his additions to the Vatican, i. 384 _note_ 1;
employs Mantegna to paint his chapel there, iii. 277;
his Bull against witchcraft, i. 402 _note_ 1, v. 347;
his pontificate, i. 403-406;
his monument by Antonio del Pollajuolo, 415, iii. 147;
his detention of Prince Djem, i. 415, 461;
appoints Bruni Apostolic Secretary, ii. 218;
his destruction of ancient monuments at Rome, 430
Inquisition, the, foundation of, i. 399
_Insensati_, the, an Academy at Perugia, ii. 366
_Instabili_, the, an Academy at Bologna, ii. 366
_Intronati_, the, an Academy at Siena, their performance of the
Masque _El Sacrificio_, v. 143 _note_ 2;
volume published by them on the quarrel and reconcilement of
Aretino and Albicante, v. 420
Invention, effect of the progress of inventions on the Renaissance,
i. 3, 29
Investitures, War of, i. 59, 60, 97, iv. 7, 13
Isabella of Aragon, i. 555
_Istoria Bresciana_, cited, i. 615 _note_ 2
Italy, Italians:
divergent character of the Italian cities, 34, 35, iii. 43, 181,
iv. 361, v. 137;
reasons why the Italians failed to attain political unity, i. 90,
98, iii. 261, iv. 5;
their dislike to monarchy, i. 92, 369, v. 503, 504;
feudalism alien to their temper, i. 42, 58, 61, 62, 100, 359, 484,
ii. 3, iii. 51, iv. 6, 7, 27, 44, 73, 140, 405, 426, 459, v. 492,
503, 505, 524, 530;
their estimation of tyrannicide, i. 169, 464;
their notions of nobility, 186 _note_ 1;
their tendency towards despotism, 190;
had no conception of representative government or confederation,
196, 211, ii. 3 (cp. v. 438), v. 495;
did not aim at national independence, i. 457, ii. 509;
their civilisation in advance of that of Northern Europe, i. 100,
260, 586, iii. 42, v. 50;
Italian ideas about the Pope, i. 418, 462-464, iii. 471;
reasons why the Italians held to the Papacy, i. 470, iv. 438;
their attachment to the Imperial idea, iv. 438;
independent attitude of the Italians to the Empire and Church, v.
502, 524;
ready means of intercourse between the Italian provinces in the
middle ages, iv. 270;
the local divisions of Italy a source of intellectual strength as
well as political weakness, ii. 8, iv. 493, 518;
the modern development of the Italians precocious and never
matured, i. 495, iv. 146;
their ignorance of the power of the Northern nations, i. 538;
the Italian lower classes welcomed the French invasion, 549 _note_
1, 583 _note_ 2;
Italy 'revealed to the North' by the invasion, 583;
fascination exercised by Italy over the Northern fancy, 119 _note_
2, v. 117;
complete change in Italy between 1375-1470, iv. 366;
confidence of the Italians at the Renaissance in the fortune of the
age, ii. 208, iv. 396, v. 281, 522;
physical and ethnographical character of the Italians, i. 12, ii.
24, v. 500;
persistence of the Italic type through all historical mutations, v.
501-504, 509;
hold retained by their past history upon the Italians, ii. 30, 56,
505, iv. 5, 7, 11, 141, 187 _note_ 1, 242, 273, v. 492;
essential unity of the Italian nation, i. 32, 42, 47 _note_ 1, 54, 65;
formation of the national character, 100, ii. 1-4. iv. 146, v. 505;
preoccupation of the Italians in the middle ages with the idea of
death, iii. 198, iv. 74;
Italian morality at the Renaissance, i. 323, v. 365;
morality and religion disunited in Italy, i. 174 _note_ 1, 433,
447, 462, ii. 234, 257, iii. 451;
material and irreligious temperament of the Italians, i. 454, 490,
493, ii. 17, 205. iv. 10, 39, 128, 140, 146, 426, v. 114, 486,
504, 509, 514;
difference of their religious feelings from those of Northern
nations, iv. 306, 323, v. 486, 514;
decay of religious feeling in Italy between the time of Dante and
Poliziano, iv. 207, v. 194, 493, 516;
unwillingness of Italian thinkers to break with Catholicism, i.
454, v. 293;
Italian passion for reliques, i. 461;
defects of their imagination, iv. 249, 253, 273, 343, v. 18, 504,
509, 514;
reasons for these defects, iv. 344;
character of the Italian imagination illustrated from the _Sacre
Rappresentazioni_, 347;
lack of sterner passion in the Italian aesthetic temperament, v. 114
(cp. 515);
organising faculty of the Italians, 504, 513;
foreign judgments of Italian morality, i. 472, ii. 408;
anomaly of the corruption of Italy while the arts and literature
were at their height, v. 494;
profligacy of the Italians, i. 474 (cp. Bandello's Apology for his
_Novelle_, v. 76, and the Analysis of Machiavelli's _Mandragola_,
v. 165-170);
their addiction to unnatural vices, i. 476;
their cruelty and debauchery, 476-479;
their love of poisoning and assassination, 480, v. 523;
their notions of honour and female fidelity, i. 481-486 (cp v. 163
_note_ 1);
their admiration of generosity, iv. 356;
the Italians had not adopted chivalry, i. 359, 482, iv. 6. 27, 44,
60, 73, v. 13, 505;
character of the _bourgeoisie_ as drawn in Italian comedies, v. 183;
refinement and toleration of the Italians, i. 486-488, ii. 14, 408;
cosmopolitan nature of their ideals, ii. 15, 55, iv. 184;
the art of conversation invented by the Italians, ii. 34;
free play given to personality in Italy, i. 488, ii. 3, 4, 6;
superior morals of the lower classes illustrated from Italian art,
i. 488-490;
the same fact proved by contemporary biographies and memoirs, v. 190;
revivalism in Italy, i. 490 (_see_ Appendix iv. vol. i.; also
_Flagellants_ and _Laudesi_);
Italian architecture local rather than national, ii. 5, iii. 45;
Gothic architecture never fully understood in Italy, iii. 51, 66,
69, iv. 345, v. 505;
Italian feeling for spatial proportion in architecture, iii. 67;
reasons why the Italians succeeded better in sculpture and painting
than architecture, ii. 7;
Italian genius best shown in painting, iii. 5, 31, v. 495;
universal feeling for art in the Italians, iii. 1, 4;
their aesthetic enthusiasm, 3;
their innate susceptibility to beauty, iv. 242, v. 526;
the Italian artists were contented to work out old motives, iii.
118, v. 6;
Italian love of cultivated landscape beauty, v. 196, 511;
the cosmopolitan culture of the Italians implied some sacrifice of
national personality, ii. 9, 394, v. 137;
the Italians contented to accept the primacy in culture instead of
national independence, ii. 39, 475;
respect of the Italians for culture, iv. 447;
Italian unity only attained in literature and art, iii. 261, iv.
147, 367, v. 137, 248, 495;
the recovery of the classics equivalent to the recovery of national
consciousness in Italy, iv. 142, v. 505;
the Roman element in Italian genius, v. 501-516;
persistency of the Italians in carrying out the Revival, ii. 509,
v. 505, 525;
injurious effects of the Revival upon them, ii. 516, v. 193;
decay of learning in Italy, ii. 540, v. 480;
the Italians cease to study Greek, ii. 543;
work achieved by the Italians in educating the Northern nations,
544, v. 530;
attention paid by the Italians to biography, ii. 35;
their susceptibility to rhetoric, 149, 190, 216, 513, 525, iii. 3,
v. 512;
questioning spirit of the Italian intellect, iv. 448, v. 500;
contempt of the early Italian scholars for Italian, ii. 448, 532
_note_ 1, iv. 4, 7, 143, 176, 234-238, 365, v. 137, 247, 506, 508;
growth of Italian out of Latin, iv. 28-32;
the development of Italian slower than that of other modern
languages, 3-8;
Italian superseded French as the literary language in the middle of
the thirteenth century, 20;
character of the various Italian dialects, 30;
early popular works in the dialects, 34, 129;
artificial character of the Italian literary language, ii. 448, iv.
8, v. 246;
revival of Italian in the fourth period of culture, ii. 393, iv. 3,
365, v. 246;
manner in which Tuscan was made into the standard Italian, iv. 33,
v. 246, 508;
problem presented by language to the writers of Italian, v. 247;
Petrarch and Boccaccio taken as models, iv. 164, v. 248;
manner in which their influence was injurious,
(1) the imitation of Petrarch's affectation and melancholy, v.
249-251;
(2) of Boccaccio's ornate and complicated style, 251 (cp. iv. 136);
effect of purism on Italian literature, v. 256-258;
false position of the _Petrarchisti_, 249, 520;
they show no sympathy for the calamities of Italy, 281, 522;
erroneous conception of poetry implied in Petrarchism, 273;
want of a natural means of expression in the _Petrarchisti_, 250;
the unity of Italy is now producing a common Italian, ii. 450, v. 270;
Italian literature brought to perfection between 1300 and 1530, iv. 1;
subdivisions of that period, 1;
positive spirit in which the Italians treated ancient legends and
sagas, 5, 11;
effect produced by their free political life on early Italian
writers, 8;
degree of superiority in the use of Latin obtained by medieval
Italian writers, 9;
effect of Provencal and French literature on the Italians, 13 foll.;
the Italian hendecasyllabic, 24 (_see_ also Appendix i. vol iv.);
history of the _ottava rima_, 25, 308;
effect on Italian literature produced by the want of a central
Court, 33, 365, v. 112, 257;
origin of Italian prose, iv. 35, 128;
inferiority of the first attempts, 130;
beginnings of Italian poetry, 37;
the modern Italians never had a national Epic, ii. 4, iv. 5, 7,
244, v. 503;
general absence of Ballad poetry in Italian, iv. 37 (cp. 251), 274,
v. 11;
exceptions to this, iv. 274;
early poems treating of obscene subjects, iv. 38, v. 356 _note_ 1;
Italian literature in the middle ages created no feminine ideal
like those of the old romances, iv. 63;
Italian prose-writers of the _Trecento_, 131;
exaggerated admiration of modern Italians for the _Trecentisti_,
132, v. 270;
importance of the _Quattro Cento_ in Italian literature, iv. 147;
sentiment of disappointment and despair common to the later
_Trecentisti_, 165;
employment of the _terza rima_ by the poets after Dante, 166, 172;
materials afforded for studying the growth of Italian prose by
familiar letters, 175, v. 262;
improvements effected in Italian prose by the popular writers of
the _Quattro Cento_, iv. 240;
appreciation of the great Italian poets by the mass of the people, 241;
popular poems upon contemporary events during the _Quattro Cento_, 255;
erotic spirit of Italian hymns, 305;
rarity of Miracle Plays in Italy, 306;
their place supplied by _Divozioni_ and _Sacre Rappresentazioni_, 307;
the best manner of dealing with Italian literature between
1470-1530, 359 foll.;
typical men of genius during this period, 362;
share of the different cities in literature, 364-366;
degeneracy of Italian poetry during the Renaissance, 404, 463;
the classification of the Italian narrative poems, v. 3;
the literature of the _Cinque Cento_ influenced by the manners of
the _bourgeoisie_, 52;
injury occasioned to Italian literature by the absence of a general
public, 52, 190 _note_ 2;
number of popular works issued by the Venetian press, 96;
burlesque considered as a counterpoise to serious poetry in Italy,
310, 382;
survival of ancient satiric humour in Italy, 512 (cp. 366);
no great satire produced by the Italians, 512;
burlesque poetry in Italy a medium for free thought, 311, 315;
association at the Reformation of Lutheran opinions and immorality
in Italy, 325;
number of Italian poetesses, 287;
identity of male and female education in Renaissance Italy, 287
_note_ 1;
comparison of Italian and Latin art and literature, 509-514;
Italian love of didactic poetry, 512;
general characteristics of Italian literature, 518;
results achieved by the Italians during the Renaissance, 526
Jacopo del Bussolaro, Fra,
preaching of, i. 490, 610, 611
Jacopo da Lentino, iv. 25, 43, 60
Jacopo della Marca, Fra,
preaches at Perugia, i. 491, 613
Jacopone da Todi,
the legend of his life, iv. 285-289;
his Italian hymns, 40, 283;
their ecstatic spirit, 284;
their simplicity, 284;
specimens of them, 289-292;
the Dialogue between Mary and Christ on the Cross, 292-295, 309;
many of the hymns ascribed to him belong to his followers, 295;
specimens of these, 297-302;
his saying about Boniface VIII., 289. (_See_ Appendix iv. vol. iv.
for translations.)
