Light Brass Field Guns 12, 6, and 3-poun_The artillerist's manual and British soldier's compendium

degree, and Medium 12-pounders and 9-pounders have one degree and a

quarter.

_The Angle of dispart_ is the number of degrees the axis of the bore

would point above the object aimed at, when laid by the surface of

the gun.

_Point blank range_ is when the piece is laid at the object without

any elevation; the plane and the axis of the bore being parallel to

each other. _Its distance is measured_ from the muzzle of the piece

(fired with the service charge of powder) to the first graze of the

shot, or point at which it first touches the ground.

When a Shot is fired from a gun, it is acted upon by three forces:—

1st. The explosion of the Powder, which urges it forward.

2nd. The resistance of the Air, which tends to stop it.

3rd. The force of gravity, which causes it to descend.

[Illustration: A BRASS GUN.

NAMES OF THE SEVERAL PARTS OF A GUN.

AB _Length of the Gun_

AC _First Reinforce_

CD _Second Reinforce_

DE _Chase_

EB _Muzzle_

FA _Cascable_

GH _Bore_

RH _Axis of the Piece_

I _Trunnions_

L _Vent Field_

N _Vent_

O _Swell of the Muzzle_

VAK _Breech_

S _Button_

ab _Button Astragal_

cd _Neck_

ef _Neck Fillet_

g _Breech Ogee_

h _Base Ring_

i _Base Ring Ogee_

k _Vent Field Astragal & Fillets_

l _First Reinforce Ring_

m _Second Reinforce Ring & Ogee_

n _Muzzle Astragal & Fillets_

o _Muzzle Mouldings_

s _Shoulder of the Trunnion_

tu _Diameter of the Bore or Calibre_]

When a Shot has been fired from a gun one second of time, it has

fallen 16-1/12 feet; in two seconds, 64⅓ feet; in three seconds, 144¾

feet; and proportionally for every additional second.[4] For this

reason, it is necessary to give a certain degree of elevation to a

gun: as, for instance, should _the time of flight_ of a shot be two

seconds, the gun must be pointed 64⅓ feet above the object intended

to be struck, because in that time it will have fallen through that

space; therefore, the more distant the object is, the greater must be

the elevation given to enable the shot to reach it.

_There are three modes of extending the range of a Shot_ without

increasing the charge of powder, viz.:—

1st. By raising the piece to a higher level.

2nd. By giving its axis greater elevation.

3rd. By excentric projectiles; recent experiments having shown that

if the centre of gravity is placed directly above the centre of

figure the range is greatly increased.[5]

_A Tangent scale_ is affixed to the breech of Guns and Howitzers, by

means of which the requisite elevation may be given, and the object

seen at the same time. This scale has divisions, called degrees,

marked on it, and it is placed in a groove at the breech, from which

it can be raised (being fastened by a screw) to give the necessary

elevation.

_The divisions on the Tangent scale_ are found by multiplying the

length of the piece in inches, from the base ring to the swell of

the muzzle, by ·017455, and the product will give the length nearly

of each degree or division on the tangent scale. By subtracting the

dispart from this product, the length of the tangent scale above the

base ring for one degree of elevation will be obtained.

_The Sights of a gun_ are two small notches marked on the upper part

of the base ring (or on the top of the tangent scale) and swell of

the muzzle. Their situation is ascertained by means of a spirit level.

_The line of metal_ is an imaginary line drawn along the surface of

the metal between the two sights.

_The line of metal Elevation_ is obtained by laying a Gun at an

object by means of the sights, without giving any elevation; from the

thickness of metal at the breech, the line of metal elevation varies

from one to two degrees.

_The Centre of metal_ is indicated by a line drawn through the

uppermost point of the base ring and swell of the muzzle; and is

ascertained by means of a spirit level.

_Windage_ is the difference between the diameter of the bore, and

that of the shot. The windage formerly allowed was one-twentieth the

diameter of the shot, but it is now reduced considerably: (Field Guns

having only one-tenth of an inch) and this diminution of windage is

very beneficial, longer ranges being obtained with the same charges

of powder, and also greater precision of fire.

_The Vent_, for every nature of Ordnance, is two-ninths of an inch in

diameter.

_Bouching a gun_ is fixing a pure copper vent into it; which is done

by drilling a hole in the piece, where the vent is usually placed,

about one inch in diameter, and screwing therein a piece of wrought

copper with a vent of two-ninths of an inch through the centre of it.

_Tertiating a gun_ is examining the thickness of metal, whether the

bore is perfectly straight, the trunnions properly placed, &c. It is

performed by means of calliper compasses, and other instruments.

_Quadrating a gun_ is ascertaining if it is properly placed on its

carriage, and if the wheels are of an equal height.

_A Gun is honeycombed_ when the surface of the bore has cavities, or

holes in it.

_The Length of a gun_ is ascertained by measuring it from the rear of

the base ring to the face of the muzzle.

_The Calibre of a gun_ is the diameter of the bore.

_To find the length of a gun, in feet and inches, its length in

Calibres being known—_

Divide the product of the number of Calibres and the diameter of the

bore, in inches, by 12, and the quotient will be the length in feet

and inches.

_To find the Number of calibres in the Length of a gun._

Divide the length of the gun in inches by the number of inches in the

calibre.

_Gun metal_ is a compound of 8 lb. or 10 lb. of tin, to 100 lb. of

copper. The property of tin being to harden, the largest proportion

(10 lb.) is used for mortars, they requiring a greater degree of

hardness than guns.

Ordnance cast of gun metal are generally designated _Brass Ordnance_.

_Brass guns_ are used for field batteries, they having been

considered preferable to iron for the service, being lighter than

iron guns could be cast of the same calibre, without risking their

bursting.

_Brass guns_ are, however, soon rendered unserviceable by repeated

and quick firing.

_Iron guns_ are better adapted for batteries in the attack or defence

of towns or fortresses, and also for service on board ship; being

less expensive than brass, and better able to sustain long-continued

and rapid firing. At the siege of Badajoz the firing continued for

104 hours, and the number of rounds fired from each 24-pounder

averaged 1249; at the siege of St. Sebastian, each piece fired

about 350 rounds in 15½ hours. None of these guns were rendered

unserviceable; but three times the number of brass guns would have

been required to produce the same effect, or maintain such long and

rapid firing.

_Service Charges of powder._

For heavy guns ⅓ the weight of the shot.

For light do. ¼ do. do.

_The Point blank range of Iron_ 32, 24, 18, and 12-pounders with

solid shot varies from 380 to 260 yards; from which to 1200 yards,

every ¼ degree increases the range about 100 yards; and from 1200 to

1500 yards, every ¼ degree increases the range about 50 yards.

_The Point blank range of Brass_, Medium 12, 9, and Heavy 6-pounders,

with solid shot, is 300 yards, and from which to 700 yards, every ¼

degree elevation increases the range 100 yards; from 700 to 1000,

every ¼ degree increases it 75 yards, and from 1000 to 1200, every ¼

degree increases it 50 yards.

_The Point blank range of Brass_, Light 12, 6, and 3-pounders is 200

yards, from which to 600 yards, each ¼ degree increases the range 100

yards, and from 600 to 1000, each ¼ degree increases it 50 yards.

_Note._—For Weights, Dimensions, Ranges, Charges, &c., vide Tables.

HOWITZERS.

_Howitzers_ are a short description of Ordnance, either Brass or

Iron, and are used for projecting Shells. Their principal advantages

are that they can be more easily loaded, and are considerably

lighter, in proportion to their calibre, than Guns; and they also

may be used as Mortars. They have no dispart, the diameter of the

base ring and swell of the muzzle being equal, except in the 24 and

12-pounders; which, however, are provided with a patch to make up the

difference.

_Millar’s howitzers_ differ from the old pattern in the increased

length, being from six to ten calibres; and in the conical form given

to their Chambers (called _Gomer_) which are the frustrum of a cone,

terminating in an hemisphere.

_Note._—Vide Tables for Weights, Dimensions, Ranges, Charges, &c.

CARRONADES.

_A Carronade_ is a short piece of Iron Ordnance, with a loop under

the reinforce instead of trunnions. Its construction is materially

different to that of guns; having a chamber; a part scooped out

inside the muzzle forming a cup; also a patch on the reinforce. They

take their name from the Carron Foundry (where they were first cast

for the Navy in 1779), are considerably lighter than Guns of similar

calibres, and are fired with charges of about one-twelfth the weight

of the shot.

Carronades are chiefly used on board ship, but occasionally in

casemates, and retired flanks of fortresses.

_The highest charge_ is one-eighth the weight of the shot.

_The lowest charge_ one-sixteenth do. do.

_Note._—For Weights, Dimensions, Ranges, &c., vide Tables.

MORTARS.

Mortars differ from Guns in the construction of their bore, and also

in their form, which is considerably shorter, the metal being much

thicker, and the trunnions being at the extremity of the breech.

They are used for throwing Shells into a town, or battery, setting

fire to and overthrowing works, blowing up magazines, and breaking

through the roofs of barracks, casemates, magazines, &c. They are

distinguished from each other by the diameter of their bore. Their

chambers are in the form of a frustrum of a cone, in which the powder

is more concentrated; the Shell fits close to the sides of the

piece, and thereby receives the whole force of the expansion of the

powder. The greatest charges their chambers will contain, and the

corresponding Ranges, are as follows:—

13-inch. 10-inch. 18-inch.

Land Service. Land Service. Land Service.

Greatest charge 9 pounds. 4 pounds. 2 pounds.

Greatest range 2706 yards. 2536 yards. 1726 yards.

_When Mortars are used in firing on Inclined planes, up or down

hill_, should the inclination be considerable, take half the angle it

makes with the horizon, and add it to, or subtract it from 45 degrees

(which is for a medium plane), and it will give _the greatest range

upon the required plane_.

_Note._—Vide Tables of Dimensions, Weight, Charges, Ranges, &c.

VALUE OF ORDNANCE.

BRASS ORDNANCE.

Dependent on the market price of metals; at £100 per ton, after their

combination, the value of gun metal is from 4 pence to 4½ pence per

lb.

IRON ORDNANCE.

The value is variable according to the market price. Average from £14

to £16 per ton, according to the nature of the ordnance, the higher

price being the value of the smaller pieces.

PROOF OF ORDNANCE.

All natures of Ordnance undergo several kinds of proof before they

are received into the service:—

1st. They are gauged as to their several dimensions, internal and

external; as to the justness and position of the bore, the chamber,

vent, and trunnions, &c.

2nd. They are fired with a regulated charge of powder and shot, being

afterwards searched to discover irregularities, or holes produced by

the firing.

3rd. By means of engines, an endeavour is made to force water through

them.

4th. They are examined internally by means of light, reflected from a

mirror.

IRON GUNS.

The guns are first examined as to their proper dimensions, in which

no more than ·3 of an inch variation is allowed; and in the diameters

of the bore only ·033 from 42 to 18 pounders, and ·025 from 12 to 6

pounders; but in the position of the bore ·5 of an inch out of the

axis of a piece from a 42 to an 18 pounder, and ·334 of an inch from

a 12 to a 6 pounder is allowed.

They are then fired twice with the charge in the following table,

with one shot and two high junk wads, and examined with a searcher

after each round.

In this examination they must not have any hole or cavity in the bore

of two-tenths of an inch in depth behind the first reinforce ring, or

one-fourth of an inch in depth before this ring.

PROOF CHARGES.

Nature 42 Pr. 32 Pr. 24 Pr. 18 Pr. 12 Pr. 9 Pr. 6 Pr. 3 Pr.

Charge, in }

pounds } 25 21½ 18 15 12 9 6 3

BRASS GUNS.

From 3 to 12 pounders the diameter of the bore must not vary more

than ·025 of an inch, nor in any dimensions more than ·2.

