historical sources have recently been noted by Salo W. Baron in: Deutsche
und Juden, Beitraege, etc., Frankfurt a/M, 1967,
p. 84/85: "...It is unmistakable how the resistance against everything
that Judaism and Christianity stand for has increased since the 70's of
the 19th century, and it is no exaggeration to say that this development
prepared the ground for the Nazi assumption of power...".
I have dealt with this question at length in the last chapter of my book,
cf. UneiTal, Christians and Jews in the Second Reich (1870-1914), Chap. V:
"Christian and anti-Christian Anti-Semitism", (Hebrew), in Press, The
Magnes Press, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem.
On the anti-Christian elements in racial anti-Semitism, cf. also: Edward
H. Flannery, The Anguish of the Jews, N.Y. London, 1965, p. 180 ff.
See also: Hermann Greive, Theologie und Ideologie - Katholizismus und
Judentum in Deutschland und Oesterreich (1918-1935), Heidelberg, 1969.
In this book the author stresses that a clear-cut distinction between
Christian anti-semitism or "kirchlicher Anti-Judaismus" and racial anti-
semitism or "Rassenanti-semitismus" is not warranted. His conclusion is:
"...dass anti-juedische Vorurteile im Katholizismus der diskutierten Periode
auf breitester Basis nachgewiesen werden koennen... Die anfaenglich
vielfach nicht unerhebliche Verschiedenheit in der Judenfeindlichen
Argumentation zumindest der tonangebenden Kreise in Katholizismus und auf
voelkisch-antikirchlicher Seite wich im Laufe der Zeit immer weiter
reichenden Vermittlungstheorien zwischen den sozial, kulturell und religioes
orientierten und den voelkisch-rassischen Anti-semitismus..."; p. 222/223.
A similar conclusion that stresses the direct connection between the
theological and historical anti-Jewishness of Christianity and modem
anti-semitism is reached by: A. Roy Eckardt, Elder and Younger Brothers
-The Encounter of Jews and Christians, N.Y., 1967, Chap. 1, The Enigma, 1,
p. 8: "There can be little serious doubt that Christendom's traditional
antipathy to the Jews is the major historical root of anti-semitism in the
Western world. Historically speaking, anti-semitism derives from 'the
conflict of the Church and the Synagogue.' Here is the Crime of Christendom.
Such distinguished and authoritative historians as James Parkes and Jules
Isaac have chronicled this fact definitely...".
This thesis, about the historical continuation between the anti-Jewish
attitude in Christianity and modern anti-semitism rests not only on the
theological attitude of Christianity but also on the legal history of
the persecution of Jews by Christians, beginning in the forth century.
This is treated by: James Parkes, The Conflict of the Church and the
Synagogue - A Study in the Origins of Anti-semitism, Cleveland, N.Y.,
Phil., 1961, Appendix I, p. 379 ff.
A similar historiographical approach is taken by Raul Hilberg who has
Drawn up a comparative list of Canonical and Nazi .Anti-Jewish Measures,
in his book: The Destruction of the European Jews, Chicago, 1961 , pp. 5-6.
The list also appears in the above mentioned book of A. Roy Eckhardt,
p. 12 - 13, where he draws the same conclusion, namely, that the Nazis
"...did not discard the past; they built upon it...". And he adds to
this quotation from Hilberg: "This fact makes ludicrous any unqualified
claim that the Nazis were the enemies of Christendom."
page XVIII
28 Cf. the works of E. Flannery, James Parkes, A. Roy Eckhardt, Marsch-Thieme;
cf. above, and also: Karl Thieme, Der religioese Aspekt der
Judenfeindschaft (Judentum und Christentum), in: "Judentum - Schicksal,
Wesen und Gegenwart", hrsg. von Franz Boehm und Walter Dirks, unter
Mitarbeit von Walter Gottschalk, Wiesbaden 1965, Vol. II, p. 603 IT. See
also: "Judenfeindschaft. Darstellungen und Analysen," hrsg. Von Karl
Thieme, Frankfurt a/M. Hamburg, 1963, 326 ff.
Cf. especially the work of: Ernst Ludwig Ehrlich, "Judenfeindschaft in
Deutschland von der Roemerherrschaft, bis zum Zeitalter der Totalitaet,"
p. 209 ff. Also: W.P. Eckert und E.L. Ehrlich, "Judenhass - Schuld
der Christen?", Essen, 1964, 525 pp.
page XIX
29 Cf. the study of: Willehad Paul Eckert: "Beatus Simonius - Aus den
Akten des Trienter Judenprozesses", in the above collection, note 28,
edited by W.P. Eckert and by E.L. Ehrlich, p. 329 ff; also in the
same collection the work of: Kurt Hruby, Verhangnisvolle Legenden und
ihre Bekaempfung, p. 281 ff.
page XXI
30 Haim Hillel Ben-Sasson, Jewish-Christian Disputation in the Setting of
Humanism and Reformation in the German Empire, H.T.R., 59 (1966), pp.
369-390. Salo W. Baron, Modern Nationalism and Religion, N.Y., Phil.
(1947), 1960, Ch. V.: Protestant individualism, p. 117 ff.
Cf. especially Salo W. Baron, Medieval Heritage and Modern Realities in
Protestant-Jewish lielations, Diogenes Spring 1968, No. 61, p. 32 ff.
31 "Der Ungekuendigte Bund", hrsg. von Dietrich Goldschmidt und Hans Joachim
Kraus, Stuttgart, 1962, p. 206.
32 Ibid., p. 218.
page XXII
33 Visser 't Hooft, pp. 35/36.
34 Ibid., p. 36.
page XXIII
35 Ibid.
36 A striking and instructive example to such a different approach has been
given by the Bishops of Denmark, in their protest against the persecution
of the Jews, 3 Oct. 1943. See below in this volume, on p. 168.
Cf. "The Israel Digest", X1/22, Jerusalem, 1, 1, 1968, p. 3. A German
translation in Freiburger Rundbrief, Vol. xx, 1968, No. 73-76, Dec. 1968,
pp. 69/70. As to the historical background of this document, cf. Leni Yahil,
Test of a Democracy - the Rescue of Danish Jewry in World War II, Jerusalem,
1966, pp. 59, 125, 145, 165.
37 World Council of Churches - Division of Studies, Commission on Faith and
Order in cooperation with the Committee on the Church and the Jewish
People: "The Relationship of the Church to the Jewish People, Collection
of Statements", Geneva, July 1964, p. 19 ff.
page XXIV
38 Ibid., p. 22-23
39 Ibid,. P. 22
40 Ibid., p. 23
41 Ibid., p. 26
42 Ibid., p. 27
Footnotes from Preface
----------------------
page 1
43 Much has been published about the subject of "Christian" anti-Semitism.
Some literature: Jules Isaac, The Teaching of Contempt (New York, 1965);
James Parkes, Anti-semitism (Quadrangle Books, 1961); Malcolm Hay, Europe
and the Jews, The Pressure of Christendom on the People of Israel for 1900
years (Second printing, Boston, 1961; this book was first published as "The
Foot of Pride", in 1950); Karl Thieme (Ed.), Judenfeindschaft (in German;
Fischer Bucherei KG, 1963); E. Flannery, The Anguish of the Jews (New York,
1965).
page 2
44 Thus a Protestant minister from Switzerland who now lives in Israel, in
The Jerusahlem Post, Sept. 27, 1963. The Speaker of the Israeli Parliament,
Mr.Kadish Luz, made a similar statement in the session of the Parliament
on April 21, 1963.
45 The Yad Vashem Martyrs and Heroes Memorial Authority, Jerusalem, was
established by Law in 1953, The Yad Vashem Act assigned to "Yad Vashem"
the task "to collect, investigate and publish all evidence regarding the
Catastrophe and its heroic aspects and to inculcate its lesson upon our
people".
page 3
46 Cf. Dr. Leny Yahil, Historians of the Holocaust; A Plea for a New Approach
(in: The Wiener Library Bulletin, 1967/68, Vol. XXII, pp. 2-5).
47 Dr. Visser 't Hooft and Dr.A.Freudenberg, of the World Council of Churches,
are preparing their memoirs. Rev. Armin Boyens is preparing his thesis which
will have a chapter on "The Confessing Church and the Jews, 1933-1938".
48 Cf. Eberhard Bethge, Dietrich Bonhoeffer (Gesammelte Schriften, Munich, 1959;
in German), Vol. I, p. 9 (Introduction).
page 5
49 Cf. "La Persecution des Juifs en Allemagne: Attitude des Eglises Chretiennes"
(Geneva, 1933; in French), p.25.
50 See for the acts of individuals (Christians and non-Christians): Philip
Friedman, Their Brothers Keepers (New York, 1957); Kurt R. Grossman, Die
unbesungenen Helden (Berlin, 1957; in German); Heinz Leuner, When Compassion
was a Crime (London, 1966); Saul Friedlaender, Kurt Gerstein Ou l'ambiguite
du bien (Tournai, 1967; in French).
