Sicily (Caltanisetta, Grotte, &c.).
2. _Eucyrtidium tropezianum_, Haeckel.
_Lithocampe tropeziana_, J. Müller, 1858, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
Berlin, p. 42, Taf. vii. figs. 4, 5, 6.
_Lithocampe tropeziana_, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 326.
Shell smooth, slender, nearly spindle-shaped, without external strictures,
but with seven or eight internal septal rings. All joints of the same
length. The fifth and sixth joints are the broadest. Cephalis
hemispherical, with a pyramidal horn of the same length. Pores very small
and numerous, regular, circular, hexagonally framed, five to six in the
length of each joint. (Very near to the preceding species, but more
regular, and with different pores.)
{1489}_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with eight joints) 0.16, length
of each joint 0.02; greatest breadth (in the fifth joint) 0.07.
_Habitat._--Mediterranean, French shore, St. Tropez (J. Müller), surface.
3. _Eucyrtidium hexagonatum_, n. sp. (Pl. 80, fig. 11).
Shell smooth, ovate, with six to seven internal septal rings. All joints
(except the first) nearly of the same length; the sixth joint is the
broadest. The seventh and eighth joints (broken off in the specimen
figured) gradually decrease toward the constricted mouth, which is as broad
as the septum between the third and fourth joints. Cephalis and thorax
together pear-shaped, with circular pores, sharp lumbar stricture, and a
stout, pyramidal horn of the same length. The five or six abdominal joints
with regular, hexagonal pores, six or seven in course of the length of each
joint.
_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with eight joints) 0.2, length of each
joint 0.025 to 0.03; greatest breadth (in the sixth joint) 0.1.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Stations 266 to 272, depth 2425 to 2925
fathoms.
4. _Eucyrtidium fusiforme_, n. sp.
Shell smooth, slender, spindle-shaped, without external strictures, but
with ten to twelve internal septal rings. All joints of the same length;
the sixth joint is the broadest. Cephalis conical, with a pyramidal horn of
the same length. Pores regular, circular, four or five in course of the
length of each joint. (Differs from all other species of the genus in the
regular, slender, spindle form; the constricted mouth of the last joint is
half as broad as the sixth joint.)
_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with twelve joints) 0.24, length of
each joint 0.02; greatest breadth (on the sixth joint) 0.06, of the mouth
0.03.
_Habitat._--Indian Ocean, Maldive Islands (Haeckel, 1882), surface.
5. _Eucyrtidium doliolum_, n. sp.
Shell smooth, barrel-shaped, or nearly spindle-shaped, with eight or nine
distinct strictures. All joints (except the first) of the same length; the
fourth joint is the broadest. Cephalis small, subspherical, with two short,
divergent, conical horns. Pores regular, circular, hexagonally framed,
three to four in course of the length of each joint.
_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with ten joints) 0.2, length of each
joint 0.022; greatest breadth (in the fourth joint) 0.08.
_Habitat._--South Atlantic, Station 332, depth 2200 fathoms.
Subgenus 2. _Stichocyrtis_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 438.
_Definition._--All joints of the shell nearly of the same length (excepting
often the first). Surface spiny.
{1490}6. _Eucyrtidium spinosum_, n. sp.
Shell spiny, slender, ovate, without external strictures, but with seven or
eight internal septal rings. Conical spines of different lengths are
scattered over the whole surface. All joints have nearly the same length;
the sixth is the broadest. Cephalis conical, with one large and two or
three smaller conical horns. Mouth constricted, half as broad as the shell.
Pores irregular, roundish, double-edged, three to four on the length of
each joint.
_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with eight joints) 0.16, length of each
joint 0.02; greatest breadth (on the sixth joint) 0.06.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.
7. _Eucyrtidium chrysalidium_, n. sp.
Shell spiny, spindle-shaped, with four to five slight strictures, above
each stricture a circle or girdle of conical spines (as in the similar
_Cyrtophormis cingulata_, Pl. 78, fig. 18). All joints (except the first)
have the same length. Cephalis subspherical, with a bunch of divergent
spines. Mouth constricted, only one-third as broad as the third joint,
which is the broadest. Pores subregular, circular, four to five on the
length of each joint.
_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with six joints) 0.18, length of each
joint 0.032; greatest breadth 0.08.
_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 302, depth 1450 fathoms.
Subgenus 3. _Artocyrtis_, Haeckel.
_Definition._--Joints of the shell of very different lengths. Surface
smooth or rough, without spines.
8. _Eucyrtidium profundissimum_, Ehrenberg.
_Eucyrtidium profundissimum_, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d.
Wiss. Berlin, p. 293, Taf. vii. fig. 12.
Shell smooth, campanulate, ovate, with three internal septal rings. Four
joints of different lengths. Cephalis subspherical, with a small
bristle-shaped horn. Thorax campanulate, nearly twice as long as each of
the two following joints, which are nearly equal in breadth. Terminal mouth
wide open, little constricted. Pores very small and numerous, regular,
hexagonal.
_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.12; length of the
thorax 0.05, breadth 0.07.
_Habitat._--Pacific; many Stations (Stations 206, 225, 253, 265, &c.), in
depths between 2000 and 4000 fathoms.
{1491}9. _Eucyrtidium anthophorum_, Haeckel.
_Thyrsocyrtis anthophora_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
Berlin, p. 84, Taf. xii. fig. 9.
Shell smooth, slender, ovate, with three slight strictures. Four joints of
different lengths. Cephalis subspherical, with a stout, club-shaped,
spinulate or branched horn of the same length. Second campanulate and third
subcylindrical joint about equal in size. Fourth joint only half as long,
with slightly constricted mouth (broken off in Ehrenberg's figure). Pores
small and numerous, regular, circular, quincuncial.
_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.12; length of the
second and of the third joints 0.04, breadth 0.05 to 0.06.
_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.
10. _Eucyrtidium hertwigii_, n. sp. (Pl. 80, fig. 12).
Shell smooth, ovate, truncate, with three distinct strictures. Four joints
of different lengths. Cephalis campanulate, with an internal rod-cross, and
a stout pyramidal horn of the same length. Second joint campanulate. Third
joint larger, subcylindrical, with a variable number of irregular,
longitudinal ribs, some of which are prolonged into the second and fourth
joints. The latter is only half as long, and slightly constricted towards
the mouth. Pores small and numerous, subregular, circular.
_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.22. Length of the
single joints, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.06, _c_ 0.08, _d_ 0.05; breadth, _a_ 0.03,
_b_ 0.1, _c_ 0.12, _d_ 0.11.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.
11. _Eucyrtidium lagena_, Haeckel.
_Eucyrtidium lagena_, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 325, Taf. iv.
fig. 11.
_Lithocampe lagena_, Haeckel, 1860, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d.
Wiss. Berlin, p. 839.
Shell smooth, bottle-shaped, with three distinct strictures. Four joints of
different sizes. Cephalis small, spherical, with a bristle-shaped horn of
the same length. Second joint conical, third subcylindrical, fourth
inflated, with slightly constricted mouth; their lengths about equal. Pores
subregular, hexagonal, large, with thin bars.
_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.16; length of each
of the three lower joints about 0.05, breadth 0.05 to 0.064.
_Habitat._--Mediterranean (Messina).
12. _Eucyrtidium teuscheri_, n. sp. (Pl. 77, fig. 5).
Shell smooth, bottle-shaped, with three distinct strictures. Four joints of
different lengths. The third joint four times as long as each of the two
first joints, and longer than the fourth, which {1492}is little constricted
towards the mouth. The greatest breadth is in the middle of the shell.
Cephalis hemispherical, with a small, conical horn of the same length.
Pores large, circular, of variable sizes. Dedicated to Dr. Reinhold
Teuscher.
_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.16. Length of the
single joints, _a_ 0.015, _b_ 0.02, _c_ 0.07, _d_ 0.055; breadth, _a_ 0.03,
_b_ 0.05, _c_ 0.08, _d_ 0.06.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Stations 266 to 274, depth 2350 to 2925
fathoms.
13. _Eucyrtidium bütschlii_, n. sp. (Pl. 77, fig. 7).
Shell rough, slender, ovate, truncate, with three distinct strictures. Four
joints of different lengths; the third is the largest, inflated,
subspherical. Fourth joint subcylindrical, little constricted towards the
truncate mouth. Cephalis hemispherical, with a small, conical horn. Pores
circular, much larger in the third joint than in the three others.
_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.16. Length of the
single joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.03, _c_ 0.06, _d_ 0.05; breadth, _a_ 0.03,
_b_ 0.07, _c_ 0.09, _d_ 0.07.
_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 244, depth 2900 fathoms.
14. _Eucyrtidium galatheæ_, Ehrenberg.
_Eucyrtidium galatheæ_, Ehrenberg, 1854, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad.
d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 242.
Shell smooth, campanulate, with three deep strictures. Four joints of
different lengths; the fourth joint is the broadest, twice as long as the
third and the second, three times as long as the hemispherical cephalis,
which bears a stout, pyramidal, oblique horn of twice the length. Mouth
little constricted. Pores regular, circular, in transverse rows, three rows
in each of the three first joints, five or six rows in the last joint.
_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.12; length of the
fourth joint 0.05, breadth 0.07.
_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, Station 347, depth 2250 fathoms.
15. _Eucyrtidium galea_, Haeckel.
_Eucyrtidium galea_, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 324, Taf. vii.
figs. 8-10.
_Lithocampe galea_, Haeckel, 1860, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d.
Wiss. Berlin, p. 838.
Shell smooth, helmet-shaped, with four sharp strictures. Five joints of
different lengths. Cephalis small, spherical, with a thin pyramidal horn of
the same length. Second joint conical, about as long as the third, longer
than the fourth and the fifth joints. The third joint is the broadest.
Pores regular, circular, small and numerous.
_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with five joints) 0.18; length of the
second and the third joints 0.05, of the fourth 0.03; breadth 0.08 to 0.1.
_Habitat._--Mediterranean (Messina), surface.
{1493}16. _Eucyrtidium eruca_, Ehrenberg.
_Eucyrtidium eruca_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
Berlin, p. 70, Taf. x. fig. 13.
Shell smooth, slender, ovate, or nearly spindle-shaped, with four sharp
strictures. Five joints of different lengths, the third and fourth nearly
equal, twice as long as the fifth, one and a half times as long as the
second; the fourth joint is the broadest. Mouth little constricted.
Cephalis subspherical, with a small, conical horn. Pores small and
numerous, subregular, circular.
_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with five joints) 0.12 to 0.14; length
of the third and the fourth joints, 0.03 to 0.04, breadth 0.04 to 0.05.
_Habitat._--Cosmopolitan; Atlantic, Pacific, in different depths; also
fossil in Barbados and Sicily.
17. _Eucyrtidium montiparum_, Ehrenberg.
_Eucyrtidium montiparum_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
Berlin, p. 72, Taf. ix. fig. 11.
Shell rough, nearly spindle-shaped, with five deep strictures. Six joints
of different lengths, the third and fourth nearly equal, longer than the
fifth and the sixth joints; the fourth joint is the broadest. Mouth
slightly constricted. Cephalis very small, hemispherical, hyaline, with a
short, conical horn. Pores subregular, circular, twice as broad as in the
similar smaller preceding species.
_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with six joints) 0.2; length of the
third and the fourth joints 0.05, breadth 0.07 to 0.08.
_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.
18. _Eucyrtidium cienkowskii_, n. sp. (Pl. 80, fig. 9).
Shell smooth, subconical, with five distinct strictures. Six joints of
different lengths; the third joint conical, one and a half to two times as
long as each of the other joints; the fifth joint is the broadest. Mouth
wide, very slightly constricted. Cephalis hemispherical, with an oblique
pyramidal horn of the same length. Pores regular, circular, in dense
transverse rows; five to six rows in each of the three last joints, eight
to nine rows in the third joint.
_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with six joints) 0.16, length of the
third joint 0.04, of each following joint 0.02; greatest breadth (in the
fifth joint) 0.08.
_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 295, depth 1500 fathoms.
19. _Eucyrtidium elongatum_, Stöhr.
_Eucyrtidium elongatum_, Stöhr, 1880, Palæontogr., vol. xxvi. p. 105,
Taf. iv. fig. 10.
Shell rough, slender, nearly spindle-shaped, variable in size and form,
with six to seven distinct strictures. Seven to eight joints of different
lengths, often alternately longer and shorter. The second {1494}and the
last joints are the longest, the third is the broadest. Mouth slightly
constricted (broken off in Stöhr's figure). Cephalis small, subspherical,
with a small, oblique, curved horn. Pores irregular.
_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with seven joints) 0.2; length of the
single joints, between 0.02 and 0.04, breadth 0.06 to 0.08.
_Habitat._--Fossil in Sicily (Grotte, Caltanisetta).
20. _Eucyrtidium stöhrii_, n. sp.
Shell smooth, spindle-shaped, gradually diminishing towards both ends, with
eight to ten distinct strictures. Nine to eleven joints of different
lengths; the two or three middle joints--fifth, sixth, and seventh--longer
and broader than the other joints; the broadest is the fifth joint, which
is twice to three times as long as the first and last joints. Cephalis
subspherical, with a conical horn of the same length. Terminal mouth
strongly constricted, one-half or one-third as broad as the fifth joint.
Pores small, regular, circular.
_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with ten joints) 0.22; length of the
largest (fifth joint) 0.03, breadth 0.09.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Stations 270 to 274, depth 2350 to 2925
fathoms.
21. _Eucyrtidium scalarium_, n. sp.
Shell smooth, slender, ovate, with nine to ten deep strictures, and ten to
eleven separate step-like joints of different lengths. The sixth joint is
the longest, twice as long as the fourth, and three times as long as the
third and the last joint; the seventh and eighth joints are the broadest,
one and a half times as broad as the wide mouth. Cephalis hemispherical,
with a short pyramidal horn of the same length. Pores small and numerous,
subregular, square, in regular transverse rows; six rows in the sixth
joint, three rows in the last joint. (Somewhat similar to _Spirocyrtis
scalaris_, Pl. 76, fig. 14, but ovate, not conical and not spiral.)
_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with eleven joints) 0.22, breadth 0.11;
length of the last joint 0.01, of the sixth 0.03.
_Habitat._--North Atlantic, Station 64, surface.
Subgenus 4. _Acanthocyrtis_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 437.
_Definition._--Joints of the shell of very different lengths. Surface
spiny.
22. _Eucyrtidium tricinctum_, n. sp. (Pl. 78, fig. 13).
Shell spiny, spindle-shaped, with three distinct strictures. Four joints of
different lengths, the first and third half as long as the second and
fourth; the third joint is the broadest, four times as {1495}broad as the
strongly constricted mouth. Spines irregularly scattered over the lower
half of the shell, increasing in size towards the mouth. Pores subregular,
circular.
_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.25. Length of the
single joints, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.08, _c_ 0.04, _d_ 0.09; breadth (of the
third joint) 0.1.
_Habitat._--Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 fathoms.
23. _Eucyrtidium armatum_, n. sp. (Pl. 78, fig. 14).