PROOF CHARGES.

Nature 12 Pr. medium. 12 Pr. light. 9 Pr. 6 Pr. 3 Pr.

Charge 4 lb. 4 lb. 3 lb. 2 lb. 1 lb.

The 12 pounders are fired twice, the remainder three times. Any hole

·15 of an inch upwards, or sideways in the bore, or ·1 in the bottom,

between the breech and first reinforce; or ·2 of an inch upwards, or

sideways, or ·15 in the bottom of the bore before the first reinforce

ring, will be sufficient to condemn them.

MORTARS, AND HOWITZERS.

The exterior dimensions are in no respect to deviate more than ·1

of an inch in the 10, and 8 inch Howitzers, and ·05 of an inch in

the 24, and 12 pounder Howitzers, and Royal and Coehorn Mortars, and

Howitzers. Their bores and chambers must not deviate from their true

diameters, or positions more than ·025 of an inch.

PROOF CHARGES.

The Brass Mortars, and Howitzers are fired twice with their chambers

full of powder, and an iron shell. The Mortars on their own beds

at an elevation of about 75 degrees, and the Howitzers on their

carriages at an elevation of about 12 degrees. The Iron Mortars are

proved with a charge equal to the full chamber, and a solid shot

equal in diameter to the shell. Royal or Coehorn Mortars, and also

24, and 12 pounders, or Royal Howitzers, having a hole of ·1 of an

inch in depth in the chamber, or ·15 of an inch in the chase are

rejected. A hole ·15 of an inch in depth in the chamber, or ·2 of

an inch in the chase is sufficient to condemn the 10 and 8 inch

Howitzers.

CARRONADES.

The bores, and chambers of Carronades must not deviate more than ·05

of an inch from their true dimensions, and positions.

PROOF CHARGES.

They are proved with two rounds, with their chambers full of powder,

and one shot and wad. A hole of ·2 of an inch in depth in the bore,

or ·1 in the chamber condemns the piece.

WATER PROOF.

_All Ordnance_, after having undergone the before-mentioned proofs,

and the subsequent searchings, are subject to the _Water proof_. This

is done by means of a forcing pump, having a pipe or hose fitted and

secured to the mouth of the piece, and a plug to stop up the vent.

After two or three efforts to force the water through any honeycombs

or flaws, which there may be in the bore, they are left to dry, and

generally the next day examined by light reflected from a mirror. If

the bore should contain any small holes or flaws, which have not been

discovered by the former proofs, they are very readily found by this,

as the water will continue to weep or run from the holes, after the

solid parts of the bore are perfectly dry.

_When a gun bursts in proving_, the remainder in proof at the same

time are subjected to another proof round.

_Ordnance condemned_, for any of the foregoing reasons as

unserviceable, is marked as follows:—

D × for faulty in dimensions.

S × by Searcher.

W × by Water proof.

_Condemned Shells_ are thus marked:—

F — for Fuze hole faulty.

N × for Non-concentric.

W × for Water proof.

INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE CARE AND PRESERVATION OF IRON ORDNANCE.

Great attention should be paid to the care and preservation of iron

Ordnance when in Depôt or on Service, to prevent the irreparable

injury Guns sustain from rust and corrosion.

With this view the first step to be taken is to clear their bores

and exterior surfaces from all rust and dirt, which is done on the

inside with circular Spring Scrapers, fixed on the end of a long

shaft or handle, these scrapers are made to press strongly on the

sides of the cylinder, and by being drawn backwards and forwards by

two or three efficient labourers, will remove the rust, and if not in

a very bad state, will restore a regular smooth surface; the bottom

or end of the bore is also scraped with a tool for that purpose, and

the vent is opened by passing a square steel rimer of its diameter

through it, gently turning the tool round until the vent is clear;

after which the bore must be well brushed out, first with a hard

round brush, and then with a Turk’s-head brush, so that not the least

dirt remains in it. This being performed, the first coat of lacquer

may be laid on, to which when dry, a second is to be added. This is

done with a common painter’s brush, fixed vertically on the end of a

staff sufficiently long to reach down the cylinder; and the bottom of

the bore is lacquered by another brush fixed horizontally at the end

of the staff; the outside or exterior parts of the pieces are also

to be well scraped with an old sea-service sword, or steel tool of

that nature, tolerably sharp, especially about the mouldings, where

former coatings and dirt have accumulated, and when the rust will not

give way, it should be slightly hammered, so as to loosen it. These

operations must be continued until the whole coat of old paint, rust,

or dirt, is completely removed, after which the dust must be well

brushed or rubbed off, and the piece will then be fit to receive its

first coat of anticorrosion, to which, when dry, a second is to be

added.

Before the work is commenced the pieces should be arranged as nearly

as possible in the places where they are to remain, as too much

rolling is apt to disturb the coating of paint, especially before it

has gained sufficient hardness to be durable.

The following objects also require to be particularly attended

to—viz.:

In skidding Guns, &c., care must be taken that they are laid under

metal, so that their muzzles may be sufficiently inclined downwards

to prevent rain or any moisture lodging, and the bores from time to

time should be swept out, as dust or sand blowing into them and being

suffered to remain, would be very destructive; nor should the Guns be

ever stacked one over the other, if the space where they are kept is

sufficiently large to admit of their being laid in single tiers.

After the Ordnance is once got into a complete state of preservation,

by following these instructions, very little trouble or expense will

attend their being kept so, for a slight coat of anticorrosion on the

exterior, and a thin coat of lacquer in the cylinder every three or

four years, is all they will require, provided they are every now and

then brushed out as before stated.

On coating the Guns, it may be found useful to let the painter mark

on them the date, which will show how long it lasts, as this may

differ at different stations, especially such as are exposed to much

damp air, and it will afford the means of calculating the necessary

demands of articles for this purpose at stated periods.

The same rules are to be observed in the preservation of all iron

Ordnance mounted on works, with regard to the application of lacquer

and anticorrosion, and the precautions of keeping the pieces laid

under metal, and frequently brushing out their bores, &c., as

recommended in the foregoing instructions.

MIXTURE OF INGREDIENTS FOR COATING AND LACQUERING IRON ORDNANCE.

lb.

Anticorrosion 40

Black (Grant’s) ground in oil 4

Red lead, as a drier 3

Linseed oil, gallons 4

Turpentine (spirits of) pint 1

This mixture, when well stirred and incorporated, will be fit for

use, but, as by long keeping in this state it becomes hard, no more

should be mixed than is required for present use.

BLACK LEAD LACQUER, FOR THE BORE OR CYLINDER.

lb. oz.

Black lead (Cumberland) 9

Linseed oil, gallons 4

Red lead 2 8

Lamp black, or wad 0 4

The oil to be boiled, and the paint to be well ground. This will

keep. Great care should be taken in boiling the oil, as any damp

falling in would cause an explosion.

INSTRUCTIONS FOR LACQUERING SHOT, AND SHELLS.

All Shot and Shells (including Shrapnell) are first to be cleaned

exteriorly by the machine or otherwise, and then such as are found

sufficiently correct and up to their proper gauge are to be twice

lacquered with the following composition, leaving sufficient time

between for the coats to become perfectly dry and hard. The warmest

weather is the proper time for this operation. Ten labourers can

examine, clean, and lacquer with two coats one thousand shot in a

day, provided the weather be favourable.

COMPOSITION.

Grant’s black 40 lb. Red lead 5 lb. Raw linseed oil 5 gallons.

The red lead is to be ground into a part of the oil, in order that

the whole of the ingredients may be thoroughly incorporated.

TO RENDER ORDNANCE UNSERVICEABLE BY SPIKING, ETC.

The most effectual method of rendering Guns unserviceable, or of

no further use, is by removing one or both of the trunnions, which

may be done by striking it near its end with a sledge hammer; or by

firing a shot against it from a carronade, or howitzer, the muzzle of

the piece being placed near the trunnion.

Brass Ordnance may also be rendered unserviceable by firing whole

or broken shot into the bore from another piece; or by filing a

shot against the chase, which generally bulges the metal within the

bore.[6]

_For spiking Ordnance_, two kinds of spikes are used:—

1st. _The Common spike_, which is 4 inches long, ·27 inches in

diameter at the head, and about ·1 at the point. It is driven as far

as it will go into the vent, and afterwards broken off close to the

gun.

2nd. _The Spring or temporary spike_, which is ·17 in diameter, and

varies in length from 3·25 to 5·25 inches. It has a flat head to

prevent its falling through the vent into the bore, and also a spring

about two inches in length, which extends from the point towards the

head. In passing through the vent, this is compressed, but as soon as

it is clear of the metal, it expands and cannot be withdrawn, unless

it is again compressed sufficiently to allow its being again drawn

into the vent, which may be done by pressing a rammer head against

it, provided the spring is towards the muzzle, which may be known by

a small notch cut in the head of the spike to point out its direction.

A long spike with a soft point may be driven into the vent, and the

end projecting into the bore clenched; which, as well as either

a common nail or even a wooden peg would answer as a temporary

expedient if a proper spike were not at hand. Should a momentary

abandonment of the guns become unavoidable, by taking away the

cap-squares, elevating screws, quoins, linch-pins, or side-arms, the

Enemy will be prevented using them for some time.

An artilleryman should, however, _never forget_ that the _guns are

his Standard_, which it should be his pride and glory to defend to

_the last moment_, never deserting them without positive orders to do

so, or until the last glimmering hope of saving them is destroyed.

But should the necessity of abandoning the guns appear imperative,

then let the Artillerist remember that a _parting shot_ (especially

canister) at the advancing columns of the enemy, may insure not only

his own safety, but also that of a large portion of the army.

UNSPIKING ORDNANCE.

_If a gun has been spiked with a Common steel spike_, load with a

charge of powder equal to half the shot’s weight: lay a leader of

quick match along the bore, and double shot the gun, introducing the

shot, however, very carefully.

By affixing a piece of slow match to the end of the quick match which

reaches to the muzzle, the gun may be easily and safely fired. Should

the spike not be removed, the operation may be repeated.

_When Brass guns have been spiked_, it would be advisable, a day or

two before making the above experiment, to scratch round the spike

with a graver, and pour a few drops of Sulphuric, or Nitric acid into

the circle, which, being repeated, will find its way down between

the spike and the metal, particularly if the former is not perfectly

round. When the gun cannot be unspiked by the above-mentioned

operations, make a large fire round the breech to soften the spike,

and after the gun has been gradually cooled, the spike may generally

be removed by using the drill.

_When a gun cannot be unspiked_, the only means of rendering it

serviceable is to drill another vent, about half an inch from the

original one.

_To drill a new Vent_ will require about an hour per inch. Care must

be taken that a very small drill is first used, and afterwards one

rather less than the diameter of the vent, otherwise the vent will

run the risk of being too much enlarged.

