the members of the Church in the name of Christ to regard our Jewish
brethren according to the standards of Christian ethics."
558 The New York Times, Dec. 13, 1940.
page 259
559 Federal Council Bulletin, October, 1941, p. 6.
page 260
560 Freudenberg, op. cit., p. 53.
561 Federal Council Bulletin, Febr. 1942, p. 7.
page 261
562 Dr. Riegner's letter to Dr. Visser 't Hooft, April 14, 1965 (Archives of
the World Council of Churches, Geneva).
563 Federal Council Bulletin, January, 1943. The italics are mine.
page 262
564 The New York Times, Jan. 1, 1943.
565 Federal Council Bulletin, February, 1943.
page 263
566 "Unity in Dispersion", a History of the World Jewish Congress (New York,
1948), pp. 162-163. The Archbishop of Canterbury described, in his message
to the meeting, the Nazi extermination of the Jews as "the most appalling
horror in recorded history" (Morse, op. cit., p. 47).
page 264
567 The New York Times, March I7, 1943. Cf. Federal Council Bulletin, April,
1943, p. 15.
568 See above, on p. 247.
569 See pp. 276-277.
570 See above, on p. 250.
page 265
571 The New York Times, May 2, 1943. Also see the article "Day of Compassion
Praised by Rabbis" (ibid., May 2 , 1943).
572 The New York Times, Oct. 21, 1943.
page 266
573 New York Herald Tribune, Nov. 3, 1943.
page 267
574 The New York Times, Dec. 12, 1943.
575 Ibid., Jan. 16, 1944.
576 New York Herald Tribune, Oct. 14, 1944.
page 268
577 Cf. Alfred Klausner in the monthly "American Lutheran", Febr. 1965, p. 16:
...In the course of research through almost all Lutheran publications in the
thirties and forties I have found no direct condemnation of the persecution
of the Jews in Germany. . ."
578 In: "American Lutheran", Nov. 1964, pp. 13.
579 Charles Y. Glock and Rodney Stark, Christian Beliefs and Anti-Semitism
(New York, 1966), passim.
page 269
580 See above, p.84.
581 See pp. 274-277
page 270
582 Cf. W.A. Visser 't Hoofd, in: Ruth Rouse and Stephen Charles Neill
(Ed.), A History of the Ecumenical Movement 1517- 1948 (London, 1954),
p. 710 ff.
page 271
583 Archives of the World Council of Churches, Geneva. The original is in
German.
page 272
584 Ibid.; the original is in French.
page 273
585 Ibid.; the original is in French. Dr. Visser 't Hooft believes that no
written reply was received from the International Red Cross, but he had
several discussions with Dr. Burckhardt in which the latter told him what
the Red Cross had tried to do unofficially (Communication to me from
Dr. Visser 't Hooft).
586 Communication to me from Dr. Visser 't Hooft.
For the contacts with the "Kreisau Circle". see: G.van Roon, Neuordnung im
Widerstand (Munich, 1967), pp. 142, 146, 190, 247, 302, 308-309, 312,
330-332. For the contacts with Dietrich Bonhoeffer, see: Eberhard Bethge,
Dietrich Bonhoeffer (Munich, 1965), pp. 243, 291, 726, 728, 818-819, 824-
835, 848-850, 859, 861, 867, and 1004.
587 Dr. Riegner's letter to Dr. Visser 't Hooft, dated April 14, 1965
(Archives of the World Council of Churches, Geneva).
page 274
588 Dr. Riegner's letter to me, dated Nov. 6, 1967.
589 Dr. Riegner to Dr. Visser 't Hooft, April 14, 1965.
Cf. Arthur D. Morse, While Six Million Died (London, 1968), pp. 3-22.
page 275
590 Archives WCC, Geneva. Marginal note: "Date? Probably March, 1943".
591 Archives WCC, Geneva.
The contents of the telegram sent by Dr. Riegner to Mr. Silverman were as
follows: "Most anxious about destiny Hungarian Jewry the only important
section European Jewry still in existence because of recent political
developments stop suggesting world wide appeal of Anglo-Saxon personalities
non-Jewish and Jewish including chiefs of Protestant Catholic Churches
to Hungarian people warning them not to admit application of policy of
extermination of Jews by German butchers or Hungarian quislings and to
help Jews by all possible means in order to prevent their falling into
hands of Germans stop warning should insist upon fact that attitude
Hungarian people towards Jews will be one of the most important tests
of behaviour which Allied Nations will remember in peace settlement after
war stop similar broadcasts should be made every night in Hungarian
language during the next weeks. Geneva, March 21, 1944." (Archives wcc,
Geneva).
page 276
592 For the results - or rather: the lack of results - of the Bermuda
Conference, see above, p. 250.
page 277
593 Archives WCC, Geneva.
page 278
594 Cf. "Conversation entre le Dr. Visser 't Hooft, le Dr. Freudenberg et
le Dr. Barot, concernant les activitCs Cimade-wcc pendant la guerre"
(Geneva, December 14, 1965; mimeographed; in French).