Shell spiny, spindle-shaped, with three distinct strictures. Four joints of
different lengths, the second and third joints of the same length, shorter
than the fourth joint; the third joint is the broadest, four times as broad
as the strongly constricted mouth. The latter, as well as the conical
cephalis, is armed with an irregular bunch of strong conical spines, while
numerous smaller spines are scattered over the whole surface. Pores
irregular, roundish, double-contoured.
_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.2. Length of the
single joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.05, _c_ 0.05, _d_ 0.08; breadth (of the
third joint) 0.1.
_Habitat._--Western Tropical Pacific, Station 224, depth 1850 fathoms.
24. _Eucyrtidium conostoma_, n. sp. (Pl. 78, fig. 16).
Shell spiny, spindle-shaped, with four distinct strictures. Five joints of
different lengths, having the proportion = 1 : 2 : 3 : 6 : 10. The fourth
joint is the broadest, inflated, twice as broad as long. Cephalis small,
with a conical horn of the same length. Fifth joint inversely conical, with
a narrow mouth, broader than the cephalis. Short conical spines are
scattered over the whole surface. Pores subregular, circular.
_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with five joints) 0.22. Length of the
single joints, _a_ 0.01, _b_ 0.02, _c_ 0.03, _d_ 0.06, _e_ 0.1; breadth (of
the fourth joint) 0.09.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.
25. _Eucyrtidium ehrenbergii_, n. sp. (Pl. 78, fig. 15).
Shell spiny, spindle-shaped, with four distinct strictures (the first and
the fourth are by a mistake not distinctly figured). Five joints of
different lengths, having the proportion = 2 : 3 : 4 : 2 : 5. The third
joint is the broadest, twice as broad as long, and twice as broad as the
constricted mouth. Whole surface covered with strong spines. Pores
irregular, roundish.
_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with five joints) 0.16. Length of the
single joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.03, _c_ 0.04, _d_ 0.02, _e_ 0.05; breadth
(in the third joint) 0.08.
_Habitat._--Western Tropical Pacific, Station 220, depth 1100 fathoms.
26. _Eucyrtidium ovatum_, n. sp.
Shell spiny, inversely ovate, with five sharp strictures. Six joints of
different lengths, having the proportion = 1 : 3 : 2 : 1 : 1 : 3. The third
joint is the broadest, three times as broad as the {1496}constricted mouth.
Cephalis with a stout pyramidal horn of the same length. Whole surface
spiny. Pores irregular, roundish.
_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with six joints) 0.22. Length of the
single joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.06, _c_ 0.04, _d_ 0.02, _e_ 0.02, _f_ 0.06;
breadth (in the third joint) 0.11.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.
Genus 648. _Eusyringium_,[265] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 437.
_Definition._--#Stichocorida# (vel Stichocyrtida eradiata aperta) with
ovate or spindle-shaped shell, the mouth of which is constricted, and
prolonged into a terminal cylindrical tube. Cephalis with a solid horn.
The genus _Eusyringium_ differs from the preceding closely allied genus
_Eucyrtidium_ in the peculiar formation of the last shell-joint,
representing a narrow, cylindrical, fenestrated tube. It exhibits,
therefore, to the latter the same relation as _Theosyringium_ bears to
_Theocorys_.
Subgenus 1. _Eusyringartus_, Haeckel.
_Definition._--Shell with three strictures and four joints; the third joint
is the largest, inflated, and much broader than the three others.
1. _Eusyringium conosiphon_, n. sp. (Pl. 78, fig. 10).
Shell with four joints, very thick-walled, rough. Cephalis hemispherical,
with a very stout, smooth, three-sided pyramidal horn of the same length
and breadth. Thorax hemispherical. Third joint subspherical, three times as
long, and twice as broad as the thorax, and of the same length as the
slender, inversely conical fourth joint. Pores in the three first joints
subregular, circular, in the fourth joint irregular.
_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.25. Length of the
single joint _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.03, _c_ 0.1, _d_ 0.1; breadth 0.12.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.
2. _Eusyringium pachysiphon_, n. sp. (Pl. 78, fig. 11).
Shell with four joints, very thick-walled, rough. Cephalis conical, with a
thick, dimpled, conical horn of the same length. Thorax hemispherical.
Third joint inflated, subspherical, and fourth joint slender, inversely
conical, as in the similar preceding species. Differs from the latter
{1497}mainly in the form of the cephalic horn, and the cylindrical tube of
the last joint. Pores subregular, circular.
_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.3. Length of the
single joints, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.03, _c_ 0.12, _d_ 0.12; breadth 0.15.
_Habitat._--Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 fathoms.
3. _Eusyringium macrosiphon_, n. sp. (Pl. 78, fig. 12).
Shell with four joints, thick-walled, rough. Cephalis subspherical with a
large, dimpled, conical horn of twice the length. The three following
joints nearly of the same shape as in the two similar preceding species. It
differs from these in the smaller size, the larger cephalic horn, and the
longer tube of the fourth joint, which is twice as long as the subspherical
third joint (in the figure the lower half is broken off). Pores subregular,
circular.
_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.3. Length of the
single joints, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.03, _c_ 0.08, _d_ 0.16; breadth 0.09.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.
4. _Eusyringium leptosiphon_, n. sp.
Shell with four joints, thin-walled, smooth. Cephalis subspherical, with a
large, dimpled, slender, conical horn of three times the length. Thorax
hemispherical. Third joint ovate, four times as long as the thorax, and of
the same length as the thin, cylindrical tube of the fourth joint. Differs
from the three preceding species in the more slender form and the thinness
of the tube. Pores irregular, roundish.
_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.33. Length of the
single joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.03, _c_ 0.13, _d_ 0.15; breadth 0.1.
_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, Station 347, depth 2250 fathoms.
5. _Eusyringium sipho_, Haeckel.
_Eucyrtidium sipho_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
Berlin, p. 72, Taf. ix. fig. 2.
Shell with four joints, thick-walled, smooth. Cephalis subspherical,
hyaline, without pores, with a thick, conical horn of twice the length.
Thorax hemispherical. Third joint ovate, four times as long as the thorax,
and of the same length as the thin, cylindrical fourth joint. Pores
subregular, circular, in the fourth joint twice as broad as in the third,
and three times as broad as in the second joint.
_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.22. Length of the
single joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.02, _c_ 0.09, _d_ 0.09; breadth 0.08.
_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.
{1498}6. _Eusyringium fistuligerum_, Haeckel.
_Eucyrtidium fistuligerum_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d.
Wiss. Berlin, p. 70, Taf ix. fig. 3.
Shell with four joints, thin-walled, smooth. Cephalis subspherical, with
numerous very small pores, and a stout, pyramidal horn of the same length.
Thorax hemispherical. Third joint subspherical, four times as long as the
thorax, and of the same length as the slender, inversely conical or
cylindrical, fourth joint. Pores irregular, roundish or circular, in the
fourth joint twice as broad as in the two preceding joints.
_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.2. Length of the
single joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.02, _c_ 0.08, _d_ 0.08; breadth 0.09.
_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.
Subgenus 2. _Eusyringoma_, Haeckel.
_Definition._--Shell with four or more strictures, and five or more joints;
the last joint is strongly constricted, and forms a narrow cylindrical
tube.
7. _Eusyringium lagenoides_, Haeckel.
_Eucyrtidium lagenoides_, Stöhr, 1880, Palæontogr., vol. xxvi. p. 104,
Taf. iv. fig. 8.
Shell with five joints, and four sharp strictures, nearly spindle-shaped.
The third joint is twice as long as the second and the fourth. Cephalis
small, cap-shaped, with a thin conical horn of the same length. The fifth
joint is in Stöhr's figure broken off, but well conserved in a specimen
from Caltanisetta, and represents a slender cylindrical tube, with few
pores, half as long as the shell. Pores small, subregular, circular,
quincuncial.
_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with five joints) 0.24, breadth 0.08;
length of the third joint 0.06, of the second and the fourth 0.03, of the
fifth 0.1; breadth of the basal tube 0.027.
_Habitat._--Fossil in Tertiary rocks of Sicily (Grotte, Caltanisetta).
8. _Eusyringium rhaphanus_, Haeckel.
_Eucyrtidium rhaphanus_, Stöhr, 1880, Palæontogr., vol. xxvi. p. 106,
Taf. iv. fig. 12.
Shell with six or seven joints of very different lengths, in the upper half
campanulate, in the lower cylindrical. The second and the two last joints
are the longest. Cephalis small, subspherical, with a short conical horn.
The last joint is a narrow cylindrical tube of variable length, scarcely
one-fourth as broad as the preceding joints. Pores in the upper joints
regular, circular, in the lower irregular, roundish.
_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with seven joints) 0.2, breadth 0.1;
length of the second and last joints 0.03 to 0.04; breadth of the basal
tube 0.025.
_Habitat._--Fossil in Tertiary rocks of Sicily (Grotte).
{1499}9. _Eusyringium siphonostoma_, n. sp. (Pl. 80, fig. 14).
Shell with eight joints, in the upper half slender, conical, in the lower
half cylindrical. The single joints are separated by seven internal annular
septa. The third and the seventh joints are the largest, twice as long as
the three intercalated joints. Cephalis small, cap-shaped, with a conical
horn of twice the length. The last joint (broken off in the specimen
figured) is a narrow cylindrical tube, one-third as long and one-third as
broad as the shell. Pores regular, circular, quincuncial.
_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with eight joints) 0.24, breadth 0.08;
length of the single joints 0.02 to 0.04; breadth of the basal tube 0.03.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.
10. _Eusyringium cannostoma_, n. sp. (Pl. 80, fig. 13).
Shell with nine or ten joints, slender ovate. The single joints are
separated by eight or nine internal annular septa. The third joint is the
longest, about twice or three times as long as each following joint.
Cephalis hemispherical, with a curved, conical horn of the same length. The
last joint is a narrow, cylindrical tube, about as long as the third joint,
but only one-fourth as broad. Pores small, regular, circular, quincuncially
disposed, and hexagonally framed.
_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with ten joints) 0.22, breadth 0.08;
length of the third joint 0.04, of the other joints 0.01 to 0.02, of the
basal tube 0.04; breadth of the latter 0.02.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.
Genus 649. _Siphocampe_,[266] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 438.
_Definition._--#Stichocorida# (vel Stichocyrtida eradiata aperta) with
ovate or spindle-shaped shell, the mouth of which is constricted, but not
prolonged into a tube. Cephalis with an oblique, open, apical tube.
The genus _Siphocampe_ differs from the closely allied genera _Lithocampe_
and _Eucyrtidium_ in a very remarkable character, viz., the development of
a hollow cylindrical tube on the cephalis. This probably serves for the
emission of a bunch of pseudopodia. It has the same position and the same
oblique direction on the cephalis as the solid apical horn of
_Eucyrtidium_.
Subgenus 1. _Siphocampula_, Haeckel.
_Definition._--All joints of the shell (excepting the first) are nearly
equal in length.
{1500}1. _Siphocampe tubulosa_, n. sp. (Pl. 79, fig. 13).
Shell slender nearly spindle-shaped, with eight deep transverse strictures,
and elegant longitudinal ribs. Nine joints slightly different in length and
shape. Cephalis flat, cap-shaped, with three or four transverse rows of
small pores, and a cylindrical, oblique tubule of twice the length. Each
successive joint with a single transverse row of regular, circular pores at
its lower edge, separated by divergent, longitudinal ribs. Last joint
shorter, with a hyaline annular peristome of the same length. Mouth half as
broad as the middle part of the shell.
_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with nine joints) 0.24; length of each
joint (on an average) 0.02 to 0.03; breadth 0.08.
_Habitat._--Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 fathoms.
2. _Siphocampe annulosa_, n. sp. (Pl. 79, fig. 10).
Shell slender, subcylindrical, with nine slight transverse strictures, and
interrupted longitudinal ribs. Ten joints nearly equal in length and shape,
excepting the two first, which together form a hemispherical cephalothorax,
with six to eight transverse rows of pores. Tubule of the cephalis short
and wide, truncate, conical. Each of the eight abdominal joints with a
single transverse row of small pores. Mouth constricted, without tubulose
peristome, half as broad as the shell.
_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with ten joints) 0.18; length of each
joint (on an average) 0.02, breadth 0.07.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 274, depth 2750 fathoms.
3. _Siphocampe caminosa_, n. sp. (Pl. 79, fig. 12).
Shell slender, subcylindrical, with six deep transverse strictures. Seven
joints nearly equal in length and breadth. Cephalis hemispherical, with an
oblique, cylindrical tubule of twice the length (in the figure the greater
part is broken away). Small circular pores in transverse rows and in
variable number; usually three rows in the first and the last joint, five
rows in the fourth joint, four rows in each of the other joints. Mouth
constricted, with a short tubulose peristome, only one-third as broad as
the shell.
_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with seven joints) 0.18; length of each
joint (on an average) 0.025, breadth 0.055.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.
4. _Siphocampe erucosa_, n. sp. (Pl. 79, fig. 11).
Shell slender, nearly spindle-shaped, with five slight transverse
strictures. Six joints nearly equal in length. The two first joints are
united, and form together a hemispherical cephalothorax, with a short,
oblique, cylindrical tubule. Pores regular, circular, double-contoured, in
regular, transverse rows; two rows in the first and the last joints, four
rows in each of the four middle joints. Mouth constricted, without
peristome, only one-third as broad as the shell.
{1501}_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with six joints) 0.14; length of
each joint (on an average) 0.02, breadth 0.07.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 270, depth 2925 fathoms.
Subgenus 2. _Siphocampium_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 437.
_Definition._--The joints of the shell are very different in length.
5. _Siphocampe quadrantalis_, n. sp.
Shell nearly spindle-shaped, with three deep strictures. Four joints of
very different lengths. Cephalis subspherical with an oblique cylindrical
tubule of twice the length, and with few small pores. Thorax ovate, half as
long as the shell, with twelve transverse rows of small pores. Abdomen with
two short joints, each of which has two transverse rows of pores. Mouth
constricted, one-third as broad as the thorax.
_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.18; length of the
thorax 0.1, breadth 0.08.
_Habitat._--Western Tropical Pacific; North Coast of New Guinea, Station
220, depth 1100 fathoms.
6. _Siphocampe spiralis_, n. sp. (Pl. 79, fig. 14).
Shell nearly spindle-shaped, with eight slight strictures. Nine joints of
very different lengths. Cephalis subspherical, with an oblique cylindrical
tubule of the same length, and numerous small pores. Thorax conical,
one-fourth as long as the shell, with eight transverse rows of small pores.
Abdomen with numerous prominent, spirally convoluted ribs, and spiral rows
of pores between them. The first abdominal joint is from two to three times
as long as each of the six following joints. Abdominal pores larger,
roundish, disposed in eleven transverse rows. Four rows in the first
abdominal joint, one row in each of the five following, and two rows in the
last joint. Mouth slightly constricted, two-thirds as broad as the shell.
_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with nine joints) 0.17, cephalis 0.02,
thorax 0.04, abdomen 0.11; breadth 0.06.
_Habitat._--Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 fathoms; also
fossil in Barbados.
Genus 650. _Lithocampe_,[267] Ehrenberg, 1838, Monatsber. d. k. preuss.
Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 128 (_sensu emendato_).
_Definition._--#Stichocorida# (vel Stichocyrtida eradiata aperta) with
ovate or spindle-shaped shell, the mouth of which is constricted, but not
prolonged into a tube. Cephalis without horn and tube.
{1502}The genus _Lithocampe_ is the oldest of all "Polycystina," being
founded by Ehrenberg in 1838 upon _Lithocampe radicula_. Afterwards
numerous other species, which belong to very different genera, were
described by him. In 1862 I attempted to give a more strict definition of
this genus in my Monograph (p. 312 to 315), and separated it from the
closely allied and often confounded _Eucyrtidium_ by the absence of a
cephalic horn. The great number of species afterwards discovered leads to
the stricter definition given above.
Subgenus 1. _Lithocampula_, Haeckel.
_Definition._--All joints of the shell (except often the first) are equal
or nearly equal in length.
1. _Lithocampe eupora_, Haeckel.
_Eucyrtidium euporum_, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
Berlin, p. 291, Taf. iv. fig. 30.
Shell smooth, ovate or subconical, with three deep strictures. Four joints
equal in length, gradually increasing in breadth, each with three
transverse rows of regular, circular, hexagonally-framed pores; the fourth
joint is the broadest. Mouth little constricted, of the same breadth as the
third joint.
_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.08; length of each
joint 0.02, greatest breadth 0.06.
_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, Station 348, depth 2450 fathoms; North
Atlantic, depth 3600 fathoms (Morse).
2. _Lithocampe platycephala_, Haeckel.
_Eucyrtidium platycephalum_, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d.
Wiss. Berlin, pp. 145, 293, Taf. iii. fig. 16.
Shell smooth, subconical or slenderly ovate, with three slight strictures.
Four joints equal in length, slightly increasing in breadth towards the
mouth. The hemispherical cephalis with longitudinal ribs and irregular
pores, each of the three other joints with four transverse rows of regular,
circular pores. Mouth strongly constricted, half as broad as the third and
fourth joints.
_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.12; length of each
joint 0.03, greatest breadth 0.06.
_Habitat._--North Atlantic, depth 3600 fathoms (Morse).
3. _Lithocampe nereidum_, Haeckel.
_Lithocampe nereidum_, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 319.
_Eucyrtidium nereidum_, Ehrenberg, 1854, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad.
d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 242; Mikrogeol., Taf. xxxv. B, _b_, fig. 22.
Shell smooth, slenderly ovate, with four deep strictures. Five joints equal
in length, the fourth being the broadest. Each joint with three transverse
rows of small, regular, circular pores {1503}(sometimes in the fourth joint
there are four rows). Mouth constricted, half as broad as the fourth joint.
(In Ehrenberg's figure all five joints are delineated, but the greater part
of the hemispherical cephalis is broken off.)
_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with five joints) 0.1, of each joint
0.02; breadth of the fourth joint 0.05.
_Habitat._--South Atlantic, Station 332, depth 2200 fathoms.
4. _Lithocampe radicula_, Ehrenberg.
_Lithocampe radicula_, Ehrenberg, 1838, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
Berlin, p. 130, Taf. iv. fig. 11.; Mikrogeol., 1854, Taf. xxii. fig.
23_a_.
Shell smooth, spindle-shaped, with five sharp strictures. Six joints equal
in length, each with four transverse rows of regular, circular,
double-edged pores. The third and fourth joints are the broadest, and
equal. The constricted mouth is not broader than the hemispherical
cephalis, scarcely one-fourth as broad as the third and the fourth joints.
This remarkable species is the oldest known skeleton of a Radiolarian, a
figure of it being given in 1838, _loc. cit._ (compare my Monograph, 1862,
p. 3, 4, 331). But this figure of Ehrenberg is not quite accurate, and
differs from other figures of the same species, which he afterwards (1854)
published in his Mikrogeologie (_loc. cit._). The best of these is fig.
23_a_ in pl. xxii., and is identical with the typical form (common in
Barbados), and according to this I have here framed my description. The
sixth joint possesses a distinct (though small) terminal mouth; when this
becomes closed, the species passes over into _Stichocapsa radicula_.
_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with six joints) 0.18, length of each
joint (on an average) 0.03; breadth of the third and fourth joints 0.08, of
the second and fifth 0.06, of the terminal mouth and the cephalis 0.03.
_Habitat._--Fossil in Tertiary rocks of Barbados.
5. _Lithocampe ventricosa_, Haeckel.
_Dictyomitra ventricosa_, Stöhr, 1880, Palæontogr., vol. xxvi. p. 102,
Taf. iii. fig. 25.
Shell ovate, with six slight strictures. Seven joints nearly equal in
length, each with four (or sometimes three or five) transverse rows of
small, regular, circular pores, in the last joint the pores are larger. The
fourth and fifth joints are the broadest, and are twice as broad as the
constricted mouth.
_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with seven joints) 0.13 to 0.14; length
of each joint 0.017 to 0.02, greatest breadth 0.083, mouth 0.04.
_Habitat._--Fossil in Tertiary rocks of Sicily; Grotte, Caltanisetta.
6. _Lithocampe fusiformis_, n. sp.
Shell smooth, spindle-shaped, decreasing uniformly towards the two blunt
poles, with eight or nine sharp strictures, and nine or ten joints of equal
lengths, each with four transverse rows of regular, {1504}hexagonal pores.
The fourth and fifth joints are the broadest. The constricted mouth is
twice as broad as the hemispherical cephalis, half as broad as the fourth
joint.
_Dimensions._ --Length of the shell (with ten joints) 0.2, of each joint
0.02; breadth of the fourth joint 0.06, mouth 0.03.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.
Subgenus 2. _Lithocampium_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 437.
_Definition._--The joints of the shell are very different in length.
7. _Lithocampe ovata_, n. sp. (Pl. 77, fig. 1).
Shell smooth, urceolate or ovate, with three sharp strictures. Four joints
of different lengths, having the proportion 1 : 2 : 2 : 6. The fourth joint
is inflated and the broadest. The mouth is constricted, short, tubular, of
the same breadth as the hemispherical cephalis. Pores small, circular, in
regular transverse rows; four rows in the first, four in the second, two in
the third, and five in the fourth joint. The middle stricture is crossed by
longitudinal ribs.
_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.11. Length of the
single joints, _a_ 0.01, _b_ 0.02, _c_ 0.02, _d_ 0.06; greatest breadth
0.055.
_Habitat._--Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 fathoms.
8. _Lithocampe aquilonaris_, Haeckel.
_Lithocampe aquilonaris_, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 317.
_Eucyrtidium aquilonare_, Bailey, 1856, Amer. Journ. Sci. and Arts, vol.
xxii. p. 4, pl. i. fig. 9.
Shell smooth, subconical, with three distinct strictures. Four joints of
different lengths, having the proportion 3 : 1 : 3 : 4. The fourth joint is
the broadest, suddenly constricted, with a short tubular mouth of half the
breadth. Pores subregular, circular, in transverse rows; three rows in the
first joint, two in the second, four in the third, and three in the fourth
joint.
_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.11. Length of the
single joints, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.01, _c_ 0.03, _d_ 0.04; breadth 0.06.
_Habitat._--North Pacific, Kamtschatka (Bailey), Station 241, depth 2300
fathoms.
9. _Lithocampe quadrarticulata_, Haeckel.
_Lithocampe quadrarticulata_, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 319.
_Eucyrtidium quadrarticulatum_, Ehrenberg, 1861, Monatsber. d. k. preuss.
Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 299.
Shell smooth, spindle-shaped, with three deep strictures. Four joints of
different lengths = 1 : 3 : 4 : 3. The third joint is the broadest, being
twice as broad as the constricted mouth of the fourth joint. Pores small,
regular, circular, in transverse rows; two being in the first, three in the
second, four in the third, three in the fourth joint.
{1505}_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.11. Length of
the single joints, _a_ 0.015, _b_ 0.03, _c_ 0.04, _d_ 0.025; greatest
breadth 0.05.
_Habitat._--North Atlantic (Greenland, depth 1600 fathoms, Ehrenberg),
Station 64, surface.
10. _Lithocampe multiseriata_, Haeckel.
_Eucyrtidium multiseriatum_, Ehrenberg, 1872, Monatsber. d. k. preuss.
Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, page 293, Taf. vii. fig. 9.
Shell smooth, spindle-shaped, or slenderly ovate, with three sharp
strictures. Four joints of different lengths = 3 : 4 : 5 : 10. The third
and fourth joints nearly equal in breadth, and twice as broad as the
hemispherical cephalis. The truncate mouth is slightly constricted. Pores
very small and numerous, in regular transverse rows. Three or four rows in
the first, five or six in the second, seven or eight in the third, and
fifteen to twenty in the fourth joint.
_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.11. Length of the
single joints, _a_ 0.015, _b_ 0.02, _c_ 0.025, _d_ 0.05; breadth 0.045.
_Habitat._--Tropical Pacific (Philippine Sea, Ehrenberg), Stations 206,
224, 266, in various depths.
11. _Lithocampe diploconus_, n. sp. (Pl. 77, fig. 3).
Shell rough, doubly conical, with three distinct strictures. Four joints of
different lengths = 2 : 5 : 5 : 8. The third joint is the broadest. The
three first joints form together a broad cone, and the fourth an inverse
truncate cone; the latter is distinguished by convergent longitudinal ribs.
Pores regular, circular, alternating with the ribs in the fourth joint.
Truncate mouth hyaline, half as broad as the third joint.
_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.2. Length of the
single joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.05, _c_ 0.05, _d_ 0.08; breadth (in the
middle part) 0.1.
_Habitat._--Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 fathoms.
12. _Lithocampe diaphana_, Haeckel.
_Eucyrtidium diaphanum_, Ehrenberg, 1872, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad.
d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 309.
Shell smooth, hyaline, spindle-shaped, decreasing uniformly towards both
poles, with three distinct strictures. Four joints of different lengths;
the second and third equal in breadth, twice as broad and three times as
long as the first and the fourth. Pores very small and scarce, in
transverse interrupted rows, commonly two rows in the first, two or three
in the second, three or four in the third, and only one in the last joint.
Mouth constricted, two-thirds as broad as the fourth joint.
_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.13. Length of the
single joints, _a_ 0.015, _b_ 0.05, _c_ 0.05, _d_ 0.015; breadth (in the
middle part) 0.06, mouth 0.02.
_Habitat._--South Atlantic, Station 335, depth 1425 fathoms.
{1506}13. _Lithocampe hispida_, Haeckel.
_Lithocampe hispida_, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 318.
_Eucyrtidium hispidum_, Ehrenberg, 1861, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad.
d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 298; Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, 1872, p.
291, Taf. ii. fig. 19.
Shell thorny, slenderly ovate, or nearly spindle-shaped, with four sharp
strictures. Five joints of different lengths = 3 : 3 : 4 : 6 : 4. The
fourth joint is the broadest, and nearly twice as broad as the constricted
mouth. Pores small, circular, separated by longitudinal, spiny ribs,
regularly disposed in transverse rows; three rows in the first and second,
four rows in the third and fifth, six rows in the fourth joint.
_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with five joints) 0.1. Length of the
single joints, _a_ 0.015, _b_ 0.015, _c_ 0.02, _d_ 0.03, _e_ 0.02; greatest
breadth 0.05.
_Habitat._--Arctic Ocean (in different depths), Ehrenberg.
14. _Lithocampe tumidula_, Haeckel.
_Lithocampe tumidula_, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 318.
_Eucyrtidium tumidulum_, Bailey, 1856, Amer. Journ. Sci. and Arts, vol.
xxii. p. 5, pl. i. fig. 11.
_Eucyrtidium tumidulum_, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
Berlin, p. 293, Taf. ii. fig. 12.
? _Eucyrtidium increscens_, Ehrenberg, 1861, Monatsber. d. k. preuss.
Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 299.
? _Lithocampe increscens_, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 318.
Shell smooth, nearly spindle-shaped, with four sharp strictures, very
similar to the preceding in size and form. It differs in the smooth
surface, the absence of longitudinal ribs, and the unequal size of the
pores, which form four transverse series in each joint, and are much larger
in the broadest (fourth) joint. Proportion of the five joints =
2 : 2 : 3 : 5 : 4.
_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with five joints) 0.1. Length of the
single joints, _a_ 0.012, _b_ 0.012, _c_ 0.02, _d_ 0.03, _e_ 0.025;
greatest breadth 0.05.
_Habitat._--Cosmopolitan; Atlantic, Pacific; many stations, in different
depths.
15. _Lithocampe heteropora_, Haeckel.
_Lithocampe heteropora_, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 317.
_Eucyrtidium heteroporum_, Ehrenberg, 1854, Monatsber. d. k. preuss.
Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 242.
Shell smooth, subconical, obtuse, with four distinct strictures. Five
joints of different lengths = 2 : 4 : 3 : 3 : 2. The fourth joint is the
broadest. Mouth slightly constricted. Pores regular, circular, in the
second joint much larger than in the four others, disposed in transverse
series; two rows in the first and fifth, three rows in the second, four
rows in the third and fourth joints.
_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with five joints) 0.14. Length of the
single joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.04, _c_ 0.03, _d_ 0.03, _e_ 0.02; greatest
breadth 0.07.
_Habitat._--North Atlantic (depth 2000 fathoms, Ehrenberg), Canary Islands,
surface, Haeckel.
{1507}16. _Lithocampe meta_, Stöhr.
_Lithocampe meta_, Stöhr, 1880, Palæontogr., vol. xxvi. p. 103, Taf. iv.
fig. 4.
Shell rough, subconical, obtuse, with four slight strictures. Five joints
of different lengths = 2 : 4 : 5 : 4 : 2. The fourth joint is the broadest,
and three times as broad as the constricted mouth. Pores, small, regular,
circular, quincuncially disposed, equal in size; two transverse rows in the
first and fifth, five rows in the second and fourth, six rows in the third
joint.
_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with five joints) 0.14. Length of the
single joints, _a_ 0.017, _b_ 0.033, _c_ 0.04, _d_ 0.033, _e_ 0.017;
greatest breadth 0.083.
_Habitat._--Fossil in Tertiary rocks of Sicily, Grotte (Stöhr),
Caltanisetta (Haeckel).
17. _Lithocampe urceolata_, n. sp. (Pl. 77, fig. 2).
Shell rough, wide, urceolate, without external strictures, but with four
internal septal rings (not visible in the figure), each of which contains
an internal circle of horizontal pores. Five joints of different lengths =
2 : 3 : 6 : 4 : 2. The third joint is the broadest, and three times as
broad as the constricted mouth. Pores of very different sizes, irregular,
roundish, with prominent polygonal frames. A very remarkable species.
_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with five joints) 0.17. Length of the
single joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.03, _c_ 0.06, _d_ 0.04, _e_ 0.02; greatest
breadth 0.13.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.
18. _Lithocampe clava_, Ehrenberg.
_Lithocampe clava_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
Berlin, p. 66, Taf. iv. fig. 2.