Footnotes Part I
----------------
page 9
51 See below, on p. 113.
52 See below on p. 135-136.
53 See below, on p. 160.
54 E.H. Flannery, The Anguish of the Jews (New York,1965), p. 224.
page 10
55 See below, p. 265.
56 "Unity in Dispersion", A History of the World Jewish Congress (New York,
1948 pp. 194, 195.Also see: Dr. L. de Jong, Een Sterfgeval in Auschwitz
(Amsterdam, 1967; in Dutch); an English translation will be published in
Yad Vashem Studies, VII (Jerusalem, 1969), pp. 39-55: "The Netherlands and
Auschwitz."
57 Cf. Flannery, op. cit., p. 227: "Criticism of passivity or collaboration
under the Nazis must be tempered by an understanding of the confusion
wrought by the insiduous methods of Nazi propaganda and the paralysis of
wills in the Nazi terror, made all the more effective by its appeal to
patriotic and anti-Communist loyalties. Resistance under the circumstances
should not be entirely assessed from the comfortable perspective of the
postwar era.
page 11
58 "Unity in Dispersion", pp. 193-196.
59 See below, p. 255.
60 Cf. H.C. Touw, Het Verzet der Hervormde Kerk ('s Gravenhage, 1946; in
Dutch), 11, p. 388-390.
page 12
61 In February, 1941, a general strike in Amsterdam and other places in the
Netherlands was called as a protest against the deportations of Jews.
The Germans proclaimed martial law and suppressed the strike by force.
They proceeded to deport a total of 430 Amsterdam Jews to the concentration
camp of Mauthausen, where they perished.
Cf. B.A. Sijes, De Februari-Staking ('s-Gravenhage, 1954; in Dutch, with an
English summary), passim.
Also see: H. Knap, Vreemdeling, Bericht de Spartanen (Amsterdam, 1966), p.
III: "The technical conditions for massive actions of solidarity with the
Jews - if our people as a whole would have wanted them - were lacking."
62 Rolf Hochhuth, The Deputy (New York, 1963; third printing), p. 79.
63 J.J. Buskes, Waar stond de Kerk? (Amsterdam, 1947; in Dutch), p. 93.
64 Francois Mauriac, quoted by Hochhuth, op. cit., p. 6.
65 Knap, op. cit., passim.
page 13
66 See below, p 259.
page 14
67 See beyond, p. 147.
68 Cf., for instance, Exodus 32, 9; Isaiah 1, 2-15; Jeremiah 7, 24-26;
Ezekiel 2, 3; Hosea 4, 7- 8.
page 15
69 Werner Warmbrunn, The Dutch under German Occupation 1940-1945 (London,
1963), p. 279.
70 See below, on p. 175.
page 17
71 Jeremiah, Amos and others. Also see: I Kings 22, 5-28.
72 See below, p. 79 ff.
73 See below, p. 245 ff.
74 See below, p. 212 ff.
page 18
75 See below, on p. 201.
76 See below, on p. 99.
page 19
77 Jenoe Levai, Black Book on the Martyrdom of Hungarian Jewry (Zurich, 1948),
p. 217.
page 20
78 A.J. Koejemans in De Waarheid, Sept. 20, 1945.
page 21
79 Touw, op. cit., I , p. 69
80 Cf. Dr. J. Presser, Ondergang ('s-Gravenhage, 1965; in Dutch), 11, p. 177.
For the protest, which was read from the pulpits in the Roman Catholic and
Protestant Churches, see below, pp. 130 -131.
page 22
81 Cf. H. Leuner, When Compassion was a Crime (London, 1966), p. 13: "Every
possible means of propaganda and subtle psychology was used to separate
Germans and Jews, to create an unbridgeable gulf between the members of
the Aryan master race and those belonging to the family of 'parasites'.
82 W.A. Visser 't Hooft, The Ecumenical Movement and the Racial Problem
(Paris, 1954), p.40.
83 Cf. the chapters 27-30 in this book.
84 Cf. ch. 31 in this book.
85 Cf. ch. 32, p. 233
86 Cf. chapters 33 - 34 in this book.
page 23
87 "Unity in Dispersion", pp. 160-161.
page 24
88 F. Burgdoerfer, "Die Juden in Deutschland und in der Welt"; in:
"Forschungen zur Judenfrage" (Hamburg, 1938; in German), pp. 152-199.
89 Cf. ch. 18, p. 95
90 Cf. ch. 30, p. 204
page 25
91 Leuner, op. cit., p. 100.
92 Touw, op. cit., 1, p. 174.
Cf. W. A. Visser 't Hooft, The Struggle of the Dutch Church for the
Maintenance of the Commandments of God in the Life of the State (London,
1944), p. 13: "When threats were of no avail the Germans attempted to
blackmail the Churches. In this way the Churches were brought into great
conflicts of conscience. Should they give up the open protests so that
this or that group of church-members might be saved? Or should they go
forward, without regard for the consequences that might arise for others?
These are difficult questions that no one can decide on the spur of the
moment or looking at the situation from the outside."
Cf. also the opinion of a group of Christians of Jewish origin (p. 130 in
this book).
93 Abel J. Herzberg, Kroniek der Jodenvervolging (Arnhem-Amsterdam, 1950;
in Dutch), p. 133.
94 Presser, op. cit., 11, p. 128.
page 26
95 Cf. ch. 22, pp. 129.
96 Cf., however, Pinchas E. Lapide, The Last Three Popes and the Jews (London,
1967), p. 138:
"At that time Archbishop Roncalli, the Apostolic Delegate to Turkey and
Greece, received Mr. Ira Hirschmann, a special emissary for the U.S. War
Refugee Board... sent to interview Yoel Brand in connection with Eichmann's
'blood for goods' deal.
Mr. Hirschmann told Roncalli of the plight of several thousand Jews,
including a number of children slated for deportation and death at Auschwitz.
The Archbishop instantly made available thousands of 'baptismal certificates'
for use for the doomed Jews, without conditions, and thousands were saved
from the Nazi furnace."
page 27
97 Quoted from a letter, dated October 14, 1965, of Dr. Jan Chabada, the
present Generalbischof of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Slovakia,
to me.
Cf. Dr. L. Rothkirchen, "Vatican Policy and the 'Jewish Problem' in
'Independent' Slovakia (1939-1945)", in: "Yad Vashem Studies" (Jerusalem,
1967), Vol. VI, p. 46: "...the Protestant clergy... for the most part
supporters of the pro-Czechoslovak line, were prominent for their more
adaptable approach, mainly in the furnishing of certificates of conversion
to Christianity. Some Protestant clergymen have even been charged with
profitmaking motives and with granting hundreds of certificates of
conversion within a day or two."
Also see: R. Hilberg, The Destruction of the European Jews (Chicago, 1961),
p. 466: "From the ethnic German organ, the Grenzbote, criticism was more
vociferous. The baptisms were ternied a blasphemy, and the churchmen who
engaged in them were accused of having monetary motives. Two Calvinist
pastors, Puspas and Sedivy, were subsequently arrested, and Sedivy was
accused of having performed not fewer than 717 baptisms."
98 Peter Meyer (Ed.), The Jews in the Soviet Satellites (Syracuse University
Press, 1953), p. 571.
page 28
99 Yad Vashem Archives, No. 0311 708 (A summary of the evidence by the
interviewer; in Hebrew).
100 Michael Molho and Joseph Nehama, The Destruction of Greek Jewry, 1941-1944
(Jerusalem, 1965; in Hebrew), p. 142.
101 Ilias Venezis, Archbishop Damaskinos (Athens, 1952;) in Greek), ch. 34.
page 29
102 Buskes, op. cit., p. 89.
103 J.J. Buskes, Hoera voor het Leven (Amsterdam, 1963), p. 193.
104 Romans 13, 8.
Footnotes Part II
------------------
page 33
105 Wolfgang Scheffler, Judenverfolgung im Dritten Reich (Berlin-Dahlem,
1960), p. 26.
page 34
106 Ibid., p. 26.
page 35
107 Ibid., pp. 79-80.
page 36
108 Ibid., p.26.
109 Cf. Bruno Blau, The Last Days of German Jewry in the Third Reich (in:
Yivo Annual, vol. VIII, 1953, pp. 197-204).
page 37
110 An immense number of publications appeared about the Church in Germany
during the Third Reich. We mention here: "Die Evangelische Kirche in
Deutschland und die Judenfrage", Ausgewaehlte Dokumente aus den Jahren
des Kirchenkampfes 1933 bis 1943 (Geneva, 1945);
G.van Norden, Kirche in der Krise (Dusseldorf, 1963);
W.Jannasch, Deutsche Kirchendokumente (Zurich, 1946);
Heinrich Hermelink, Kirche im Kampf (Stuttgart, 1950);
Guenther Weisenbom, Der lautlose Aufstand (Hamburg, 1953);
Wilhelm Niemoeller, Kampf und Zeugnis der Bekennenden Kirche (Bielefeld,
1948); Wilhelm Niemoeller, Die Evangelische Kirche im Dritten Reich
(Bielefeld, 1956); Renate Maria Heydenreich, Versuch theologischer
Wiedergutmachung; in D. Goldschmidt und H. J. Kraus (Ed.),
Der ungekundigte Bund (Stuttgart-Berlin, 2. Auflage, 1963), pp. 183-283;
Otto Diehn, Bibliographie zur Geschichte des Kirchenkampfes, 1933- 1945
(Gottingen, 1958);
Anton Koch, Vom Widerstand der Kirche (Freiburg, 1947);
Friedrich Zipfel, Kirchenkampf in Deutschland 1933-1945 (Berlin, 1965);
Dr. Joseph Tenenbaum, For the Sake of Historical Balance (in: Yad Vashem
Bulletin, No. 3, Jerusalem, 1958);
Philip Friedman, Was there "another Germany" during the Nazi Period? (in:
Yivo Annual of Jewish Social Studies, Vol. x, New York, 1955).
page 38
111 Cf. the "Gesetz ueber die Rechtsverhaltnisse der Geistlichen und Kirchen-
beamten" (EKD und Judenfrage, pp. 35 ff.; Heydenreich, op. cit., p. 196).