_Length, Weight, Calibre, Charge, &c., of Ordnance._

+-----------+----------+---------------------+-------+--------+

| | | | | |

| | +-----------+---------+ | |

+-----------+----------+-----------+---------+-------+--------+

| | 10-Inch | 9 4 | 11· | 85 | 10· |

| | 8 | 9 | 13·3 | 65 | 8·05 |

| | | 8 10 | 13·05 | 60 | 8·05 |

| | | 8 | 11·82 | 52 | 8·05 |

| | | 6 8 | 9·93 | 50 | 8·05 |

| | 68 Pr. | 10 10 | 16·15 | 112 | 8·12 |

| | | 10 | 14·78 | 95 | 8·12 |

| | | 9 6 | 14· | 87 | 8·12 |

| | 56 Pr. | 11 | 17·6 | 98 | 7·65 |

| | | 10 | 16· | 87 | 7·65 |

| | 42 Pr. | 10 | 17·21 | 84 | 6·97 |

| | | 10 | 17·21 | 75 | 6·97 |

| | | 9 6 | 16·43 | 67 | 6·93 |

| | 32 Pr. | 9 7 | 17·95 | 64 | 6·41 |

| | | 9 6 | 17·78 | 56 | 6·41 |

| | | 9 | 16·35 | 46 | 6·35 |

| | | 8 6 | 16· | 45 | 6·35 |

| | | 8 | 14·9 | 48 | 6·41 |

| | | 8 | 15·1 | 42 | 6·35 |

| | * | 7 6 | 14·1 | 40 | 6·35 |

| | * | 6 6 | 12·38 | 32 | 6·3 |

| | * | 6 | 11·4 | 25 | 6·3 |

| | 24 Pr. | 9 6 | 19·57 | 50 | 5·82 |

| | | 9 | 18·54 | 48 | 5·82 |

| | | 6 6 | 13·39 | 33 | 5·82 |

| | 18 Pr. | 9 | 18·52 | 42 | 5·29 |

| | | 8 | 18·14 | 38 | 5·29 |

| | * | 7 | 16·24 | 22 | 5·17 |

| | * | 6 | 13·92 | 20 | 5·17 |

| | * | 5 6 | 12·76 | 15 | 5·17 |

| | 12 Pr. | 9 | 23·14 | 34 | 4·62 |

| | | 8 6 | 22· | 33 | 4·62 |

| | | 7 6 | 19·46 | 29 | 4·62 |

| | | 6 | 15·57 | 21 | 4·62 |

| | 9 Pr. | 8 6 | 24·28 | 28 | 4·2 |

| | | 7 6 | 21·4 | 26 | 4·2 |

| | | 7 | 20· | 25 | 4·2 |

| | | 5 6 | 15·71 | 17 | 4·2 |

| | 6 Pr. | 7 6 | 24·53 | 21 | 3·66 |

| | | 6 | 19·6 | 17 | 3·66 |

+-----------+----------+-----------+---------+-------+--------+

* Bored-up guns.

+-----------+----------+---------------------------------+

| | +--------+--------+-------+-------+

+-----------+----------+--------+--------+-------+-------+

| | 10-Inch | 12 † | 20 | | |

| | 8 | 10 † | 20 | 7·95 | 7·9 |

| | | 10 † | 20 | ” | ” |

| | | 8 † | 16 | ” | ” |

| | | 8 † | 14 | ” | ” |

| | 68 Pr. | 18 | 30 | ” | ” |

| | | 14 | 28 | ” | ” |

| | | 14 | 25 | ” | ” |

| | 56 Pr. | 14 | 28 | 7·51 | 7·45 |

| | | 14 | 25 | ” | ” |

| | 42 Pr. | 14 | 25 | ” | ” |

| | | 14 | 25 | 6·79 | 6·73 |

| | | 10 | 23 | ” | ” |

| | 32 Pr. | 10 | 21 5 | 6·2 | 6·14 |

| | | 10 | 21 5 | ” | ” |

| | | 6 | 12 | ” | ” |

| | | 7 | 16 | ” | ” |

| | | 8 | 21 8 | ” | ” |

| | | 6 | 14 | ” | ” |

| | * | 6 | 12 | ” | ” |

| | * | 5 | 10 | ” | ” |

| | * | 4 | 9 | ” | ” |

| | 24 Pr. | 8 | 18 | 5·63 | 5·58 |

| | | 8 | 18 | ” | ” |

| | | 6 | 12 | ” | ” |

| | 18 Pr. | 6 | 15 | 5·12 | 5·07 |

| | | 6 | 15 | ” | ” |

| | * | 3 | 7 | ” | ” |

| | * | 2 | 5 | ” | ” |

| | 12 Pr. | 4 | 12 | 4·54 | 4·50 |

| | | 4 | 12 | 4·54 | 4·50 |

| | | 4 | 12 | ” | ” |

| | | 4 | 10 | 4·50 | 4·50 |

| | 9 Pr. | 3 | 9 | 4·11 | 4·08 |

| | | 3 | 9 | ” | ” |

| | | 2 | 8 | 4·11 | 4·08 |

| | 6 Pr. | 2 | 6 | 3·58 | 3·55 |

| | | 2 | 6 | 3·56 | 3·55 |

+-----------+----------+--------+--------+-------+-------+

* Bored-up guns.

† Hollow shot.

_Length, Weight, Calibre, Charge, &c., continued_

+-----------+----------+---------------------+-------+--------+

| | +-----------+---------+ | |

+-----------+----------+-----------+---------+-------+--------+

|CARRONADES.| 68 Pr. | 5 4 | 7·9 | 36 | 8·05 |

| | 42 | 4 6 | 7·8 | 22 | 6·84 |

| | 32 | 4 | 7·6 | 17 | 6·25 |

| | 24 | 3 9 | 7·9 | 13 | 5·68 |

| | 18 | 3 4 | 7·7 | 10 | 5·16 |

| | 12 | 2 8 | 7· | 6 | 4·52 |

+-----------+----------+-----------+---------+-------+--------+

|IRON | 10-inch | 5 | 6· | 40 | 10· |

|HOWITZERS. | 8 | 4 | 6· | 20 | 8· |

+-----------+----------+-----------+---------+-------+--------+

|IRON | 13-inch | 4 5 | 4· | 100 | 13· |

|MORTARS. | 13 | 3 5 | 2·8 | 36 | 13· |

| | 10 | 3 9 | 4·5 | 52 | 10· |

| | 10 | 3 9 | 4·5 | 41 | 10· |

| | 10 | 2 4 | 2·8 | 16 | 10· |

| | 8 | 1 10 | 2·7 | 8 | 8· |

+-----------+----------+-----------+---------+-------+--------+

|BRASS GUNS.| 12 Pr. † | 6 6 | 17· | 18 | 4·62 |

| | 9 Pr. | 6 | 17· | 13½ | 4·2 |

| | 6 ‡ | 5 | 16·3 | 6 | 3·66 |

| | 3 † | 4 | 16·4 | 3 | 2·91 |

| | 3 † | 3 | 12·3 | 2¼ | 2·91 |

| | 1 | 5 | 29·8 | 2½ | 2·01 |

+-----------+----------+-----------+---------+-------+--------+

|BRASS | 32 Pr. | 5 3 | 10·5 | 18 | 6·3 |

|HOWITZERS. | 24 | 4 8·6 | 9·8 | 13 | 5·72 |

| | 12¼ | 3 9·2 | 9·8 | 6½ | 4·58 |

| | 4⅖ | 1 10 | 4·8 | 2½ | 4·52 |

+-----------+----------+-----------+---------+-------+--------+

|BRASS | 10-inch | 2 3 | 2·7 | 12¼ | 10· |

|MORTARS. | 8 | 1 9 | 2·6 | 6½ | 8· |

| | 5½ | 1 3 | 2·6 | 1¼ | 5·62 |

| | 4⅖ | 1 0 | 2·6 | ¾ | 4·52 |

+-----------+----------+-----------+---------+-------+--------+

† Medium.

‡ Long.

+-----------+----------+---------------------------------+

| | +--------+--------+-------+-------+

+-----------+----------+--------+--------+-------+-------+

|CARRONADES.| 68 Pr. | 5 | 13 | 7·95 | 7·9 |

| | 42 | 3 8 | 9 | 6·79 | 6·72 |

| | 32 | 2 10 | 8 | 6·2 | 6·14 |

| | 24 | 2 | 6 | 5·63 | 5·58 |

| | 18 | 1 8 | 4 | 5·12 | 5·07 |

| | 12 | 1 | 3 | 4·47 | 4·43 |

+-----------+----------+--------+--------+-------+-------+

|IRON | 10-inch | 7 | 7 | 9·88 | 9·8 |

|HOWITZERS. | 8 | 4 | 4 | 7·9 | 7·82 |

+-----------+----------+--------+--------+-------+-------+

|IRON | 13-inch | | 20 11 | 12·88 | 12·8 |

|MORTARS. | 13 | | 9 | 12·88 | 12·8 |

| | 10 | | 9 8 | 9·88 | 9·8 |

| | 10 | | 4 | 9·88 | 9·8 |

| | 8 | | 2 | 7·9 | 7·82 |

+-----------+----------+--------+--------+-------+-------+

|BRASS GUNS.| 12 Pr. † | 4 | 5 | 4·47 | 4·43 |

| | 9 Pr. | 2 8 | 3 8 | 4·1 | 4·06 |

| | 6 ‡ | 1 8 | 2 | 3·56 | 3·53 |

| | 3 † | 12 | 1 | 2·83 | 2·8 |

| | 3 † | 10 | 1 | 2·83 | 2·8 |

| | 1 | 6 | 12 | 1·99 | 1·92 |

+-----------+----------+--------+--------+-------+-------+

|BRASS | 32 Pr. | 3 0 | 3 0 | 6·2 | 6·1 |

|HOWITZERS. | 24 | 2 8 | 2 8 | 5·62 | 5·57 |

| | 12¼ | 1 4 | 1 4 | 4·47 | 4·43 |

| | 4⅖ | 8 | 8 | 4·47 | 4·43 |

+-----------+----------+--------+--------+-------+-------+

|BRASS | 10-inch | | 4 | 9·88 | 9·8 |

|MORTARS. | 8 | | 2 | 7·9 | 7·82 |

| | 5½ | | 7 | 5·62 | 5·57 |

| | 4⅖ | | 5 | 4·47 | 4·43 |

+-----------+----------+--------+--------+-------+-------+

* Shot for guns: Shells for howitzers and mortars.

† Medium.

‡ Long.

CARRIAGES.

_Garrison carriages_ are made of oak and other hard wood. _Trucks_

iron; but in those situations which are not exposed to enfilade, the

carriages are cast iron.

_Ship carriages._—The Brackets and Transoms are elm, _Axletrees_ oak,

_Trucks_ elm.

_Field gun carriages._—_All Travelling carriages_ are now made

entirely of oak. _The Carriages_, for the heavy iron 12 and

9-pounders with bracket-trail, and also for all heavy battering

ordnance, are made of oak. _Limbers_ have the axletree beds of oak;

_Futchells_, _Splinter_, or _Sweeping-bar_, of ash; _Foot-boards_,

fir or elm. _Limber boxes_ have the sides elm, and the rest fir.

_Ring-tires_ are used for light 3-pounders and hand-cart wheels.

_Shafts_ are always made of ash. _Wheels_ have the _Nave_ of elm,

_Spokes_ (12) of oak, _Felloes_ (6) of ash.

_Sleighs_ are used for the conveyance of artillery, during the

winter, in Canada.[7] The sleigh consists of a platform six feet

ten inches long, and three feet ten inches wide, placed on runners

sixteen inches high; upon this rest two strong transoms, to which the

brackets supporting the gun are secured. A box, distinct from the

ammunition boxes, is placed on each side of the gun, together capable

of containing about thirty rounds of ammunition, and which serve as

seats for Nos. 1 and 6. These boxes usually contain the shot, and

small stores carried in the axletree boxes, as well as long reins for

driving, when in single draught. The extreme breadth of the runners

is three feet.

_Packing the Intrenching tools, &c._

_Marching order._—In marching order, the following stores and

intrenching tools are _on the gun sleighs_; two fitting ropes, one

spare swingletree; swords of Nos. 1 and 6 on front platform under

breast of gun, claw hammer, wrench, and pincers; in sockets, two

portfire sticks on right rear of platform.