Shell smooth, club-shaped, or slenderly ovate, with five internal septal
rings. Six joints of very different lengths = 5 : 2 : 3 : 4 : 5 : 18. The
sixth joint is the broadest, and as long as the five others together. Pores
small, circular, in the basal half of the last joint irregular and larger.
Constricted mouth as broad as the subspherical, hyaline cephalis.
_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with six joints) 0.15. Length of the
single joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.011, _c_ 0.013, _d_ 0.016, _e_ 0.02, _f_
0.07.
_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.
19. _Lithocampe hexacola_, n. sp. (Pl. 79, fig. 7).
Shell smooth, nearly spindle-shaped, without external strictures, but with
five internal septal rings. Six joints of different lengths =
4 : 8 : 5 : 5 : 5 : 10. The fourth joint is the broadest, and four times as
broad as the constricted mouth. Pores subregular hexagonal, or irregular
polygonal, with thin bars.
_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with six joints) 0.18, greatest breadth
0.09. Length of the six joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.04, _c_, _d_, and _e_ each
0.025, _f_ 0.05.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.
{1508}20. _Lithocampe heptacola_, n. sp. (Pl. 79, fig. 8).
Shell smooth, subcylindrical, constricted at both poles, with six distinct
strictures. Seven joints of different lengths, the five abdominal joints
nearly equal, each half as long as the hemispherical, vaulted thorax, and
twice as long as the subspherical, small cephalis. Mouth constricted, with
a short, tubular, hyaline peristome (like an eighth joint without pores),
about one-third as broad as each of the four middle joints. Pores
subregular hexagonal, or irregular polygonal, with thin bars.
_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with seven joints) 0.24, greatest
breadth 0.09. Length of the cephalis 0.02, thorax 0.06, each of the four
following joints 0.03, of the last joint 0.04.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.
21. _Lithocampe octocola_, n. sp. (Pl. 79, fig. 6).
Shell smooth, subcylindrical, thick-walled, constricted at both poles,
without distinct, external strictures, but with seven internal septal
rings. Eight joints of different lengths; four joints (the second to the
fifth) being about twice as long as the four others (the first and the
three last). The constricted mouth only one-third as broad as the four
middle joints. Pores small and numerous, subregular, circular.
_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with eight joints) 0.19, breadth 0.09.
Length of the second to the fifth joints, each 0.03; length of the four
other joints, each about 0.016.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 274, depth 2750 fathoms.
22. _Lithocampe polycola_, n. sp.
Shell smooth, subcylindrical, constricted at both poles, with twelve to
fifteen distinct strictures. Fourteen to sixteen joints of different
lengths. Cephalis flat, cap-shaped, hyaline, without pores. Thorax nearly
hemispherical, with three transverse rows of small circular pores. Each
following joint (each abdominal joint) only with a single row of small
pores. The constricted mouth of the last joint only one-third as broad as
the middle part of the shell. (Very similar to _Lithomitra eruca_, Pl. 79,
fig. 3.)
_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with sixteen joints) 0.3, breadth 0.08.
Length of the cephalis 0.02, thorax 0.06, each of the following joints
0.015, last joint 0.025.
_Habitat._--Tropical Pacific, Station 224, depth 1850 fathoms.
Genus 651. _Spirocyrtis_,[268] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 438.
_Definition._--#Stichocorida# (vel Stichocyrtida eradiata aperta) with
spirally-arranged constrictions on the shell. Cephalis with a horn.
The genus _Spirocyrtis_ and the following closely allied genus _Spirocampe_
differ from the other Stichocorida (and also from nearly all #Cyrtoidea#)
in a very remarkable {1509}character. The annular constrictions of the
multiarticulate shell and the corresponding internal annular septa are here
not separated, and do not lie in parallel, transverse planes (as usually
happens), but they are all or partly connected in the form of an ascending
spiral, so that the joints are not perfectly separated. An irregularity or
asymmetry of growth on the different sides of the shell is probably the
cause of this strange, spiral structure.
Subgenus 1. _Spirocyrtidium_, Haeckel.
_Definition._--Shell conical, gradually dilating towards the wide open
terminal mouth.
1. _Spirocyrtis scalaris_, n. sp. (Pl. 76, fig. 14).
Shell conical, gradually dilating towards the wide open mouth, with ten to
twelve spiral convolutions, which correspond to the same number of short
and broad chambers or joints, gradually increasing in breadth; all joints
form together a spirally winding staircase. The length or height of the
single joints or stairs is about equal, and each bears four or five
transverse rows of small, square pores. Cephalis flat, cap-shaped, with two
or three short divergent horns.
_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with ten joints or turnings) 0.16,
length of each joint (on an average) 0.016; breadth of the third joint
0.04, of the fifth joint 0.07, of the tenth joint 0.1.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Stations 271 to 274, depth 2350 to 2750
fathoms.
2. _Spirocyrtis cornutella_, n. sp. (Pl. 76, fig. 13).
Shell conical, gradually dilating towards the wide mouth, similar to the
preceding, but differing in the curved axis, and the broader and shorter
joints, each of which bears only two or three transverse rows of square
pores. The turnings of the staircase are not so sharp, nor so distinct, as
in the preceding species. Cephalis with a single short horn.
_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with eight joints) 0.1; breadth of the
fourth joint 0.05, of the eighth joint 0.08.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 270, depth 2925 fathoms.
Subgenus 2. _Spirocyrtoma_, Haeckel.
_Definition._--Shell ovate, or nearly spindle-shaped, more or less tapering
towards the narrower, somewhat constricted mouth.
3. _Spirocyrtis holospira_, n. sp. (Pl. 76, fig. 16).
Shell subovate, twice as long as broad, without external strictures, but
with an internal regularly descending spiral septum, which separates seven
to nine broad joints of nearly equal lengths; the {1510}first and second
joints together are conical, and about as long as each of the following
joints. Cephalis small, hemispherical, with a thick pyramidal horn of the
same length. The fifth joint is the broadest, the truncate mouth is
slightly constricted (in the specimen figured it is broken off). Pores
regular, circular, quincuncial.
_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with eight joints) 0.2, breadth 0.1;
length of each joint, about 0.03.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.
4. _Spirocyrtis hemispira_, n. sp.
Shell slender, nearly spindle-shaped, three times as long as broad, without
external strictures, but with ten to eleven internal septa. The five or six
upper of these are perfectly separate, complete parallel rings; the five or
six lower are spirally connected. The eleven or twelve joints gradually
taper in length and breadth, from the broadest middle towards the two
constricted ends of the shell. The middle (fifth or sixth) joint is the
broadest, and is three to four times as broad as the constricted mouth.
Cephalis small, hemispherical, with a conical horn of the same length.
Pores regular, circular, hexagonally framed.
_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with twelve joints) 0.25, breadth 0.09;
length of the middle joint 0.03.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.
5. _Spirocyrtis merospira_, n. sp. (Pl. 76, fig. 15).
Shell ovate, with six to eight slight strictures, twice as long as broad.
The three or four upper joints are perfectly separated by annular septa,
the three or four lower joints connected by an internal spiral septum. The
spiral line is often more or less irregular or interrupted (as is also the
case in the specimen figured). Mouth rather wide. Pores small, subregular,
circular. A rather variable species.
_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with eight joints) 0.2, breadth 0.1.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Stations 270 to 274, depth 2350 to 2925
fathoms.
6. _Spirocyrtis diplospira_, n. sp. (Pl. 76, fig. 17).
Shell slender, ovate, with seven to eight slight strictures. All eight or
nine joints are connected by an internal double spiral septum, the first
spiral beginning from the ventral side, the second from the dorsal side of
the collar stricture. Length and breadth of the single joints rather
variable and irregular; the broadest joint is commonly the fifth. Mouth
more or less constricted. Pores subregular, circular. This remarkable
species differs from all other #Cyrtoidea# by the double spiral septum of
the joints.
_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with eight joints) 0.2, breadth 0.1.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 274, depth 2750 fathoms.
{1511}Genus 652. _Spirocampe_,[269] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 438.
_Definition._--#Stichocorida# (vel Stichocyrtida eradiata aperta) with
spirally arranged constrictions on the shell. Cephalis without horn.
The genus _Spirocampe_ has the same peculiar spiral structure of the shell
as the preceding _Spirocyrtis_, and differs from it only in the absence of
a cephalic horn. It exhibits, therefore, the same relation to the latter as
the similar _Lithocampe_ bears to _Eucyrtidium_.
1. _Spirocampe callispira_, n. sp. (Pl. 76, fig. 11).
Shell ovate, smooth, with six joints, connected in the form of a complete
winding staircase. All the windings are nearly at equal distances; each
bears one row of large roundish pores, enclosed by two rows of smaller
pores. Cephalis hemispherical, of about the same breadth as the
constricted, short tubular mouth.
_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with six joints) 0.15, breadth 0.09;
mouth 0.03 diameter.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 270, depth 2925 fathoms.
2. _Spirocampe allospira_, n. sp. (Pl. 76, fig. 12).
Shell subcylindrical, or nearly spindle-shaped, smooth, very thick-walled,
with eight joints alternately longer and shorter, and connected in the form
of an irregular spiral. The distance between the windings is very variable.
Pores small, regular, circular. Cephalis hemispherical, of about the same
size as the short tubular mouth.
_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with eight joints) 0.2, breadth 0.08;
mouth 0.03 diameter.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 273, depth 2350 fathoms.
3. _Spirocampe polyspira_, n. sp.
Shell cylindrical, rough, with twelve joints nearly equal in length,
connected in the form of a regular, complete spiral. All windings are at
the same distance. Pores regular, circular, three rows on each turning.
Cephalis flat, cap-shaped, half as broad as the slightly constricted, not
tubular mouth.
_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with twelve joints) 0.24, breadth 0.07;
mouth 0.05 diameter.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.
Subfamily 2. STICHOCAPSIDA, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 439.
_Definition._--#Lithocampida# with the terminal mouth of the shell
fenestrated (vel Stichocyrtida eradiata clausa).
{1512}Genus 653. _Cyrtocapsa_,[270] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 439.
_Definition._--#Stichocapsida# (vel Stichocyrtida eradiata clausa) with an
apical horn on the cephalis, without basal terminal spine.
The genus _Cyrtocapsa_ and the two following genera represent together the
small subfamily of Stichocapsida, or of those #Cyrtoidea# in which the
many-jointed shell bears no radial appendages, and the terminal mouth is
closed by a lattice-plate. They have been derived from the Stichocorida by
development of such a closing plate. _Cyrtocapsa_ bears an apical horn on
the cephalis, and may be derived therefore directly from _Eucyrtidium_.
Subgenus 1. _Cyrtocapsella_, Haeckel.
_Definition._--Shell with three annular strictures (or internal septa) and
four distinct joints.
1. _Cyrtocapsa tetrapera_, n. sp. (Pl. 78, fig. 5).
Shell rough, pear-shaped, with three deep strictures. The three first
joints are of equal lengths, and each half as long as the hemispherical
fourth joint. Cephalis subspherical, with an oblique conical horn of the
same length. The third joint is the broadest, three times as broad as long.
Pores regular, circular.
_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.15, breadth 0.09;
length of each of the three first joints 0.03, of the last 0.06.
_Habitat._--Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 fathoms.
2. _Cyrtocapsa compacta_, n. sp. (Pl. 77, fig. 8).
_Eucyrtidium compactum_, Haeckel, 1878, Atlas, loc. cit.
Shell rough, pear-shaped, with three slight strictures. The hemispherical
cephalis bears a thick pyramidal spine of the same length, and is half as
long as the second and the third joints, one-third as long as the
hemispherical fourth joint. The third joint is the broadest, three times as
broad as long. Pores subregular, circular. In the centre of the basal pole
is one larger pore, the remnant of the constricted mouth of _Eucyrtidium_.
_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.16, breadth 0.12.
Length of the single joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.04, _c_ 0.04, _d_ 0.06.
_Habitat._--Western Tropical Pacific, Station 206, depth 2100 fathoms.
{1513}3. _Cyrtocapsa inflata_, n. sp.
Shell spiny, pear-shaped, with three deep strictures. The inflated third
joint is twice as long as the second and fourth joints, and three times as
long as the hemispherical cephalis, which bears a large conical horn of
three times the length. Fourth joint flat, vaulted, inversely cap-shaped.
The third joint is the broadest, being twice as broad as long. Pores
regular, circular, double-contoured.
_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.14, breadth 0.11. Length of the single
joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.03, _c_ 0.06, _d_ 0.03.
_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 244, depth 2900 fathoms.
4. _Cyrtocapsa pyrum_, n. sp. (Pl. 78, fig. 8).
Shell thorny, pear-shaped, without external strictures, but with three
internal annular septa. Length of the four joints = 2 : 5 : 6 : 7. The
fourth joint is the broadest, being about twice as broad as long, and
hemispherical. The small subspherical cephalis bears a stout conical horn
of the same length. Pores large, regular, circular.
_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.2, breadth 0.12.
Length of the single joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.05, _c_ 0.06, _d_ 0.07.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.
5. _Cyrtocapsa cornuta_, n. sp. (Pl. 78, fig. 9).
Shell rough, very thick-walled, nearly pear-shaped, with three annular
strictures; the second of which is very sharp, the first and third slight.
Length of the four joints = 3 : 4 : 5 : 6. The third joint is the broadest,
being about twice as broad as long; the fourth joint is hemispherical.
Cephalis subspherical, with a large, conical, curved horn of twice the
length. Pores regular, circular, hexagonally framed.
_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.18, breadth 0.12.
Length of the single joints, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.04, _c_ 0.05, _d_ 0.06.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.
6. _Cyrtocapsa diploconus_, n. sp. (Pl. 78, fig. 6).
Shell rough, doubly conical, with three annular septa. Length of the four
joints = 3 : 4 : 4 : 8. The third joint is the broadest, two and a half
times as broad as long; the fourth is inversely conical, acute. Cephalis
hemispherical, with a pyramidal horn of the same length. Pores irregular,
roundish.
_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.19, breadth 0.1.
Length of the single joints, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.04, _c_ 0.04, _d_ 0.08.
_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, Station 347, depth 2250 fathoms.
{1514}7. _Cyrtocapsa fusulus_, n. sp. (Pl. 78, fig. 7).
Shell smooth, spindle-shaped, with three distinct strictures. Length of the
four joints = 1 : 1 : 4 : 3. The third joint is the broadest, somewhat
longer than broad. The fourth joint is inversely conical. Cephalis
hemispherical, with a coronal of large, ovate pores, and a pyramidal,
sulcate, oblique horn of twice the length. Pores regular, circular.
_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.18, breadth 0.07.
Length of the single joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.02, _c_ 0.08, _d_ 0.06.
_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 295, depth 1500 fathoms.
Subgenus 2. _Cyrtocapsoma_, Haeckel.
_Definition._--Shell with four or more annular septa, and five or more
joints.
8. _Cyrtocapsa incrassata_, Haeckel.
_Eucyrtidium incrassatum_, Stöhr, 1880, Palæontogr., vol. xxvi. p. 105,
Taf. iv. fig. 9.
Shell rough, spindle-shaped, with four annular septa. Length of the five
joints = 2 : 3 : 4 : 4 : 4. The third joint is the broadest, nearly three
times as broad as long. The fourth joint is inversely conical, acute.