112 The full contents in: Heydenreich, op. cit. ; EKD und Judenfrage, passim.
page 39
113 Hermelink, op. cit., pp. 250-251. Cf. the article of Kurt Meier,
Kristallnacht und Kirche - die Haltung der Evangelischen Kirche zur
Judenpolitik des Faschismus (in: Wissenschaftliche Zeitschrift der
Karl-Marx-Universitat Leipzig, 13. Jahrgang, 1964, pp. 91-106), p .99.
114 Heydenreich, op. cit., p. 228.
115 Ibid., p. 230.
page 40
116 Hermelink, op. cit., 351.
117 Meier, op. cit., p. 99. Also see: Wilhelm Niemoeller, Die Bekennende
Kirche sagt Hitler die Wahrheit (Bielefeld, passim). On August 23, 1936,
the Memorandum was published as a "Proclamation from the Pulpit" in
an amended form. Cf. Eberhard Bethge, Dietrich Bonhoeffer (Gesammelte
Schriften; Munich, 1958), 11, p. 277 (note).
page 41
118 Cf. "Die Evangelische Kirche und die Judenfrage", pp. 180 ff.; H.Grueber,
Wemer Sylten (Berlin, 1956; in German); idem: An der Stechbahn (Berlin,
1960; in German); H.D. Leuner, When Compassion was a Crime (London, 1966).
pp. 114-119.
119 Hermelink, op. cit., p. 461. Cf. Meier, op. cit., p. 100: "The reason
that no joint protest was issued by the Confessing Church after the
pogrom of November, 1938. was that the Confessing Church as an
organization was under strong pressure at the time. On June 23, 1937,
several members of the Reich Brethren Council were arrested; on July 1,
1937, also Martin Niemoeller.
After that, the Reich Brethren Council was hardly able to act.
page 42
120 Die Evangelische Kirche und die Judenfrage, p. 179.
121 Meier, op. cit., p. 101
page 43
122 Cf. below, p. 244.
123 Cf. H.C. Touw, Het Verzet der Hervormde Kerk (s'Gravenhage, 1946;
in Dutch), pp. 13-34.
124 La Persecution des Juifs en Allemagne, p. 21; "De Standaard" (Protestant
Daily in the Netherlands before the war), April 7, 1933.
125 Cf. below, p. 93.
126 "De Standaard", April 7, 1933.
page 44
127 Ibid., May 5 and 12, 1933.
128 Ibid., May 16 and 20, 1933.
129 Ibid., May 24 , 1933.
130 The addresses were published in the Brochure "Vrede over Israel"
(Amsterdam, 1935; in Dutch). Also see: D. Cohen, Zwervend en Dolend
(Haarlem, 1955; in Dutch), pp. 27-28.
131 "Dietschen stam".
132 Th.Delleman, Opdat wij niet vergeten (Kampen, 1949; in Dutch), pp. 55-69,
481-489. Action was also taken against members of the "Christian Democratic
Union", a party of Christian socialists. Also see: Werner Warmbrunn,
The Dutch under German Occupation 1940-1945 (London, 1963), p. 160.
page 45
133 Ben van Kaam, Opstand der Gezagsgetrouwen (Wageningen, 1966; in
Dutch), p. 16.
134 Cohen, op. cit., p. 56.
135 Cf. for - at least - questionable comments in the Protestant Press
on the events in Germany: van Kaam, op. cit., pp. 25-27. Also see the
article "Van eigen bodem" (in: "De Standaard", Dec. 3, 1938).
136 "De Standaard", Nov. 17, 1938.
page 46
137 Ibid., November 14, 1938.
page 47
138 Le IIIe Reich et les Juifs, pp. 191-192.
page 48
139 Ibid., p. 193.
140 The nickname of the Protestants in Belgium and the Netherlands, in the
16th century. It became their name of honour.
141 Le IIIe Reich et les Juifs, pp. 178-179.
page 49
142 Le IIIe Reich et les Juifs, pp. 200-201. La Persecution des Juifs en
Allemagne, p. 6.
143 Le IIIe Reich et les Juifs, p. 201.
page 50
144 Ibid., pp. 202 ff. (2 x used)
page 53
145 "Pour la dignite humaine" (Brochure), pp. 48-52.
page 54
146 Archives of the Protestant Federation of France, Paris.
147.Ibid.
page 55
148 "Journal de Geneve", April 9, 1933; quoted in: La Persecution des Juifs
en Allemagne, p. 23.
149 La Persecution des Juifs en Allemagne, p. 24.
page 56
150 Ibid., p. 24.
151 Cf. pp. 210-212.
page 57
152 Schweiz. Evang. Pressedienst (E.P.D.), Zurich, Nov. 30, 1938.
153 E.P.D., ibid., p. 2.
154 E.P.D., Dec. 14, 1938.
page 58
155 Professor Aage Bentsen, Docent Flemming Hvidberg, Professor Johannes
Pedersen and Professor Frederik Torm. The declaration was published
in "Berlingske Tidende".
156 Dr.Leni Yahil, Test of Democracy, The Rescue of Danish Jewry in World
War II (Jerusalem, 1966; in Hebrew, with a summary in English), pp. 59-60.
page 59
157 Cf. the article of Dr. Fuglsang-Damgaard in: Chr. Refslund - M. Schmidt
(Ed.),Fem Aar (Copenhagen, 1946; in Danish), II, pp. 100-108.
158 Church Magazine "Kristen Gemenskap" (in Swedish), 1933, No. 2.
page 60
159 Ibid., 1933, No. 2.
page 61
160 Ibid., 1934, No. 19.
page 63
161 Ibid., 1938, No. 4.
page 64
162 Ibid.
163 The Hungarian Upper House had 254 members, including 34 representatives
of the Churches. Cf. Albert Bereczky, Hungarian Protestantism and the
Persecution of the Jews (Budapest, 1946), p. 8. Also see: Hendrik Fisch
(Ed.), Kerestzteny egyhazfok felsohazi beszedi a zsidokerdesben (The
Speeches on the Jewish Question by Christian Church Leaders in the Upper
House; Budapest, 1947; in Hungarian); and: "Schweiz. evang. Pressedienst"
(Zurich), March 27, 1946, pp. 3-6.
page 65
164 Jeno Levai, Black Book on the Martyrdom of Hungarian Jewry (Zurich,
1948), p. 12.
165 Rabbi Hershkovits in my interview with him on March 29, 1966.
166 Cf. Bereczky, op. cit., pp. 9-10.
167 R.Hilberg, The Destruction of the European Jews (Chicago, 1961), p. 514.
Cf. "Schweiz. evang. Pressedienst", March 27, 1946, p. 5: "Special
endeavours were made on behalf of the Protestant Jews, not because they
belonged to the Church but because it was easier to attain something for
them."
page 66
168 "Dimineata", Bucharest, April 15, 1933; quoted in: "La Persecution des
Juifs en Allemagne", p. 22.
169 Other protests, statements and declarations:
Speech by the Bishop of Fulham ("The Times", April 27, 1933).
Speech by the Vicar of Leeds (Manchester Guardian, April 10, 1933).
Speech by the Bishop of Liverpool (Liverpool Post, April 6, 1933).
Speech by the Bishop of Nottingham (Manchester Guardian, May 3, 1933).
Resolution of the Council of the World Evangelical Alliance, British
Section; May 1, 1933
(Dr.A.Freudenberg, the Church and the Jewish Question; Geneva, 1944; p.18).
Resolution of the Baptist Union of Scotland (Glasgow Herald, June 6, 1933).
Message from the Bishop of Durham; "J'accuse" (brochure, London), p. 93.
Letter from the Bishop of Chichester to "The Times", May 30, 1935.
page 67
170 Freudenberg, op. cit., p. 3
171 Ibid., p. 4.
page 68
172 Ibid., p. 4
173 Ibid., p. 5
174 Ibid., p. 3.
page 69
175 Ibid., p. 5 . Cf. "Le IIIe Reich et les Juifs", pp. 218 - 219. Also see:
"La Persecution des Juifs en Allemagne", pp. 12-13.
page 70
176 Freudenberg, op. cit., p. 18.
177 Reports to the General Assembly, 1933, p. 709.
178 See p. 79.
page 71
179 Acts, Proceedings and Debates of the General Assembly, 1934, p. 79.
180 Reports to the General Assembly, 1935, p. 772.
page 72
181 Freudenberg, op. cit., p. 15.
182 From the "Reports and Minutes of the General Assembly of the Presbyterian
Church of England", 1934.
page 73
183 The Church Assembly of the Church of England usually meets for three
sessions a year. It consists of the three houses of Bishops, clergy
and laity.