Jenson, Nicholas,
joins John of Spires as printer at Venice, ii. 369
Jerome of Prague,
Poggio's description of him at the Council of Constance, ii. 231, 535
Jeronimo,
his preaching at Milan, i. 620
Jews,
expulsion of the,
from Spain, i. 400
Joachim (of Flora),
saying of his, i. 9, iii. 36
Joanna of Naples, i. 361, 574;
married to her nephew Ferdinand, 575 _note_ 1
John of Maintz,
early printer at Florence, ii. 369
John of Spires,
establishes himself as printer at Venice, ii. 369
John of Vicenza, preaching of, i. 490, 607-610
Jonson, Ben, his _Epicoene_ compared with Dolce's _Ragazzo_, v. 162
_note_ 1;
may have been partially indebted to Aretino's _Marescalco_ for its
humour, 178;
more successful in the fusion of ancient and modern elements than
the Italian comedies, 182
Jovius. (_See_ Giovio.)
Jubilee, the (of 1300), iv. 2;
visited by Dante and Villani, i. 253, ii. 144;
(of 1450), i. 377, 378, iv. 173
Julia, corpse of, said to have been discovered on the Appian Way, i.
22, ii. 31, 433
Julius II., i. 157;
character of him by Volaterranus, 389 _note_ 2;
his hostility to the Borgias, 406, 432;
his services to art, 433;
commences St. Peter's, 433, iii. 90, 398;
his policy, i. 434;
contrast of Julius and Leo, 438;
saying ascribed to him, ii. 17;
story of his wishing to be represented with a sword in his statue,
iii. 397;
his project for a mausoleum, 398;
his reconciliation with Michelangelo, 401;
his impatience with Michelangelo during the painting of the Sistine
Chapel, 407
Julius III., makes Aretino a Knight of S. Peter, v. 404
Justinian, his conquest of Italy, i. 47;
the Code of Justinian enthusiastically studied in medieval Italy, 62
Kydonios, Demetrios, ii. 109
Ladislaus, King, Filelfo's mission to him on his marriage, ii. 268
Laetus, Pomponius, i. 386;
his relation to the Sanseverini, ii. 33, 359;
his letter to his kindred, 359;
assimilated his life to that of the ancients, 360;
founds the Roman Academy, 361, 409, v. 272;
his apology for his life, ii. 362;
his funeral, 362;
his nobility of character, 523;
causes plays of Terence and Plautus to be represented in the
original by the Roman Academy, v. 138
La Magione, the Diet of (the conspiracy against Cesare Borgia), i. 351
Lambertazzi, Imelda, i. 74, 210 _note_ 2
Lampugnani, Giannandrea, one of the assassins of Galeazzo Maria
Sforza i. 166
Landi Family, the, at Bobbio, i. 150
Landini, Taddeo di Leonardo, architect at the representation of
Cecchi's _Elevation of the Cross_, iv. 325
Landino, Cristoforo, one of the circle gathered round Lorenzo de'
Medici, ii. 322;
his labours as Professor at Florence, 338;
his edition of Dante, 338, iv. 235;
the _Camaldolese Discussions_, 338-341, iv. 206, v. 451, 455;
his preference of Latin to Italian, iv. 236, 237
Landriani, Gherardo, discovers a MS. of Cicero at Lodi, ii. 140
Langue d'Oc, iv. 13, 14, 16
Langue d'Oil, iv. 13, 14, 16
Languschi Family, the, of Pavia, i. 145
_Laocoon_, discovery of the, ii. 415, 431;
description of it, by a Venetian ambassador, 435;
transcends the limits of ancient sculpture, iii. 18
Laonicenus, a Cretan, joint editor of a Greek Psalter, ii. 376
Lapaccini, Fra Giuliano, copies MSS. for Cosimo de' Medici, ii. 174
Lasca, Il, origin, of his _nom de plume_, v. 79;
depreciates Burchiello in comparison with Berni, iv. 261, v. 362
_note_ 1;
edits the poems of Berni, v. 361;
his collection of _Canti Carnascialeschi_, iv. 388, v. 79, 356
_note_ 1;
quoted in proof of their invention by Lorenzo de' Medici, iv. 388;
his _Cene_, v. 79, 80;
introduction to the work, 81;
its obscenity and cruelty, 80-82;
the better stories contained in it, 82;
the _Novella_ of _Zoroastro_, cited in illustration of Italian
witchcraft, 346 _note_ 1;
his criticism of contemporary comedy, 122, 124, 143 _note_ 1, 187;
his comedies, 181
Lascaris, John, his Greek Grammar the first Greek book printed in
Italy, ii. 375;
the edition of Vicenza, 376;
his edition of four plays of Euripides, 383 _note_ 1;
a member of the Aldine Academy, 386;
his visits to France, 386, 427;
invited by Leo to Rome, 427;
his epitaph on himself, 428
Lateran, Council of the (1513),
reasserts the Thomistic doctrine on the soul, v. 470
Latin,
the transformation of,
into the modern Romance languages, iv. 28-32;
reasons why the Italian scholars preferred Latin to Italian, ii. 447;
imperfection of their first attempts at Latin versification, 451,
482, 486;
Latinisation of names and phrases by scholars at the Renaissance,
397 (cp. 480 _note_ 2, iv. 120, v. 507)
Latini, Brunetto,
his _Tesoro_, originally written in French, iv. 16;
translated into Italian, 35, 130;
Dante studies under him, 70;
reputed author of many early popular Italian works, 129
_Laudesi_, the (Umbrian religious societies),
origin of the name iv. 283;
gave rise by their religious practices to the _Divozioni_ and the
_Sacre Rappresentazioni_, 307
_Laudi_, the,
popular hymns in Italian, originally produced by the Umbrian
religious societies, iv. 40, 283, 302, v. 519;
set to the tunes of popular songs, iv. 263, 305
Laura (daughter of Alexander VI.),
marries Nicolo della Rovere, i. 407 _note_ 1
Laurentian library,
its formation by Cosimo de' Medici, ii. 175;
its architectural features, iii. 87
Lazzari, Bramante. (_See_ Bramante.)
Legates, i. 35
Legnano, battle of, i. 42, 64, 95, iv. 6
Leo III.,
crowns Charles the Great as Emperor, i. 50
Leo IX., 59
Leo X.,
Machiavelli's _Discorso sul Reggimento di Firenze_ dedicated to
him, 197 _note_ 1, 203;
his management of Florence in the Medicean interest, 222, 277, 438;
said by Pitti to have wished to give a liberal government to
Florence, 288 _note_ 1;
makes Guicciardini governor of Reggio and Modena, 296;
confers the Dukedom of Urbino on his nephew, 322, 438, ii. 420;
his remark on the election of Alexander VI., 409;
on Lionardo da Vinci's love of experiment, iii. 323;
his saying, 'Let us enjoy the Papacy since God has given it us,'
i. 437, ii. 17, 412;
his policy, i. 98, 322;
his character, 435, ii. 401, 412;
his extravagance, 436-438;
contrast of Leo and Julius, 438;
his _imprimatur_ to the editors of Tacitus, ii. 40, 425;
Aldo Manuzio's edition of Plato dedicated to him, 379;
his patronage of scholars, 404, 415, 470;
reforms the Sapienza at Rome, 426;
his visit to Florence after his election, iv. 396;
representation of Rucellai's _Rosmunda_ before him at Florence, v. 129;
his sympathy for popular literature, 138 _note_ 1;
theatre built by him at Rome, 144, 147;
his love of plays, 146;
causes the _Calandra_ to be represented before Isabella of Mantua, 146;
Paolucci's account of Leo's behaviour at a representation of the
_Suppositi_, 147;
representations of the _Mandragola_ before Leo, 170, 325 _note_ 1;
his dislike of the monks, 170;
presides over the Lateran Council of 1513, 470;
his doubts upon the Thomistic doctrine of immortality, 471
Leo the Isaurian, i. 50
Leoniceno, Nicolao,
his 'De Morbo Gallico,' i. 567 _note_ 1;
his praise of Aldo Manuzio, ii. 391;
teacher in the High School of Ferrara, 427
Leonora of Aragon,
her reception by Pietro Riario at Rome, i. 390, iv. 315
Leopardi, Alessandro,
his statue of Colleoni at Venice, iii. 78 _note_ 1, 143
Lessing,
his criticism of Ariosto's Alcina, iv. 116, v. 19
Lezia, Virginia Maria,
her trial for witchcraft, v. 346 _note_ 1
Libraries,
formation of the great libraries, i. 21;
smallness of ancient, ii. 127;
first ideas of the formation of a public library, 166;
libraries founded by Cosmo de' Medici, 173-176. (_See_ also
Bessarion, Petrarch, &c.)