Cephalis small, spherical, with two short, conical, divergent horns. Pores
small, regular, circular.
_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with five joints) 0.17, breadth 0.11.
Length of the single joints, _a_ 0.015, _b_ 0.035, _c_ 0.04, _d_ 0.04, _e_
0.04.
_Habitat._--Fossil in Tertiary rocks of Sicily, Grotte.
9. _Cyrtocapsa costata_, n. sp.
Shell smooth, spindle-shaped, twice as long as broad, with numerous
longitudinal ribs, and four annular septa. Length of the five joints =
1 : 4 : 3 : 2 : 8. The third joint is the broadest. Fourth joint inversely
conical, acute. Cephalis small, hemispherical, with a small conical horn.
Pores regular, circular.
_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with five joints) 0.18, breadth 0.09.
Length of the single joints, _a_ 0.01, _b_ 0.04, _c_ 0.03, _d_ 0.02, _e_
0.08.
_Habitat._--Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 fathoms.
10. _Cyrtocapsa colatractus_, n. sp.
Shell smooth, spindle-shaped, with eight internal annular septa (without
external stricture). All nine joints are nearly equal in length, the first
somewhat shorter, the last longer. The fourth joint is the broadest, four
times as broad as long. Last joint inversely conical, blunt. Cephalis
subspherical, with a conical horn of the same length. Pores small and
numerous, regular, circular.
{1515}_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with nine joints) 0.22, breadth
0.1; length of the cephalis 0.015, of the last joint, 0.03, of each of the
seven other joints, 0.022 to 0.028.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.
11. _Cyrtocapsa chrysalidium,_ n. sp. (Pl. 76, fig. 9).
Shell rough, nearly spindle-shaped, with seven distinct strictures. Length
of the eight joints = 4 : 6 : 11 : 8 : 5 : 5 : 4 : 3. The third and fourth
joints are the broadest. The last joint is small, inversely cap-shaped.
Cephalis subspherical, with an oblique, dentate horn of the same length.
Pores very numerous, subregular, circular.
_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with eight joints) 0.23, breadth 0.1.
Length of the single joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.03, _c_ 0.055, _d_ 0.04, _e_
0.025, _f_ 0.025, _g_ 0.02, _h_ 0.015.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 274, depth 2750 fathoms.
Genus 654. _Stichocapsa_,[271] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 439.
_Definition._--#Stichocapsida# (vel Stichocyrtida eradiata clausa) without
apical horn, and without basal spine.
The genus _Stichocapsa_ differs from the preceding _Cyrtocapsa_ in the
absence of an apical horn, and bears therefore to it the same relation as
_Lithocampe_ does to _Eucyrtidium_. It may be derived either from
_Cyrtocapsa_ by loss of the horn, or from _Eucyrtidium_ by closure of the
terminal mouth.
1. _Stichocapsa tetracola,_ n. sp. (Pl. 78, fig. 1).
Shell smooth, spindle-shaped, half as broad as long, with three slight
strictures. Length of the four joints = 3 : 4 : 4 : 11. The fourth joint is
the broadest, inversely conical, with acute basal pole. Pores subregularly
square in the second and third joints, more irregular in the fourth joint.
_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.11. Length of the
single joints, _a_ 0.015, _b_ 0.02, _c_ 0.02, _d_ 0.055; breadth 0.055.
_Habitat._--Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 fathoms.
2. _Stichocapsa quadrigata,_ n. sp. (Pl. 78, fig. 3).
Shell smooth, pear-shaped, half as broad as long, with three deep
strictures. Length of the four joints = 3 : 8 : 8 : 5. The second joint is
the broadest. The fourth joint is scarcely larger than the hemispherical
cephalis, inversely conical, with blunt basal pole. Pores subregular,
square, in transverse rows, in the second and third joints of equal size,
in the fourth smaller.
_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.12. Length of the
single joints, _a_ 0.015, _b_ 0.04, _e_ 0.04, _d_ 0.025; breadth 0.06.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 270, depth 2925 fathoms.
{1516}3. _Stichocapsa tricincta,_ n. sp. (Pl. 78, fig. 2).
Shell smooth, spindle-shaped, twice as long as broad, with three deep
strictures. Length of the four joints = 2 : 5 : 5 : 10. The third joint is
the broadest. Fourth joint inversely conical, with acute basal pole.
Cephalis small, subconical. Pores irregular, roundish, of very different
sizes.
_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.11. Length of the single joints, _a_
0.01, _b_ 0.025, _e_ 0.025, _d_ 0.05; breadth 0.055.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.
4. _Stichocapsa subglobosa,_ n. sp.
Shell thorny, broad, pear-shaped, nearly spherical, almost as broad as
long, with three internal septal rings. Length of the four joints =
1 : 2 : 7 : 2. Cephalis small, subspherical. Thorax flat, conical. Third
joint very large, inflated, about twice as broad as the second and fourth
joints. The latter is flat, cap-shaped, with rounded basal pole. Pores
regular, circular, hexagonally framed, in the third joint twice as broad as
in the second and fourth joints.
_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.24. Length of the single joints, _a_
0.02, _b_ 0.04, _c_ 0.14, _d_ 0.04; breadth 0.2.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.
5. _Stichocapsa compressa,_ Haeckel.
_Lithocampe compressa_, Stöhr, 1880, Palæontogr., vol. xxvi. p. 103, Taf.
iv. fig. 5.
Shell rough, broad, pear-shaped, almost as broad as long, with three
internal septal rings. Length of the four joints = 1 : 2 : 3 : 2. Cephalis
very small, spherical. Thorax conical. The third joint is the broadest,
strongly inflated. The fourth joint (in the figure of Stöhr broken off) is
in a well preserved specimen inversely hemispherical, with rounded basal
pole. Pores very small, regular, circular.
_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.1. Length of the single joints, _a_
0.013, _b_ 0.027, _c_ 0.04, _d_ 0.022; breadth 0.08.
_Habitat._--Fossil in Tertiary rocks of Sicily; Grotte, Caltanisetta.
6. _Stichocapsa pyriformis_, n. sp.
Shell rough, pear-shaped, about twice as long as broad, with three internal
septal rings. Length of the four joints = 2 : 5 : 2 : 9. Cephalis small,
spherical, hyaline. Thorax conical. Third joint very short and broad; the
fourth joint is the broadest, half as long as the shell, with an inversely
hemispherical basal pole. Pores subregular, circular, small and numerous,
larger in the basal third.
_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.18. Length of the single joints, _a_
0.02, _b_ 0.05, _c_ 0.02, _d_ 0.09; breadth 0.1.
_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.
{1517}7. _Stichocapsa monstrosa,_ n. sp. (Pl. 78, fig. 4).
Shell tuberculate, twice as long as broad, irregular, horn-shaped or
inversely conical, with curved axis, and with three internal septal rings.
Length of the four joints = 2 : 7 : 3 : 4. Cephalis subspherical, with
small, circular pores. The thorax is the broadest joint, half as long as
the shell. The fourth joint is small, inversely conical, with a blunt,
curved, basal pole. Pores irregular, roundish, partly double-contoured.
_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.16. Length of the
single joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.07, _c_ 0.03, _d_ 0.04; breadth 0.08.
_Habitat._--Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 fathoms.
8. _Stichocapsa pentacola_, n. sp. (Pl. 76, fig. 1).
Shell smooth, slender, pear-shaped, twice as long as broad, with four sharp
strictures. Length of the five joints = 1 : 1 : 1 : 2 : 3. The three first
joints are nearly equal in length, but increase in breadth. The fifth joint
is the broadest, nearly spherical, with rounded basal pole. Pores
irregular, roundish.
_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with five joints) 0.13. Length of the
single joints, _a_ 0.017, _b_ 0.017, _c_ 0.017, _d_ 0.028, _e_ 0.05;
breadth 0.07.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 273, depth 2350 fathoms.
9. _Stichocapsa hexacola_, n. sp. (Pl. 76, fig. 2).
Shell rough, slender, pear-shaped, twice as long as broad, with five
internal septal rings. The five first joints are nearly equal in length.
The sixth joint is the broadest, half as long as the shell, with a rounded,
hemispherical basal pole. Pores small and numerous, subregular, circular,
larger in the inflated basal third.
_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with six joints) 0.2. Length of each of
the first five joints 0.02, of the sixth joint 0.1; breadth 0.1.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms; also fossil
in Barbados.
10. _Stichocapsa compacta_, n. sp. (Pl. 76, fig. 3).
Shell rough very thick-walled, slender, pear-shaped, twice as long as
broad, without external stricture, but with eight internal septal rings.
The eight first joints, gradually increasing in breadth, are nearly equal
in length. The eighth joint is the broadest, and one-third as long as the
shell, inversely hemispherical. Pores small, circular, in the last joint
larger.
_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with nine joints) 0.25. Length of each
of the eight first joints about 0.02, of the ninth joint 0.08; breadth
0.13.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms; also fossil
in Barbados.
{1518}11. _Stichocapsa radicula,_ Haeckel.
_Lithocampe radicula_, Ehrenberg, 1838 (_partim_); Mikrogeol., 1854, Taf.
xxii. fig. 23_b_.?
Shell smooth, spindle-shaped, decreasing from the broader middle towards
the two rounded poles, with four or five slight strictures. All five or six
joints nearly equal in length, the middle (third and fourth) are the
broadest. Pores subregular, circular. (To this species those forms of
_Lithocampe radicula_, Ehrenberg, must be referred, in which the basal
opening is perfectly closed by lattice-work. The other forms in which the
basal mouth remains open, and which are connected with the former by
transitional forms, constitute the true type of the genus _Lithocampe_
(page 1503).
_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with six joints) 0.12 to 0.15, breadth
0.06 to 0.07.
_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.
12. _Stichocapsa subligata_, Haeckel.
_Lithocampe subligata_, Stöhr, 1880, Palæontogr., vol. xxvi. p. 102, Taf.
iv. fig. 1.
Shell rough, subcylindrical, irregular, with seven slight strictures. All
eight joints of slightly different lengths, the third joint is the
broadest; the seventh joint is much broader than the sixth and the eighth
joints. The latter is inversely hemispherical. Cephalis very small,
spherical. Pores regular, circular, very small and numerous.
_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with eight joints) 0.24; length of the
single joints (on an average) 0.025 to 0.035, breadth 0.08.
_Habitat._--Fossil in Tertiary rocks of Sicily (Grotte).
13. _Stichocapsa paniscus_, n. sp. (Pl. 76, fig. 4).
Shell smooth, cylindrical, with a blunt, conical cephalis, and a
hemispherical last joint, without external strictures, but with seven or
eight internal septa. Eight or nine joints nearly equal in length, the
second and the last somewhat longer. Pores circular, of unequal sizes.
_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with seven joints) 0.16; length of each
joint (on an average) 0.02 to 0.03, breadth 0.07.
_Habitat._--Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 fathoms.
14. _Stichocapsa cylindrica_, n. sp.
Shell rough, cylindrical, four times as long as broad, with hemispherical
cephalis and last joint, without external stricture, but with ten or eleven
internal septa. All eleven or twelve joints are nearly equal in length, and
are three times as broad as long. Only the flat cephalis is shorter, and
the vaulted last joint longer than each of the nine or ten other joints.
Pores regular, circular.
_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with twelve joints) 0.24; length of
each joint (on an average) 0.02, breadth 0.06.
_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, Station 338, depth 1990 fathoms.
{1519}Genus 655. _Artocapsa_,[272] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 438.
_Definition._--#Stichocapsida# (vel Stichocyrtida eradiata clausa) with an
apical horn on the cephalis, and a basal terminal spine on the last joint.
The genus _Artocapsa_ differs from _Cyrtocapsa_, its ancestral form, by the
development of a vertical terminal spine, or a bunch of spines, on the base
of the last joint, and bears therefore to it the same relation as
_Rhopalatractus_ does to _Rhopalocanium_.
1. _Artocapsa fusiformis_, n. sp. (Pl. 76, fig. 5).
Shell spindle-shaped, rough, with five slight strictures, decreasing
uniformly from the broader middle towards both poles, with a strong,
pyramidal, terminal spine at each pole. Length of the six joints =
2 : 5 : 3 : 3 : 2 : 5. Cephalis hemispherical, hyaline, without pores, its
horn half as large as the basal spine. Pores small and numerous,
subregular, circular.
_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with six joints) 0.2, breadth 0.09.
Length of the single joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.05, _c_ 0.03, _d_ 0.03, _e_
0.02, _f_ 0.05.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.
2. _Artocapsa spinosa_, n. sp. (Pl. 76, fig. 10).
Shell spindle-shaped, spiny, with five distinct strictures. Length of the
six joints = 2 : 3 : 2 : 5 : 4 : 4. The fourth joint is the broadest, and
much larger than the five other joints. The first and the last joints are
similar in size and form, hemispherical, armed with some larger, irregular,
conical spines. Pores irregular, roundish, of variable sizes.
_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with six joints) 0.2, breadth 0.09.
Length of the single joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.03, _c_ 0.02, _d_ 0.05, _e_
0.04, _f_ 0.04.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.
3. _Artocapsa infraculeata_, Haeckel.
_Eucyrtidium infraculeatum_, Stöhr, 1880, Palæontogr., vol. xxvi. p. 106,
Taf. iv. fig. 13.
Shell subcylindrical, rough, with five annular septa. Length of the six
joints = 2 : 3 : 4 : 4 : 4 : 3. The third, fourth, and fifth joints are
nearly equal in length and breadth, whilst the second and sixth are
cupola-shaped. The cephalis is very small, subspherical (regarded by Stöhr
as a "large pore"), and bears a short conical horn. The last joint bears a
bunch of basal spines.
_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with six joints) 0.2, breadth 0.09.
Length of the cephalis 0.02, second and sixth joints 0.03, third, fourth,
and fifth joints 0.04.
_Habitat._--Fossil in Tertiary rocks of Sicily; Grotte (Stöhr),
Caltanisetta (Haeckel).
{1520}4. _Artocapsa quadricamera_, n. sp.
Shell spindle-shaped, smooth, with three sharp strictures. Length of the
four joints = 2 : 3 : 4 : 8. The third joint is the broadest. The fourth
joint is inversely conical, nearly as long as the three other joints
together, and bears a strong, conical, basal spine, of half the length. The
cephalis is small, subspherical, and bears a conical horn of the same
length. Pores subregular, circular.
_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.17, breadth 0.08.
Length of the single joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.03, _c_ 0.04, _d_ 0.08.
_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.
5. _Artocapsa armata_, n. sp.
Shell slender, inversely ovate, spiny, with six deep strictures. Length of
the seven joints = 2 : 4 : 6 : 5 : 4 : 3 : 2. The third joint is the
broadest, inflated, and much larger than the four following, which
gradually decrease in size. The small, hemispherical cephalis bears a stout
pyramidal horn of twice the length. The last hemispherical joint is armed
with a bunch of stout spines, one of which is much the larger, and as long
as the third joint. Pores irregular, roundish.
_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with seven joints) 0.26, breadth 0.12.
Length of the single joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.04, _c_ 0.06, _d_ 0.05, _e_
0.04, _f_ 0.03, _g_ 0.02.