_On No. 1 ammunition sleigh_; two fitting ropes, prolonge, two spare

swingletrees, and sword of No. 3, on front part of platform; carbines

of No. 1 and 6, on front box; spare sponge, and worm on platform

right of boxes; spare handspike on left side; 4 spare traces between

front and rear boxes; swords of Nos. 4 and 5 on platform in rear of

boxes, covered by knapsacks of Nos. 1, 6, 5, and 4. The knapsacks

are strapped from off-handle of off-box to rear handle of rear box.

_On No. 2 sleigh_; felling axe, and two camp kettles, on front of

platform; sword of No. 2 on front box; pickaxe in rear of front box;

four spades strapped to front of rear boxes; four water buckets

strapped to guard irons of front box, two at each side; swords of

Nos. 7 and 8 in rear of boxes, covered by knapsacks of Nos. 2, 3, 7,

and 8.

DEPRESSION CARRIAGES.

Of these there are two descriptions—

1st. Those in the batteries at Gibraltar.

2nd. Those constructed for general service.

These latter carriages are similar to common standing carriages,

excepting that they are about a foot longer, and the front transom

is hollowed so as to allow of a greater depression, and has a bolt

behind it for the end of the stool bed. There is also a skid, or

transom, placed across the last step of the carriage, which has a

thread in it for the elevating screw that supports one end of the

stool bed. These carriages admit of a depression of 30°, but after

every round the piece must be brought horizontal to load, which is

done by taking out altogether the rear transom. _Depression Carronade

carriages_ differ from the common carriages in having their trucks in

rear instead of in front. They are depressed by an iron segment of a

circle, which is moveable in a slit in the trail, and which has holes

in it about an inch apart, through which a bolt is to be placed to

support it at any height, the intermediate depression being given by

a screw.

_Weight of Field Carriages, Limbers, &c._

Spare wheels are not included in the following Table of weights.