Ligorio, Piero,
his labours at S. Peter's, iii. 93
Linacre, a pupil of Poliziano and Chalcondylas, ii. 350, 387;
a member of the Aldine Academy, 387;
founds the Greek Chair at Oxford, 387, 391
_Lingua Aulica_, name given by Dante to the dialect adopted by the
Sicilian poets, iv. 6, 22
Lippi, Filippino, his _Triumph of S. Thomas_ in S. Maria sopra
Minerva, Rome, iii. 207;
story that he was the son of Filippo Lippi, 247;
powerfully influenced by revived classicism, 248
Lippi, Fra Filippo, his genius cramped by his enforced attention to
religious subjects, iii. 244;
his frescoes at Prato, 245, iv. 422, v. 54;
his frescoes at Spoleto, iii. 246;
his friendship with Lorenzo de' Medici, 247, 263
Livy, tomb of, at Padua, i. 462, ii. 30
Lodovico da Vezzano, his Tragedy of Jacopo Piccinino, v. 117 _note_ 1
Lomazzo, his _History of Painting_, iii. 322 _note_ 3;
emblems assigned by him to the great painters, 337, 488
Lombards, the, come into Italy, i. 48;
the laws of the Lombards, 49, 62;
effect of their rule, 48, 49;
the Lombard kings join the Catholic communion, 49;
their error in this, 49, 94;
the Pope brings in the Franks against the Lombards, 50, 51;
war of the Lombard cities with Frederic Barbarossa, 63, 64, 67, 68,
95, iv. 6;
little trace left by this war on Italian art, iii. 220
Lombardy, part played by, in the history of Italian art and
literature, ii. 506, iii. 482-490, v. 497
---- Lombard architecture, use of the term, iii. 43;
character of the style, 47 (cp. v. 504)
---- Lombard School of Painting, the, owed its origin to Lodovico
Sforza, i. 79;
Lombard masters after Lionardo da Vinci, iii. 183, 482-484;
piety of their art, 489;
richness of the Italian lake district in works of this school, 490
_note_ 1 (cp. iv. 338)
Longo, Alberigo, Lodovico Castelvetro accused of his murder, v. 286
Lorenzetti, Ambrogio, his frescoes in the Palazzo Pubblico, Siena, 210
Lorenzetti, Ambrogio and Pietro, scholars of Giotto, iii. 197, 226;
probably the painters of the frescoes in the Campo Santo, Pisa, 200;
free from the common pietism of the Sienese painters, 216, 218
Lori, his _Capitolo_ on Apples, v. 365
Lo Scalza, his statuary at Orvieto and elsewhere, iii. 56, 78 _note_ 1;
his statue of S. Sebastian at Orvieto, illustrating the pagan
motives introduced by the Renaissance into Christian art, 170
_note_ 1
Losco, Antonio, made Apostolic Secretary by Gregory XII., ii. 218;
his praises of Beccadelli's _Hermaphroditus_, 255
Lotto, Lorenzo, iii. 503
Louis d'Orleans, his marriage to Valentina Visconti, i. 143 _note_ 1, 154
Louis XI., of France, confers the _fleurs de lys_ on the Medici, iv. 405
Louis XII., of France:
Machiavelli's criticism of his policy in Italy, i. 339;
invited into Italy by Alexander VI., 349, 427, 584;
his alliance with Ferdinand the Catholic, 427;
marriage of his daughter Renee to Ercole d'Este, v. 297
Louis of Bavaria, i. 81, 133
Love, the ideal of, in chivalrous poetry, iv. 59;
reality of the feeling in the medieval poets, 64;
brought back by Petrarch to experience, 94;
its character in popular Italian poetry, 272, 419
Lucca, its political history, i. 194
---- the Duomo:
monument of Ilaria del Carretto, iii. 132, 165;
monuments, &c., by Civitale, 157
Lucca:
S. Frediano, Francia's _Assumption_, 303 _note_ 1
---- S. Martino, Pisano's bas-relief, 105
---- University, the:
receives a diploma from Charles IV., ii. 118
Lugano:
Church of the Angeli, Luini's frescoes, iii. 485-487 (cp. iv. 340)
Luigi da Porto, his _Novelle_, v. 60;
his version of the story of Romeo and Juliet, 71 _note_ 1
Luigini, Federigo, his _Libro della Bella Donna_, ii. 37, v. 85 _note_ 3
Luini, Bernardino, the scholar of Lionardo da Vinci, iii. 484;
idyllic religious beauty of his frescoes, 485-487;
their defects of composition, 487
Luna, his _Vocabolario di cinque mila vocaboli toschi_, v. 254 _note_ 1
Luther:
effect of his Reformation, i. 2, 26;
his visit to Rome, ii. 408;
the Lutheran leanings of Vittoria Colonna and her circle, v. 292;
Lutheran opinions expressed by the burlesque poets, 312, 315, 325;
association in Italy, at the Reformation, of Lutheran opinions and
immorality, 325
Luziano, architect of the Ducal palace at Urbino, iii. 162 _note_ 1
Macalo, battle of, i. 161
Macaulay, his essay on Machiavelli criticised, i. 320 _note_ 1;
quoted, 329
Maccaronic Poetry, its origin, v. 327
Machiavelli, the facts of his life, i. 232, 308, foll.;
his description of his country life, 314-317;
accused of complicity in the plot against Giulio de' Medici, 314,
ii. 366, v. 239;
his servility to the Medici, i. 317, v. 170, 370;
his Epigram on Piero, Soderini, i. 324, iii. 391 (translated i. 325);
his plan for a national militia, i. 311;
his cynicism, 278, 292, v. 160 _note_ 1, 168, 312, 385;
his analysis of character contrasted with that of Ariosto, v. 22
(cp. 432);
comparison of Machiavelli, Michelangelo, and Dante, i. 318, iii. 395;
of Machiavelli, Aretino, and Cellini, iii. 479;
of Machiavelli and Pomponazzi, v. 485;
Machiavelli and Savonarola contrasted, i. 368;
Varchi's character of him, 333;
his knowledge of the Greek classics scanty, 310, iv. 493;
indirectly indebted to Aristotle, i. 197 _note_ 1;
directly to Polybius, v. 434 _note_ 1;
chiefly used Livy, i. 250 _note_ 1;
plainness and directness of his style in contrast to the prevailing
love of rhetoric and form, v. 431;
division of his works into four classes, 433;
light thrown by his letters on the complications of his character, 433;
his aim partly practical, partly speculative, 435;
his opinion upon the place of religion in the State, i. 453, 454,
v. 437;
his contempt for Christianity, i. 453 _note_ 1 (cp. v. 520);
his analysis of the causes of the decay of Italy,
(1) the corruptions and ambition of the Papacy, 96, 382, 448-451,
v. 436, 438, 442;
(2) the Condottiere system, i. 160 _note_ 2, 311, v. 436;
(3) the want of a central power, i. 214, 321, 449, 450, v. 436;
difference between Machiavelli's views on the last point and those
of Guicciardini, i. 44 _note_ 1, 45 _note_ 1;
calls Italy 'the corruption of the world,' v. 493;
his conception of _patria_, v. 435, 436, 442, 446;
his analysis of democracy, i. 236;
has no idea of representative government, v. 438;
urges the training of the citizens to arms, 438, 439;
indifferent as to means if his political aims could be carried out,
439-441;
his use of the word _virtu_, i. 171, 337 _note_ 1, 345, 482, 484,
493, ii. 35, iii. 439, 479, v. 410, 416, 425, 440;
the ideal Prince or Saviour of Society, i. 98, 214, 321, v. 435,
439, 441;
weakness of the conception, v. 441;
Machiavelli's belief in the power of legislation, i. 202, v. 439,
442, 444;
his experience of the small Italian States prevented him from
forming an adequate conception of national action, v. 443;
shared with the Humanists the belief in the possibility of a
revival of the past, 444;
his severance of ethics and politics, 440, 441, 445;
his greatness based upon the scientific spirit in which he treated
his subjects, 445, 447, 519;
genuineness of his patriotism, 445;
the _Prince_, v. 519;
composed in his retirement, i. 317;
analysis of the work, 336-367;
criticised, 367-370;
theories on the object of the _Prince_, 326;
its real character, 334-336, v. 443;
Machiavelli's admiration of Cesare Borgia, i. 324, 326, 345-356,
v. 385;
Alexander VI. made an example of successful hypocrisy, i. 357;
observation that the temporal power of the Papacy was created by
Alexander, 413;
passage quoted on the courtesy shown by the Condottieri among
themselves, 162 _note_ 1;
Hegel's criticism of the _Prince_, 367;
the ethics of the _Prince_, 321-326, 482, 484, 494. ii. 37, 312,
iii. 479, v. 441;
the _Istorie Fiorentine_, i. 331, 332, v. 432;
written by desire of the Cardinal Giulio de' Medici, i. 331;
critique of Bruni and Poggio in the Proemium;
---- Machiavelli's own conception of history, 249;
remark on the divisions of Florence, 227;
passage on the growth of the Condottiere system, 245;
passage on Venetian policy, 215 _note_ 1;
the censure of the _Ordinanze della Giustizia_, 225, 244;
the policy of Cosimo and Lorenzo de' Medici, 229 _note_ 1, 231,
iv. 386;
the contention between Church and Empire, i. 82 _note_ 1;
the execution of Beatrice di Tenda, 152 _note_ 2;
visit of the Duke of Milan to Florence--its effect on Florentine
manners, 165;
negative testimony of Machiavelli to the natural death of Alexander
VI., 430;
the _Discorsi_, 328, v. 432, 519;
Machiavelli's debt to Polybius, v. 434 _note_ 1;
not really in discord with the _Principe_, 435;
passage quoted for Machiavelli's opinion that a city which had once
been under a tyrant will never become free, i. 84, 115;
on the policy of enfeebling a hostile prince by making him odious
to his subjects, 146;
treatment of tyrannicide in the _Discorsi_, 169;
censure of aristocracy, 186 _note_ 1;
cynical account of Gianpaolo Baglioni's omission to assassinate
Julius II., 324, 463;
the _Arte della Guerra_, 329, v. 432, 438, 439, 444;
the _Descrizione della Peste_, iii. 188, v. 433;
_Discorso sopra la Riforma dello stato di Firenze_, i. 328 _note_
1, v. 432, 439;
its Aristotelian air, i. 197 _note_ 1;
the _Vita di Castruccio Castracane_, 76 _note_ 1, 112, ii. 37, v. 432;
the _Belphegor_, v. 60, 433;
compared with Straparola's version of the story, 102;
criticism of Ariosto's comedies ascribed to Machiavelli, v. 156;
translation of the _Andria_, 157;
the comedies--doubtful authenticity of the _Commedia in Prosa_
and the _Commedia in Versi_, 157, 159 _note_ 1;
their plots, 157;
character of Fra Alberigo, 158 (cp. i. 460);
of Margherita, 159;
of Caterina and Amerigo, 160;
the _Clizia_, its plot, 161;
the characters, 162-164;
coarseness of the moral sentiment, 163;
sarcasm and irony of the comedy, 164;
the _Mandragola_, 111, 123, 165;
the plot, 165-168;
character of Fra Timoteo, 166 (cp. i. 460, v. 394);
state of society revealed by the play, 168-170;
mistake to suppose that the _Mandragola_ was written with a moral
purpose, 434;
its Prologue, as illustrating the character of Machiavelli, 170-172;
Machiavelli's comedies compared with those of Aretino and Bibbiena, 180
Maderno, Carlo, finishes S. Peter's in disregard of Michelangelo's
scheme, iii. 93
Maestro Ferrara, the, his poems in the _langue d'oc_, iv. 16
_Maggi_, the, a survival, in regard to form, of the old Sacred Drama,
iv. 311
Magiolini, Laura, Filelfo's third wife, ii. 280, 287
Maglioli, Sperando, traditionally said to have made the bust of
Mantegna in S. Andrea, Mantua, iii. 278
Mainus, Jason, his panegyric of Alexander VI., i. 408
Maitani, Lorenzo, the architect of the Duomo of Orvieto, iii. 117
Maius, Junianus, the tutor of Sannazzaro, v. 198
Majano, Benedetto da, builds the Strozzi Palace at Florence, iii. 76,
77, 161;
his work as a sculptor in Italian churches, 78 _note_ 1;
purity and delicacy of his work, 152;
pictorial character of his bas-reliefs, 161;
story of his journey to King Matthias Corvinus, 161 _note_ 1
Malaspina, the Marchese Alberto, his poems in the _langue d'oc_, iv. 16
Malatesti, the, how they rose to power, i. 111;
sell Cervia to Venice, 114;
members of this family become Condottieri, 161
Malatesta, Carlo, throws a statue of Virgil into the Mincio, ii. 433;
Galeazzo, sells Pesaro and Fossombrone, i. 114;
Novello, his library at Cesena, ii. 303;
Pandolfo, murders Vidovero, i. 113 _note_ 1;
Raimondo and Pandolfo, assassination of, 121;
Sigismondo Pandolfo, contradictions of his character, 173, ii. 303;
his crimes, i. 421 _note_ 1, 428 _note_ 1;
his removal of Pletho's remains to Rimini, 173, 461, ii. 34, 209;
his portrait by Piero della Francesca, iii. 235
Malespini Family, the, Chronicle of, i. 251;
its disputed authorship, 252 _note_ 1, iv. 36
Malespini, Celio, his _Ducento Novelle_, v. 60
Mallory, Sir Thomas, comparison of his _Mort d'Arthur_ with the
_Reali di Francia_, iv. 246
Malpaga, Castle of, the frescoes there attributed to Cariani, iii.
368 _note_ 1
Mancina, Faustina, the Roman courtesan, ii. 488, v. 225, 226
Manetti, Giannozzo, one of the circle in Santo Spirito, ii. 102, 188;
learns Greek from Chrysoloras and Traversari, 110, 189;
ruined by Cosimo de' Medici, 170, 191;
pronounces the funeral oration over Bruni, 185;
his industry in acquiring knowledge, 188;
his reputation for oratory, 190;
maintained by Nicholas V. after his exile, 192, 228;
greatness of his character, 192;
attempted to harmonise Christian and classical traditions, 332
Manfred, King of Sicily, his death at the battle of Benevento, iv.