_Habitat._--Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4575 fathoms.
6. _Artocapsa octocamera_, n. sp.
Shell subcylindrical, smooth, with seven internal annular septa. Five
joints (the third to the seventh) are nearly equal in size, while the
second and eighth are cupola-shaped, somewhat longer. The cephalis is
smaller, with a conical horn of the same length. The last joint bears a
bunch of divergent, conical spines, of different lengths. Pores small,
regular, circular.
_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with eight joints) 0.16, breadth 0.08.
Length of the cephalis 0.016, second and eighth joints 0.033, each of the
five other joints 0.022.
_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 285, depth 2375 fathoms.
7. _Artocapsa elegans_, n. sp. (Pl. 76, fig. 8).
Shell spindle-shaped, smooth, with eight internal, broad, annular septa.
The second and third joints are the largest, the fourth and fifth of medium
size, while the cephalis and the four last joints are nearly equal in
length, and much shorter. The third joint is the largest. The subspherical
cephalis bears a bristle-shaped horn of the same length, while the last
joint is armed with a bunch of conical spines. Pores small, in the upper
half of the shell regular, hexagonal, in the lower half irregular.
_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with nine joints) 0.2, breadth 0.09.
Length of the first and the four last joints, each 0.014; of the fourth and
fifth, each 0.02; of the third 0.04, second 0.05.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 274, depth 2750 fathoms.
{1521}LEGION IV. PHÆODARIA,
VEL CANNOPYLEA, VEL PANSOLENIA (PLS. 99-128).
_Phæodaria_, Haeckel, 1879.
_Tripylea_, Hertwig, 1879.
_Cannopylea_, Haeckel, 1881.
_Pansolenia_, Haeckel, 1878.
_Definition._--Radiolaria with a double membrane surrounding the central
capsule, which bears on one pole of the main axis a peculiar astropyle, or
a tubular main-opening, in the centre of a circular radiate operculum.
Usually (but not constantly) a pair of small, lateral, accessory openings
(or parapylæ) on the opposite pole of the main axis. Extracapsulum
constantly with a phæodium, or with a voluminous aggregation of peculiar
dark pigment bodies (phæodella) covering the astropyle of the central
capsule. Skeleton siliceous or silicated, always extracapsular, very rarely
wanting. Fundamental form very variable, originally monaxon, often
dipleuric or bilateral.
The legion PHÆODARIA, or CANNOPYLEA, in the extent here defined, was
constituted by me in 1878, in my Protistenreich (p. 102) under the name
PANSOLENIA. This name was given on the supposition that the skeleton of
these interesting Radiolaria is always composed of hollow tubules, in
contrast to that of the other Radiolaria, where it is never tubular. But I
was soon convinced that this supposition was erroneous, that in a great
part of the PANSOLENIA the skeleton is not composed of hollow tubules but
of solid bars, and that a constant, very characteristic, and never failing
mark of this group is to be found in the peculiar phæodium, a voluminous,
constant, extracapsular pigment body. Therefore, in 1879, I changed the
name into PHÆODARIA, and having discovered in the collection of the
Challenger an astonishing number of new and wonderful types of this group,
I described, in a preliminary note on it, four different orders and ten
families with thirty-eight genera (Ueber die Phæodarien, eine neue Gruppe
kieselschaliger mariner Rhizopoden; in Sitzungsberichte der Jenaischen
Gesellschaft für Medicin und Naturwissenschaft. Sitzung vom 12th December
1879).
In the same year (1879), Richard Hertwig, in his excellent work entitled
Der Organismus der Radiolarien, published the first accurate description of
the intimate structure of the soft body of the PANSOLENIA, and mainly of
their central capsule; and having always observed, in the few
representatives examined by him, three openings in the capsule (one
main-opening and two accessory openings), he called them TRIPYLEA (_loc.
cit._ p. 87), being guided by the erroneous supposition that these three
openings are {1522}constant in all members of the group. But this is by no
means the case. The two accessory openings are completely absent in several
families, whilst in others their number is increased. A constant and very
striking character, however, of all PHÆODARIA, is the peculiar structure of
their tubular main-opening, which I call astropyle, with its radiate
operculum and cannular proboscis. On account of this important and
startling characteristic I proposed in 1881 to call this group CANNOPYLEA.
The two names PHÆODARIA and CANNOPYLEA both express a very striking and
quite constant character of these curious Radiolaria, whilst the two names
PANSOLENIA and TRIPYLEA are applicable only to a part of the whole legion.
The history of our knowledge of the PHÆODARIA is short, but very
remarkable. Although hundreds of species, many of them cosmopolitan, are
distributed over all oceans and all zones, although their size is in
general much greater than that of the other Radiolaria (usually 1 to 2 mm.,
often even 5 to 10 mm. or more), and although their form and structure are
usually striking, nevertheless the PHÆODARIA remained completely unknown up
to the year 1859. During that year I observed the first forms living in the
Gulf of Messina, and described and figured in 1862 in my Monograph five
genera and seven species, viz., (1) _Aulacantha scolymantha_ (p. 263), (2)
_Thalassoplancta cavispicula_ (p. 261, now _Cannobelos cavispicula_), (3)
_Aulosphæra trigonopa_, and _Aulosphæra elegantissima_ (p. 359), (4)
_Spongodictyum trigonizon_ (p. 459, now _Sagoplegma trigonizon_), and (5)
_Coelodendrum ramosissimum_, and _Coelodendrum gracillimum_ (p. 361). I
recognised the structure of the three genera enumerated as 1, 3, and 5, as
so remarkable and so different from that of the other Radiolaria, that I
founded three peculiar families for them, the Aulacanthida, Aulosphærida,
and Coelodendrida.
The first note on the numerous remarkable PHÆODARIA discovered by the
Challenger, and mainly on the large-sized inhabitants of the deep-sea, was
published in 1876 by Dr. John Murray, in his Preliminary Reports on Work
done on Board the Challenger (Proc. Roy. Soc., vol. xxiv., read March 16,
1876). He pointed out (_loc. cit._, p. 535), that the tow-nets, sent down
to a great depth (according to a new plan, adopted in April 1875) brought
up on every occasion a great many new and peculiar Rhizopods, which had
never been observed in the nets used near the surface. "The shells of all
have an exceedingly beautiful tracery, a fenestrated appearance often,
which a closer examination shows to be caused by pit-like depressions. Some
have only one, others have several openings, through which the sarcode
flows. The sarcode of all these deep-sea Rhizopods has many large
black-brown pigment-cells. At times they come up with a good deal of the
sarcode outside of the shell; and two specimens have been seen to throw out
elongated pseudopodia" (_loc. cit._, p. 536). Dr. John Murray distinguished
at that time not less than fifty species of these interesting deep-sea
Rhizopods and called them provisionally Challengerida; a term which we
retain here for the largest and most characteristic family. He gave at the
same time, in an accompanying plate (xxiv.), six {1523}figures of new
PHÆODARIA, the names of which (as found by me in 1879 in the corresponding
preparations) are the following; (1) _Challengeria naresii_, (2)
_Challengeria aldrichii_, (3) _Bivalva compressa_ (now = _Conchopsis
compressa_), (4) _Tuscarora belknapii_, (5) _Challengeria circopora_ (now =
_Circoporus sexfurcus_), and (6) _Haeckeliana porcellana_. A great number
of these Challengerida (twenty species) were afterwards figured by Dr. John
Murray in the Narrative of the Cruise of H.M.S. Challenger, 1885, vol. i.
part 1, p. 226, Pl. A; viz., fourteen species of _Challengeria_ and six
species of _Tuscarora_.
The most important advance in the knowledge which we had of the peculiar
organisation of the PHÆODARIA, was made by the accurate description which
Richard Hertwig published, in 1879, of the intimate structure of their
central capsule, and mainly of its peculiar openings. He examined living at
Messina the following three forms, described in my Monograph; (1)
_Aulacantha scolymantha_, (2) _Aulosphæra elegantissima_, and (3)
_Coelodendrum ramosissimum_. Besides, he described an interesting new
genus, _Coelacantha anchorata_; and another new form, which he placed in
the Aulosphærida, as _Aulosphæra gracilis_, but which really was a new
genus of Sagosphærida, here described as _Sagoscena gracilis_. Finally,
Hertwig first discovered that the peculiar bodies, described by Ehrenberg
as _Dictyocha_ and placed by him in the _Diatomea_ (_Polygastrica_), were
the isolated pieces of the skeleton of a true _Phæodarium_, and that they
were scattered loosely in great numbers over the surface of the
jelly-sphere, just as are the hollow spicula of _Thalassoplancta_ or
_Cannobelos_.
The six species mentioned, of which Hertwig gave a very accurate
description and very instructive figures, belong to six different genera,
and these represent six different families of PHÆODARIA, viz.;
Aulacanthida, Aulosphærida, Coelodendrida, Cannosphærida, Sagosphærida and
Cannorrhaphida. He found that all these six forms, in spite of great
differences in the form and structure of their skeleton, were identical in
the structure of the central capsule; and since he observed constantly
three openings in its double wall (a large main-opening on the oral pole,
and a pair of lateral accessory openings on the aboral pole of its main
axis) he called them TRIPYLEA (_loc. cit._, p. 87, 94). But he also pointed
out the remarkable shape of their voluminous extracapsular body, and
especially the characteristic position, size, colour and composition of the
large pigment body, which I had called the phæodium.
The accurate description of the gigantic and elegant skeleton of a new
_Phæodarium_, surpassing all other known Radiolaria in its extraordinary
size (15 mm.), was published in 1882 by O. Bütschli (in Zeitschr. f. wiss.
Zool., vol. xxxvi. p. 486, Taf. xxxi.). He called it _Coelothamnus
davidoffii_, in honour of its discoverer, who had found it floating on the
surface of the Gulf of Villafranca, near Nice. He placed it among the
Coelodendrida; it belongs, however, to that part of this group which
possesses a nasal tube, and which I afterwards separated under the name
Coelographida.
{1524}The total number of PHÆODARIA, hitherto described and illustrated by
figures, amounts therefore to seventeen species, viz., the seven species
first described by myself (in 1862); the six new species figured by Dr.
John Murray (in 1876); the three new species discovered by Hertwig (in
1879) and the single species last-mentioned described by Bütschli (in
1882). The rich collection of the Challenger has added to this small number
such an astonishing wealth of new and remarkable forms, that I can describe
in the following system of PHÆODARIA not less than eighty-four genera and
four hundred and sixty-five species. These belong to fifteen different
families and four different orders. But this great number is probably only
a small part of the numerous interesting PHÆODARIA, which are abundantly
distributed over all the oceans; those (_e.g._) of the Indian and of the
Arctic Oceans are almost unknown.
The great majority of these wonderful PHÆODARIA are inhabitants of the
deep-sea, mainly of the southern hemisphere, and are so common in many
stations explored by the Challenger, that its collection contains many
thousands (or rather hundreds of thousands) of well-preserved specimens. A
smaller part of the legion is found on the surface, widely distributed over
all oceans; some of these are very common (as, _e.g._, _Aulacantha_,
_Aulosphæra_, _Sagosphæra_, _Coelodendrum_, _Castanella_, &c.) and it is
difficult to explain how they could entirely escape the eyes of all former
observers.
The three general characters which distinguish the PHÆODARIA easily and
constantly from all the other Radiolaria are the following:--(1) the double
membrane, a thick outer and a thin inner envelope, of the big central
capsule; (2) its typical main-opening or astropyle, placed on the oral pole
of the main axis, and distinguished by a peculiar radiate operculum, with
tubular proboscis; (3) the phæodium, or the peculiar voluminous
pigment-body, which constantly lies in the oral half of the calymma,
surrounds the oral part of the central capsule, and is composed of numerous
phæodella, or singular pigment-granules of green, olive, brown or black
colour.
Besides these three general and never failing marks of the PHÆODARIA, the
majority of this legion (but by no means all) possess the three following
peculiarities; (1) two parapylæ or accessory openings of the central
capsule, placed laterally (at the right and left) on the aboral pole of the
main axis (wanting in the Challengerida, Medusettida, Castanellida, and
perhaps in some other families); (2) a characteristic skeleton which is
always extracapsular, wanting only in the Phæodinida, incomplete in the
Cannorrhaphida and Aulacanthida, but perfectly developed and of very
various shapes in the twelve other families; usually this silicated
skeleton is composed of hollow tubules, which are filled up by jelly
(PANSOLENIA); but in some families it is composed of ordinary solid
network, not different from that of the other Radiolaria, _e.g._,
especially in the Castanellida and Sagosphærida; (3) an extraordinary size
of the body, as well of the central capsule and its nucleus, as of the
extracapsular skeleton; the majority of PHÆODARIA have a diameter of 1 to 2
mm., and are therefore from ten to twenty times as large as the
{1525}majority of the other Radiolaria; in some gigantic forms the diameter
of the unicellular body reaches 20 or even 30 mm.
_The Central Capsule_ of the PHÆODARIA is the most important part of their
body and preserves in all families of this legion the same essential
structure, and nearly the same form, in striking contrast to the
extraordinary variety and complication of the skeleton. As already
mentioned, it differs from the central capsule of all the other Radiolaria
in two most important peculiarities; firstly, the double membrane of the
spheroidal capsule, and secondly, the singular structure of its constant
main-opening, the astropyle. A third constant character is the considerable
size of the enclosed nucleus, the diameter of which usually equals about
half of that of the capsule itself.
The diameter of the capsule is, in the majority of PHÆODARIA, 0.1 to 0.2
mm., often also 0.3 to 0.4, rarely more than 0.5, or less than 0.05 mm.
The position of the central capsule is somewhat different in the four
orders into which we have divided the PHÆODARIA. It lies in the centre of
the spherical, concentric calymma in all the #Phæocystina#, or in those
PHÆODARIA which possess no complete lattice-shell--Phæodinida,
Cannorrhaphida, and Aulacanthida (Pls. 101-105). The #Phæosphæria#
(comprising the Orosphærida, Sagosphærida, Aulosphærida, and Cannosphærida,
Pls. 106-112) all possess a very big, usually spherical lattice-shell, and
here the central capsule is much smaller than the latter and lies in its
centre. Another position is constantly occupied by the central capsule in
all #Phæogromia# (Pls. 99, 100, 113-120; the families Challengerida,
Medusettida, Castanellida, Circoporida, Tuscarorida), which have a peculiar
mouth on the lattice-shell, placed on the oral pole of its main axis; the
central capsule lies in the opposite aboral half of the shell cavity. The
#Phæoconchia# finally (Pls. 121-128, the families Concharida,
Coelodendrida, and Coelographida) all possess a bivalved shell, and the
capsule is here enclosed between the two valves of the shell.