At present there are 734 members: 34 Bishops, 344 clergymen and 347
laymen.
page 75
184 "The Times", November 21, 1935.
The full report in the Brochure "The Jews in Germany", Debate in the
Church Assembly, Nov. 20th, 1935, London.
185 Cf. R.C.D. Jasper, George Bell Bishop of Chichester (London, 1967),
passim.
186 See above, on p. 74.
187 Jasper, op. cit., pp. 137-138.
page 76
188 The Diocesan Conferences meet once a year or at most, twice. They are
the local counterpart of the Church Assembly and consist of two houses,
the Chamber of Clergy and the Chamber of Laity. The Bishop is always the
president of the Diocesan Conference.
189 Freudenberg, op. cit., p. 7.
190 Cf. Jasper, op. cit., pp. 135-163. Also cf.: Norman Bentwich, They Found
Refuge (London, 1956), pp. 43 and 51.
page 77
191 Minutes of the meetings of the Church Assembly (Archives of Church House,
Great Smith Street, Westminster).
page 78
192 Jasper, op. cit., pp. 142-143.
193 "Reports and Minutes of the General Assembly", 1937.
194 Freudenberg, op. cit., pp. 12-13.
page 79
195 Reports to the General Assembly, 1936, p. 709.
196 Acts, Proceedings and Debates of the General Assembly, 1937, p. 71.
197 Reports to the General Assembly, 1938, p. 753.
page 80
198 "The Times", November 12, 1938.
199 Minutes of the meetings of the Church Assembly (Archives of Church House,
Great Smith Street, Westminster).
200 See p. 101.
page 81
201 Norman Bentwich, They Found Refuge (London, 1956), p. 69.
Also see pp. 78-85.
202 Freudenberg, op. cit., p. 33.
page 82
203 Reports to the General Assembly, 1939, pp. 691-693. See for the full text
of Dr.Black's letter: The Jewish Chronicle, Nov. 25, 1938, p. 26.
204 Minutes of the Conference of the Methodist Church in Ireland,
held in June, 1939.
205 Keesing's Contempary Archives, March 22, 1933; 725-E.
page 83
206 Keesing, March 30, 1933; 735-B.
207 Freudenberg, op. cit., p. 19. Cf. "La Persecution des Juifs en Allemagne",
p. 5; and: "Le IIIe Reich et Les Juifs", p. 224.
page 84
208 Freudenberg, op. cit., p. 20.
page 85
209 I See above, p. 72 . ff.
210 Dr. Charles S. Macfarland, Across the Years (The Macmillan Co., 1936),
p.168.
211 Ibid., p. 168.
page 86
212 Ibid., p. 169.
213 The New York Times, June 9, 1937; Freudenberg, op. cit., pp. 20 - 21.
page 87
214 Freudenberg, op. cit., p. 31.
215 Federal Council Bulletin, October 1938, p. 13.
216 Ibid., December 1938, p. 3.
page 88
217 Ibid., October 1938, p. 13.
218 Ibid., December 1938, p. 9
219 Ibid.
page 89
220 The New York Times, Jan. 10, 1939. Among the signers were: Dr. Samuel
McCrea Cavert, Federal Council of Churches; the Rt. Rev. Edwin H.Hughes,
Bishop of Washington area, Methodist Episcopal Church; Bishop Charles
Mead, Methodist Episcopal Church, Kansas City.
221 Cf. Arthur Morse, While Six Million Died (London, 1968), p. 253.
222 The New York Times, Febr. 19, 1939. Cf. Federal Council Bulletin, Febr.,
1939, p. 7.
223 Morse, op. cit., p. 268. Cf. Arieh Tartakower and Kurt R.Grossmann,
The Jewish Refugee (New York, 194.4). p. 90: "One of the chief arguments
raised against this bill was that the admittance of 20,000 refugee
children to the United States from Germany and the refusal to admit
their parents would be against the laws of God, and therefore would be
an opening wedge for a later request for the admission of about 40,000
adults, the parents of the children in question."
page 90
224 The New York Times, March 26, 1939.
225 Ibid., April 27, 1939.
page 91
226 National Council of Churches, Department of Information.
page 92
227 Freudenberg, op. cit., p. 51; Federal Council Bulletin, Febr, 1939, p.3 ff.
228 The New York Times, May 31, 1939
229 Ibid., June 13, 1939.
page 93
230 See above, p. 38.
231 Freudenberg, op. cit., p. 22. Cf. "La Persecution des Juifs en
Allemagne", p. 27.
The Resolution had been requested by the Dutch Council (see above, p. 43).
232 Freudenberg, op. cit., p. 23.
page 94
233 Jasper, op. cit., p. 101.
234 Minutes, Novi Sad, 1939, pp. 37-38. Cf. Jasper, op. cit., p. 104.
235 See above, p. 38.
236 Jasper, op. cit., p. 105.
page 95
237 "Le Christianisme Social" (French Protestant Periodical),
Nov. - Dec. 1933, p. 606.
page 96
238 Freudenberg, op. cit., p. 27.
page 97
239 Ibid., pp. 28-29.
240 Cf. for the Oxford Conference: "The Churches Survey Their Task" (The
Report of the Conference of Oxford, July 1937, on Church, Community,
and State; with and Introduction by J.H.Oldham), London, 1937.
Also see: Ruth Rouse and Stephen Charles Neil (Ed.), A History of the
Ecumenical Movement 1517-1948 (London, 1954) pp. 587-592. The essential
theme of the Oxford Conference, as was stated in the first announcement
of it, was: "The life and death struggle between the Christian faith
and the secular and pagan tendencies of our time."
page 98
241 Jasper, op. cit., pp. 221-223.
242 "The Churches Survey Their Task", pp. 58-59.
page 99
243 Ibid., pp. 230-238. Cf. pp. 72-73 (the Report on the Church and Race).
244 See p. 259.
245 See p. 142.
page 100
246 Freudenberg, op. cit., p. 24.
247 A conference about the Refugee Problem, called by President Roosevelt,
was held at Evian, in July, 1938. It was attended by representatives
of 32 countries.
page 101
248 Archives of the World Council of Churches, Geneva.
249 See above, on p. 88 . ff.
250 See above, on p. 95.
251 Freudenberg, op. cit., p. 32.
252 "Conversation entre le Dr.Visser 't Hooft, le Dr.Freudenberg et
le Dr.Barot, concernant les activites Cimade-wcc pendant la guerre"
(Archives of the World Council of Churches, Geneva; in French).
Footnotes PART III
-------------------
page 107
253 See for Rev. Grueber's activities: pp. 40-41.
254 Max Krakauer, Lichter im Dunkel (Stuttgart, 1947; in German), passim.
255 Krakauer, op. cit., p. 131.
page 110
256 Hermelink, op. Cit., 651-652.
page 111
257 Ibid., p. 564-565.
Cf. Meier, op. cit., p. 104: "Apparently Wurm did not protest publicly,
as he wanted to avoid providing amunition to the foreign press and thus
provoking the National-Socialist authorities, which would have blocked
the way of sending petitions in writing to the Government".
258 Hermelink, op. cit., pp. 654-656.
259 Ibid., pp. 657-658. See for the angry reply of Dr. Lammers: Hermelink,
op. cit., pp. 700-702. The letter was dated March 3, 1944. Bishop Wurm
wrote another letter, dated Febr. 8, 1945, to Reichsstatthalter Murr,
on behalf of the partners in mixed marriages (Hermelink, op. cit., pp.
658-660).
page 113
260 "Der ungekundigte Bund", pp. 246-247.
The Message was dated Oct. 17, 1943, and published by "The New York
Times, on August 4, 1944.
In the Lutheran Churches, the fifth Commandment is: "Thou shalt not kill.
261 See below on p. 294.
262 Quoted by Friedman, op. cit., p 100.
263 Heinrich Grueber, Dona Nobis Pacem (Berlin, 1956; in German), p. 104.
page 114
264 "Die Evangelische Kirche und die Judenfrage", pp. 6, 10, 13 and 14.
265 See below, pp. 291-295.
page 115
266 see above, on pp. 111(note I ) and 113 (note I ) Cf. p. 40 (the fate of
Dr. Weissler).
267 Guenter Lewy, The Catholic Church and Nazi Germany (London, 1964),
pp. 23-294.
page 116
268 J.Tenenbaum, Race and Reich (New York, 1956), p. 292. Also see: Jacob
Robinson, And the Crooked Shall be Made Straight (New York, 1965),
p. 243; Hilberg, op. cit., p. 356.
page 118
269 The original test in: H.C. Christie, Den Norske Kirke I Kamp (Oslo, 1945;
in Norwegian), pp. 267-268. An English translation in: Bjarne Hoye and
Trygve M. Ager, "The Fight of the Norwegian Church against Nazism" (New
York, 1943), pp. 146-149.
page 119
270 See pp. 227-228.
271 "The Spiritual Issues of the War", No. 167, Jan. 14, 1943.