21, 27, 48;
story of his wandering with music of evenings through Barletta,
415 _note_ 1
Manfredi di Boccaccio, sentiment of despair expressed in his poems,
iv. 165
Manfredi, the, of Faenza, i. 111, 353, 375, 428
---- Astorre (1), sells Faenza and Imola, i. 114;
Astorre (2), 292;
murdered by Caesar Borgia, 428 _note_ 1;
Galeotto, murdered by his wife, Francesca Bentivogli, 119 _note_
2, 428 _note_ 1;
Taddeo, one of Vittorino da Feltre's scholars, 177
Mangini della Motta, Giovanni, his poem on the downfall of Antonio
della Scala, v. 117 _note_ 1
Mansueti, Venetian painter, iii. 362
Mantegna, Andrea, founded no school of local artists, iii. 184;
owed his training to Squarcione, 270 _note_ 1;
his frescoes in the Eremitani, Padua, 270;
his inspiration derived from the antique, 272, 362, 382;
the _Triumph of Julius Caesar_, 273, 277;
tragic power of his compositions, 274;
the _Madonna of the Victory_, 275;
enters the service of the Gonzaga family at Mantua, 276;
his visit to Rome, 277;
his domestic circumstances, 277;
his monument in S. Andrea, Mantua, 278;
his treatment of the antique compared with that of Signorelli and
Botticelli, 291;
his art illustrated by the _Arcadia_ of Sannazzaro, v. 203
Mantegna, Francesco (son of Andrea), iii. 277
Mantovano, Battista, cited for the irreligiousness and pride of the
Humanists, ii. 518, 521
Mantovano, Francesco, his drama upon the history of General Lautrec,
iv. 358
Mantua: San Andrea (by Alberti), ii. 342, iii. 70 _note_ 1, 75;
Mantegna's monument, 278;
Palazzo del Te, decorations of, by Giulio Romano, ii. 440, iii. 83,
492, iv. 403, v. 229, 389
Manuscripts: the quest of manuscripts at the commencement of the
Renaissance, ii. 131-140
Manuzio, Aldo, i. 24, ii. 368, 373;
his panegyrics of Lucrezia Borgia, i. 422;
story of the appearance of his edition of Plato, ii. 16 (cp. 379);
his dedication of Aristotle quoted, 330 _note_ 2;
his birth and education, 373;
his Greek Press at Venice, 377, v. 497;
his assistants, ii. 378;
his industry, 378;
his generous spirit and love of his art, 380, 390;
original prices of his editions, 381;
list of first editions of Greek classics printed by him, 382;
his Latin and Italian publications, 383;
his Academy at Venice, 385, v. 272;
his marriage and death, ii. 388;
his successors, 389;
meaning of his motto, 389;
his modesty and nobility of character, 368, 390, 523;
greatness of his work, 391;
his prefaces, &c., cited for the sufferings of scholars, 542;
Aldo, the grandson, ii. 389;
Antonio, son of Aldo, 388;
Manutio, son of Aldo, 388;
Paolo, son of Aldo, 385, 388
Marcello, Cristoforo, tortured by the Spaniards during the Sack of
Rome, ii. 444
Marchesa, Cassandra, her relations to Sannazzaro, v. 199
Marco Polo, translation of his _Travels_ into Italian, iv. 35
Marcolini, Francesco, his account of Aretino's life at Venice, v. 398
_note_ 2, 400 _note_ 3
Marescotti, the, at Bologna, their history, i. 124, 427
Margaret of Castile (wife of Alfonso the Magnanimous);
her murder of Margaret de Hijar, i. 570
Margaret de Hijar, murder of her by Queen Margaret, i. 570
Mariconda, Antonio, his _Novelle_, v. 60
Marino, Giovanni Battista, the _Adone_, v. 244, 257;
his conceits referred to Aretino's mannerism, 417
Marliano, Bartolommeo, his Topography of Rome, ii. 428
Marlowe, his _Edward II._ quoted for the character of Italian plays,
v. 111
Marone, his losses in the Sack of Rome, ii. 444
Marrani, popular name of contempt for the Spaniards in Italy, i. 410, 553
Marsigli, Luigi, influence of, through the society founded by him in
S. Spirito, ii. 101-103, 189
Marston (the dramatist), his testimony to the profligacy of Venice,
i. 473;
his Prologue to _Antonio and Mellida_ quoted, v. 115, 521
Marsuppini, Carlo, a scholar of Giovanni da Ravenna, ii. 100;
learns Greek from Chrysoloras, 110;
his lectures at Florence, and public funeral there, 186 (cp. 530);
story of his being surpassed by Manetti in speaking before
Frederick III., 190;
made Papal Secretary by Eugenius IV., 220
Martelli, Lodovico, his Tragedy of _Tullia_, v. 135;
disputes the genuineness of Dante's _De Vulgari Eloquio_ against
Trissone, 306;
Niccolo, his correspondence with Aretino, 410 _note_ 1
Martin V., story of his irritation at the verses sung by the
Florentines beneath his window, iv. 258
Martini, Simone, reputed painter of frescoes in S. Maria Novella,
iii. 205 _note_ 1, 217;
not wholly free from the faults of the Sienese painters, 216, 218;
his fame during his lifetime, 216;
various works by him, 217;
mention of him by Petrarch, 217 _note_ 1
Masaccio, i. 170 _note_ 1;
the pupil of Masolino, iii. 229 _note_ 1;
the greatest of the early painters of the Renaissance, 229;
comparison of Masaccio and Giotto, 230;
his early death, 231;
comparison of Masaccio and Fra Angelico, 240
Masolino, the master of Masaccio, iii. 229 _note_ 1
Massimi, the, at Rome, their protection of Sweynheim and Pannartz,
ii. 368
Masuccio, quoted for the corruptions of the Roman Church, i. 458
_note_ 2, iv. 180, 181 (cp. v. 499);
for the Italian ideas of honour, 486 _note_ 2;
his style modelled on the Decameron, iv. 136, 178;
character of his language, 179;
comparison between Masuccio, Boccaccio, and Sacchetti, 179;
his aristocratic feeling, 179;
his earnestness, 180;
his art, 181;
superior in moral feeling to Boccaccio, 183;
alluded to by Pulci, 255 _note_ 1
Matarazzo, cited, i. 22, 158 _note_ 1, 225;
his account of Grifonetto Baglioni's massacre of his kinsmen, 123;
of the misgovernment of the Baglioni, 130;
cited for the spread of syphilis from Charles's army, 567 _note_ 1;
his testimony to the welcome of the French by the common people in
Italy, 583 _note_ 2;
on the comeliness of person of Astorre Baglioni, ii. 31;
great value of his work, iv. 177;
said to be identical with Francesco Maturanzio, 183 _note_ 3
Mattasala di Spinello dei Lambertini, his accounts of expenditure,
an early memorial of the Sienese dialect, iv. 35
Matteo, and Bonino, da Campione. (_See_ Campione, Matteo and Bonino.)
Matteo da Civitale. (_See_ Civitale, Matteo da.)
Matthaeus, Johannes, his verses upon the death of Navagero, ii. 488
Maturanzio, Francesco, said to be identical with Matarazzo, iv. 183
_note_ 3
Mauro, a member of the _Vignajuoli_ Academy at Rome, ii. 366, v. 357;
his _Capitoli_, v. 365
Maximilian I., the Emperor, i. 100, v. 301;
his relations with Charles VIII., i. 542;
betrothed to Bianca, niece of Lodovico Sforza, 544 _note_ 1;
joins the League of Venice against Charles, 576
Maximus, Pacificus, his Poems, ii. 519
Mazochi, Jacopo, his collection of Roman Inscriptions, ii. 429
Mazzocchi del Bondeno, Giovanni, the first publisher of the _Orlando
Furioso_, iv. 497
Mazzola, Francesco. (_See_ Parmigianino.)
Mazzoni, Guido (Il Modanino), his _Pieta_ in terra cotta in Monte
Oliveto, Naples, ii. 365, iii. 163
Medicean Library, its foundation, i. 21, ii. 174
Medici, the, i. 88;
their patronage of art, 80;
disputed question of its nature, iii. 263, iv. 39;
their tyranny partly produced by political exhaustion, i. 82;
supported by the people, 87, ii. 171, 316, 317, iv. 385;
their rise to power, i. 114, 228-231;
their expulsion, 222;
are restored, 223, 314;
their contest with the Albizzi, 227 _note_ 1, ii. 167, 170, iv. 176;
their policy, i. 228, 282, ii. 165, 167, 312, 317, iii. 264, iv. 385;
foundation of the Medicean interests in Rome, i. 404, ii. 315;
raised above common tyrants by their love of culture, ii. 33;
have the _fleurs de lys_ of France conferred on them by Louis XI.,
iv. 405
Medici, Alessandro de', Duke of Civita di Penna, i. 231;
murdered by his cousin Lorenzino, 170, 223, 277, 287, 468, ii. 317,
iii. 438, v. 118, 381 _note_ 1;
poisons his cousin Ippolito, i. 277, v. 358, 381 _note_ 1;
leaves Florence, i. 286, iii. 414;
accused by the Florentines before Charles V., 232, 280, 298;
protects Cellini from the consequences of a homicide, iii. 458;
the story that he had Berni poisoned, v. 358;
Averardo de', i. 212 _note_ 1;
Catherine de', her marriage to the Duke of Orleans, 287;
Clarice de', wife of Filippo Strozzi, 286;
Cosimo de' (the elder), his return to Florence, iv. 259;
his policy at Florence, i. 87, 102, 155, 212, 228, ii. 312, iii. 438;
Guicciardini's critique of his taxation, i. 305;
the impersonation of his age, 492, ii. 168, 170, iii. 228, 262, 325;
his regret that he had not built more, ii. 38, 172;
his patronage of letters, 165, 168, 173, 177, 225;
subtlety of his character, 169;
his cruelty, 170;
sums spent by him in building, 171, 172;
consults Pope Eugenius as to how he should make restitution for his
ill-gotten gains, 172;
builds the Library of S. Giorgio at Venice during his exile, 173;
his Libraries at Florence, i. 21, ii. 174-176, iii. 263;
his versatility of talent, ii. 176;
his political cynicism expressed by his sayings, 19, 177;
founds the Academy of Florence, 177, 207, v. 272;
his conversations with Gemistos, ii. 207;
rejects Brunelleschi's plans for the Casa Medici, iii. 76;
said to have instigated the poisoning of Il Burchiello, iv. 260;
Cosimo de' (first Grand Duke), i. 223, 229;
his elevation due to Guicciardini, 280, 300;
diverts the Florentines from commerce, 186 _note_ 1;
his petty, meddling character, iii. 476;
Ferrando de', his marriage to Cristina of Lorraine, iv. 325;
Giovanni de' (_see_ Leo X.);
Giovanni de' (delle Bande Nere), his friendship with Aretino, v. 390;
his death, 391;
Giuliano de' (the elder), assassination of, i. 168 _note_ 1,
396-398, iv. 401 _note_ 1, 406;
his love for Simonetta la Bella, iv. 374, 403, 420;
his Tournament, 403;
Giuliano de', Duke of Nemours, i. 184, ii. 314;
refuses the Duchy of Urbino, i. 438;
his Pageant of the Golden Age. iv. 396-398;
his tomb at San Lorenzo, i. 314, 319, iii. 415;
Cardinal Giulio de' (_see_ Clement VII.);
Cardinal Ippolito de', leaves Florence, i. 286, iii. 414;
founds a club for the study of Vitruvius at Rome, ii. 366;
said to have maintained three hundred poets, 405;
poisoned by his cousin Alessandro, i. 277, v. 358, 381 _note_ 1;
portraits of him by Titian and Pontormo, ii. 27;
the story that he had Berni poisoned, v. 358;
Lorenzino de', assassinates his cousin Alessandro, i. 170, 223,
277, 287, 468, iii. 438, v. 118, 381 _note_ 1;
his Apology, i. 468, v. 517;
murdered by Bibboni, i. 480 _note_ 3;
Cellini's character of him, iii. 463;
his comedy, the _Aridosio_, v. 182;
Lorenzo de' (brother of Cosimo the elder), patronises Marsuppini,
ii. 187;
Lorenzo de', the Magnificent, his suspicious temper, i. 119;
his appropriation of public moneys, 305;
Guicciardini's character of him, 308;
describes Rome to his son Giovanni as 'the sink of all vices,' 421
(cp. v. 190), v. 274;
attempt on his life, i. 397 _note_ 2;
balance of power created by him in Italy, 404 _note_ 2, 538, 544,
ii. 315, iv. 368;
his character the type of the Renaissance, i. 504, 505, 523, ii.