595 Dr. Hans Fraenkel, Die Kirche im Krieg (unpublished manuscript; archives
WCC, Geneva), p. 186.
596 Dr. Visser 't Hooft in "Conversation..." (see above, note 1).
page 279
597 Report on Ecumenical Refugee Work since 1939 (Archives WCC, Geneva),
p. 2. Cf. above, on p. 150.
598 OEKUMENISCHER AUSSCHUSS FUR FLUCHTLINGSHILFE, Jahresbericht 1942
(Archives WCC, Geneva), p. 5.
599 Cf. Herbert Ford, Flee the Captor (The Story of the Dutch-Paris
Underground and its compassionate leader John Henry Weidner), Nashville,
1966. For the part played by Dr. Visser 't Hooft, see: pp. 79, 85, 95, 97,
199-201, 208, 225 , 227, 277, 279, 340 and 349.
page 280
600 "Rapport van de Commissie van Onderzoek inzake het verstrekken van
pakketten door het Rode Kruis en andere instanties aan Nederlandse
politieke gevangenen in het buitenland gedurende de bezettingstijd
alsmede inzake het evacueren van Nederlandse gevangenen kort voor en
na het einde van de oorlog" (Den Haag, 1947; in Dutch), p. 111.
601 Ibid., p.112.
602 Ibid., p.114-115.
page 281
603 I.C.P.I.S. (Intern. Christian Press and Information Service), Geneva,
No. 26, June 1944.. The statement was also published in "Jewish News",
London, July 18, 1944, p. 224; and in "Basler Nachrichten", June 29, 1944.
page 282
604 Cf. Karl Stadler, Das einsame Gewissen (Vienna, 1966; in german),
pp. 262-263. See for the persecutions in Austria: Herbert Rosenkranz,
"The Anschluss and the Tragedy of Austrian Jewry 1938-1945"; (in:
Josef Fraenkel (Ed.), The Jews of Austria (London, 1967), pp. 479-546.
605 Reformiertes Kirchenblatt fur Osterreich, March, 1966, p. 4.
page 283
606 Cf. Betty Garfinkels, Les Belges face a la persecution raciale 1940-1944
(Bruxelles, 1965; in French), pp. 74-75, 100. Also see: Fernand Barth,
Presence de l'Eglise (La Belgique sous l'occupation), Geneva, pp. 82, 89.
page 284
607 Cf. the "Jewish Telegraphic Agency" (Zurich, July I, 1942): "A systematic
campaign against the Christian Churches, attacking them for their attitude
towards the Jews, has been launched in the Czech Protectorate by the
'Aryan Society', according to the Prague newspaper 'Ceske Slovo'.
It is serious, the paper declares, that the clergy of all churches mostly
keeps silent about the Jews. The reason why the greater part of the clergy
are not opposed to the Jews is that there exist personal and dogmatic
ritual relations between the Church and Jewry. The Christian faith, the
paper demands, must be purged of its Jewish ingredients. Baptisms of Jews
must be declared invalid and the Old Testament must be purged of everything
smuggled into it by Rabbi interpreters."
608 Archives of the World Council of Churches, Geneva. The statement was
dated Dec. 7, 1945.
page 285
609 Tenenbaum, op. cit., p. 339.
610 The "Polish-Catholic Church" does not accept the authority of Rome;
it is a member of the World Council of Churches.
page 286
611 Cf. Philips Friedman, Ukranian-Jewish Relations during the Nazi Occupation
(in: Yivo Annual of Jewish Social Science, New York, 1958/1959, Vol. XII,
pp. 290-294); also see: Philips Friedman, Their Brothers keepers,
pp.133-136.
612 Robinson, op. cit., p. 292.
613 The Rev. Esko Rintala, Secretary of the Archbishop of Finland, in his letter
to me dated Febr. 21, 1966.
614 Some literature: Giovanni Miegge, L'Eglise sous le joug fasciste (Geneva,
1946; in French). Einaudi (Ed.), Lettere do condanati a morte della
Resistenza Italiana (Torino, 1952; in Italian); Prearo, Terra Ribelle
(Torino, 1948; in Italian); Borgna, La Resistenza nel Pinerolese (Pinerolo,
1965; in Italian).
page 287
615 Friedman mentions that, according to Jewish survivors, Ukrainian priests
both rescued and helped Jews. Ukrainian Baptists in Volhynia helped the
Jews and in part also concealed them. Cf. Philip Friedman, Ukrainian-
Jewish Relations During the Nazi Occupation (in: Yivo Annual of Jewish
Social Science, Vol. XII, p. 294).
page 289
616 W.A. Visser 't Hooft, The Ecumenical Movement and the Racial
Problem, p. 40.