272 Christie, op. cit., p. 281.
page 120
273 Dr. J. Presser, Ondergang ('s-Gravenhage, 1965; two volumes; in Dutch;
an English edition is in preparation). Also see: Robinson, op. cit., pp.
240-243; Hilberg, op. cit., pp. 365-381; Abel J. Herzberg, Kroniek der
Jodenvervolging (Arnhem-Amsterdam, 1950; in Dutch), passim.
274 We shall write the name of this Church in capitals, in order to prevent
confusion with the "Reformed Churches in the Netherlands".
page 121
275 "Interkerkelijk Overleg." Cf. H.C. Touw, Het Verzet der Hervormde Kerk
('s Gravenhage, 1946; in Dutch), 1, pp. 42-43, 138-141.
276 Cf. J.J. Buskes, Waar stond de Kerk? (Amsterdam, 1947; in Dutch),
pp. 77-87. Also see: Touw, op. cit., I, pp. 47, 85 , 373-375; Delleman,
op. cit., pp. 35-39.
277 Touw, op. cit., 11, pp. 259 - 260.
278 Buskes, op. cit., p. 79.
pag 122
279 A moving exception was N. H. de Graaf. See for his protest: W. A. Visser
't Hooft, The Struggle of the Dutch Church for the Maintenance of the
Commandments of God in the Life of the State (London, 1944), pp. 16- 17.
A few days later Mr. de Graaf was arrested and sent to a concentration
camp. He did not return.
280 The full text in Touw, op. cit., 11, pp. 209-215.
281 Touw, op. cit., I, p. 392.
282 Ibid., 11, pp. 227-232. An English translation of this and most of the
other documents quoted in this chapter, in Visser 't Hooft, op. cit.,
passim.
page 123
283 Visser 't Hooft, op. cit., pp. 23-24.
284 Cf. Touw, op. cit., pp. 132-134; Buskes, op. cit., pp. 62- 63; Delleman,
op. cit., pp. 40, 78- 80.
page 124
285 Touw, op. cit., 11, p. 32; Visser 't Hooft, op. cit., pp. 26-27.
page 125
286 Cf. Buskes, op. cit., pp. 35-36; Touw, op. cit., 1, p. 171; Delleman,
op. cit., pp. 81-83.
287 Delleman, op. cit., pp. 42-44, 512-516.
page 126
288 Quoted in "Hitler's Ten Year War on the Jews", p. 244.
289 Visser 't Hooft, op. cit., pp. 42-45; Touw, op. cit., 1, pp. 388-392; 11,
pp. 66- 67; Delleman, pp. 92-100.
290 Ibid.
page 127
291 Touw, op. cit., 11, pp. 78- 83.
292 Visser 't Hooft, op. cit., p. 36; Touw, op. cit., 11, p. 84.
293 Touw, op. cit., I, pp. 395-397.
page 128
294 Buskes, p. 69.
295 Touw, op. cit., 11, p. 101.
page 129
296 Ibid., I, p. 404.
297 Louis de Jong, Jews and non Jews in Nazi-Occupied Holland (in: On the
Track of Tyranny, ed. Max Beloff; London, 1960), pp. 148-149.
Presser is of the opinion that the other Protestant Churches would not
have read out the telegram from their pulpits, if they had known about
the threat, but that they were not warned against doing so (Presser, op.
cit., 1, pp. 260-261). Wielek (in: H. Wielek, De Oorlog die Hitler won,
Amsterdam, 1947; p. 218) is of the same opinion.
The other Churches, however, did know about the threat. Cf. Henberg,
p. 134; Delleman, pp. 155-157; Buskes, p. 50. Also see the version of
the German General Commissioner Schmidt, quoted in Touw, 1, pp. 405-406.
298 Delta, Spring 1965, Vol. VIII/No. 1 (A Review of Arts, Life and Thought
in the Netherlands), pp. 28-29.
page 130
299 Touw, op. cit., 1, p. 173.
300 Ibid., 1, p. 423.
page 131
301 Visser 't Hooft, op. cit., pp. 52-55.
302 For practical results of this protest, see above, on p. 21. Also see:
L. de Jong, De Bezetting (Amsterdam, 1963; in Dutch), 111, pp. 30-31.
page 132
303 Visser 't Hooft, op. cit., pp. 56-58; Touw, op. cit., pp. 150-151.
304 Touw, op. cit., 11, pp. 155-156.
305 "Delta", p. 88.
page 133
306 Touw, op. cit., pp. 169-170. Also see: pp. 177-179.
page 134
307 Visser 't Hooft, op. cit., pp. 66-67; Touw, op.
cit., 1, p. 394; 11, pp. 161-169.
page 135
308 Visser 't Hooft, op. cit., p. 7.
309 Touw, op. cit., 1, pp. 371, 434.
310 Wielek, op. cit., p. 216.
311 Werner Warmbrunn, The Dutch under German Occupation 1940-1945
(London, 1963), p. 271.
312 Ibid., p. 279.
page 136
313 J. J. Buskes in the Protestant Weekly "Hervormd Nederland", May 1, 1966.
314 Touw, op. cit., 1, p. 660.
315 Hilberg, op. cit., p. 364. Cf. for the situation in France during the war:
Robert Aron, L'Histoire de Vichy (Paris, 1959; in French).
316 Hilberg, op. cit., p. 392.
317 Robinson, op. cit., p. 237.
page 137
318 Tenenbaum, op. cit., p. 280.
319 Chief Rabbi Kaplan in L'Arche, No. 1 10, April 1966, p. 26.
page 138
320 L. Poliakov, Harvest of Hatred (Pocket Edition, 1960), p. 251.
321 Cf. p. 145. Cf. Rev. Boegner's letter to Laval: "Authorized to speak on
behalf of the Protestant Churches of the entire world, many of which have
already asked my intervention..." (p. 146).
322 "Les Eglises Protestantes pendant la guerre et l'occupation; Actes de
l'Assemblee Generale du Protestantisme Francais reunie a Nimes,
du 22 au 26 octobre 1945." (Paris, 1946; in French), p. 18.
323 Ibid., p. 23.
page 139
324 Ibid., p. 24.
page 140
325 Ibid., pp. 25-26.
page 141
326 Ibid., p. 26.
page 142
327 Ibid., pp. 27-28. The letter was submitted to Marshal Petain
on June 27, 1942.
328 A copy of the letter is in the Archives of the "Rijksinstituut voor
Oorlogsdocumentatie", Amsterdam; file: "De Zwitserse weg". For the
Oxford Conference, see pp. 97-99.
page 143
329 Cf. Henri Cadier in: La Chretiente au Creuset de L'epreuve, Vol. 11,
p. 631 (Geneva, 1947; in French).
page 144
330 Cf. Robinson, op. cit., p. 236; Hilberg, op. cit., pp. 407-408.
331 "Les Eglises Protestantes...", pp. 28-29.
332 "Cimade" (Comite Inter-Mouvement aupres des Evacues), the organization
brought into being during the second world war by the Protestant
Churches and the lay youth movements in France.
333 "Les Eglises Protestantes...", pp. 28-29.
page 145
334 Ibid., pp. 30-31.
page 146
335 Hilberg, op. cit., p. 409.
336 "Les Eglises Protestantes...", p. 31.
337 Ibid., pp. 33-34.
Cf. p. 279 in this book: "Another endeavour to save lives failed.
The Ecumenical Committee for Refugees had, with the help of American
Christians, succeeded in obtaining entrance visas into the United
States for 1,000 Jewish children from France, but the occupation of
Southern France by the Germans foiled this plan." Also see: Donald A.
Lowrie, The Hunted Children (New York, 1963), pp. 218-228.
page 147
338 "Les Eglises Protestantes...", pp. 34-35.
339 Luke 10, 30-37.
page 148
340 Sami Lattes, L'Attitude de L'Eglise en France a L'Egard des Juifs pendant
la persecution (in: Les Juifs en Europe, p. 169).
page 149
341 L. Poliakov, L'Hostellerie des Musiciens. Quoted by David Knout in:
Contribution a L'histoire de la Resistance Juive en France (Paris, 1947),
pp. 107-109.
342 C.I.M.A.D.E.: See above on p. 14 (note 2).
343 Emile C. Fabre (Ed.), Les Clandestins de Dieu (Paris, 1968; in French),
p. 31.
page 150
344 Ibid., p. 31.
345 Ibid., p. 66.
346 Ibid., p. 33.
347 Ibid., p. 35.
348 Ibid., p. 117.
349 Ibid., p. 120.
350 Cf., p. 212 ff.
351 "Les Clandestins de Dieu," p. 27; cf. p. 279. in this book.
page 151
352 Particulars taken from Tenenbaum, op. cit., pp. 301, 339.
353 Cf. Edmond Paris, Genocide in Satellite Croatia, 1941-1945 (Chicago, 1959).
354 Joseph Schechtman in: "Hitler's Ten-Year War on the Jews", pp. 99-100.
355 Ibid., p. 108.
page 152
356 See, however, the chapters in this book on Greece, Rumania and Bulgaria.
357 Tenenbaum, op. cit., p. 79.
358 Hilberg, op. cit., p. 42; Tenenbaum, op. cit., pp. 307-308.
359 Philip Friedman, Their Brothers' Keepers (New York, 1957), p. 109.
page 153
360 Michael Molho and Joseph Nehama, The Destruction of Greek Jewry, 1941-1944
(Jerusalem, 1965; in Hebrew), p. 101.