321, iv. 384;
recalls Savonarola to Florence, i. 521;
his dying interview with Savonarola, 523, iv. 384;
universality of his genius, ii. 10, 320;
transfers the High School of Florence to Pisa, 122;
his policy, ii. 315, iii. 264, iv. 369, 386;
without commercial talent, ii. 317;
the true view of his character, 318, iv. 39, 387;
literary society gathered round him, ii. 322;
his love of the vernacular literature, 393, iv. 3, 236, 370, v. 508;
has a monument erected to Filippo Lippi, iii. 247;
his character typically Florentine, iv. 371;
wins the prize of valour at a tournament in 1468, 405;
his taste for buffoonery, 430 _note_ 2;
Ariosto's character of him in the satires, 516;
character of his poems, 371, 372;
his _Lauds_, 302, 384;
his sacred drama, _S. Giovanni e Paolo_, 320, 324, 384;
his treatment of love, 373-375;
the Sonnet to Venus and that to the Evening Star translated, 373;
analytical character of his genius, 377;
the _Selve d'Amore_, 376-380;
passages translated, 376-380;
use of the _ottava rima_ in the _Selve_, 379;
the _Corinto_, 379;
passage translated, 380;
the _Ambra_, 380;
the _Nencia da Barberino_ and other rustic poems, 381, v. 223;
the _Beoni_, iv. 172, 382;
his _Canzoni a Ballo_, 385-388;
his _Canti Carnascialeschi_, 388-392 (cp. i. 461);
the Song of Bacchus and Ariadne translated, 390;
said to have originated this form of composition, 388, v. 355;
Lorenzo de' (nephew of Leo X.), made Duke of Urbino by Leo, i. 322,
438, ii. 420, iv. 396;
advised by Filippo Strozzi to make himself Duke of Florence, 286;
Machiavelli's _Prince_ dedicated to him, 319;
Maddalena de', married to Franceschetto, son of Innocent VIII., 404;
Piero de' (_Il Gottosa_), ii. 313;
Piero de' (the younger), i. 305;
his cowardly surrender of the Tuscan fortresses, 525, 559;
his relation to the Orsini, 543;
inclines to friendship with Naples, 543;
his weak and foolish character, i. 544;
driven out by the Florentines, 559, iii. 389
Melanchthon, the pupil of Reuchlin, ii. 208, 210
Melozzo da Forli, his picture of Sixtus IV. among his Cardinals, i.
384 _note_ 1, iii. 236 _note_ 1;
his picture of Frederick, Duke of Urbino, and his Court, ii. 304,
iii. 236 _note_ 1;
the pupil of Piero della Francesca, iii. 235
Melzi, Francesco, the scholar of Lionardo da Vinci, iii. 484
Memling, comparison of his works with those of the Venetian masters,
iii. 361
Memmi, Simone. (_See_ Martini, Simone.)
Merula, quoted for the justice of Azzo Visconti, i. 83 _note_ 1
Messina Cathedral, the, marble panellings in, iii. 79 _note_ 3;
Montorsoli's fountain, 177
Metres, the question why different nations have adopted different
metres, iv. 24;
the Italian hendecasyllabic, 24 _note_ 1 (_see_ Appendix i.);
the _ottava rima_ popularised by Boccaccio's _Teseide_, 118;
use of the _ottava rima_ by Lorenzo de' Medici and Poliziano, 379,
382, 403;
of the _terza rima_ in _Capitoli_ and Satires, 519;
vicissitudes of the _terza rima_ after Dante, 172;
employment of the _terza rima_ in the sixteenth century, v. 367;
originality of the Italian metrical systems, 510
Michelet, quoted, i. 10;
his formula of the Discovery of World and Man, 15 _note_ 1 (cp. v.
526);
his remark that the French alone understood Italy, criticised, 585;
his description of the building of Brunelleschi's Dome at Florence,
iii. 67
Michelotti, Biordo, murder of, i. 123, 148 _note_ 2
Michelozzo, his work as an architect, ii. 440;
builds the Riccardi Palace at Florence, iii. 76;
employed by Cosimo de' Medici, 263
Middle Ages, their ignorance, i. 6, 13, 20, 24;
the beauty of nature unappreciated in the middle ages, 13;
progress effected by the middle ages, 6, 7;
conception of life in, 10, 13, 14, iv. 289, v. 454, 455, 456;
memories of antiquity in the middle ages, ii. 52;
character of the middle ages illustrated from the Faust Legend, 53;
low state of scholarship in the middle ages, 58 foll.;
materialism and mysticism of the middle ages, iii. 9;
architecture the pre-eminent art of the middle ages, 10;
uncompromising Christianity of the middle ages, 26;
medieval prepossession with death, hell, and judgment, i. 13, iii.
198, 201, iv. 74, v. 454, 471;
medieval ideas of the claims of the Church illustrated by paintings
of the _Triumph of Thomas_, iii. 205-210;
medieval theories of government illustrated by Lorenzetti's
frescoes at Siena, 210-214;
allegory in the middle ages, iv. 74, 81;
the _fabliaux_ of the middle ages, 107;
satire in the middle ages, 108;
treatment of women by medieval authors, 212;
types of womanhood created by medieval authors, 352;
abandonment of scholasticism for the humanities, v. 450, 457;
medieval speculation never divorced from theology, 457
Milan, greatness of, under the rule of the Bishops, i. 53, 58, 59;
heads the league against Frederick, 64, 81;
becomes the centre of the Ghibelline party, 81;
hostility of Milan and Piacenza, 151, 162 _note_ 1, 212;
luxury of Milan, v. 68 _note_ 3;
corruption of the Milanese Court, i. 326, 548 _note_ 1, 554, v. 191;
early printers of Greek at Milan, ii. 375;
the wealth of Milan due to the Naviglio Grande, iii. 41;
share of Milan in the development of Italian literature, iv. 364
---- Duomo, the, built by the Visconti, i. 141, iii. 42;
German influence in its design, iii. 50;
its merits and defects, illustrating the character of Italian
Gothic, 57;
S. Eustorgio, chapel of S. Peter Martyr, terra-cotta work in, iii.
79, 151;
shrine, 123;
S. Gottardo, the tower, i. 133 _note_ 2, iii. 42;
S. Maurizio Maggiore, Luini's frescoes, iii. 485-487 (cp. v. 62)
Milan: Hospital, the, iii. 59, 77
Milton, his eulogy of the Italian Academies, ii. 367;
his indebtedness in _Lycidas_ to Renaissance Latin verse, 490 (cp.
497 _note_ 2);
compared with Michelangelo, iii. 388;
comparison of his epics with the _Italia Liberata_ of Trissino, v. 308;
his description (in the _Areopagitica_) of the decay of Italian
learning, 480;
his conception of the poet's vocation in opposition to Italian
ideas, 521
Minerbi, his Vocabulary of Boccaccio's Diction, v. 254 _note_ 1
Mino da Fiesole, his work as a sculptor in Italian churches, iii. 78
_note_ 1;
delicacy and purity of his work, 152 (cp. iv. 66);
his skill in character portraits, iii. 158
Minorite Friars, the, their denunciation of Beccadelli's
_Hermaphroditus_, ii. 256;
their attacks on Valla, 261, 263
Miracle plays, exhibition of, in the Trevisan Marches, iv. 15, 306;
rarity of, in medieval Italy, 306;
their place supplied by the _Divozioni_ and the _Sacre
Rappresentazioni_, 307
Mirandola, Alberto Pico della, murder of, ii. 423;
Galeazzo Pico della, (1) died under excommunication, i. 133 _note_ 1;
(2) murders his uncle, Giovanni Francesco, 119 _note_ 2, ii. 423;
Galeotto Pico della, ii. 422;
Giovanni Francesco Pico della, the biographer of Savonarola, i.
520, ii. 36, 423;
his description of the effect of Savonarola's preaching, i. 511;
his belief in Savonarola's gift of prophecy, 512 _note_ 1;
his account of the dying interview of Lorenzo de' Medici with
Savonarola, 523 _note_ 1;
influence of Savonarola upon him, ii. 423;
his address on the Reformation of the Church, 423;
his friendship with Northern scholars, 423;
murdered by his nephew, i. 119 _note_ 2, ii. 423;
Lodovico Pico della, ii. 422;
Pico della, on the expulsion of the Jews by Ferdinand, i. 401;
his attempt to fuse Christianity and ancient philosophy, 171, 456,
ii. 470, iii. 35, v. 452, 453;
the friend of Savonarola, i. 520;
his apology for the schoolmen, ii. 333, v. 450;
universality of his genius, ii. 10;
in common with the rest of his age did not comprehend Plato's
system, v. 452;
his 'Oration on the Dignity of Man' quoted, ii. 48;
his influence on Italian thought, 207;
value of his labours, v. 453;
one of the circle gathered round Lorenzo de' Medici, ii. 322, 329;
description of him by Poliziano, 329;
his portrait in the Uffizi Gallery, 330;
his devotion to learning, 330, 523;
his great memory, 331;
condemned for heresy on account of his 900 theses, 332;
his ideal of knowledge, 332;
studies the Cabbala, 334;
his attack on astrology, 335;
his contempt for mere style, 526;
his Latin correspondence, 532;
preferred Lorenzo de' Medici to Petrarch as a poet, iv. 236
Miscomini, Antonio, an early printer at Florence, ii. 369
Modena, verses sung by the soldiers on guard against the Huns there,
iv. 12 (cp. Appendix i.)
Molza, Francesco Maria, facts of his life, v. 225-228;
a member of the Roman Academy, ii. 361;
of the _Vignajuoli_, 366, v. 357;
patronized by Ippolito de' Medici, ii. 405;
sides with Caro in his quarrel with Castelvetro, v. 286;
his correspondence with Aretino, 410 _note_ 1;
his Latin poems, ii. 488-490, v. 228;
passage translated (in prose), 489;
his _Decamerone_, v. 60;
Molza as an Italian poet, 228-234;
the _Ninfa Tiberina_, 225, 229;
illustrated by contemporary art, 229;
Molza's use of the octave stanza, 230;
analysis of the poem, 230-234;
translations, 231, 232, 233;
the _Capitoli_, 284, 364
Molza, Tarquinia, granddaughter of the poet, v. 288
Monaldeschi, the Chronicler, quoted, i. 252
Monarchy: why Italy did not become a monarchy, i. 92-95
Montaigne, entertained by Veronica Franco at Venice in 1580, v. 288
Montalcino, his execution, v. 478
Montanini, the, at Siena, v. 99
Montano, the Bolognese scholar, i. 165
Montaperti, battle of, iii. 214
Monte Labbate, Conte di, his letter to Pompeo Pace, describing the
influence exercised by Aretino, v. 402 _note_ 2
Montefalco, Gozzoli's frescoes, iii. 242
Montefeltro, the House of, i. 110, 375;
members of this family become Condottieri, 161
---- Agnesina da, mother of Vittoria Colonna, v. 289;
Frederick da, Duke of Urbino, the suspicion of his legitimacy, i. 102;
his life and character, 174-181;
receives the Garter from Henry VII., 181;
his library, ii. 304;
the picture of him and his Court by Melozzo da Forli, 304, iii.