617 Ethics of the Fathers, 11, 5.
618 Leuner, op. cit., p. 16.
Footnotes Appendix I
--------------------
page 292
619 "The Relationship of the Church to the Jewish People" (Geneva, 1964;
mimeographed); pp. 48-52; Cf. Heydenrich, op. cit., pp. 248-254.
620 Heydenreich, op. cit., pp. 256-257. Cf. the comment of Rev. Niemoeller
(Ibid., pp. 257-258).
page 293
621 Frank-Wilkens, Ordnungen und Kundgebungen der Vereinigten Evangelisch-
Lutherischen Kirche Deutschlands (Berlin/Hamburg, 1966; second
imprint), p. 203.
622 Heydenreich, op. cit., pp. 261-262. Prof. D. Gollwitzer criticized
this statement as being far too weak (ibid., pp. 262-264).
623 Heydenreich, op. cit., pp. 264-265.
page 294
624 "The Relationship of the Church to the Jewish People", pp. 73-76. Also
see: "Wiener Library Bulletin", xv, 1961, No. 3, p. 45.
page 295
625 "Wiener Library Bulletin", XVII, 1963, No. 3, p. 39.
626 "The Relationship of the Church to the Jewish People", pp. 78- 79.
page 296
627 Quarterly Newsletter from the World Council of Churches' Committee on
the Church and the Jewish People, March 1967, p. 17.
628 The Interpreter (published by the London Diocesan Council for Christian-
Jewish Understanding), August, 1964, p. 2.
page 297
629 "Reports to the General Assembly", 1945, p. 389.
630 "Reports", 1947, p. 448.
631 "Reports", 1953, p. 463.
632 "Reports", 1957, p. 528.
633 "Reports", 1962, p. 544.
page 298
634 "The Relationship of the Church to the Jewish People," p. 87.
page 299
635 W.A. Visser 't Hooft (Ed.), The First Assembly of the World Council of
Churches (London, 1949), pp. 160-166.
636 W.A. Visser ?t Hooft (Ed.), The Third Assembly of the World Council of
Churches (Second Impression; London, 1962), p. 148. Cf. the interesting
discussion which preceded the adoption of the resolution (pp. 148-150).
page 300
637 "The Relationship of the Church to the Jewish People", pp. 83-84.
The total membership of the Churches affiliated to the Lutheran World
Federation is 52,762,379.
page 301
638 "Reports and Recommendations of the International Conference of
Christians and Jews, Seelisberg, 1947" (Published by the Intern.
Council of Christians and Jews), pp. 14-16.
In February, 1961, the "International Consultative Committee of
Organisations for Christian-Jewish Co-operation" was established.
For the history of the "International Council of Christians and Jews"
see Rev. W.W. Simpson, Co-operation between Christians and Jews, Its
Possibilities and Limitations; in: Gote Hedenquist (Ed.), The Church
and the Jewish People (London, 1954), pp. 117-142.
page 302
639 The following publications were consulted:
"The World Alliance of Reformed Churches" (Published by The World
Presbyterian Alliance, Geneva, 1964); "Lutheran Directory", Supplement
1966 (Published by the Lutheran World Federation, Geneva);
J. Grundler, Lexikon der Christlichen Kirchen und Sekten (Vienna, 1961;
in German), Vol. 11;
Guy Mayfield, The Church of England (Oxford, 1958);
Stephen Neill, Anglicanism (London, 1958);
Timothy Ware, The Orthodox Church (Pelican Books, 1963);
J. Meyendorff, The Orthodox Church (London, 1962);
Ruth Rouse and Stephen Charles Neill (Ed.), A History of the Ecumenical
Movement 1517-1948 (London, 1954);
Figures about the Churches in the United States were received from the
Department of Information of the National Council of Churches of Christ
in the U.S.A.
***** End of footnotes ******
GJS, dec 2004
INFORMATION ABOUT THE AUTHOR:
John Martinus Snoek born 1920, studied theology at the Free
University in Amsterdam 1949-1953.
Worked and lived with his family 11 years in Israel, (1958-1969)
where he served for the Church of
Scotland as minister in Tiberias. From 1970-1975 he worked as
secretary of the Committee of the Church and the Jewish people
with the World Council of Churches in Geneva.
Publications:
1. In English THE GREY BOOK. (1969) see PG e-book #14764
2. In Dutch: The Dutch Churches en the Jews 1940-1945. (1990)
ISBN 90242 0949 8 NUGI 631
3. In Dutch: Sometimes, One has to Show One's Color (1992)
Both the Grey Book and the Dutch Churches 1940-1945 are
prepared for Gutenberg eText by his nephew Ge J. Snoek,
errors and remarks please mail to: g.snoek3@chello.nl.