+----------------------------------+-------+--------------+-------------+

| Nature of Carriage. |Rounds.+--------------+-------------+

+----------------------------------+-------+--------------+-------------+

| { Gun | | 38 2 } |

| { Carriage | | 18 1 26 } |

| 18 Pr. Iron { Limber | | 7 1 10 } 66 2 18 |

| { Side-arms | | 24 } |

| { Stores | | 2 14 } |

+----------------------------------+-------+--------------+-------------+

| { Limber | | 8 2 10 } |

| { Ammunition | 24 | 5 6 } |

| 18 Pr. Waggon { Stores | | 1 12 } 37 2 |

| { Body | | 10 3 24 } |

| { Ammunition | 36 | 7 2 17 } |

| { Stores | | 3 2 17 } |

+----------------------------------+-------+--------------+-------------+

| { Gun | | 18 } |

| { Carriage | | 12 2 8 } |

| Brass { Limber | 24 | 8 3 6 } 44 17 |

| 12 Pr. Medium { Ammunition | | 3 2 22 } |

| { Side-arms | | 1 14 } |

| { Stores | | 2 23 } |

+----------------------------------+-------+--------------+-------------+

| { Limber | | 9 2 2 } |

| 12 Pr. Medium { Ammunition | 32 | 4 3 2 } |

| Ammunition { Stores | | 2 27 } 36 1 9 |

| Waggon { Body | | 10 3 24 } |

| { Ammunition | 48 | 6 3 24 } |

| { Stores, Tent, | | 3 2 8 } |

| { &c. | | } |

+----------------------------------+-------+--------------+-------------+

| 12 Pr. Medium { Carriage | | 13 1 21 } |

| Spare wheel { Limber | | 8 2 11 } 30 1 15 |

| Carriage { Stores | | 8 1 11 } |

+----------------------------------+-------+--------------+-------------+

| { Gun | | 13 2 } |

| { Carriage | | 12 1 8 } |

| 9 Pounder { Limber | | 8 17 } 38 2 9 |

| { Ammunition | 32 | 3 2 25 } |

| { Side-arms | | 1 10 } |

| { Stores | | 2 23 } |

+----------------------------------+-------+--------------+-------------+

| { Limber | | 8 1 24 } |

| 9 Pounder { Ammunition | 32 | 3 2 25 } |

| Ammunition { Stores | | 2 27 } 34 1 17 |

| Waggon { Body | | 10 3 24 } |

| { Ammunition | 64 | 6 3 22 } |

| { Stores, &c. | | 3 2 5 } |

+----------------------------------+-------+--------------+-------------+

| 9 Pounder { Carriage | | 12 2 } |

| Spare wheel { Limber | | 7 3 11 } 29 2 15 |

| Carriage { Stores | | 9 1 4 } |

+----------------------------------+-------+--------------+-------------+

| Nature of Carriage. |Rounds.+--------------+-------------+

+----------------------------------+-------+--------------+-------------+

| { Gun | | 12 1 } |

| { Carriage | | 11 26 } |

| 6 Pr. Heavy { Limber | | 8 24 } |

| { Ammunition | 50 | 3 3 18 } 36 2 11 |

| { Side-arms | | 1 4 } |

| { Stores | | 2 23 } |

+----------------------------------+-------+--------------+-------------+

| { Limber | | 8 24 } |

| 6 Pr. Heavy { Ammunition | 50 | 3 3 18 } 33 19 |

| Ammunition { Stores | | 2 27 } |

| Waggon { Body | | 8 3 21 } |

| { Ammunition | 100 | 7 3 8 } |

| { Stores | | 3 2 5 } |

+----------------------------------+-------+--------------+-------------+

| 6 Pr. Heavy { Carriage | | 11 2 14 } |

| Spare wheel { Limber | | 7 3 11 } 28 2 20 |

| Carriage { Stores | | 9 23 } |

+----------------------------------+-------+--------------+-------------+

| { Gun | | 6 } |

| { Carriage | | 9 1 15 } |

| { Shot, Axletree | 6 | 1 27 } |

| 6 Pr. Light { Side-arms | | 1 2 } 28 23 |

| { Limber | | 8 1 18 } |

| { Ammunition | 40 | 2 3 22 } |

| { Stores | | 2 23 } |

+----------------------------------+-------+--------------+-------------+

| { Limber | | 8 1 18 } |

| 6 Pr. Light { Ammunition | 48 | 3 2 } |

| Ammunition { Stores | | 2 27 } 33 3 8 |

| Waggon { Body | | 10 3 3 } |

| { Ammunition | 100 | 6 3 11 } |

| { Stores | | 3 2 5 } |

+----------------------------------+-------+--------------+-------------+

| 6 Pr. Light { Carriage | | 9 2 11 } |

| Spare wheel { Limber | | 7 3 11 } 26 2 26 |

| Carriage { Spare Stores | | 9 1 4 } |

+----------------------------------+-------+--------------+-------------+

| { Gun | | 6 } |

| { Carriage | | 8 1 24 } |

| { Shot, Axletree | 8 | 1 10 } |

| 3 Pr. Heavy { Side-arms | | 24 } 26 2 15 |

| { Limber | | 8 6 } |

| { Ammunition | 70 | 2 3 14 } |

| { Stores | | 2 21 } |

+----------------------------------+-------+--------------+-------------+

| { Limber | | 8 6 } |

| 3 Pr. Heavy { Ammunition | 70 | 2 3 14 } |

| Ammunition { Stores | | 2 27 } 30 1 25 |

| Waggon { Body | | 8 3 18 } |

| { Ammunition | 168 | 6 1 14 } |

| { Stores | | 3 2 2 } |

+----------------------------------+-------+--------------+-------------+

| Nature of Carriage. |Rounds.+--------------+-------------+

+----------------------------------+-------+--------------+-------------+

| 3 Pr. Heavy { Carriage | | 9 15 } |

| Spare wheel { Limber | | 7 3 11 } 24 3 1 |

| Carriage { Stores | | 7 3 3 } |

+----------------------------------+-------+--------------+-------------+

| 3 Pounder { Gun | | 3 } |

| Light { Carriage | | 4 1 8 } |

| { Shot, Axletree | | 16 } 12 3 11 |

| { Limber | | 3 3 4 } |

| { Ammunition | 34 | 1 8 } |

| { Side-arms & | | 2 3 } |

| { Stores | | } |

+----------------------------------+-------+--------------+-------------+

| 3 Pounder Light { Car Stores, &c.| 60 | 6 1 24 } 6 1 24 |

+----------------------------------+-------+--------------+-------------+

| 5½ in. Howitzer { Howitzer | | 10 } |

| Heavy { Carriage | | 13 3 15 } 37 2 1 |

| { Limber | | 8 1 3 } |

| { Side-arms & | 24 | 5 1 11 } |

| { Stores | | } |

+----------------------------------+-------+--------------+-------------+

| 5½ in. Howitzer { Limber | | 8 1 3 } |

| Heavy,Ammunition{ Body, &c. } | | } 32 2 21 |

| Waggon { Ammunition } | 60 | 24 1 18 } |

+----------------------------------+-------+--------------+-------------+

| 5½ in. Howitzer { Howitzer | | 4 3 } |

| Light { Carriage | | 10 1 23 } |

| { Limber | | 8 1 16 } 26 3 21 |

| { Ammunition | 22 | 3 1 10 } |

+----------------------------------+-------+--------------+-------------+

| 5½ in. Howitzer { Limber | | 8 16 } |

| Light,Ammunition{ Body, &c. | | 10 3 3 } 28 1 9 |

| Waggon { Ammunition | 62 | 9 1 18 } |

+----------------------------------+-------+--------------+-------------+

| 4⅖ in. Howitzer{ Howitzer | | 2 2 } |

| { Carriage | | 5 1 2 } |

| { Limber | | 3 1 16 } 13 11 |

| { Ammunition, &c.| 16 | 1 3 21 } |

+----------------------------------+-------+--------------+-------------+

| Limber 4⅖ in. { Carriage | | 3 3 20 } |

| Howitzer { Ammunition, &c.| 32 | 3 1 6 } 7 26 |

+----------------------------------+-------+--------------+-------------+

| 32 Pounder Brass{ Carriage | | 13 3 2 } |

| { Limber | | 10 11 } 23 3 13 |

+----------------------------------+-------+--------------+-------------+

| 24 Pounder Brass{Howitzer | | 12 2 } |

| Howitzer {Carriage | | 12 2 13 } |

| Gen. Millar’s {Side-arms | | 25 } 39 1 11 |

| {Limber | | 8 2 4 } |

| {Ammunition | 24 | 4 3 2 } |

| {Stores | | 2 23 } |

+----------------------------------+-------+--------------+-------------+

| {Limber | | 8 2 4 } |

| 24 Pounder Brass{Ammunition | 24 | 4 3 2 } |

| Howitzer {Stores | | 2 27 } 35 1 20 |

| Ammunition {Body | | 10 3 4 } |

| Waggon {Ammunition | 36 | 6 3 24 } |

| {Stores | | 3 2 15 } |

+----------------------------------+-------+--------------+-------------+

| Nature of Carriage. |Rounds.+--------------+-------------+

+----------------------------------+-------+--------------+-------------+

| { Howitzer | | 6 2 } |

| 12 Pr. Brass { Carriage | | 9 3 14 } |

| Howitzer { Side-arms | | 23 } 29 17 |

| Gen. Millar’s { Limber | | 8 21 } |

| { Ammunition | 36 | 3 2 20 } |

| { Stores | | 2 23 } |

+----------------------------------+-------+--------------+-------------+

| { Limber | | 8 1 3 } |

| 12 Pr. Brass { Ammunition | 36 | 3 2 20 } |

| Howitzer { Stores | | 2 27 } 31 2 13 |

| Ammunition { Body | | 8 3 22 } |

| Waggon. { Ammunition | 64 | 6 1 12 } |

| { Stores | | 3 2 13 } |

+----------------------------------+-------+--------------+-------------+

| 3 Pr. Colonial { Gun | | 3 } |

| service Gun { Carriage | | 4 3 } 12 15 |

| 4 feet { Limber, Stores,| 34 | 5 12 } |

| { &c. | | } |

| { Car | | 3 3 14 } 6 1 24 |

| { Stores, &c. | 60 | 2 2 10 } |

+----------------------------------+-------+--------------+-------------+

| 1 Pr. Mountain { Gun | | 2 2 } |

| service Gun { Carriage | | 2 3 2 } 8 1 22 |

| drawn by two { Four small boxes| | 2 20 } |

| mules { Stores, &c. | 72 | 2 2 } |

+----------------------------------+-------+--------------+-------------+

| Carried on the { Two large boxes| | 2 4 } 2 2 1 |

| backs of 2 mules{ Ammunition, &c.| 112 | 1 3 25 } |

+----------------------------------+-------+--------------+-------------+

| { Limber | | 8 9 } |

| Forge Waggon { Body | | 9 2 25 } |

| with lockers, { Bellows | | 2 15 } 24 11 |

| &c. { Anvil | | 1 2 18 } |

| { Smith’s tools, | | 4 } |

| { &c. | | } |

+----------------------------------+-------+--------------+-------------+

| including frame, &c. | | 11 2 16 | 11 2 16 |

+----------------------------------+-------+--------------+-------------+

| Flanders waggon Ammunition | | 15 2 | 15 2

+----------------------------------+-------+--------------+-------------+

| Store Limber { Limber | | 8 9 } 18 3 16 |

| Carriage { Body, &c. | | 10 3 7 } |

+----------------------------------+-------+--------------+-------------+

| { Limber | | 7 2 4 } |

| Ball cartridge { Body lb.oz.| | 7 26 } |

| Waggon { 20 Boxes at 12 4| | 2 21 } 34 2 7 |

| Gen. Millar’s { 20,000 Rounds | | 16 2 27 } |

| { 2,000 Flints & | | 3 13 } |

| { Boxes | | } |

+----------------------------------+-------+--------------+-------------+

| Sling Cart | | 16 1 17 | 16 1 17 |

+----------------------------------+-------+--------------+-------------+

| Large Gyn { Gyn | 9 2 22 } 12 2 19 |

| { Blocks and Tackles | 2 3 25 } |

+----------------------------------+-------+--------------+-------------+

| Common Gyn { Gyn | 7 3 3 } 10 2 4 |

| { Blocks and Tackles | 2 3 1 } |

+----------------------------------+-------+--------------+-------------+

| Traversing Platform (Iron) | | 51 } 72 2 18 |

| Platform Carriage | | 21 2 18 } |

| (24 Pounder) Iron | | } |

+----------------------------------+-------+--------------+-------------+

| Nature of Carriage. |Rounds.+--------------+-------------+

+----------------------------------+-------+--------------+-------------+

| Devil Carriage { Large carriage | | 28 2 7 } 36 15 |

| complete { Small Ditto | | 7 2 8 } |

+----------------------------------+-------+--------------+-------------+

| Sling Waggon { Carriage | | 18 0 26 } 27 1 27 |

| { Limber | | 9 1 1 } |

+----------------------------------+-------+--------------+-------------+

| Large Pontoon { Carriage | | 13 3 20 } |

| Carriage { Two pontoons | | 9 1 9 } 45 20 |

| Blanshard’s { Appurtenances | | 21 3 19 } |

+----------------------------------+-------+--------------+-------------+

| Small Pontoon { Carriage | | 9 } |

| Carriage { Five pontoons | | 5 } 21 1 23 |

| Blanshard’s { Appurtenances | | 7 1 23 } |

+----------------------------------+-------+--------------+-------------+

| Small boat for { Carriage | | 7 5 } 10 2 5 |

| Pontoon bridge { Wooden boat | | 3 2 } |

+----------------------------------+-------+--------------+-------------+

| Baggage cart | | 9 0 7 |

| Hand cart | | 4 3 4 |

| French cart | | 5 2 13 |

| Ball Cartridge cart | | 7 3 4 |

+----------------------------------+-------+--------------+-------------+

+-------+-----------------------------------+-------------+-------------+

| | Guns, Howitzers, &c. +-------------+-------------+

+-------+-----------------------------------+-------------+-------------+

| | and 24-Pr. Howitzer Carriage | 5 | 4 2 4 |

| 2 | _or Light_ 6-Pr. _Wheel_, used | | |

| | and Limber of ammunition Waggon | 5 | 3 3 18 |

| 3 | used by Light 3-Pr. | 4 4 | 2 1 |

| 4 | used by mountain Guns, &c. | 3 | 3 22 |

| 24-Pr.| Gun and 10-inch Howitzer | 5 | 8 1 12 |

| 18 | Ditto 8-inch ditto | 5 | 7 |

| Limber to the above | 3 10 | 3 2 10 |

| Platform Waggon, hind | 5 | 5 1 26 |

| Ditto ditto fore | 4 | 4 2 |

| Devil Carriage, hind | 7 | 12 1 18 |

| Ditto ditto fore | 5 | 5 1 26 |

| Sling cart, Gun or Mortar | 5 6 | 8 3 10 |

| Flanders Waggon, hind | 5 | 3 3 18 |

| Ditto ditto fore | 4 2 | 2 3 20 |

| Hand cart | 4 4 | 2 1 |

+-------------------------------------------+-------------+-------------+

Weight of Carriages for Iron guns, Heavy howitzers, &c., also Weight

of Traversing platforms.

+-----------+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------+

| Ordnance. +-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----+-----+

+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----+-----+

| { 42 Pr. | | | 16 3 13 | 26 1 | 23 | 51 |

| { 32 | | | 15 1 2 | 23 2 | 23 | |

| { 24 | 23 3 25 | 7 1 27 | 13 2 23 | 21 2 | 19 | |

| { 18 | 18 1 26 | 7 1 27 | 12 3 1 | 18 3 19 | 19 | |

| { 12 | 12 22 | 6 11 | 11 2 7 | 17 16 | 19 | |

| { 9 | 11 2 6 | 6 11 | 10 1 13 | 15 1 7 | | |

| { 6 | | | 9 20 | 14 19 | | |

| { 3 | | | 6 1 24 | | | |

+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----+-----+

| { 10 in. | 31 2 9 | 7 1 27 | 16 | 25 1 5 | | |

| { 8 | 24 1 13 | 7 1 27 | 14 | 18 1 18 | | |

| { 5½ | 11 2 23 | 6 10 | | 15 1 24 | | |

+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----+-----+

| { 68 Pr. | | | 17 2 25 | | | |

| { 42 | | | 10 1 21 | | | |

| { 32 | | | 8 3 24 | 11 3 | | |

| { 24 | | | 7 3 21 | 10 3 20 | | |

| { 18 | | | 6 3 20 | 9 2 10 | | |

| { 12 | | | 6 1 | 8 1 12 | | |

+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----+-----+

+--------+----+-----------+-----------------------+-----------+-----------+

+--------+----+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+

|{ 68 Pr.|112 | 16 0 26 | | | | |

|{ 56 Pr.| 98 | 18 2 22 | 31 1 26 | | | |

|{ 8 in.| 65 | 13 1 0 | 26 0 21 | 52 0 5 | 13 3 11 | 25 1 2 |

|{ 32 Pr.| 56 | 12 1 23 | 26 0 21 | 52 0 5 | 13 3 0 | 25 1 |

+--------+----+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+

_Weight and Dimensions of Trucks, for Land Service._

+---------+------------------------------------+

| | Fore. |

| Nature +--------------+-------+-------------+

| Trucks. +-------+------+ of | a pair. |

+---------+-------+------+-------+-------------+

| |ft. in.| in. | in. |cwt. qrs. lb.|

| 42 Pr. | 1 7 | 7·5 | 6·62 | 3 0 20 |

| 32 | 1 7 | 7·5 | 6·62 | 3 0 20 |

| 24 | 1 7 | 6·5 | 5· | 2 1 26 |

| 18 | 1 7 | 6·5 | 5· | 2 1 26 |

| 12 | 1 7 | 6·5 | 5· | 2 1 26 |

| 9 | 1 7 | 6·5 | 5· | 2 1 26 |

| 6 | 1 6 | 5·5 | 4·25 | 1 3 4 |

| 3 | 1 6 | 5·5 | 4·25 | 1 3 4 |

+---------+-------+------+-------+-------------+

+---------+------------------------------------+

| | Hind. |

| Nature +--------------+-------+-------------+

| Trucks. +--------------+ of | a pair. |

+---------+-------+------+-------+-------------+

| |ft. in.| in. | in. |cwt. qrs. lb.|

| 42 Pr. | 1 4 | 7·5 | 5· | 2 0 4 |

| 32 | 1 4 | 7·5 | 5·5 | 2 0 4 |

| 24 | 1 4 | 6·5 | 4·5 | 1 2 5 |

| 18 | 1 4 | 6·5 | 4·5 | 1 2 5 |

| 12 | 1 4 | 6·5 | 4·5 | 1 2 5 |

| 9 | 1 4 | 6·5 | 4·5 | 1 2 5 |

| 6 | 1 4 | 6·5 | 3·5 | 1 1 6 |

| 3 | 1 4 | 6·5 | 3· | 1 1 6 |

+---------+-------+------+-------+-------------+

_Weight and Dimensions of Mortar beds._

OLD PATTERN.

+-------------------+-------------+-----------------------------+

| Nature of Bed | | Dimensions. |

| Land service. | Weight. +--------------------+--------+

+-------------------+-------------+----------+---------+--------+

| 13 Inch Iron | 35 2 22 | 5 5½ | 3 1 | 2 1 |

| 10 Inch Iron | 16 1 16 | 4 4 | 3 1 | 1 7 |

| 8 Inch Iron | 7 2 27 | 3 3 | 3 1 | 1 3 |

| 5½ Inch Wood | 1 10 | 2 7 | 1 3 | 9 |

| 4⅖ Inch Wood | 3 5 | 2 5 | 1 3 | |

+-------------------+-------------+----------+---------+--------+

NEW PATTERN.

+-------------------+-------------+-----------------------------+

| Nature of Bed | | Dimensions. |

| Land service. | Weight. +--------------------+--------+

+-------------------+-------------+---------+----------+--------+

| 13 Inch Iron | 35 2 20 | 6 1 | 3 2¾ | 2 ½ |

| 10 Inch Iron | 17 3 16 | 4 4 | 3 1 | 1 7 |

| 8 Inch Iron | 8 3 3 | 3 3 | 3 1 | 1 3 |

+-------------------+-------------+---------+----------+--------+

The Breadth and Length of each Bed are measured from the

extremities of the traversing bolts.

PART IV.

RANGE, ELEVATION, ETC., OF BRASS ORDNANCE.