236 _note_ 1;
his portrait by Piero della Francesca, iii. 235;
Giovanna da, daughter of Frederick, Duke of Urbino, married to
Giovanni della Rovere, i. 182 _note_ 2, 393. ii. 419;
Guidobaldo da, Duke of Urbino, his character and accomplishments,
i. 181-182;
receives the Garter from Henry VII., ii. 420;
Bembo's Dialogue in praise of him, 412;
Oddo Antonio da, murder of, i. 121
Montemurlo, battle of, i. 287
Montesecco, Giambattista, his share in the Pazzi Conspiracy, i. 397, 398
Montferrat, the House of, i. 52, 57, 110, 146 _note_ 1
_Monti_, the, names for successive governments at Siena, i. 35, 207,
616, ii. 164, iii. 212 _note_ 1
Montorsoli, Gian Angelo, follower of Michelangelo, iii. 172;
his fountain at Messina, 177
Monza, battle of, i. 161
Morando, Benedetto, his quarrel with Valla, ii. 242
Morello, Il, iii. 503
Morena, Ottone, his Chronicle of Milan, i. 251
Morone, Giovanni, his friendship with Vittoria Colonna, v. 292
Morone, Girolamo, his intrigue with the Marquis of Pescara, v. 290
Moroni, Giovanni Battista, his genius in portrait-painting, iii. 503
(cp. v. 278)
Morosini, Paolo, his consolatory letter to Filelfo on the death of
his wife, ii. 287
Mosca, his statuary at Orvieto, iii. 56
Mucchio da Lucca, his Sonnet on Dante, iv. 162
Museum, Capitol, foundation of the, ii. 431;
Vatican, foundation of the, 431;
description of the sculptures there by a Venetian envoy, 434-436
Music: the development of music, iii. 36;
music the essentially modern art, 37;
difference between Italian and German music, v. 516
Mussato, Albertino, his _Eccerinis_, v. 117 _note_ 1;
cited for the traditional reverence of Livy at Padua, iv. 12
Mussi, his Milanese annals, i. 81
Musurus, Marcus, the assistant of Aldo Manuzio, ii. 378;
a member of the Aldine Academy, 386;
his knowledge of Latin, 386 _note_ 2;
made Bishop of Malvasia, 402;
lectures in Leo's Gymnasium at Rome, 427
Muzio, his Life of Duke Frederick of Urbino, quoted, i. 174
Muzio, Girolamo, his _Battaglie_, v. 271 _note_ 1
Nantiporto, quoted, i. 22
Naples, entry of the French into Naples, i. 566, 575, ii. 363;
history of the Neapolitan Kingdom under the Aragonese Dynasty, 567-574;
hostility of Naples to the Church, ii. 260, 265;
feudalism lasted longer in Naples than in other parts of Italy,
251, iv. 460, v. 499;
insecurity of life in Naples, i. 569;
Neapolitan manners described in the Poems of Pontano, v. 217;
beauty of Naples, 201;
traces of French influence on Neapolitan architecture, iii. 44;
character of Neapolitan culture, ii. 250, 265;
Neapolitan influence on literature, v. 213 foll.;
sensuousness of Neapolitan writers, ii. 251, 364, 468, iv. 26, 364,
v. 213, 499, 521
---- Monte Oliveto, Fra Giovanni's tarsia-work. iii. 78 _note_ 2;
Rosellino's altarpiece, 153;
Benedetto's _Annunciation_, 160;
Mazzoni's _Pieta_, ii. 365, iii. 163, v. 198
---- Academy, the, ii. 362, 364
---- University, the, founded by Frederick II., ii. 116;
its subsequent vicissitudes, 117
Neapolitan School of Painters, the, their brutality, iii. 25, 187
Nardi, Jacopo, cited, i. 226, 229 _note_ 2;
pleads for the Florentine exiles before Charles V., 232, 280;
his History of Florence, 278, 279;
on the democratic side, 290;
character and value of his work, 291, 292;
his account of Savonarola, 290, 292, 511 _note_ 1, 512 _note_ 1,
534 _note_ 1;
his account of Guicciardini, 299 _note_ 2;
cited for the murder of the Manfredi, 292, 428 _note_ 1;
acts as peacemaker in Cellini's quarrel with the Florentine exiles,
iii. 463;
aids in the composition of the Pageant of the Golden Age, iv. 397.
(_See_ Appendix ii., vol. i. for translation of a passage on the
government of Florence.)
Narses, brings the Lombards into Italy, i. 47
Navagero, Andrea, a member of the Aldine Academy, ii. 387;
his flattery of Julius II., 494;
his Venetian origin, illustrating the loss of intellectual
supremacy by Florence, 506;
his Latin poems, their beauty and grace, 453, 485-488;
translations (prose) 485-488
Naviglio Grande, construction of the, iii. 41
Nelli, Giustiniano, his _Novelle_, v. 60
Nepotism of the Popes, i. 113, 303, 372, 375, 388, 392, 413, 434
Neri and Bianchi factions, the, at Florence, i. 221, 225;
at Pistoja, 210 _note_ 2
Nerli, Filippo, his History of Florence, i. 278, 279;
took part in the political events of his time, 280;
belonged to the Medicean party, 290;
value of his work, 293;
his account of Machiavelli's Discourses in the Rucellai Gardens,
328, ii. 366;
cited for the downfall of Cesare Borgia's plans after the death of
his father, i. 431
Neroni, Diotisalvi, his conspiracy against Piero de' Medici, ii. 314
Niccolo da Correggio, his drama of _Cefalo_, iv. 357, v. 221;
acted before Duke Ercole at Ferrara, v. 139
Niccoli, Niccolo de', turns Piero de' Pazzi from a life of pleasure
to study, ii. 41;
one of the circle in Santo Spirito, 102;
helps to bring Chrysoloras to Florence, 109, 110;
cited for the practice of scholars making their own copies of MSS.,
131, 179;
generosity of Cosimo de' Medici to him, 173;
his bequest of MSS., 174, 178;
his zeal in collecting MSS., 178;
his judgment of style, 179;
his literary dictatorship at Florence, 180;
Vespasiano's account of him, 181;
his exacting temperament, 182, 275;
did not know Greek, 194 _note_ 1;
his kindness to Poggio, 230 _note_ 1;
his quarrel with Bruni, 243;
his contempt for Dante, iv. 436
Niccolo da Padova, quotes Turpin as his authority for his History of
Charlemagne, iv. 439 _note_ 1
Nicholas of Breslau, an early printer at Florence, ii. 369
Nicholas II., i. 60
Nicholas V., his catalogue of Niccolo Niccoli's MSS., ii. 174, 175, 225;
his humble birth, 222;
comes to Florence, 223;
acts as tutor in the households of Rinaldo degli Albizzi and Palla
degli Strozzi, 165, 223;
generosity of Cosimo de' Medici to him while Bishop of Bologna, 173;
his character, 244 (cp. 523);
his election to the Papacy, i. 371, ii. 173, 225;
his speech to Vespasiano after his election, ii. 226;
restores the Papal Court to Rome, i. 88;
his treaty with the great Italian States, 89;
description of his administration by Leo Alberti, 377;
receives Manetti after his exile, ii. 192, 228;
founds the Vatican Library, i. 21, ii. 227;
his policy, i. 377-380, ii. 227;
his project for rebuilding St. Peter's, i. 379, iii. 90;
why he did nothing for the Roman University, ii. 227;
translations executed by his command, 228, 402;
rewards Filelfo for his Satires, 236 (cp. 514);
employs Poggio against the Anti-Pope Felix, 237;
his toleration, as shown by his protection of Valla, 262;
his destruction of ancient monuments at Rome, 430;
his Will, i. 379
Nicholas of Treves, sends a MS. of Plautus to Rome, ii. 140
Nifo, Agostino, takes part in the controversy raised by the
publication of Pomponazzi's _De Immortalitate Animae_, v. 460
Niger, Hieronymus, cited for the wickedness of Rome, ii. 446
Nino (son of Andrea da Pontedera), sculptor of the _Madonna della
Rosa_ in the Spina Chapel, iii. 123
Nobility, Italian ideas of, i. 186 _note_ 1, iv. 125
Nobles, the, excluded from the government of Florence, i. 224, iv. 27, 51
Nocera, establishment of a Saracen colony there by Frederick II., i. 105
Nominalists, the, v. 466, 467
Norcia, one of the two chief centres of Italian witchcraft, v. 346
Normans, the Norman conquest of Southern Italy, i. 58, ii. 251
Novelists, the Italian, their testimony to the corruption of the
Roman Church, i. 458, 476, 486 _note_ 1, ii. 406, iv. 180, 181;
to Florentine immorality, iv. 337 _note_ 2;
importance of the _novella_ in the history of the Renaissance, 158;
the _novella_ especially suited to the Italian genius, 426, v. 52,
53, 106, 114-116;
manner in which women are treated by the novelists, iv. 212, v. 185;
versified novels of the _Quattro Cento_, iv. 249-255;
testimony of the novelists to the great intercourse between the
Italian provinces from 1200-1550, 271;
the _Novelle_ written for the amusement of the _bourgeoisie_, v. 52;
definition of the word _novella_, 54;
the _Novelle_ originally recitations, 55;
subjects and material of the _Novelle_, 55-57, 59;
their object was amusement, 56, 57;
their indelicacy, as illustrating contemporary manners, 58;
inequality of merit among them, 58;
reasons why the Elizabethan dramatists were attracted to them, 59, 117;
the Introductions of the _Novelle_, 61;
degree in which they are to be accepted as fiction, 81;
characteristics of the novelists of Siena, 96;
the scope and limitations of the _Novelle_, 107;
influence of the _Novelle_ upon the theatre, 161, 181, 187
_Novellino, Il_, or _Le Novelle Antiche_, the first collection of
Italian stories, iv. 107, 129
Novels, defect of the Italians in true novels of the modern type, v. 120
Ochino, Fra Bernardino, his friendship with Vittoria Colonna, v. 292
Odasio, the tutor of Guidobaldo, Duke of Urbino, i. 181
Odassi, Tifi, said to have been the inventor of Maccaronic verse, v.
329 _note_ 3;
quoted in illustration of its character, 328 _note_ 1;
the description of a bad painter, 330;
possibly the author of the anonymous poem on Vigonca, 331;
his use of the Maccaronic style, 336
Oddi, the, at Perugia, i. 225;
worsted by the Baglioni, 115, 123
Odo delle Colonne, shows in his _Lament_ traces of genuine Italian
feeling, iv. 26
Odoacer, i. 46
Oggiono, Marco d', the Scholar of Lionardo da Vinci, iii. 484
Ognibene da Lonigo, effect of his teaching at Vicenza, ii. 249
Olgiati, Girolamo, one of the assassins of Galeazzo Maria Sforza, i.
166, 466, v. 119
Oliverotto da Fermo, his murder of his uncle, i. 119 _note_ 2, 168
_note_ 1, 354;
takes part in the Diet of La Magione, 351;
murdered at Sinigaglia by Cesare Borgia, 351
_Onesta_, Italian ideas of, i. 485
Onesto, Bolognese poet, iv. 48
_Onore_, use of the word in Italian, i. 481, 485, iv. 180 _note_ 1
(_see_ Tasso);
illustrated by the life of Benvenuto Cellini, iii. 449
Orange, the Prince of, in command at the Siege of Florence, iii. 414;
wounded at the capture of Rome, 455;
his troops destroy Sannazzaro's villa at Naples, v. 199
Orcagna (Andrea Arcagnuolo di Cione), completes the Church of
Orsammichele, Florence, iii. 63, 124;
comprehensiveness of his genius, 124;
the tabernacle there, 125;
architect of the Loggia del Bigallo, 125;
influence of his master, Giotto, upon him, 125, 197;
his frescoes in the Strozzi Chapel, S. Maria Novella, 199;
beauty of his faces, 200 _note_ 1;
probably not the painter of the frescoes in the Campo Santo, Pisa, 200;
his sincerity, v. 195;
influenced by Dante, iii. 283 _note_ 2;
his Sonnet on Love, iv. 39 _note_ 1
Ordelaffi, the, of Forli, i. 111, 375;
their patronage of learning, ii. 302
_Ordinanze della Giustizia_, the, at Florence, i. 224, 238, 244
Orlandi, the Pisan orator, i. 343
Orlandini, Zuccagni, his estimation of the population of Florence, i. 209
Orleans, claim of the house of Orleans to Milan, i. 154 _note_ 1, 339
Orleans, Duke of, i. 577, 579, 581
Orpheus, fitness of his legend to express the Renaissance, iv. 410,
v. 450;
the _Orfeo_ (_see_ Poliziano)
Orsini, the, members of this family become Condottieri, i. 161;
their rise to power, 375;
contest between the Orsini and Cesare Borgia, 349-352;
destroyed by Alexander VI., 413;
devoted to Naples, 543;
related by marriage to the Medici, 543, ii. 314, 354;
---- Clarice, wife of Lorenzo de' Medici, i. 314, ii. 354;
Francesco, murdered at Sinigaglia by Cesare Borgia, 351, 353;
Paolo, murdered at Sinigaglia by Cesare Borgia, 351;
Cardinal, takes part in the Diet of La Magione, 351;
Virginio, 552;
buys Anguillara from Franceschetto Cibo, 545;
makes terms with Charles VIII., 564
_Ortolana_, the, an Academy at Piacenza: Domenichi and Doni members,
v. 88
Orvieto, Duomo, the, illustrates the defects of Italian Gothic, iii. 53;
contrasted with Northern cathedrals, 56;
Signorelli's frescoes, ii. 440, iii. 56, 280, 281, 282;
its facade, iii. 116;
importance of its sculptures in the history of Italian art, 117;
Fra Angelico's frescoes, 283 _note_ 1;
Perugino invited to work there, 296 _note_ 1, 299
Osnaga, Orsina, Filelfo's second wife, ii. 280
Otho I., i. 52;
assumes the title of King of Italy, 52, 53
_Ottimati_, name given to the party of the oligarchy at Florence, ii. 441
_Oziosi_, the, an Academy at Bologna, ii. 366
Pacchia, Girolamo del, the scholar of Sodoma, iii. 501
Padua, traditional reverence for Livy there, iv. 12
Padua, S. Antonio: Andrea Riccio's candelabrum, iii. 78 _note_ 1;
Donatello's bas-reliefs, 140, 270 _note_ 1;
Chapel of the Arena, iii. 190, iv. 298;
the Eremitani, Mantegna's frescoes, iii. 270;
Hall of the _Ragione_, 60, iv. 130
---- University, the, ii. 116;
pay of professors there, 122;
its state at the end of the fifteenth century, 506;
long continuance of scholasticism at Padua, v. 457;
different character of Padua from other Lombard universities, 460;
closing of the schools in 1509, 460
Padua, Chronicle of, cited for a description of the Flagellants, iv. 280
Paganism, mixture of Paganism and Christianity in the Renaissance,
i. 456 _note_ 1, 464, iii. 1, 33-35, 107.