361 Mr. Moissis in a letter to me dated November 2, 1966.
362 The following particulars (unless other sources are mentioned) are taken
from: Ilias Venezis, Archbishop Damaskinos (Athens, 1952; in Greek);
chapter 34.
page 156
363 For the text of this memorandum in French, see: Michael Molho, In Memoriam
(Salonika, 1948), I, pp. 118-120. The text in Hebrew in: Molho-Nehama,
op. cit., pp. 106-107.
page 159
364 Molho-Nehama, op. cit., p. 142.
365 Tenenbaum, op. cit., p. 106.
page 160
366 Nathan Eck, New Light on the Charges Against the Last Chief Rabbi of
Salonica (in: Yad Vashem Bulletin No. 17, Jerusalem; December, 1965),
p. 14.
Cf. the "Bericht eines aus Athen gefluechteten" (General Zionist Archives,
Jerusalem, No. 841/44): "Man muss gestehen, dass die Einwohnerschaft von
Athen sich menschlicher betragen haben als diejenige aus Saloniki.
367 Friedman, op. cit., p. 106.
page 161
368 Molho-Nehama, op. cit., p. 224.
369 Ibid., pp. 135-136. Cf. Friedman, op. cit., p. 107: "Leaders of the Jewish
community insisted that Rabbi Barzilai take refuge, a notion he rejected
until Archbishop Damaskinos prevailed upon him to change his mind."
370 "The Situation of the Jews in Greece" (Published by the World Jewish
Congress, New York, 1944), p. 7.
371 Asscher Moissis, La situation des Communautes juives en Grece (in: "Les
Juifs en Europe"), p. 54. Quoted by Tenenbaum, op. cit., p. 310.
page 162
372 Mr Moissis in his letter to me dated November 2, 1966. Another information
from the same source: "After the Germans had called the Chief Rabbi of
Volos, ordering him to take the necessary steps to facilitate the
deportations, the latter went to the Bishop of Volos asking his advice
and help. The Bishop advised him to abstain from collaboration whatsoever,
and helped him to go into hiding; the majority of the Jewish population
of Volos followed suit and thus was saved from deportation to Auschwitz."
373 The pastors were followers of Grundtvig (1783-1872), the teachings of
whom in the opinion of Mrs. Yahil had a great influence on the views and
attitude of Christians in Denmark during the German occupation.
Cf. Dr. Leni Yahil, Test of Democracy, the Rescue of Danish Jewry in World
War II (Jerusalem, 1966; in Hebrew, with a summary in English), p. 25.
page 163
374 Yahil, op. cit., p. 33.
Cf. Bishop Fuglsang-Damgaard in: "Chr.
Refslund & M.Schmidt (Ed.), Fern Aar (Copenhagen, 1946; in Danish,
p. 101: "Our Jews urgently requested [during the first years of the war]
that as far as possible there should be silence about the Jewish question".
375 Yahil, op. cit., p. 33.
376 Ibid.
377 Ibid., pp. 164-165. The full text of the article in: "The Spiritual
Issues of the War", No. 144, August 6, 1942.
page 164
378 "Christians Protest Persecution" (Religious News Service, "The National
Conference of Christians and Jews", New York), p. 14.
379 Boris Shub (Ed.), Hitler's Ten Year War on the Jews (New York, 1943),
p. 220.
380 Yahil, op. cit., pp. 164-165.
381 "Christians Protest Persecution", p. 14.
382 Harald Sandbaek and N. J.Rald (Ed.), Den danske Kirche UNDER BESAETTELSEN
(Copenhagen, 1945; in Danish), pp. 27-28. Cf. Hugh Martin (Ed.), Christian
Counter-Attack (London, 1943), pp. 74-75.
page 165
383 Robinson, op. cit., pp. 243-247; Yahil, op. cit., pp. 158-193.
384 Fuglsang-Damgaard, op. cit., p. 102 ff.
page 166
385 Ibid.
Cf. Yahil, op. cit., p. 148: "Not only Svenningsen, however, was misled
by Best and believed in his promises that the Jews were not in danger,
but also Bishop Fuglsang-Damgaard came to the congregation, on Sept. 28th,
at 3 p.m., in order to reassure its leaders, telling them that he knew
from very reliable sources that the rumours were without foundation.
386 The Danish resistance movement consisted of "study circles". In Copenhagen
such circles were organized on professional lines - architects, doctors,
clergymen etc. The P.U.F. was the "study circle" of pastors. Not less than
90% of all pastors belonged to it. (Cf. Yahil, op. cit., p.160).
pag 167
387 Fuglsang-Damgaard, op. cit., p. 103.
388 Ibid., pp. 104-105.
389 Ibid., p. 105.
pag 168
390 Ibid., pp. 105-106.
391 Sandbaek and Rald, op. cit., pp. 21-22. Cf. "Fem Aar", 11, pp. 141-142.
pag 169
392 Yahil, op. cit., p. 166.
pag 170
393 Fuglsang-Damgaard, op. cit., p. 106
394 Ibid., p. 107.
page 171
395 "International Christian Press & Information Service, Geneva, No. 43,
December, 1943.
396 "Fem Aar", 11, p. 144.
page 172
397 Dr. Samuel Stefan Osusky, Sluzba Narodu (Bratislava, 1947; in Slovakian),
11, pp. 133, 136.
page 173
398 Cf. for the historical particulars: Hilberg, op. cit., pp. 458-475;
Tenenbaum, op. cit., pp. 318-321; the article of Dr. F. Steiner, "La
situation des Juifs en Slovaquie" (in: "Les Juifs en Europe",
pp. 216-220); and especially the comprehensive book of Dr.Livia
Rothkirchen, The Destruction of Slovak Jewry (Jerusalem, 1961), passim.
page 174
399 Osusky, op. cit., pp. 230-231.
page 175
400 Cf. for the historical data: Robinson, op. cit., pp. 258-265; Hilberg,
op. cit., pp. 485-509; Tenebaum, op. cit., pp. 312-317; also see the
comprehensive work of Theodore Lavi: "Roumanian Jewry in World War II"
(in Hebrew; Jerusalem, 1965), especially pp. 11-13.
401 "Hitler's Ten-Year War on the Jews", p. 84.
402 Dr.Alexandre Safran, L'oeuvre de sauvetage de la population juive
accomplie pendant l'oppression nazie en Roumanie (in: "Les Juifs en
Europe"; in French), p. 209. Cf. Lavie, op. cit., pp. 108-110.
page 176
403 Safran, op. cit., p. 209.
404 Ibid., p. 210.
page 177
405 Dr. Safran's secretary, Israel Lebanon, related about this meeting:
"Rabbi Safran quoted texts from the Old Testament and dwelt on the
relationship between Judaism and Christianity, etc." (Lavie, op. cit.,
p. 110).
406 Safran, op. cit., pp. 211 - 212.
page 178
407 Matatias Carp, Le martyre des Juifs de Roumanie (in: "Les Juifs en
Europe"), p. 204.
page 179
408 International Press & Information Service, Geneva, May 1942, No. 16.
409 Ibid.
410 For the "German Christians", see above, on p. 36.
page 180
411 Bishop Mueller's letter to me, dated Dec. 2, 1965.
412 Dr. Safran's letter to me, dated April 18, 1966.
page 181
413 Hilberg, op. cit., pp. 474-475.
page 182
414 Yad Vashem Archives, 013/7-1. On the original there is a marginal
note in handwriting: "I have read and investigated and shall take into
consideration the contents of the above. 15. 11. 1940."
415 B. J. Arditi, Les Juifs de Bulgarie sous le regime Nazi 1940-1944
(Tel-Aviv, 1962; in Hebrew), pp. 201-202.
page 183
416 Ibid., p. 92.
417 Robinson, op. cit., p. 258; Hilberg, op. cit., pp. 474-484 . Cf.
"Bulgarian Atrocities In Greek Macedonia and Thrace", A Report of
Professors of the Universities of Athens and Salonica (Athens, 1945),
p. 47: "The whole Jewish population of Eastern Macedonia and Western
Thrace, about 9,000 persons, were taken away in the night of the 3rd
of March, 1943... Three or four days later ...they were handed over to
the Germans."
page 184
418 Yad Vashem Archives, 03/963, pp. 40-43 (in Hebrew).
419 Yad Vashem Archives, 03/1707 (in Hebrew).
page 188
420 Misho Leviev, Nashata Blagodarnost ("Our Gratitude", in Bulgarian; Sofia,
1945), pp. 81-86. Eleven Metropolitans signed, according to their dioceses.
page 189
421 Arditi, op. cit., p. 202.
422 Hilberg, op. cit., p. 483.
page 190
423 Yad Vashem Archives, No. 03/1707 (in Hebrew). Mr.Moshonov was a goldsmith
who supplied the King's palace with jewelry and had free access to the
palace.