+----------------------------------++----------------------------------+

| SOLID SHOT. || COMMON CASE SHOT. |

+--------+-----------+-------------++--------+-----------+-------------+

| |Med. 12 Pr.|Light 12 Pr. || |Med. 12 Pr.|Light 12 Pr. |

| Eleva- | 9 Pr. | Ditto 6 Pr. || Eleva- | 9 Pr. | Ditto 6 Pr. |

| tion. | Long 6 Pr.| Heavy 3 Pr. || tion. | Long 6 Pr.| Heavy 3 Pr. |

+--------+-----------+-------------++--------+-----------+-------------+

|degrees.| yards. | yards. ||degrees.| yards. | yards. |

| P. B. | 300 | 200 || P. B. | 150 | 100 |

| ¼ | 400 | 300 || ¼ | 175 | 125 |

| ½ | 500 | 400 || ½ | 200 | 150 |

| ¾ | 600 | 500 || ¾ | 225 | 175 |

| 1 | 700 | 600 || 1 | 250 | 200 |

| 1¼ | 775 | 650 || 1¼ | 275 | 225 |

| 1½ | 850 | 700 || 1½ | 300 | 250 |

| 1¾ | 925 | 750 || 1¾ | 325 | 275 |

| 2 | 1000 | 800 || 2 | 350 | 300 |

| 2¼ | 1050 | 850 || | | |

| 2½ | 1100 | 900 || | | |

| 2¾ | 1150 | 950 || | | |

| 3 | 1200 | 1000 || | | |

| 3¼ | 1250 | 1050 || | | |

| 3½ | 1300 | 1100 || | | |

| 3¾ | 1350 | 1150 || | | |

| 4 | 1400 | 1200 || | | |

+--------+-----------+-------------++--------+-----------+-------------+

+-----------------------------------------------------+

| 24 Pr. Howitzer. |

| Charge 2½ lb. |

| |

+-------------------------------+---------------------+

| Com. Shells. | C. Case. |

+------------+---------+--------+------------+--------+

+------------+---------+--------+------------+--------+

| deg. | 10ths | yds. | deg. | yds. |

| P. B. | | 250 | P. B. | 150 |

| ¼ | | 300 | ¼ | 175 |

| ½ | | 350 | ½ | 200 |

| ¾ | | 400 | ¾ | 225 |

| 1 | 1 | 450 | 1 | 250 |

| 1¼ | 1½ | 500 | 1¼ | 275 |

| 1½ | 2 | 550 | 1½ | 300 |

| 1¾ | 2½ | 600 | 1¾ | 325 |

| 2 | 3 | 650 | 2 | 350 |

| 2¼ | 3½ | 700 | 2¼ | 375 |

| 2½ | 4 | 750 | 2½ | 400 |

| 2¾ | 4½ | 800 | | |

| 3 | 5 | 850 | | |

| 3¼ | 5½ | 900 | | |

| 3½ | 6 | 950 | | |

| 3¾ | 6½ | 1000 | | |

| 4 | 7 | 1025 | | |

| | | | | |

+------------+---------+--------+------------+--------+

* Fuze—Old pattern.

+-----------------------------------------------------+

| 12 Pr. Howitzer. |

| Charge 1½ lb. |

| |

+-------------------------------+---------------------+

| Com. Shells. | C. Case. |

+------------+---------+--------+------------+--------+

+------------+---------+--------+------------+--------+

| deg. | 10ths | yds. | deg. | yds. |

| 1 | 1 | 400 | P. B. | 100 |

| 1¼ | 1½ | 450 | ¼ | 125 |

| 1½ | 2 | 500 | ½ | 150 |

| 1¾ | 2½ | 550 | ¾ | 175 |

| 2 | 3 | 600 | 1 | 200 |

| 2¼ | 3½ | 650 | 1¼ | 225 |

| 2½ | 4 | 700 | 1½ | 250 |

| 2¾ | 4½ | 750 | 1¾ | 275 |

| 3 | 5 | 800 | 2 | 300 |

| 3¼ | 5½ | 850 | | |

| 3½ | 6 | 900 | | |

| 3¾ | 6¼ | 950 | | |

| 4 | 7 | 1000 | | |

| 4¼ | 7½ | 1025 | | |

| 4½ | 7¾ | 1050 | | |

| 4¾ | 8 | 1075 | | |

| 5 | 8¼ | 1100 | | |

| 5¼ | 8½ | 1125 | | |

| 5½ | 8¾ | 1150 | | |

+------------+---------+--------+------------+--------+

* Fuze—Old pattern.

+--------------------------------+

| 5½ in. Howitzer. |

| Heavy | Light |

| 2 lb. Charge 1 lb. |

+--------------------------------+

| Com. Shells. |

+------------+---------+---------+

| Elevation. | Range. | Range. |

+------------+---------+---------+

| deg. | yds. | yds. |

| P. B. | 250 | 150 |

| 1 | 400 | 300 |

| 2 | 550 | 450 |

| 3 | 700 | 600 |

| 4 | 850 | 750 |

| 5 | 975 | 850 |

| 6 | 1100 | 950 |

| 7 | 1225 | 1050 |

| 8 | 1350 | 1150 |

| 9 | 1450 | 1200 |

| 10 | 1550 | 1250 |

| 11 | 1650 | 1300 |

| 12 | 1750 | 1350 |

| | | |

+------------+---------+---------+

_Ranges, Elevation, &c., of 8-inch Howitzer._

+--------------------------++-------------++--------------------------+

| || Shrapnell || |

| Common Shells. || Shells. || Ricochet firing. |

+-----+------+------+------++------+------++-----+------+------+------+

| Cha-| Fuze.|Eleva-|Range.|| Fuze.|Eleva-|| Cha-|Eleva-|Range.| Fuze.|

| rge.| | tion.| || | tion.|| rge.| tion.| | |

+-----+------+------+------++------+---------+---+------+------+------+

| lb. |inches| deg. |yards.||inches| deg. || lb. | deg. |yards.|inches|

+-----+------+------+------++------+------++-----+------+------+------+

| 4 | ·3 | 2 | 450 || .. | .. || .. | .. | .. | .. |

| | ·4 | 2½ | 600 || ·3 | 2⅝ || 1 | 9·5 | 400 | ·85 |

| | ·52 | 3 | 750 || ·5 | 3½ || 1·5 | 6· | 400 | ·8 |

| | ·65 | 3¾ | 900 || ·7 | 4½ || 1·5 | 9· | 600 | 1· |

| | ·8 | 4½ | 1050 || ·9 | 5⅝ || 2 | 6·25| 600 | ·9 |

| | ·95 | 5⅜ | 1200 || 1·1 | 6⅞ || 2·5 | 5·5 | 600 | ·75 |

| | 1·1 | 6¼ | 1350 || 1·35 | 8¼ || 2 | 8·5 | 800 | 1·2 |

| | 1·3 | 7¼ | 1500 || 1·6 | 9¾ || 2·5 | 6·25| 800 | 1· |

| | 1·5 | 8¼ | 1650 |+------+------++-----+------+------+------+

| | 1·75 | 9⅜ | 1800 || | || 1 | 34·5 | 1170 | |

| | 2· | 10½ | 1950 || | || 2 | 34·5 | 2010 | |

| | 2·3 | 11¾ | 2100 |+------+------++-----+------+------+------+

| | 2·6 | 13 | 2250 || | || 3 | 5 | 900 | |

| | 3· | 14⅜ | 2400 || | || 3 | 10 | 1200 | |

| | 3·4 | 15¾ | 2550 || | || 3 | 15 | 1930 | |

| | 3·9 | 17¼ | 2700 || | || | | | |

+-----+------+------+------++------+------++-----+------+------+------+

_32 Pr. Brass Howitzer._

+----+----+-----------+-----------++-----+----+-----------+-----------+

|Ran-|Com-| Common | Shrapnell || Ran-|Com-| Common | Shrapnell |

| ge.| mon| Shell. | Shell. || ge.| mon| Shell. | Shell. |

| |Case| | || |Case| | |

+----+----+-----+-----+-----+-----++-----+----+-----+-----+-----+-----+

|Yar-|Ele-| Ele-|Fuze.| Ele-|Fuze.|| Yar-|Ele-| Ele-|Fuze.| Ele-|Fuze.|

| ds.|vat-| vat-| | vat-| || ds.|vat-| vat-| | vat-| |

| |ion.| ion.| | ion.| || |ion.| ion.| | ion.| |

+----+----+-----+-----+-----+-----++-----+----+-----+-----+-----+-----+

| 200| P B| | | | || 1150| | 4⅜ | ·8 | 4¼ | |

| 300| 1° | | | | || 1200| | 4⅞ | ·9 | 4⅝ | ·8 |

| 400| 2° | ¾ | ·2 | P B | || 1250| | 5½ | ·9 | 5° | |

| 450+----+ ⅞ | ·2 | ¼ | ·2 || 1300| .. | .. | ·9 | 5¼ | ·9 |

| 500| | 1° | ·2 | ½ | || 1350| .. | .. | 1·0 | 5⅝ | |

| 550| | 1¼ | ·3 | 1° | || 1400| .. | .. | 1·0 | 6° | 1·0 |

| 600| | 1⅜ | ·3 | 1¼ | || 1450| .. | .. | 1·1 | 6¼ | |

| 650| | 1½ | ·3 | 1⅝ | ·3 || 1500| — | 7½ | 1·1 | 6⅝ | |

| 700| | 1¾ | ·4 | 2° | || 1550| | | 1·2 | 7° | |

| 750| | 2° | ·4 | 2¼ | || 1600| | | 1·3 | 7¼ | |

| 800| | 2¼ | ·5 | 2½ | ·4 || 1650| | | 1·4 | 7⅝ | |

| 850| | 2½ | ·5 | 2¾ | || 1700| | | 1·5 | 8° | |

| 900| | 2¾ | ·6 | 3° | ·5 || 1750| | | 1·6 | | |

| 950| | 3° | ·6 | 3¼ | || 1800| — | 9½ | 1·7 | | |

|1000| | 3¼ | ·7 | 3½ | ·6 || 1850| | | 1·8 | | |

|1050| | 3⅝ | ·7 | 3¾ | || 1900| | | 1·9 | | |

|1100| | 4° | ·8 | 4° | ·7 || 2000| | | 2·0 | | |

+----+----+-----+-----+-----+-----++-----+----+-----+-----+-----+-----+

_Range, Elevation, &c., of Brass Ordnance._

SHRAPNELL SHELLS.