(_See_ Renaissance.)
Pagello, Bartolommeo, his panegyric of Ognibeno da Lonigo, ii. 249
Painting, demands more independence in the artist than architecture,
ii. 7;
character of Greek painting, 8;
effect on Italian painting of the discoveries of ancient works of
art, 439;
painting the best gauge of Italian genius, iii. 5, iv. 116, 338,
v. 18, 20, 49, 515;
how painting instead of sculpture became the exponent of modern
feeling, iii. 8, 12-21, 31, 120;
the problem for Italian painting, 10-20, v. 515;
difficulties presented to the first painters, iii. 21;
first attempts in painting to make beauty an end in itself, 22, 32;
Italian painting in the first period devoted to setting forth the
Catholic mythology, 27, 185;
why painting has lost its earlier importance, 37;
the personality of the different Italian cities visible in
painting, 181;
contrast between the Florentine and Venetian painters, 182;
character of the Umbrian school, 182;
the so-called 'schools': how far the term is justified, 183;
general course taken by Italian painting, i. 17-20, iii. 185-187,
v. 506;
changes introduced by Giotto into painting, iii. 192;
character of the Sienese masters, 214;
characteristics of Italian painting from 1400-1470, 224 (cp. v. 204);
the _Quattro Cento_ a period of effort, iii. 227;
exaggerated study of perspective and anatomy by these painters, 232;
the painters of the Renaissance--how to be classified, 266-269;
influence of Dante on Italian painters, 283 _note_ 2;
the perfection of painting in Michelangelo, Lionardo da Vinci,
Raphael, and Correggio, 312;
over attention paid to the nude after Michelangelo, 397, 453;
the decline of painting, 481, 504
Palaeologus, Andrea, sells the title of Emperor of Constantinople to
Charles VIII., i. 576 _note_ 1;
John, attends the Council of Florence, ii. 196, 205;
takes Filelfo into his service, 268
Paleario, Aonio, ii. 394;
his Latin poem on the _Immortality of the Soul_, 497;
his execution, v. 478
Palermo: Norman, Arabic and Byzantine influence on Palermitan
architecture, iii. 44, 45
Palimpsests, ii. 129
Palladio, his judgment of Sansovino's Library of S. Mark, iii. 85;
character of his architectural work, 94, v. 505;
the Palazzo della Ragione at Vicenza, iii. 95;
Palladio's treatise on Architecture, 96 _note_ 1
Palladius, Blosius, ii. 409
Pallavicini, Battista, i. 177
Palma, iii. 371;
his _Venus_, illustrating his treatment of the antique, 291
Palmieri, Matteo, facts of his life, v. 549 (Appendix iii.);
pronounces the funeral oration over Marsuppini, ii. 187;
his _Chronicle_ quoted for a description of the Florentine
festivals, iv. 316;
author of the _Citta di Vita_, 188, v. 548;
history of the MS. of the work, v. 548;
origin of the poem, 549;
its doctrine on the Soul and Fallen Angels, iv. 171, v. 551;
the work brings him into suspicion of heresy, iv. 171;
the _Della Vita Civile_, v. 549;
influence of Xenophon on the work, 196 _note_ 1;
Mattia, continues Matteo Palmieri's _Chronicle_, 549
Panciatichi, Lorenzo, alludes to the ballad _L'Avvelenato_, iv. 276
Panciroli, his testimony to the kindness of Boiardo, iv. 458
Pandects, the MS. of the, taken by Florence from Pisa, i. 62, ii. 351
Pandolfini, Agnolo, his treatise _Del Governo della Famiglia_, i.
239-243, 481;
said to have been really written by Leo Battista Alberti, 239
_note_ 1, 273, ii. 37, iv. 192-203
Panicale, Perugino's fresco of S. Sebastian, iii. 295
Pannartz, the printer at Rome, ii. 368
Panvinius, cited for the murders committed by Alexander VI., i. 414
Paolo da Castro, his salary from the University of Padua, ii. 122
Paolucci, his account of the behaviour of Leo X. at a representation
of the _Suppositi_, v. 147
Papacy, the, 'the ghost of the Roman Empire,' i. 5;
rise of the Papal power, 7, 32;
its history cosmopolitan, 41, 60;
invites the Franks against the Lombards, 50;
compact of the Papacy with Charlemagne, 50, 94;
war between the Papacy and the Empire, 59, 60, 68, 97, 100, 374, iv. 6;
election of the Popes transferred from the Emperor to the
Cardinals, i. 60;
summons Charles of Anjou into Italy, 75;
calls in Charles of Valois, 76;
transference of the Papal Court to Avignon, 77, 80, 374, iv. 7;
restored to Rome, i. 88;
the Papacy prevented the unification of Italy, 93-95, ii. 2;
Machiavelli's criticism of the Papacy, i. 96, 382, 448-451, v. 436,
438, 442;
the only Italian power which survived all changes, i. 98;
connivance of the Popes at crime, 170;
paradoxical character of the Papacy during the Renaissance, 371-374,
401;
Guicciardini's observations on the Papacy, 451, 452;
universal testimony to its corruption, 446, 457, 460;
Italian ideas about the Pope, 418, 462-464, iii. 471;
worldliness of the Papacy at the Renaissance, ii. 263;
more tolerant of obscenity than of heterodoxy, 22;
corruption of the Papal Court under Leo X., 402, 406, 408, 516;
flattery of the Popes by the Latin poets of the Renaissance, 493-496;
the organisation of the Papacy due to Italian genius, iv. 7, v. 513
Papal Secretaries, their rise into importance owing to the influence
of rhetoric at the Renaissance, ii. 216
Paper, where first made in Italy, ii. 371
Paquara, reconciliation of the Lombard cities at, i. 108, 608
Parabosco, Girolamo, his _Diporti_, v. 60;
its Introduction, 62
Paravisini, Dionysius, the first printer of Greek in Italy, ii. 375
Parentucelli, Tommaso. (_See_ Nicholas V.)
Parhasius, Janus, a member of the Roman Academy, ii. 361;
professor in the Sapienza at Rome, 426
Parisio, Gianpaolo. (_See_ Parhasius, Janus.)
_Parlamenti_, name of the popular assemblies in Italian cities, i. 35, 57
---- the _Parlamento_ at Florence under the Medici, 229, 526
Parma, sold by Obizzo d'Este, i. 134;
pageant got up by the students at the election of Andrea di Sicilia
to a professorship, iv. 315
---- the Teatro Farnese (by Aleotti), v. 144
Parmigianino (Mazzola, Francesco), story of him at the Sack of Rome,
ii. 16;
the follower of Correggio, iii. 495
_Parte Guelfa_, in Italian cities, i. 35;
at Florence, 70 _note_ 1
Party strife, effects of, in Italy, i. 199, 206, 207, 584
Paruta, the Venetian historian, i. 233
Passavanti, Jacopo, his _Specchio della vera Penitenza_, iv. 131, v. 270
Paterini, the, an heretical sect, i. 9, iv. 109, 279
_Patria_, Machiavelli's use of the term, v. 435, 436
Patrician, title of dignity in Italian cities, i. 35
Patrini, Giuseppe, engraver of a portrait of Aretino, v. 423
Paul II., becomes Pope, i. 383;
his love of show, 383;
his services to art, 384, 384 _note_ 1;
his persecution of the Roman Platonists, 385, ii. 359, 362, 511;
claimed descent from the Ahenobarbi, ii. 31;
his destruction of ancient monuments at Rome, 430;
his death, i. 387
Paul III., i. 297, iii. 438;
his monument in St. Peter's, i. 417 _note_ 2, iii. 108;
a member of the Roman Academy, ii. 361;
advances Sadoleto, Bembo, and Aleander to the Cardinalate, ii. 402,
416, 424;
his patronage of scholars while Cardinal, 404, 498, 500, 504;
employs Michelangelo to paint the _Last Judgment_, iii. 422;
his character, 422, 438, 472, 473, _note_ 1
Pavia, becomes the capital of the Lombards, i. 48, 49
---- the Cathedral (by Rocchi), iii. 82;
shrine of S. Augustine, 123;
the Certosa, 42, 165;
the facade characteristic of the first period of Renaissance
architecture, 72
---- University, the, eclipsed by the School of Bologna, i. 62;
raised to eminence by Gian Galeazzo, 142, ii. 118;
staff of the University in 1400, ii. 120;
pay of professors there, 122
Pazzi, Alessandro de', his Discourse on the Florentine Constitution,
i. 197 _note_ 1, 203 _note_ 1;
Piero de', called to study by Niccolo de Niccoli, ii. 41
Pazzi Conspiracy, the, i. 168, 396, 398, 466, 505, ii. 287, iv. 443,
447, v. 118
_Pedantesco_, name given to a kind of pseudo-Maccaronic verse, v. 328;
specimen from Scrofa, 329
Pelacane, Biagio, master of Vittorino da Feltre in mathematics, ii. 289
Pelavicini, the, become feudatories of the See of Parma, i. 57 _note_ 1;
overthrown by the Visconti, 145
_Pellegrini_, the, an Academy at Venice, v. 90, 272
Penni, Francesco, the scholar of Raphael, iii. 490
Pepoli, Romeo, his rise to power at Bologna, i. 114, 116
Peregrinus, Bononiensis, an early printer at Venice, ii. 376
Perino, a Milanese, carved the tomb of Mastino II. della Scala, iii.
124 _note_ 1
Perino del Vaga, the scholar of Raphael, iii. 490
Perotti, Niccolo, a pupil of Vittorino da Feltre, i. 177;
author of the _Cornucopia_, 179;
translates Polybius, ii. 228;
takes part in the quarrel of Poggio and Valla, 240, 241;
Pirro, his preface to his uncle's _Cornucopia_, i. 179
Perotto, murder of, by Cesare Borgia, i. 426
Perrucci, Antonelli, execution of, by Ferdinand of Aragon, i. 571
_note_ 3
Perugia, seized by Gian Galeazzo, i. 148;
generally Guelf, 194;
excitable and emotional character of the people of Perugia, iii. 221;
peculiar position of Perugia in Italian art and literature, v. 498;
standards of the religious confraternities preserved at Perugia,
iv. 283 _note_ 1
---- S. Bernardino, its facade, iii. 79 _note_ 1, 150;
S. Domencio, monument of Benedict XI., 115;
S. Pietro de' Cassinensi, tarsia work, 78 _note_ 2;
Mino da Fiesole's altar in the Baglioni Chapel, 158 _note_ 1
---- the Sala del Cambio, tarsia work designed by Perugino, iii. 78
_note_ 2;
Perugino's frescoes, 210, 295, 296
---- High School, the, founded by Clement V., ii. 117
Perugino (Pietro Vannucci), i. 325, v. 498;
his arabesques at Perugia, ii. 440;
his designs for tarsia work there, in the Sala del Cambio, iii. 78
_note_ 2;
his frescoes in the Sala, 210, 295;
Michelangelo's criticism of him, 296, 298 _note_ 1, 300, 386 _note_ 2;
character of his genius, 294;
his artistic development impaired by his commercial character, 296,
298, 299;
the problem of his personal character, 297, 298 (cp. i. 170 _note_ 1);
competes for the decoration of the Stanze of the Vatican, 300;
his influence upon Italian art, 300, 303;
his adherence to the older manner of painting, 303, 365
Peruzzi, the, at Florence, i. 238;
their loan to Edward III., 257;
their bankruptcy, 258
Peruzzi, Baldassare, church built by him at Carpi, ii. 374;
architect of the Villa Farnesina at Rome, iii. 83, 84;
his work at S. Peter's, 91;
how far influenced by Sodoma in painting, 501;
employed as scene-painter at the representation of the _Calandra_
in the Vatican, v. 143, 146
Pescara, Marquis of. (_See_ D'Avalos, Ferrante Francesco.)