The form of the central capsule is constantly spheroidal, slightly
depressed in the direction of the main axis, and therefore comparable to
the spheroidal form of our globe. The depression is generally very slight,
so that the proportion of the minor vertical main axis to the major
horizontal or equatorial axis is about 4 : 5 or 5 : 6, often even 8 : 9 or
less; but sometimes the proportion becomes 3 : 4, or even 2 : 3, so that
the capsule becomes nearly lenticular; very rarely its form becomes almost
perfectly spherical (Pl. 101, fig. 1). The main axis stands always
vertically, and is distinctly marked by the peculiar shape of the
astropyle, placed on its oral pole. Usually this pole, in the living and
freely floating PHÆODARIA seems to be the lower pole, directed downwards
(as also in the NASSELLARIA); but in some families it seems to be inversely
directed upwards, as in the Challengerida and Tuscarorida, (Pls. 99, 100).
The two _membranes of the central capsule_ possess in all PHÆODARIA a very
different shape, and were in all preparations which I could accurately
examine (some hundreds {1526}belonging to all families) separated by a
clear, rather wide interval, filled up either by a colourless fluid or by a
structureless jelly (Pl. 103, fig. 1; Pl. 123, figs. 8, 9, &c.). They are
in direct connection only at the openings. In the living PHÆODARIA,
however, their distance is very small, or they are in immediate contact
without any interval (Pl. 101, fig. 10; Pl. 102, fig. 1). According to the
observations of Hertwig, the two membranes are always in close contact, and
without interspace, in the living PHÆODARIA; and the space between them is
an artificial product due to the influence of the preserving fluid or of
certain chemical agents. In every case it is very easy to separate both
membranes completely, except at the openings, where they are in direct
connection. We distinguish both membranes shortly as ectocapsa and
endocapsa.
The ectocapsa, or the outer membrane of the central capsule, is rather firm
and durable, double-contoured, elastic and difficult to destroy. Its
physical and chemical qualities seem to approach those of chitin. It
becomes, however, stained red by carmine, and yellow by nitric acid.
Usually it appears structureless and refracts the light strongly. In a few
cases, however, it exhibits, when examined by strong lenses, a fine
punctation; and in some Aulacanthida (especially in some big forms of
_Aulographis_ and _Aulospathis_) the entire ectocapsa was densely covered
with peculiar curved, or S-shaped dark corpuscles (Pl. 114, fig. 13). They
were all of the same length, about 0.01, and seemed to lie on its inner
face.
The endocapsa, or the inner membrane of the central capsule, is much
thinner than the outer, with which it is in immediate connection only at
the openings. It encloses the entire contents of the capsule, and becomes
very distinct, as soon as the latter are dissolved by chemical agents, or
stained by carmine. In the majority of well-preserved preparations it is
irregularly plicated, and resembles a thin, but firm, crumpled paper.
Isolated pieces of the endocapsa are completely structureless, but exhibit
also a considerable resistance, in spite of their minute thickness.
The openings of the central capsule exhibit in the PHÆODARIA a greater
variety than their discoverer, R. Hertwig, supposed. The majority of the
legion, certainly, possess the three openings described by him, and are
therefore true TRIPYLEA. Some families, however, have only one opening, the
astropyle, which is generally present (Challengerida, Medusettida,
Castanellida, and _Phæocolla_ among the Phæodinida, Pl. 101, fig. 1). In
some other families there is a variable number of accessory openings or
parapylæ, one, three, or more, _e.g._, especially in the Circoporida and
Tuscarorida. The former may be called Astropylea, the latter Sporopylea.
Thus only a single opening to the central capsule is constant in all
PHÆODARIA without exception, and that is the astropyle, or the large
main-opening with its peculiar structure.
The astropyle, or the single constant main-opening of the central capsule,
is distinguished by a very remarkable structure, and is sufficient of
itself to separate the {1527}PHÆODARIA from all the other Radiolaria, and
from the other Rhizopoda in general. It is always placed on the oral pole
of the main axis, forming here a peculiar cap-shaped or flatly conical
elevation, the centre of which is prolonged into a short, cylindrical
tubule; we call the latter shortly a proboscis, and the former an
operculum. To understand better the different forms which these important
parts assume in the different families, compare Pl. 101, figs. 1-6; Pl.
102, fig. 1; Pl. 103, fig. 1; Pl. 104, figs. 1-3; Pl. 111, fig. 2; Pl. 123,
figs. 1-9; Pl. 127, figs. 4-6; Pl. 128, fig. 2, &c. Compare also the first
very accurate figures which R. Hertwig has given in 1879 (_loc. cit._) in
his Taf. x.
The operculum of the astropyle, the most important part of this main
opening ("der Oeffnungshof der Hauptöffnung," in the description of
Hertwig), is a circular convex plate, always more strongly vaulted than the
surrounding part of the capsule membrane, and is sharply separated from it
by a circular, often thickened and double-contoured margin. The operculum
covers the main-opening like the lid of a tea-kettle, and the proboscis
arising from its centre is comparable to the handle of that lid. The
diameter of the circular operculum is usually about half as long (rarely as
long) as the radius of the central capsule, therefore in the majority of
PHÆODARIA 0.03 to 0.06, sometimes 0.1 and more. Its form is sometimes more
conical, sometimes more like a mamma. Its height is usually about equal to
half its diameter. It always exhibits a very distinct radial striation,
produced by numerous prominent radial ribs, which arise in the centre and
end at the circular sharply truncated margin. The usual number of these
radial ribs may be, in the operculum of smaller capsules, from thirty to
fifty, in those of medium size from sixty to ninety, and in the largest two
hundred to three hundred or more. Usually the ribs are simple (Pl. 101,
figs. 1, 2, 6, 10; Pl. 127, figs. 4-6; also in all figures given by
Hertwig); but sometimes, mainly in the biggest Aulacanthida, they are
distinctly branched in a centrifugal direction (Pl. 114, fig. 13; Pl. 115,
fig. 3). Hertwig is of the opinion that the radial ribs are thickened
ridges of the endocapsa ("leistenartige Verdickungen der inneren Membran"),
and that the ectocapsa covering it is structureless (compare his figs. 1
and 1_a_, in Taf. x.). But I am convinced now, by numerous experiments and
observations, that the radiate operculum is a part of the outer, not of the
inner membrane. That part of the latter which lies immediately beyond the
former, and which may be called the "inner operculum," also exhibits
usually a fine radial striation; but this is probably only the cast of the
stronger and much more prominent radial ribbing of the "outer operculum"
belonging to the ectocapsa. The latter exhibits a large circular opening
with thickened margin, when the radiate operculum is taken from it. The
operculum becomes stained intensely red by carmine, yellow by nitric acid,
corresponding to the ectocapsa, the main-opening of which is closed by it.
The proboscis, or the cylindrical tubule, which arises in the centre of the
{1528}operculum, is often rather short, and bears the same relation to it
as the nipple does to the human breast (Pl. 104, fig. 2). But usually it is
more or less prolonged and often about as long as the radius of the
capsule, rarely nearly as long as its diameter (Pl. 101, fig. 1). Its form
is usually a slender cylinder, sometimes somewhat conical and tapering
towards the distal end. It is more or less curved or S-shaped in the
majority of preparations (Pl. 115, fig. 3; Pl. 127, fig. 6, &c.). Its thin
wall is a direct prolongation of the outer membrane of the capsule,
therefore it appears as a direct apophysis of the operculum, when this is
detached from the latter. The opening at the distal end of the proboscis,
through which the endosarc is thrown out, is circular.
The parapylæ, or the accessory openings of the central capsule, exhibit in
all PHÆODARIA the same form and structure, but vary in number and
disposition. They are recognised with difficulty in the smaller species,
since they are always of small size, and may be easily overlooked. They
seem to be completely wanting in the following families:--Challengerida
(Pl. 99), Medusettida (Pls. 118-120), Castanellida (Pl. 113), and in single
genera of other families, as in _Phæocolla_ (Pl. 101, fig. 1). The majority
of PHÆODARIA seem to possess the two lateral parapylæ, first described by
Hertwig, placed at a variable distance on each side of the aboral pole, to
the right and left (Pl. 101, figs. 2, 6, 10; Pl. 103, fig. 1_a_; Pl. 104,
figs. 1, 2_a_; Pl. 123, figs. 1, 8_a_ &c.). The horizontal axis, on which
the two parapylæ lie, is the the frontal or lateral axis; and the plane,
which passes through the three openings of these "Tripylea," is the frontal
or lateral plane. The number of the parapylæ seems to be variable in the
two families, Circoporida and Tuscarorida, which also differ from the other
PHÆODARIA in the peculiar (porcellanous) structure of their shell-wall. The
number seems to vary even in the single species of one genus; and the
following cases may be found: (A) a single parapyle, placed on the aboral
pole of the main axis and directly opposed to the astropyle (on the oral
pole), as in _Tuscaridium_ (Pl. 100, fig. 8); (B) three equidistant
parapylæ, one of which is placed in the sagittal plane, and the two others
one on each side of it, to the right and left, is in _Tuscarora_ (Pl. 100,
figs. 1-6); the three parapylæ seem to correspond here to the three long
feet, or the tubular aboral apophyses of the shell, which are arranged in a
similar manner to the three cortinar feet of the NASSELLARIA; (C) four
equidistant parapylæ, placed in pairs on the poles of the diagonal axes of
a horizontal plane, as in _Tuscarora_ (Pl. 100, fig. 7); they seem here to
correspond to the four crossed aboral feet; (D) six to eight or more
parapylæ probably in the different genera of Circoporida (Pls. 114-117);
perhaps each radial tube, which is surrounded on its base by a circle of
pores, here corresponds to a separate parapyle. The number of
well-preserved central capsules belonging to the two latter families,
however, which I could examine was relatively small and their examination
very difficult; therefore these numbers are not stated with satisfactory
certainty and require a further more accurate examination. {1529}The minute
structure of the parapylæ (or "Neben-Oeffnungen") has been described
already very accurately by Hertwig (_loc. cit._, p. 95, Taf. x. figs.
1-11_b_). The two membranes of the capsule are in direct and immediate
connection on each parapyle. The strong outer membrane arises in the form
of a ring or of a short cylindrical tubule (collare paraboscidis or
"Oeffnungshals"), is then reflected inwards, and connected at the bottom of
the cylindrical cavity with the delicate inner membrane. From this
connective ring arises a short conical or cylindrical tubule, which we call
shortly the "paraboscis." According to Hertwig (who calls it
"Oeffnungskegel") the paraboscis is a direct prolongation of the inner
membrane only. My own observations have led me to the opinion, that the
paraboscis of each parapyle is a direct prolongation of the outer membrane
(similarly to the larger proboscis of the astropyle), and that the basal
connective ring is, therefore, the inner opening of the paraboscis, through
which the entosarc enters, being protruded through its outer circular
opening. Usually the paraboscis of each parapyle is only a short cylinder,
arising by a conical base; but sometimes, especially in some Aulosphærida
and Sagosphærida, it is prolonged into a slender tubule, nearly as long as
the radius of the central capsule. It has been already figured by Hertwig
(_loc. cit._, Taf. x. figs. 6-8). It seems, therefore, that the paraboscis
of the accessory openings is developed in a way similar to the proboscis of
the main-opening, and that the chief difference between the two is
indicated by the large radiate operculum of the latter.
The cavity of the endocapsa, or the spheroidal space enclosed by the inner
membrane of the central capsule, is filled up in its central part by the
big nucleus, in its peripheral part by the endoplasm, or by the internal
protoplasm, which is in communication with the outer or extracapsular
protoplasm by the openings of that capsule. The endoplasm, or the
intracapsular sarcode, is rather opaque, finely granulated, and usually
filled up by numerous small clear spherules of equal size, which are more
or less regularly arranged and equidistant. These spherules have usually a
diameter of 0.01 to 0.015, rarely more than 0.02 or less than 0.005 mm.;
their size is generally equal in each capsule. They have been already
described and figured in my Monograph, as "wasserhelle kugelige Bläschen,"
and are probably vacuoles or small vesicles filled up by jelly or by a
clear fluid. Usually each vesicle contains a small dark granule of fat, or
a group of such granules connected together; and in these Hertwig observed
a vibrating molecular motion. The central capsule of many PHÆODARIA
contains, besides the vacuoles, often granules of pigment (usually red or
yellow) and sometimes numerous groups of small crystals, placed mainly
beyond the operculum of the astropyle (Pl. 127, figs. 4-7). The outer layer
of the endoplasm, placed immediately beyond the endocapsa, often exhibits a
fine striation, as if composed of delicate fibrillæ. This fibrillar
striation is usually most distinct on the base of the openings, where also
the endoplasm becomes stained very intensely by carmine. The astropyle as
well as {1530}the parapylæ often exhibit here, when observed from the face,
a distinct radial striation (compare Hertwig, _loc. cit._, p. 98, Taf. x.
figs. 6-14) Perhaps the radiate shape of the operculum is only produced by
radial folds of the endocapsa placed beyond it, and these folds may be in
turn the product of the radial fibrillæ, which are prominent beyond the
astropyle. On the other hand, these fibrillæ may be compared to the
muscular fibrillæ or "myophane filaments" in the ectosarc of the Infusoria,
and may perhaps effect by their contraction a dilatation of the openings of
the capsule.
The nucleus of the PHÆODARIA is always very large, usually about half or
two thirds as broad as the central capsule and placed either in its centre,
or sometimes nearer to one pole of the main axis, which is common to the
capsule and its nucleus. Therefore the diameter of the latter is usually
half or even two thirds of that of the capsule, and may be in the majority
0.05 to 0.15, often 0.2 to 0.3, rarely more than 0.4 or less than 0.01 mm.
The form of the nucleus is rarely spherical, usually spheroidal, and it is
more depressed in the direction of the main axis than the capsule itself.
In my Monograph, where I gave the first description of it, I called it
"Binnenbläschen." The membrane of the vesicular nucleus is thin but rather
firm, and contains a rather clear, finely granulated substance, in which
numerous nucleoli are usually scattered. (Compare Pl. 101, figs. 1-10; Pl.
102-104; Pl. 123; Pl.127, &c.; the nucleus is marked by _n_, the nucleoli
by _l_.)
The nucleoli are very different in respect to their form, size, number and
arrangement. Since these differences are very great even in different
specimens of a single species (as, _e.g._, in the common cosmopolitan
_Aulacantha scolymantha_, _Aulosphæra trigonopa_, _Coelodendrum
ramosissimum_, &c.), it is probable that they represent different stages of
development and multiplication, and that the smallest fragments of the
nucleoli, or the final results of their repeated division, become the
nuclei of the flagellate spores, which are developed in the PHÆODARIA just
as in the other Radiolaria. In the majority of nuclei examined, the number
of the enclosed nucleoli proved to be very great, fifty to eighty or more,
often some hundreds, the greater their number the smaller their size. Their
form is usually irregular, roundish, or even amoeboid--probably the result
of amoebiform motions (Pl. 101, fig. 1). Sometimes the nucleoli were
regularly spherical, equidistant, and connected apparently by a delicate
network (Pl. 101, fig. 2). (Compare Pl. 102-104, 111, 123, and also Taf. x.
of Hertwig, _loc. cit._).
The calymma, or the extracapsular jelly-veil, is in the PHÆODARIA always
well developed and usually much larger than the enclosed central capsule.