+---------------------------------+---------------------------------+

| 12 Pr. Medium. | 9 Pr. |

+---------------------------------+---------------------------------+

| Shell filled 10 lb. 13¼ oz. | Shell filled 8 lb. 1¼ oz. |

| Shell empty 5 lb. 10 oz. | Shell empty 4 lb. 9½ oz. |

| Number of Balls 63 | Number of Balls 41 |

+----------+--------+-------------+----------+--------+-------------+

+----------+--------+------+------+----------+--------+------+------+

| in. | deg. | yds. | yds. | in. | deg. | yds. | yds. |

| 10ths. | | | | 10ths. | | | |

| B ·2 | 1⅜ | 660 | 960 | B ·2 | 1⅜ | 640 | 920 |

| C ·3 | 1⅞ | 820 | 1110 | C ·3 | 1⅞ | 800 | 1060 |

| D ·4 | 2¼ | 960 | 1230 | D ·4 | 2¼ | 930 | 1180 |

| E ·5 | 2¾ | 1080 | 1340 | E ·5 | 2¾ | 1050 | 1290 |

| ·6 | 3¼ | 1195 | 1445 | ·6 | 3¼ | 1160 | 1390 |

| ·7 | 3¾ | 1301 | 1545 | ·7 | 3¾ | 1260 | 1480 |

| ·8 | 4⅜ | 1415 | 1645 | ·8 | 4⅜ | 1360 | 1570 |

| ·9 | 5⅛ | 1520 | 1740 | ·9 | 5⅛ | 1455 | 1655 |

| 1 · | 5¾ | 1620 | 1830 | 1 · | 5¾ | 1550 | 1740 |

| 1 ·1 | 6⅜ | 1720 | 1920 | 1 ·1 | 6⅜ | 1640 | 1820 |

| 1 ·2 | 7 | 1815 | 2005 | 1 ·2 | 7 | 1725 | 1895 |

| 1 ·3 | 7⅝ | 1905 | 2085 | 1 ·3 | 7⅝ | 1805 | 1965 |

| 1 ·4 | 8¼ | 1990 | 2160 | 1 ·4 | 8¼ | 1885 | 2035 |

| 1 ·5 | 8⅞ | 2070 | 2230 | 1 ·5 | 8¾ | 1960 | 2100 |

| 1 ·6 | 9⅜ | 2140 | 2290 | 1 ·6 | 9⅜ | 2030 | 2160 |

| 1 ·7 | 10 | 2200 | 2340 | 1 ·7 | 10 | 2095 | 2215 |

| | | | | 1 ·8 | 10¾ | 2165 | 2275 |

| | | | | | | | |

+----------+--------+------+------+----------+--------+------+------+

+---------------------------------+

| Light 6 Pr. |

+---------------------------------+

| Shell filled 5 lb. 7¼ oz. |

| Shell empty 3 lb. 2 oz. |

| Number of Balls 27 |

+----------+--------+-------------+

| Letter & | Eleva- | Range. |

| Length | tion. | |

+----------+--------+------+------+

| in. | deg. | yds. | yds. |

| 10ths. | | | |

| | 1 | 380 | 640 |

| B ·2 | 1¼ | 570 | 800 |

| C ·3 | 1⅝ | 720 | 930 |

| D ·4 | 2¼ | 845 | 1045 |

| E ·5 | 2⅞ | 955 | 1145 |

| ·6 | 3⅜ | 1060 | 1240 |

| ·7 | 4 | 1160 | 1330 |

| ·8 | 4⅝ | 1255 | 1415 |

| ·9 | 5¼ | 1345 | 1500 |

| 1 · | 5⅞ | 1430 | 1580 |

| 1 ·1 | 6⅝ | 1510 | 1655 |

| 1 ·2 | 7¼ | 1585 | 1725 |

| 1 ·3 | 7⅝ | 1655 | 1785 |

| 1 ·4 | 8¼ | 1720 | 1840 |

| 1 ·5 | 8⅞ | 1780 | 1890 |

| 1 ·6 | 9⅝ | 1835 | 1940 |

| 1 ·7 | 10¼ | 1885 | 1980 |

| 1 ·8 | 11 | 1953 | 2020 |

| | | | |

+----------+--------+------+------+

+----------------------------+----------------------------+

| 24 Pr. Howitzer. | 12 Pr. Howitzer. |

+----------------------------+----------------------------+

| S. filled 21 lb. 4 oz. | S. filled 10 lb. 13¼ oz. |

| S. empty 11 lb. 1 oz. | S. empty 5 lb. 10 oz. |

| No. of Balls 129 | No. of Balls 63 |

+----------+--------+--------+----------+--------+--------+

+----------+--------+--------+----------+--------+--------+

| in. | deg. | yds. | in. | deg. | yds. |

| 10ths. | | | 10ths. | | |

| ·1 | 1 | 450 | ·1 | 1¼ | 450 |

| ·1½ | 1¼ | 500 | ·1½ | 1½ | 500 |

| B ·2 | 1½ | 550 | B ·2 | 1¾ | 550 |

| ·2½ | 1¾ | 600 | ·2½ | 2 | 600 |

| C ·3 | 2 | 650 | C ·3 | 2¼ | 650 |

| ·3½ | 2¼ | 700 | ·3½ | 2½ | 700 |

| D ·4 | 2½ | 750 | D ·4 | 2¾ | 750 |

| ·4½ | 2¾ | 800 | ·4½ | 3 | 800 |

| E ·5 | 3 | 850 | E ·5 | 3¼ | 850 |

| ·5½ | 3¼ | 900 | ·5½ | 3½ | 900 |

| ·6 | 3½ | 950 | ·6 | 3¾ | 950 |

| ·6½ | 3¾ | 1000 | ·6½ | 4 | 1000 |

| ·7 | 4 | 1050 | ·7 | 4¼ | 1025 |

| ·7½ | 4¼ | 1100 | ·7½ | 4½ | 1050 |

| ·8 | 4½ | 1125 | ·7¾ | 4¾ | 1075 |

| ·8½ | 4¾ | 1150 | ·8 | 5 | 1100 |

| ·9 | 5 | 1175 | ·8¼ | 5¼ | 1125 |

| ·9½ | 5¼ | 1200 | ·8½ | 5½ | 1150 |

| | | | ·8¾ | 5¾ | 1175 |

| | | | ·9 | 6 | 1200 |

+----------+--------+--------+----------+--------+--------+

_Ricochet Practice with Brass Ordnance._

yds. = yards. Chg. = Charge. Ele. = Elevation.

+-----+------------------------+

| | Solid Shot. |

| +-----------+------------+

| | 12 Pr. | 9 Pr. Gun. |

| | Medium | |

|Range| Gun. | |

| in +----+------+----+-------+

|yds. |Chg.| Ele. |Chg.| Ele. |

| +----+------+----+-------+

| | oz.| deg. | oz.| deg. |

+-----+----+------+----+-------+

| | | | | |

| 400 | | | | |

| | | | 8 | 4 |

| | 6 | 6½ | 7 | 5 |

| | 5 | 7 | 6 | 6¼ |

| | | | 5 | 6¾ |

| 500 | | | | |

| | | | | |

| | | | 7 | 6½ |

| 600 | | | 6 | 7½ |

| | | | 5 | 9½ |

+-----+----+------+----+-------+

yds. = yards. Chg. = Charge. Ele. = Elevation.

+-----+-----------------------------------------------------------------+

| | Common Shells. |

| +------------+-----------+--------------+------------+------------+

| | 24 Pr. | 12 Pr. | 5½ in. | 5½ in. | 4⅖ in. |

| in +------+-----+-----+-----+------+-------+----+-------+----+-------+

|yds. | Chg. | Ele.|Chg. | Ele.| Chg. | Ele. |Chg.| Ele. |Chg.| Ele. |

| +------+-----+-----+-----+------+-------+----+-------+----+-------+

| |lb.oz.| deg.| oz. | deg.|lb.oz.| deg. | oz.| deg. | oz.| deg. |

+-----+------+-----+-----+-----+------+-------+----+-------+----+-------+

| | 6 | 7½ | | | | | | | | |

| 400 | 9 | 4¾ | | | 12 | 5 | 8 | 14½ | 5 | 14½ |

| | | | | | 8 | 8 | | | | |

| | 8 | 9 | | | 12 | 7 | | | | |

| | 10 | 7½ | | | | | | | | |

| | 11 | 6 | | | 10 | 9 | | | | |

| 500 | 12 | 5¼ | | | 8 | 11 | | | | |

| | 14 | 5 | | | | | | | | |

| | 9 | 7¾ | 6 | 7 | | | | | | |

| 600 | 12 | 6½ | 8 | 6 | 1 | 6¾ | | | | |

| | 1 | 4¾ | 10 | 5 | 12 | 9 | | | | |

+-----+------+-----+-----+-----+------+-------+----+-------+----+-------+

NOTE.—When Shot are fired from the 24 Pounder and 12 Pounder

Howitzers, the Elevation must be about half a degree more than when

Shells are used.

CHARGES FOR THE ROYAL NAVY.

_For Boats._

lb. oz.

{ 24 Pounder 2 8

{ Howitzer { 12 Pounder { Heavy 2 0

Cartridges { { Light 1 4

filled with { Gun 6 Pr. Light { 1 8

Powder { { 0 4

{ Carronade 12 Pounder 1 0

CHARGES FOR THE ROYAL NAVY.

High; Medium; Low: equivalent to Distant; Full; Reduced.

+---------------+-------+-------+---------+--------+--------+

+---------------+-------+-------+---------+--------+--------+

| | cwt. | lb. | lb. | lb. | lb. |

| 18-Pounder. | 42 | 6 | 4½ | 3 | 15 |

| ” ” | 38 | 6 | 4½ | 3 | 15 |

| ” ” | 22 | | 3 | 2 | 7 |

| ” ” | 20 | | 3 | 2 | 7 |

| ” ” | 15 | | 2 | | 5 |

+---------------+-------+-------+---------+--------+--------+

| 24-Pounder. | 50 | 8 | 6 | 4 | 18 |

| ” ” | 48 | 8 | 6 | 4 | 18 |

| ” ” | 33 | | 6 | 4 | 12 |

| ” ” | 20 | | 2½ | | 6 |

+---------------+-------+-------+---------+--------+--------+

| 32-Pounder*. | 64 | 10 | 8 | 6 | 21½ |

| ” ” | 58 | 10 | 8 | 6 | 21½ |

| ” ” | 56 | 10 | 8 | 6 | 21½ |

| ” ” | 46 | 8 | 6 | | 21½ |

| ” ” | 48 } | | | | |

| ” ” | 50 } | 8 | 6 | 5 | 21½ |

| ” ” | 50 A | 8 | 6 | 4 | 18 |

| ” ” | 45 B | 8 | 7 | 5 | 16 |

| ” ” | 42 C | 6 | 4 | 2½ | 14 |

| ” ” | 41 | 6 | 4 | 2½ | 12 |

| ” ” | 40 | 6 | 4 | 2½ | 12 |

| ” ” | 32 | 5 | 3 and 4 | 2½ | 10 |

| ” ” | 25 | | 4 | 2½ | 9 |

+---------------+-------+-------+---------+--------+--------+

| 42-Pounder. | 84 | 14 | 10 | 5 | 25 |

| ” ” | 75 | 14 | 10 | 5 | 25 |

| ” ” | 67 | | 10 | 6 | 23 |

+---------------+-------+-------+---------+--------+--------+

| 56-Pounder. | 98 | 16 | 10 | 5 | 28 |

| ” ” | 87 | 14 | 10 | 5 | 25 |

+---------------+-------+-------+---------+--------+--------+

| 68-Pounder. | 112 | 20 | 10 | 5 | 30 |

| ” ” | 95 | 16 | 12 | 8 | 28 |

| ” ” | 87 | 14 | 10 | 6 | 25 |

+---------------+-------+-------+---------+--------+--------+

| 8-Inch Gun. | 65 | 10 | 8 | 5 | 20 |

| ” ” | 60 | 10 | 8 | 5 | 20 |

| ” ” | 52 | 8 | | 5 | 16 |

| ” ” | 50 | | 8 | 5 | 14 |

+---------------+-------+-------+---------+--------+--------+

| 10-Inch Gun. | 112 | 16 | | | 25 |

| ” ” | 86 | 12 | | 6 | 20 |

+---------------+-------+-------+---------+--------+--------+

* Charge of powder, for firing 32-pounder shells, 8 lb.

In changing the charge from Distant to Full, add ¼ degree elevation

as far as 1000 yards, and half a degree beyond that range.

_Double Shotting._—Double shotting may be employed with 32-pounder

guns of

56 cwt. charge 6 lb. up to 400 yards.

42 ” ” 4 lb. ” 300 ”

25 ” ” 2½ lb. ” 200 ”

With double shot and reduced charge, give double the elevation, and

half a degree additional, for the reduced charge.

_Range, Charge, Elevation, &c., of Iron Ordnance._

+-------------+---------+---------+----------+----------+

| | | | of the | of |

| | | | | |

+-------------+---------+---------+----------+----------+

| | cwt. | ft. in. | in. | lb. oz. |

| 42 Pr. | 85 | 10 | 9·60 | 14 |

| 32 Pr. | 63 | 9 7 | 6·41 | 10 10½ |

| | 56 | 9 6 | 6·41 | 10 10½ |

| | 48 | 8 | 6·41 | 8 |

| | 40 | 7 6 | 6·35 | 6 |

| * | 32 | 6 6 | 6· 3 | 5 |

| * | 25 | 6 | 6· 3 | 4 |

| | 25 | 5 4 | 6· 3 | 4 |

| 24 Pr. | 50 | 9 6 | 5·82 | 8 |

| | 48 | 9 | 5·82 | 8 |

| | 40 | 7 6 | 5·82 | 8 |

| | 33 | 6 6 | 5·82 | 6 |

| 18 Pr. | 42 | 9 | 5·29 | 6 |

| | 38 | 8 | 5·29 | 6 |

| 12 Pr. | 34 | 9 | 4·62 | 4 |

| | 29 | 7 6 | 4·62 | 4 |

| 9 Pr. | 26 | 7 6 | 4· 2 | 3 |

| 6 Pr. | 17 | 6 | 3·66 | 2 |

| | | | | |

| 68 Pr. | 36 | 6 4 | 8·05 | 5 10½ |

| 42 | 22 | 4 6 | 6·84 | 3 8 |

| 32 | 17 | 4 | 6·25 | 2 10 |

| 24 | 13 | 3 9 | 5·68 | 2 |

| 18 | 10 | 3 4 | 6·16 | 1 8 |

| 12 | 6 | 2 8 | 4·62 | 1 |

+-------------+---------+---------+----------+----------+

* Bored-up guns.