Peselli, the, Florentine painters, introduced new methods of
colouring, iii. 225
Petrarch, his love of antique culture, i. 11, ii. 13;
ignorant of Greek, i. 20, ii. 74, 75, 90;
his autobiographical tracts, ii. 36, iv. 91, 123;
present at the marriage of the Duke of Clarence, i. 138;
his remark on Florentine intelligence, 250;
his denunciations of Papal profligacy, 457;
his conception of self-culture, ii. 4;
belongs less than Dante to the middle ages, 13, iv. 91, 140, v. 2;
Dante and Petrarch compared, ii. 70, iv. 85-89, 90;
greatness of his services to culture, ii. 71, 86;
his love of Cicero and Virgil, 73, 76;
his liberal spirit, 75, 78, iv. 87 (cp. v. 504);
his judgments of poetry and oratory, ii. 76, 77, 450;
his vanity and inconsistency of conduct, 79-84;
depreciated Dante, 82;
his relations to Rienzi, 83, 147-149;
his philosophical creed, 84-86, v. 450;
despaired of getting Greek learning from Constantinople, ii. 92
_note_ 1, 142 _note_ 1;
his invective against the copyists, 129;
began the search for MSS. of the classics, 132 (cp. 530);
his study of the ruins of Rome, 149;
his description of Rome in desolation, 154;
conceives the idea of forming a public library, 166;
his friendship with Robert of Anjou, 252, iv. 120 _note_ 1;
his denunciation of the astrologers, ii. 75, 336;
Aldo Manusio's Italic types imitated from his handwriting, 381;
began the fashion of Ciceronian letter-writing, 530;
his description of death illustrated by frescoes in the Campo Santo,
Pisa, iii. 202;
his mention of Simone Martini and Giotto, 217 _note_ 1;
his account of the Sicilian poets, iv. 21;
attained the conception of Italy as a whole, 87;
crowned in the Capitol, 88;
his language free from dialect, 89;
his treatment of love, 89;
conflict in his mind between his love of Laura and his religious
feelings, 90;
the nature of his passion for Laura, 92-94;
brings the feeling of love back from mysticism to experience, 94,
v. 515;
his artistic treatment of his subject-matter, iv. 95;
had no strong objective faculty, 96;
his power of self-portraiture, 97;
the dialogue on the Destruction of Cesena, falsely attributed to
him, v. 117 _note_ 1
Petrarchistic School in Italian literature, Petrarchists of the
_trecento_, iv. 159;
the revival under Bembo and the purists, 165;
injurious effects of the imitation of Petrarch, v. 249-251, 273;
inattention shown by the Petrarchists to the calamities of Italy, 281
Petrucci, the, at Siena, supported by the people, i. 87
---- Antonio, invites Filelfo to Siena, ii. 276;
Cardinal, conspiracy of, i. 436;
his patronage of scholars at Rome, ii. 404;
Pandolfo, his rise to power at Siena, i. 114, 209;
his murder of Borghese, 121 _note_ 1
Philosophy, at the commencement of the Renaissance did not form a
separate branch of study, v. 458;
materialism in the Lombard Universities due to physical studies, 458
Philosophy, Italian:
Italian philosophy unduly neglected in the history of modern
thought, v. 448;
three stages of thought in the passage through Renaissance to
modern science, 448, 457;
disengagement of the reason from authority due to Italian thinkers,
448, 449, 485-487, 520;
Cicero and Seneca used as models by the humanistic ethicists, 451;
value of the labours of the Florentine Platonists, 452-454;
problems of life posed by ethical rhetoricians, 454-457;
Valla's _De Voluptate_, 455;
rapid growth of heterodox opinions on immortality during the
Renaissance, 470;
influence of Pomponazzi on Italian thought, 479, 520
Piacenza, destruction of, by the Milanese, i. 152, 162 _note_ 1, 212
---- University, the, established by Innocent IV., ii. 117
_Piagnoni_, name of the followers of Savonarola at Florence, i. 290,
529, ii. 355, iii. 252
Piccinino, Jacopo, murdered by Ferdinand of Aragon, i. 113 _note_ 1, 571
Piccinino, Nicolo, i. 161, ii. 264
Piccolomini, his _La Raffaella_ quoted for Italian ideas of honour in
women, i. 485 (cp. ii. 37)
Piccolomini, AEneas Sylvius. (_See_ Pius II.)
Pico. (_See_ Mirandola.)
Piero di Cosimo, his studies in natural history, iii. 226;
his eccentricity, 256;
his romantic treatment of classical mythology, 256;
his art as illustrating the poetry of Boiardo, iv. 463;
the _Triumph of Death_ designed by him, 393-395, v. 114
Piero della Francesca, his fresco of the _Resurrection_ at Borgo San
Sepolcro, iii. 234;
his _Dream of Constantine_ at Arezzo, 235;
his portraits of Sigismondo Pandolfo Malatesta and Frederick of
Urbino, 235, 275 _note_ 1
Piero da Noceto, private secretary of Nicholas V., ii. 229
Piero delle Vigne, his _Perocche Amore_ an early instance of a sonnet,
iv. 25
Pilatus, Leontius, Boccaccio's Greek master, ii. 91
Pinturicchio, Bernardo, i. 325, 384 _note_ 1;
competes for the decoration of the Stanze of the Vatican, iii. 300;
his frescoes in the Cathedral Library at Siena, 302;
his affectation, 302, 364 _note_ 1
Pio [Pia], Alberto, the patron of Aldo Manuzio, ii. 374;
a member of the Aldine Academy, 387;
ambassador from France at Rome, 405;
Alda, mother of Veronica Gambara, v. 288;
Lionello, ii. 374
Pippin, named Patrician of Rome, i. 50
Pirkheimer, Willibad, the friend of Gian Francesco Pico, ii. 423
Pisa, not eminent for literary talent, i. 79;
sale of, to Gian Galeazzo, 148;
its cruel treatment by Florence, 212, 237, 342, 560, ii. 165;
popular outbreak at the entry of Charles VIII., 343, 561
---- Campo Santo, the, story of the sarcophagus there, which
influenced the genius of Niccola Pisano, iii. 106;
built by Giovanni Pisano, 110;
the frescoes, 200-204, 209, 219, 242 (cp. iv. 261 _note_ 2);
S. Caterina, Traini's _Triumph of S. Thomas_, iii. 207;
Simone Martini's altarpiece, 217 _note_ 2;
the Cathedral, iii. 49;
S. Francesco, Taddeo di Bartolo's _Visit of the Apostles to the
Virgin_, 218;
S. Maria della Spina (Spina Chapel), rebuilt by Giovanni Pisano, 110
---- University, the, ii. 117, v. 497;
transfer of the High School from Florence thither, ii. 122
Pisanello, medal struck by him in honour of Vittorino da Feltre, i. 178
Pisani, the (Giovanni and Niccola), their bas-reliefs at Orvieto,
iii. 56;
Vasari's statement that they aided in the facade of Orvieto
discussed, 116
---- Giovanni, contrast of his work with that of his father, Niccola,
iii. 110, 177;
his architectural labours, 110;
his pulpit in S. Andrea, Pistoja, 111-114;
his allegorical figure of Pisa, 114;
his tomb of Benedict XI. in S. Domenico, Perugia, 115;
Niccola, individuality of his genius, ii. 5;
his influence on sculpture, iii. 101, 177;
the legend of his life, how far trustworthy, 102;
his first work as a sculptor, the _Deposition from the Cross_, 104;
story of his genius having been aroused by the study of a
sarcophagus in the Campo Santo, 106;
the sculptures of the Pisan pulpit, 107, 109 (_see_ also Appendix
i.);
degree in which he was indebted to ancient art, 108, 110, v. 506;
contrast of his work with that of his son, Giovanni, iii. 110, 177
---- Ugolino, his Latin play, _Philogenia_ v. 110
Pistoja, contrast of its history with that of Lucca, i. 194
---- S. Andrea, Giovanni Pisano's pulpit, iii. 111-114;
the Duomo, Cino da Pistoja's monument, iv. 66 _note_ 1;
Church of the Umilta (by Vitoni), iii. 83
---- Ospedale del Ceppo, the, its frieze, by the Robbian School,
iii. 150 _note_ 1
Pitigliano, Count, general of Alfonso II. of Naples, i. 552
Pitti, Jacopo, his history of Florence, i. 278, 279;
his democratic spirit, 280, 288, 299 _note_ 2;
his panegyric of Piero Soderini, 289, iii. 391;
ascribes the downfall of Florence to the _Ottimati_, i. 288;
his style, 291;
his account of Guicciardini, 299, 299 _note_ 1 (cp. iv. 515);
on the preaching of Frate Francesco, i. 621;
the Life of Giacomini cited for Giacomini's share in Machiavelli's
plan for a militia, 313 _note_ 1
---- Luca, his conspiracy against Piero de' Medici, ii. 314
Pius II., in the service of the Emperor before his election, ii. 190;
his reputation as an orator, 191;
his Latin correspondence, 532;
his letter to his nephew, 42 _note_ 1;
contrast between his life before and after his election to the
Papacy, i. 380, ii. 358;
his saying on the celibacy of the clergy, i. 459;
his canonisations and love of reliques, 461;
pardons the people of Arpino as fellow-citizens of Cicero, ii. 30;
his epigram on the ruins of Rome, 151;
endeavours to protect the Roman monuments, 429;
founds the College of Abbreviators, 358;
his saying upon Tommaso Parentucelli (Nicholas V.), 224;
his Commentaries cited for his conversations with Frederick Duke
of Urbino, i. 178 _note_ 2;
for Gian Galeazzo's saying on Salutato, ii. 105 _note_ 1;
his testimony in another work to Beccadelli's reputation as a
stylist, 257 _note_ 1
Pius III., i. 433
Pius VI., his destruction of the Chapel in the Vatican painted by
Mantegna, iii. 277
Plagiarism, commonness of, in the fifteenth century, iv. 194 _note_ 1
Platina, his account of Paul II.'s persecution of the Humanists, i.
384 _note_ 1, 386, 387, ii. 36, 511;
a member of the Roman Academy, ii. 361
Plato, Aldine edition of, ii. 16, 379;
impulse given by Gemistos to Platonic studies, 207;
quarrel of the Platonists and the Aristotelians, 208, 244, 247,
394, v. 454;
the study of Plato prepared the way for rationalism, ii. 209, 325,
iv. 447;
influence of Plato at the Renaissance, ii. 323;
Plato not fully comprehended by the thinkers of the Renaissance,
327, v. 452;
celebrations of his birthday by the Florentine Academy, ii. 328;
the Florentine Platonists, iv. 452.
(_See_ also Ficino and Pico Mirandola.)
Plautus, influence of, on the Italian playwrights, v. 122, 136, 148,
161, 181;
representations of Plautus in the original at Rome, 138, 145;
at Ferrara, iv. 499, v. 139-142, 145;
early translations of Plautus, forming the beginnings of Italian
comedy, v. 140
Plethon, Gemistos, settles at Mistra, ii. 199;
his dream of a neo-pagan religion, 200;
his system of philosophy, 201-204;
attends the Council of Florence, 205;
his reception by the Florentines, 206;
impulse given by him to Platonic studies in Italy, 207, 328, v. 452;
his treatises on Fate, and on the differences between Plato and
Aristotle, ii. 208;
his controversy with Gennadios, 209;
his remains brought from Greece by Sigismondo Pandolfo Malatesta,
i. 173, 461, ii. 34, 209
Plutarch, effect of the study of Plutarch in Italy, i. 165 _note_ 2, 464;
Life of Cleomenes quoted, 235 _note_ 2
Podesta, the place and function of this magistrate, i. 35, 71, 84;
meaning of the word, 67;
sometimes became tyrants, 112
Poetry, opposition of the medieval Church to, iv. 81