Also see: Ely Barouch, Iz Istoriata na Bulgarskoto Evrejstvo ("From the
History of Bulgarian Jewry", Tel Aviv, 1960; in Bulgarian), p. 146:
IUGo, 'the Metropolitan began, 'and tell your people that the King
solemnly promised before the Prime Minister and before me, that the Jews
of Bulgaria will not be expelled from the country. Go and transmit to
them this information; reassure them and let they believe in the good
principle that the Lord never forgets his children.
Go in peace.'It was with those words that the Metropolitan Stephan received
the delegation of Rabbi Daniel Ben Zion, Rabbi Asher Hananel and Menachem
Moshonov, on May 24, 1943, when the Jews of Sofia were gathered together
in the synagogue Yutch-Bunar in order to beseech mercy and salvation from
God, as it had become known to them that Bulgarian Jewry would also be
deported to be murdered in Poland. Cf. Arditi, op. cit., pp. 216-217.
424 Cf. p. 186 in this chapter.
page 191
425 Literally: "bake your head"
page 192
426 Solomon Samuel Mashiach in his article "Who saved us?", published in the
newspaper "Narodno Delo (Sofia, No. 467, July 4, 1958; in Bulgarian).
Quoted by Barouch, op. cit., pp. 147-149.
427 Arditi, op. cit., p. 374. Cf. Matthew 7, 2.
428 Leviev, op. cit., p. 88.
Cf. Arditi, op. cit., p. 289: "When the Metropolitan Kyril was convinced
that the local authorities and the representatives of the Government were
not inclined to help the Jews, he sent a telegram to the King, in which
he declared that he would cease to be the King's loyal subject and that
he would act as seemed right to him and according to the dictates of
his conscience as a religious man, if the instructions for expulsion
were not cancelled."
page 193
429 Leviev, op. cit., pp. 88-89.
page 194
430 Testimony of Joseph Geron (in Hebrew); Yad Vashem Archives, No. 03/1707.
431 Cf. above, on p. 183 (note 2).
page 195
432 For the historical data in this chapter, see: Robinson, op. cit.,
pp. 265-269; Hilberg, op. cit., pp. 509-554; Tenenbaum, op. cit.,
pp. 321-332; Livia Rothkirchen, The Attitude of the Vatican and the
Churches in Hungary towards "The Solution of the Jewish Question"
(in: "Ha Ummah" (The Nation), Quarterly, Jerusalem; in Hebrew), 1967,
No. 21, pp. 79-85.
433 For the first and second anti-Jewish law, see above, pp. 64-65.
434 Albert Bereczky, Hungarian Protestantism and the Persecution of the
Jews (Budapest, 1946), p. 10. Also see: Jeno Levai, Black Book on the
Martyrdom of Hungarian Jewry (Zurich, 1948), p. 25.
435 Dr. Mathe's letter to me, dated Aug. 24, 1967.
page 196
436 Bereczky, op. cit., pp. 12 - 13.
page 197
437 Levai, op. cit., pp. 92- 93; Bereczky, op. cit., p. 14.
438 Ibid.
page 198
439 Bereczky, op. cit., p. 14; cf. Levai, op. cit p 93.
440 Levai, op. cit., p. 117; cf. Bereczky, op. cit., pp. 15-16.
441 Levai, op. cit., p. 117; cf. Bereczky, op. cit., pp. 16-18.
page 199
442 Levai, op. cit., p. 217.
443 Bereczky, op. cit., p. 16.
page 200
444 ibid., pp. 19-21; Levai, op. cit., 217-218.
page 201
445 Bereczky, op. cit., pp. 21 - 24; Levai, op. cit., 218- 220. Bishop Ravasz
and the Lutheran Bishop Bela Kapi had together prepared the draft. The
Protest was signed by all the Bishops of the Reformed and the Lutheran
Churches (Levai, pp. 218, 220).
page 202
446 Levai, op. cit., pp. 220-221; Bereczky, op. cit., p. 24.
447 Archives of the World Council of Churches, Geneva. The report was dated:
Budapest, June 26, 1944.
page 203
448 Levai, op. cit., pp. 221 - 222; Bereczky, op. cit., pp. 24- 26.
page 204
449 Levai, op. cit., p. 222; Berezcky, op. cit., pp. 27-28.
450 Levai, op. cit., p. 223; Bereczky, op. cit., p. 28.
451 Dr. Mathe's letter to me, dated Aug. 24, 1967.
452 Cf. p. 256.
page 205
453 Levai, op. cit., pp. 360-361; Bereczky, op. cit., pp. 34-35.
page 206
454 Levai, op. cit., p. 361; cf. Bereczky, op. cit., pp. 35-37.
455 Bereczky, op. cit., p. 37.
456 Ibid.
457 Rothkirchen, "The Attitude of the Vatican...", p. 85. Quoted from:
Erno Munkhcsi, Hogyan tortent' Adatok es okmhyok a magyar zsidesAg
Tragediej Ahoz (Budapest, 1947; in Hungarian), p. 146.
page 207
458 For the press censorship in Switzerland during the war, see: Dr. Carl
Ludwig, Die Fluchtlingspolitik der Schweiz seit 1933 bis zur Gegenwart
(Bericht an den Bundesrat zuhanden der eidgenossischen Rate, Zu 7347),
pp. 141, 142, 247, 289.
page 208
459 "Schweiz. Evang. Pressedienst" (E.P.D.), Nov. 12, 1941.
page 209
460 E.P.D. , Nov. 19, 1941. Cf. "International Christian Press & Information
Service" (I.C.P.I.S.), Geneva, Nov., 1941. Also see: Alfred A. Hasler,
Das Boot ist voll (Zurich, 1968; second impression, in German),
pp. 131-133.
461 E.P.D., Nov. 19, 1941; cf. I.C.P.I.S., Nov., 1941.
page 210
462 E.P.D., Sept. 2, 1942. Cf. Hasler, op. cit., pp. 147-150.
463 E.P.D., Oct. 29, 1942.
page 211
464 Ibid., May 24, 1942.
page 212
465 Ibid., July 15, 1942. Cf. "The Spiritual Issues of the War", Aug. 6, 1942.
466 I.C.P.I.S., NO. 34, Oct. 1942.
467 Cf. the Report: "Schweiz. Sammlung fur die Fluchtlingshilfe, Oct.-Nov. 1942"
(Erstattet von der Schweiz. Zentralstelle fur Fluchtlingshilfe), p. 15.
page 213
468 Cf. above, on p. 56.
469 Ludwig. op. cit., pp. 204-205.
470 Ibid., p. 209. Cf. Arieh Tartakower and Kurt R. Grossmann, The Jewish
Refugee (New York, 1944), p. 294: "Thus the Council of the Federation
of Swiss Protestant Churches appealed to the Federal authorities in
August, 1942, urging that the right of asylum be not denied to non-Aryan
refugees who recently arrived in Switzerland, and that liberal methods
be applied to those who may yet come. Again, in September of that year,
when the wave of deportations of Jews from France, Belgium, and Holland
reached its crest, the Swiss National Protestant Church, in a pastoral
letter concerning a nation-wide fast which was read from every pulpit,
declared: '...We forsake our first love if we forget that our country
must remain, as far as possible, a haven of refuge for the persecuted and
refugees. To abandon this role is to betray our spiritual heritage, is 'to
lose our soul in order to gain the world?. In particular, we cannot remain
indifferent to the lot of the people of Israel, in whose midst our Saviour
was born and who are today the object of measures whose cruelty and
iniquity are the shame of our age...?"
471 Ludwig, op. cit., pp. 208-210; cf. E.P.D., August. 26, 1942; Hasler, op.
cit., pp. 138-139.
page 214
472 See above, on p. 210.
473 E.P.D., Sept. 2, 1942. Cf. Hasler, op. cit., pp. 122-125. Also see Ludwig,
op. cit., p. 373: "In autumn 1942, when we had 10,000-12,000 refugees, it
was declared that the lifeboat was fully occupied and the possibility of
accepting refugees exhausted. At the end of the war Switzerland harboured
115,000 refugees." Cf. the reply of Federal Councillor von Steiger (Ludwig,
op. cit., pp. 393-394).
page 215
474 Ludwig, op. cit., pp. 222-224.
475 Cf. Ludwig, op. cit., pp. 214-222.
page 216
476 E.P.D., Oct. 29, 1942.
477 Cf. the Report "Schweiz. Sammlung fur die Fluchtlingshilfe,
Oct.-Nov. 1942 ", p.8.
478 ibid., p. 40. Cf. Hasler, op. cit., pp. 186-187. Alsosee: Ludwig, op.
cit., p. 228: "The result of the collection (about Fr. 1,500,000.-)
organized by the Swiss Central Office for Aid to Refugees and vigorously
supported by the 'Young Church', showed that a large proportion of the
Swiss people was moved by the fate of the refugees.
page 217
479 "Schweiz. Sammlung fur die Fluchtlingshilfe...", p. 31. For another
statement made by Prof. Karl Bart, see Hasler, op. cit., pp. 129-130.