The entire volume of the calymma may be three to six times as great as that
of the capsule in the majority of this legion; but in the large
Aulacanthida, Aulosphærida, Coelodendrida, Coelographida, &c., the volume
of the former is twenty to fifty as great as that of the latter, or even
more. The jelly substance is rather firm and consistent, clear,
structureless, and becomes more or less intensely stained by carmine. In
the {1531}larger forms it is often filled by numerous large alveoles, which
are usually absent in the smaller forms. These extracapsular alveoles are
most strongly developed in the calymma of the #Phæocystina#, or the
PHÆODARIA with incomplete skeleton, embracing the three families
Phæodinida, Cannorrhaphida and Aulacanthida (Pls. 101-104). Usually the
calymma is here very voluminous and entirely filled up by large alveoles,
which are either spherical, irregularly roundish, or polyhedral by mutual
compression. These alveoles or vacuoles have no peculiar wall, but are only
cavities in the homogeneous substance of the jelly, and are filled by a
clear aqueous fluid. Between these the network of the anastomosing
pseudopodia is expanded. They exhibit, therefore, the same shape, as was
first observed in _Thalassicolla_ and in the #Polycyttaria# (Collozoida,
Sphærozoida and Collosphærida).
The relation of the calymma to the skeleton is in the PHÆODARIA of the same
importance as in the other Radiolaria, and we may also here distinguish a
primary and a secondary calymma. The primary calymma is that on the surface
of which at a certain period of life (in the "shell-building period") the
fenestrated shell is secreted in the majority of PHÆODARIA. The secondary
calymma, however, is formed after this period, and envelops the shell
itself as well as its apophyses externally. Usually the entire skeleton
seems to be enveloped by the secondary calymma.
The parts of the extracapsular body, which are enclosed in the gelatinous
calymma possess a peculiar importance in the PHÆODARIA; these are firstly
the sarcomatrix and the pseudopodia arising from it, and secondly the
phæodium. The sarcomatrix, or the layer of extracapsular sarcode
(ectoplasm), which immediately surrounds the central capsule is very thick
and more strongly developed in all PHÆODARIA than in all other Radiolaria.
Its extraordinary size has been already mentioned by Hertwig (1879, _loc.
cit._, p. 99). It is in direct connection with the intracapsular sarcode
(or the endoplasm) only by the openings of the central capsule, and mainly
by the astropyle. Very numerous radial pseudopodia arise everywhere from
the sarcomatrix and run to the surface of the calymma, usually forming a
rich network in it by means of numerous branches and anastomoses (compare
Pl. 101-104). On the surface of the calymma the meshes of this network are
very numerous, and there arise from its nodal points the terminal
pseudopodia, which float freely in the surrounding water. The metamorphoses
of this network of sarcode, the perpetual changes in the number and size of
its meshes, and the movements of the sarcode streams as well as of the
small granules running in it, are always very manifest in the PHÆODARIA and
in the big forms of this legion (mainly in the Aulacanthida) they are
better observed than in the majority of other Radiolaria. In many PHÆODARIA
(and perhaps in all) a part of the pseudopodia seems to have undergone a
local differentiation, for special physiological purposes; and Hertwig has
described a peculiar conical contractile body, which arises in
_Coelodendrum_ between the two parapylæ (_loc. cit._, p. 100, fig. 3).
Further examination {1532}of these interesting organs in living PHÆODARIA
is required. Usually the sarcode, issuing from the openings of the capsule,
forms a stronger cylinder, with peculiar movements.
The phæodium, or the peculiar dark extracapsular pigment-body of the
PHÆODARIA, is one of the most important and most characteristic parts of
their organisation, and has induced me to derive their name from it; it is
not less typical for the whole legion, than the astropyle with its radiate
operculum and the proboscis; and both these important parts are always in
direct topographical and physiological connection. Whilst I have missed the
phæodium in no _Phæodarium_ in which the soft body was well preserved, I
have not found it in any other Radiolaria; for the similar extracapsular
pigment bodies, which are found in some species of _Thalassicolla_ and some
other #Sphærellaria#, have a composition and signification different from
that of the phæodium--an exclusive peculiarity of the PHÆODARIA.
The typical importance of the phæodium for all members of this legion is
proved by the following five facts:--(1) its constant presence in all
PHÆODARIA; (2) its constant excentric position in the oral half of the
calymma; (3) its constant relation to the astropyle, the operculum and the
proboscis of which is always surrounded by it; (4) its constant
considerable size, its volume being usually greater than that of the
central capsule, the aboral half of which is covered by it; (5) its
constant colour and morphological as well as chemical composition. These
five facts together demonstrate by their absolute constancy the high
morphological and physiological importance of the phæodium for this
peculiar subclass of Radiolaria, although its true nature is difficult to
make out, and its main function is not yet sufficiently known.
The first remarks that have been made on the phæodium were published in
1862 in my Monograph, where I noticed the peculiar dark brown extracapsular
pigment body and its excentric position covering only one-half of the
central capsule, in _Aulacantha_ (p. 263, Taf. ii. figs. 1, 2), in
_Thalassoplancta_ (p. 262, Taf. iii. fig. 10), and in _Coelodendrum_ (p.
361, Taf. xxxii. fig. 1). Its general presence and peculiar composition
were first recognised by Dr. John Murray, who had, during the Challenger
Expedition, the first opportunity of examining many big living PHÆODARIA
brought up from great depths. He gives in his first Report (1876, _loc.
cit._, p. 536), the following important notice:--"The sarcode of all these
deep-sea Rhizopods has many large black-brown pigment-cells. Small
bioplasts are scattered through the sarcode. These collect into
capsular-like clumps when the animal is at rest, and are quickly coloured
by carmine." In 1877 Dr. John Murray sent me the wonderful collection of
PHÆODARIA brought home by the Challenger, and I had now the best
opportunity for examining the phæodium in hundreds of well-preserved
specimens. Supported by these extensive observations, I gave, in 1879, in a
preliminary paper,[273] a fuller description of the {1533}phæodium, and of
the phæodella (or the peculiar dark pigment-granules composing it). At the
same time R. Hertwig published his observations on the big living TRIPYLEA
examined by him at Messina, and pointed out particularly that the constant
presence, composition, and arrangement of this excentric extracapsular
pigment-body was most characteristic, and sufficient in itself to
distinguish this group from all the other Radiolaria (1879, _loc. cit._, p.
99).
The most striking peculiarity of the phæodium, and the most important on
account of its absolute constancy, is its excentric position, covering only
the oral hemisphere of the central capsule, and wholly or partly wanting on
the aboral hemisphere. This constant topographical relation to the capsule
never fails, and may be always observed at the first glance, when the body
is seen from the side (the main axis of the capsule being perpendicular to
the axis of the eye of the observer), (compare Pl. 101, figs. 6, 10; Pl.
102, fig. 1; Pl. 103, fig. 1, &c.). The phæodium envelops, therefore, the
oral half of the capsule completely, and especially the astropyle in its
centre; hence, the radiate operculum and the proboscis arising from the
latter cannot be seen usually before the former is removed. The general
form of the entire phæodium, in consequence of this excentric position, is
concavo-convex (or crescentic in longitudinal section), its concave face
embracing the oral or anterior face of the capsule, and its convex face
being turned to the surface of the calymma.
The topographical relation of the phæodium to the surrounding shell is also
very characteristic in the suborder #Phæogromia#, or in those PHÆODARIA
which possess a peculiar shell-mouth placed on the oral pole of its main
axis. Here the capsule is always placed in the aboral half of the
shell-cavity, the phæodium in its oral half, separating the astropyle from
the mouth of the shell, both of which lie in the main axis; as in the
Challengerida (Pl. 99), Tuscarorida (Pl. 100), Castanellida (Pl. 113),
Circoporida (Pl. 115), and Medusettida (Pl. 118-120). In this suborder (the
#Phæogromia#), the volume of the phæodium may be, on an average, about as
great as that of the central capsule, whilst in the majority of other
PHÆODARIA it is much greater than the latter.
A similar topographical relation between the phæodium and the enclosing
shell, as in the #Phæogromia#, also exists in the suborder #Phæoconchia#,
or in those PHÆODARIA, which are distinguished from all the others by the
possession of a bivalved shell (Pl. 121-128). The two valves of this
curious shell, which resembles that of the Brachiopoda, are dorsal and
ventral, and the tripylean central capsule is always so placed between them
that its two lateral parapylæ (right and left) lie in the frontal plane of
the shell, where a large frontal fissure opens between the opposed margins
of the two hemispherical or cap-shaped valves. The phæodium is also placed
here on the oral half of the capsule and surrounds its astropyle; but it
exhibits some differences in the three families of #Phæoconchia#.
{1534}The Concharida, the bivalved shell of which is simple, and without
tubular apophyses (Pl. 123-125), possess a relatively small central
capsule, which usually fills up only the third or fourth part of the
shell-cavity. This is the aboral or posterior part, on the apex of which
both valves are united by a ligament in some Concharida (Pl. 123, figs. 8,
9). The oral or anterior part of the shell-cavity (usually two-thirds or
more) is filled up by the phæodium, and this is usually bifid, being
divided by a frontal constriction into two wings or lobes; the dorsal wing
is hidden in the upper valve of the shell, the ventral wing in the lower
valve; both wings are usually united only by a small central bridge, and
this bridge of the phæodium is pierced in its centre by the proboscis of
the astropyle (Pl. 124, figs. 6, 10; Pl. 123, figs. 8, 9).
The Coelodendrida have a different shape (Pl. 121). Their bivalved shell is
relatively small and tiny, and bears on the two poles of the sagittal axis
two conical apophyses or galeæ, from each of which three or four very
large, dichotomously branched tubes arise. The central capsule fills up the
cavity of the bivalved shell almost entirely, and the voluminous dark
phæodium envelops both to such an extent that the shell and the enclosed
capsule are often hidden in it completely. Therefore I arrived in my first
description of _Coelodendrum_ (1862, _loc. cit._) at the erroneous
conclusion that the capsule lies outside, not inside the shell. The first
accurate figure and description of its structure was given in 1879, by
Hertwig (_loc. cit._, p. 99, Taf. x. fig. 3). The central capsule (_v_) is
here separated from the bivalved shell (_m_) only by a very small distance,
and the oral part of both is hidden in the phæodium. I find, however, in
the majority of the numerous preparations of the Challenger collection, the
volume of the phæodium much greater, and it often envelops the entire
shell.
The Coelographida, finally, have a phæodium of the most remarkable shape,
since in their bivalved shell a peculiar reserve store or magazine of
phæodella, which we call the "phæocapsa" is developed for it (Pl. 126-128,
_g.t.m._). The bivalved shell has in these most perfect PHÆODARIA a
structure similar to that in the Coelodendrida; but they differ from the
latter in the stronger development, and greater differentiation of the two
apical galeæ, and the large hollow tubes arising from them. These two
helmet-shaped cupolæ, the galeæ (_g_), which arise from the two valves on
the poles of the sagittal axis, are in the Coelographida usually larger
than the valves themselves, and are not closed, as in the Coelodendrida,
but open by a tubular apophysis at their base, the nasal tube or rhinocanna
(_t_). The apex of the galea is connected with the open mouth of the
rhinocanna by a single or double frenulum (_b_). The two nasal tubes or
rhinocannæ (a dorsal and a ventral) lie in the sagittal plane of the body
and run from the base of each galea along the anterior convexity of the
valve to its oral margin. Here is placed the proboscis of the astropyle,
between the two opposed mouths of the rhinocannæ (Pl. 128, fig. 2). The
phæodium is usually hidden entirely {1535}in the two phæocapsæ, which are
composed of the two galeæ (_g_), and the two rhinocannæ arising from them
(Pl. 127, figs. 4-9). A part of the phæodella is usually thrown out by the
mouth of the latter (_m_).
The characteristic colour of the phæodium exhibits numerous different tints
between green, brown, and black. It seems to be in the majority
blackish-brown or greenish-brown, very often olive, more rarely almost
quite green or red-brown. Usually the colour is so dark, intense and
opaque, that the parts enclosed by the phæodium, mainly the oral hemisphere
of the central capsule and the astropyle, are completely hidden in it. The
chemical composition of the phæodium demands further accurate researches;
unfortunately I have not been able to make out its true nature, since
numerous different experiments furnished no certain general results.
The phæodella, or the pigment-corpuscles, which compose the phæodium,
aggregated in hundreds, and in the bigger species in thousands, are usually
spherical, sometimes somewhat ellipsoidal, at other times spheroidal or
lenticular; but usually numerous smaller, irregular, roundish particles are
intermingled between the larger and more regular corpuscles, and often the
main mass forms a very fine black powder. The size of the phæodella is very
variable, not only in the different species, but also in one and the same
individual. The larger phæodella have a diameter of 0.01 to 0.02, the
smaller of 0.004 to 0.008 mm.; but there also occur very big forms of 0.04
to 0.05 mm., or even more, and very small ones of 0.001 mm. or less.
Usually the phæodium appears as an aggregate of numerous larger and smaller
phæodella, which are very different in size as well as in the intensity and
tint of their colour, and are irregularly crowded in a black, powder-like
substance.
The morphological nature of the phæodella is also difficult to make out. I
have already pointed out in my first description of _Aulacantha_,
_Thalassoplancta_ and _Coelodendrum_ (1862, _loc. cit._), that a great part
of these pigment-corpuscles are true cells, composed of a nucleus and
protoplasm, which contains granules of pigment, and is enveloped by a
membrane. Dr. John Murray, who had during the Challenger voyage the
opportunity of examining numerous different living PHÆODARIA, and staining
them by carmine, also asserts that a great part of those dark corpuscles
are "large black-brown pigment-cells" (1876, _loc. cit._, p. 536). Numerous
preparations of the Challenger collection, well preserved in glycerine, and
stained by carmine, contain PHÆODARIA belonging to different families, the
phæodium of which contains numerous such "pigment-cells," with a dark red
nucleus, and so similar are these cells, that every histologist should
recognise them. But in strange contrast to this is the fact, that in
numerous other mountings, prepared in the same manner, not a single cell of
this kind is found in the phæodium, and that the latter is composed only of
irregular pigment-granules. In many PHÆODARIA belonging to different
families I, like Hertwig, could not find a single true nucleated cell in
the phæodium.
{1536}A great part of the PHÆODARIA, and usually the bigger forms of
Aulacanthida, Cannorrhaphida, Coelodendrida, Coelographida, &c., exhibit a
peculiar structure of the larger phæodella, viz., a fine parallel striation
(Pl. 101, figs. 3, 6; Pl. 102, fig. 1; Pl. 103, fig. 1; Pl. 104, figs. 1-3,
&c.). In each phæodellum may be counted about ten to twenty such fine
parallel stripes (more in the greater, less in the smaller forms); and in
the ellipsoidal phæodella the stripes are either transverse rings,
perpendicular to their main axis, or ascending obliquely; they often
resemble the convoluted spiral filament of a thread-cell or nettle-cell of
an Acaleph. Sometimes these parallel transverse stripes are very striking.
Another structure is seen in larger phæodella, namely an aggregate or
cluster of smaller globules, often of equal size, resembling a small
morula. All these minute structures of the phæodella as well as their
changes in the living PHÆODARIA, require a far more extensive examination
(by means of strong lenses and different chemical reagents), than I could,
unfortunately, devote to them.