480 Ludwig, op. cit., pp. 228-229.
page 218
481 See above, on pp. 214 - 215.
482 Ludwig, op. cit., pp. 229-231.
483 "Bericht des Schweiz. Kirchl. Hilfskommittee fur Evang. Fluchtlinge uber
das Jahr 1943", p. 1.
484 Ludwig, op. cit., pp. 245-246.
485 E.P.D., June 16, 1943. Cf. Ludwig, op. cit., p. 245.
page 219
486 Ibid., Oct. 20, 1934.
page 220
487 Ibid., Nov. 11, 1943.
488 Ludwig, op. cit., p. 268.
489 Schweizerisches Evangelisches Hilfswerk fur die Bekennende Kirche
in Deutschland.
page 222
490 E.P.D., June 22, 1943.
491 The following books were published : "Judennot und Christenglaube"
(Zurich, 1943); "Soll ich meines Bruders Huter sein?" (Zurich, 1944);
"Aus Not und Rettung" (Edited by Paul Vogt, Zurich, 1944). Some of the
brochures published were: "Das Heil kommt von den Juden" (Oktober,
1938); "Thesen zu den Nachkriegsfragen der Fluchtlingshilfe"; "Vergesst
die evangelische Freiplatzaktion nicht!" (1944); "Nicht furchten ist
der Harnisch" (a circular letter sent monthly to regular supporters of
the Refugee Aid); "Fluchtlingshilfe als christliche Diakonie" (by Paul
Vogt, 1944). Rev. Vogt also pleaded the cause of the refugees in sermons
and lectures (Hasler, op. cit., pp. 150-152, 206, 227-229, 301).
492 "Freiplatzaktion".
493 "Bericht des Schweiz. Kirchl. Hilfskomitees fur Evang. Fluchtlinge uber
das Jahr 1943", passim.
page 223
494 ibid., pp. 6-7.
495 E.P.D. , Oct. 18, 1944.
496 Archives World Council of Churches, Geneva (file CCJP).
497 Also see: E.P.D. , July 5 , 1944: "Service of Intercession and Mourning
for the persecuted Jews in Hungary"; E.P.D. , July I2, 1944: "Circular
letter of the Church Council of Thurgau"; "The Committee of the Synod of
Waadtland, Declaration about the persecution of the Jews"; and E.P.D.,
July 19, 1944: "A Service of Intercession at Schaffhausen".
page 224
498 I.C.P.I.C., July 28, 1944. Cf. E.P.D., July 12, 1944. The Press Department
of the German Foreign Office circulated a confidential report ("The Church
Council of Zurich condemns the persecutions of the Jews in Hungary") dated
July 10, 1944. (Randolph L.Braham, The Destruction of Hungarian Jewry,
New York, 1963; 11, p. 770).
page 225
499 E.P.D. July 19, 1944.
500 Ibid.
page 226
501 Ibid., Aug. 2, 1944.
page 227
502 "The Spiritual Issues of the War", December 17, 1942, No. 163.
page 228
503 "International Christian Press and Information Service", Dec. 12, 1942,
No. 44-45. Cf. "Spiritual Issues", Dec. 12, 1942, No. 162;
and "The New York Times., Febr. 2, 1943.
504 "International Christian Press and Information Service" (I.C.P.I.S.).,
Dec., 1942, No. 44-45; "Spiritual Issues... ", Dec. 17, 1942.
page 229
505 I.C.P.I.S., Dec., 1942, No. 44-45.
506 Ibid.
page 230
507 "Spiritual Issues...", Dec. 17, 1942. Also see: "Nordiska Roster mot
Jude-forfoljelse och Vald" (in Swedish; Documents and Commentaries,
edited by Judisk Tidskrift; Stockholm, 1943), p. 17.
508 "Dagens Nyheter", Dec. 5, 1942.
The Free Churches' Co-operation Committee represents the Missionary
Society, the Baptist Church and the Methodist Church in Sweden.
page 232
509 "Nordiska Roster", pp. 15-16.
page 233
510 Dr. Leni Yahil, Test of Democracy (Jerusalem, 1966; in Hebrew, with a
summary in English), pp. 228-229.
page 234
511 I.C.P.I.S., May 1944, No. 21.
512 Cf. Eberhard Bethge, Dietrich Bonhoeffer (Muenchen, 1967), p. 415.
513 Livia Rothkirchen, The Destruction of Slovak Jewry (Jerusalem, 1961),
p. XLIX. The full text: "Ministerprasident Tiso zeigte mich soeben mit
der Bemerkung, 'was seine einzelne Leute denken', ein Schreiben des
protestantischen Erzbischofs von Uppsala an den Slovakischen
Staatsprasidenten.
Der Schreiber interveniert 'fur die armen judischen Bruder' und bittet,
da der Slovakischen Staat unter den derzeitigen Verhiltnissen keine
humane Behandlung gewahrleisten konne, den in der Slovakei konzentrierten
Juden den Uebertritt auf ein neutrales Gebiet zu ermoglichen." (Files of
the German Foreign Ministry, YW/AA-K-327, Inland 11, Geheim, 571-K-2 13007).
page 235
514 William Simpson, Jews and Christians To-day (A Study in Jewish and
Christian Relationships), London, 1940.
515 Reports to the General Assembly, 1940, p. 572.
page 236
516 Reports, 1941, p. 555.
517 Reports, 1942, p. 437.
518 Minutes of the Assembly, Thursday, June 11th, 1942.
page 237
519 Ernest Hearst, The British and the Slaughter of the Jews-(I); in: The
Wiener Library Bulletin, Vol. XXI, No. I , p. 32.
520 Jasper, op. cit., p. 155.
page 238
521 "The Spiritual Issues of the War" (Bulletin published by the Religious
Division of the Ministry of Information, London), No. 155, Oct. 22, 1942.
Cf. Freudenberg, op. cit., p. 10.
522 "The Spiritual Issues...", No. 155.
page 239
523 "The Times", Oct. 30, 1942. This and the following articles from "The
Times" are taken from the "Podro-collection" (in "The Jewish Historical
Archives", Hebrew University, Jerusalem).
page 240
524 Hearst, op. cit., pp. 35-36. The two Archbishops of the Church of England
and twenty-four Bishops (Durham, London, Winchester and the next twenty-one
in order of appointment to a diocese) are members of the House of Lords.
525 Jewish Chronicle, Dec. 11, 1942.
526 "The Life of Faith" (Weekly), Dec. 16, 1942.
page 241
527 Keesing's Contempory Archives, Dec. 12-19, 1942 , p. 5506.
page 242
528 "Spiritual Issues...", No. 164, Dec. 24, 1924.
529 "Church of England Newspaper LONDON", Jan. 29, 1943. A similar statement
was issued by the Executive Council of the World Evangelical Alliance
(Ibid., Febr. 5, 1943). Cf. "Jewish Chronicle", Jan. 29, 1943, p 1.
page 244
530 "Spiritual Issues...", No. 176, March 18, 1943. Cf. "The Times",
March 19, 1943.
531 "The Times", Dec. 31, 1942.
page 245
532 "Spiritual Issues...", No. 166, Jan. 7, 1943.
533 "Jewish Chronicle", Jan. 8, 1943.
534 Ibid., Jan. 29, 1943, p. 5. Cf. p. 10: "Derby Demands Sanctuary for
Persecuted", and: "Mayor of Huddersfield calls Protest Meeting".
535 "Jewish Chronicle", Febr. I2, 1943, pp. 1, 12.
page 248
536 Cf. Luke 10, 30-37 (the Parable of the Good Samaritan).
537 "Parliamentary Debates House of Lords", Vol. 126, No. 41, pp. 811-821.
page 249
538 Luke 17, 1.
539 Isaiah 57, 14.
540 "Parliamentary Debates House of Lords", Vol. 126, No. 41, pp. 832-841.
page 250
541 A copy of this letter is in the Archives of the World Council
of Churches, Geneva.
542 "Unity in Dispersion", pp. 164-165.
See for the Bermuda Conference: "The Wiener Library Bulletin", Vol.
xv (1961), No. 3, pp. 44-47. Also see: Morse, op. cit., pp. 43-64;
Tartakower and Grossmann, op. cit., pp. 420-428.
page 251
543 "Spiritual Issues...", No. 181, April 22, 1943.
544 Reports to the General Assembly, 1943, p. 338.
page 252
545 "The Assembly", May 1943, p. 170.
546 "Minutes of the Assembly", Thursday, June 10th, 1943.
page 253
547 "The Times", May 18, 1943.
page 254
548 "The Times", May 22, 1943.
549 Jasper, op. cit., pp. 156-157.
page 255
550 "The New York Times", Dec. 9, 1943.
551 Reports to the General Assembly, 1944, p. 384. The italics are mine.
552 "The Times", June 15, 1944.
page 256
553 "The Spiritual Issues... ", July 13, 1944. Cf. R.L. Braham,
The Destruction of Hungarian Jewry (New York, 1963), 11, p. 343.
554 See p. 257.
555 Ibid.
556 Federal Council Bulletin, January, 1940.
page 258
557 Department of Information of the National Council of Churches of Christ
in America. The statement was prepared by the Commission on Christian
Social Action and adopted by the following action: "General Synod approves