+-------------+-------------------------------------------------+

| Nature. | Range in yards. |

| +-------+------+------+------+------+------+------+

| | Point | 1° | 2° | 3° | 4° | 5° | 6° |

+-------------+-------+------+------+------+------+------+------+

| | | | | | | | |

| 42 Pr. | 400 | 940 | 1340 | 1620 | 1840 | 2050 | 2250 |

| 32 Pr. | 380 | 760 | 1130 | 1455 | 1730 | 1950 | 2160 |

| | 380 | 760 | 1130 | 1455 | 1730 | 1950 | 2160 |

| | 330 | 680 | 1015 | 1300 | 1540 | 1740 | 1840 |

| | 340 | 675 | 985 | 1260 | 1500 | 1700 | 1800 |

| * | 330 | 670 | 945 | 1210 | 1450 | 1640 | 1730 |

| * | 225 | 485 | 735 | 995 | 1260 | 1500 | 1630 |

| | 225 | 485 | 735 | 995 | 1260 | 1500 | 1630 |

| 24 Pr. | 360 | 755 | 1125 | 1417 | 1670 | 1850 | 2000 |

| | 360 | 755 | 1125 | 1417 | 1670 | 1850 | 2000 |

| | 340 | 730 | 1080 | 1377 | 1620 | 1800 | 1950 |

| | 260 | 530 | 805 | 1082 | 1350 | 1560 | 1760 |

| 18 Pr. | 360 | 730 | 1080 | 1377 | 1600 | 1780 | 1960 |

| | 340 | 710 | 1075 | 1347 | 1560 | 1730 | 1900 |

| 12 Pr. | 360 | 720 | 1075 | 1337 | 1540 | 1700 | 1850 |

| | 340 | 710 | 1040 | 1307 | 1500 | 1650 | 1800 |

| 9 Pr. | 330 | 685 | 1015 | 1278 | 1460 | 1600 | 1730 |

| 6 Pr. | 320 | 655 | 985 | 1238 | 1400 | 1520 | 1610 |

| | | | | | | | |

| 68 Pr. | 270 | 540 | 812 | 1042 | 1240 | 1420 | 1570 |

| 42 | 240 | 515 | 810 | 983 | 1180 | 1350 | 1880 |

| 32 | 235 | 485 | 705 | 905 | 1100 | 1260 | 1400 |

| 24 | 225 | 435 | 650 | 826 | 1000 | 1150 | 1300 |

| 18 | 220 | 430 | 620 | 787 | 950 | 1100 | 1250 |

| 12 | 205 | 375 | 580 | 738 | 880 | 1000 | 1100 |

+-------------+-------+------+------+------+------+------+------+

* Bored-up guns.

_Carronades._

+----------+---------+---------+---------+------+---------+-----+

| Nature | 68 Pr. | 42 | 32 | 24 | 18 | 12 |

+----------+---------+---------+---------+------+---------+-----+

| | 5 8 | 3 8 | 2 10 | 2 | 1 8 | 1 |

+----------+---------+---------+---------+------+---------+-----+

| P. B. | 450 | 400 | 330 | 300 | 270 | 230 |

| 1 Degree | 650 | 600 | 560 | 500 | 470 | 400 |

| 2 ” ” | 890 | 860 | 830 | 780 | 730 | 580 |

| 3 ” ” | 1000 | 980 | 900 | 870 | 800 | 740 |

| 4 ” ” | 1100 | 1020 | 970 | 920 | 870 | 810 |

| 5 ” ” | 1280 | 1170 | 1080 | 1050 | 1000 | 870 |

+----------+---------+---------+---------+------+---------+-----+

_Range, &c., of Iron Ordnance._

SHRAPNELL SHELLS.

+----------------+----------------+------+

|68 Pr.Carronade.| 8 in. Howitzer.| |

+----------------+----------------+------+

| lb.oz.| lb.oz.| |

| Charge 4 0 | Charge 4 0 | |

|S. filled 61 4 |S. filled 61 13 | |

|S. empty 32 2 |S. empty 32 2 | |

|No. of Balls 337|No. of Balls 337| |

+--------+-------+--------+-------+ |

+--------+-------+--------+-------+------+

| 2½ | 4 | 2¾ | 3½ | 650 |

| 3½ | 6 | 3 | 6 | 900 |

| 5 | 8½ | 6 | 10 | 1100 |

+--------+-------+--------+-------+------+

+----------------+----------------+------+

| 24 Pr. Gun. | 18 Pr. Gun. | |

+----------------+----------------+------+

| lb.oz.| lb.oz.| |

| Charge 5 0 | Charge 4 8 | |

|S. filled 21 5 |S. filled 15 11 | |

|S. empty 11 0 |S. empty 8 6 | |

|No. of Balls 128|No. of Balls 90 | |

+--------+-------+--------+-------+ |

+--------+-------+--------+-------+------+

| 1¼ | 2 | 1¼ | 2 | 650 |

| 1¾ | 3½ | 2 | 4 | 900 |

| 2½ | 5 | 3 | 5¾ | 1100 |

+--------+-------+--------+-------+------+

_Range, Elevation, &c., of 12, 10, and 8 inch Guns, 32 Pr. Carronade

Gun, and 10, and 8 inch Iron Howitzers._

+---------------------+-----------------------------------------------+

| | Elevation in degrees; Range in yards; |

| | Flight in seconds. |

| +--------+--------+-------+-------+------+------+

+---------------------+--------+--------+-------+-------+------+------+

| 12 in. Gun | 8 4 | 90 3 | 12 | 240 | 540 | 790 |

| | | | | | | |

| { | 7 6 | 57 3 | 7 | 210 | 460 | 720 |

| 10 Do. (H. S.) { | 8 4 | 62 1 | 8 | 250 | 570 | 810 |

| { | 9 4 | 84 | 12 | 325 | 630 | 930 |

| | | | | | | |

| 8 Do. (H. S.) | 6 8½ | 50 | 7 | 210 | 320 | 570 |

| | | | | | | |

| 8 Do. (Solid shot) | 8 6 | 60 | 9 7 | 340 | 640 | 960 |

| | | | | | | |

| 8 Do. } | 9 | 65 | 10 | 300 | 580 | 940 |

| Time of Flight } | | | | ¾” | 2” | 3” |

| | | | | | | |

| Do. (Hollow shot) } | 9 | 65 | 12 | 370 | 700 | 1050 |

| Time of Flight } | | | | 1” | 2¼” | 3” |

| | | | | | | |

| 32 Pounder | 5 | 25 | 4 | 200 | 470 | 730 |

| | | | | | | |

| 10 inch iron | 5 | 40 | 7 | | | 600 |

| | | | | | | |

| 8 inch Do. | 4 | 21 | 4 | | | 450 |

+---------------------+--------+--------+-------+-------+------+------+

+---------------------+------------------------------------------------+

| | Elevation in degrees; Range in yards; |

| | Flight in seconds. |

| +------+------+------+------+------+------+------+

| Nature of Ordnance. | 3° | 4° | 5° | 6° | 7° | 8° | 9° |

| | | | | | | | |

+---------------------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+

| | | | | | | | |

| 12 in. Gun | 1020 | 1250 | 1400 | 1550 | | | |

| | | | | | | | |

| { | 935 | 1160 | 1350 | 1500 | | | |

| 10 Do. (H. S.) { | 1030 | 1230 | 1400 | | | | |

| { | 1200 | 1460 | 1700 | | | | |

| | | | | | | | |

| 8 Do. (H. S.) | 830 | 1130 | 1300 | | | | |

| | | | | | | | |

| 8 Do. (Solid shot) | 1190 | 1300 | 1500 | | | | |

| | | | | | | | |

| 8 Do. } | 1220 | 1480 | 1700 | 1880 | 2120 | 2290 | 2430 |

| Time of Flight } | 4¼” | 5½” | 7” | 8” | 8¾” | 9¾” | 10½” |

| | | | | | | | |

| Do. (Hollow shot) } | 1230 | 1540 | 1700 | 1831 | 1980 | 2090 | 2310 |

| Time of Flight } | 4¼” | 6” | 6½” | 7¾” | 8” | 8¾” | 10” |

| | | | | | | | |

| 32 Pounder | 960 | | | | | | |

| | | | | | | | |

| 10 inch iron | | | 1200 | 1320 | | 1500 | |

| | | | | | | | |

| 8 inch Do. | 730 | | | 975 | | 1227 | |

+---------------------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+

+---------------------+-----------------------------------------+

| | Elevation in degrees; Range in yards; |

| | Flight in seconds. |

| +------+------+------+------+------+------+

| Nature of Ordnance. | 10° | 11° | 12° | 13° | 14° | 15° |

| | | | | | | |

+---------------------+------+------+------+------+------+------+

| | | | | | | |

| | | | | | | |

| { | | | | | | |

| 10 Do. (H. S.) { | | | | | | |

| { | | | | | | |

| | | | | | | |

| | | | | | | |

| | | | | | | |

| 8 Do. } | 2510 | 2710 | 2930 | 2990 | 3140 | 3250 |

| Time of Flight } | 11½” | 12¼” | 12½” | 13” | 13½” | 14” |

| | | | | | | |

| Do. (Hollow shot) } | 2400 | 2510 | 2720 | 2830 | 2870 | 2220 |

| Time of Flight } | 10½” | 11½” | 12½” | 13½” | 14” | 15½” |

| | | | | | | |

| | | | | | | |

| 10 inch iron | 1926 | | 2078 | | | |

| | | | | | | |

| 8 inch Do. | 1506 | | 1725 | | | |

+---------------------+------+------+------+------+------+------+

The above Ranges for the 12 and 10 inch Guns are with hollow shot,

weighing respectively 112 lb. and 84 lb. The 8 inch Gun carries

either hollow shot, plugged, 48 lb.; or shell, 46 lb.

_Vide also_ NAVAL GUNNERY. Table of Tangent Practice, 8 inch Gun.

_56 Pounder Gun, and 68 Pounder Gun._

_Weight, Ranges, &c._

+-------+-----+-------+-------+-----+-----+------+------+------+------+

| | Gun.| Shot. |Charge.| P B | 1° | 2° | 3° | 4° | 5° |

| | | | | | | | | | |

| +-----+-------+-------+-----+-----+------+------+------+------+

| | cwt.| lb. | lb. | yds.| yds.| yds. | yds. | yds. | yds. |

| 56 Pr.| 98 | S S | 16 | 490 | 930 | 1340 | 1720 | 2000 | 2200 |

| | 87 | S S | 14 | 380 | 900 | 1310 | 1660 | 1940 | 2100 |

+-------+-----+-------+-------+-----+-----+------+------+------+------+

| 68 Pr.| 112 | S S | 20 | 400 | 980 | 1400 | 1760 | 1980 | 2240 |

| | 95 | S S | 15 | 310 | 700 | 1070 | 1430 | 1710 | 1930 |

| | 95 | Shell | 16 | 350 | 850 | 1250 | 1560 | 1840 | 2100 |

| | 87 | S S | 14 | 300 | 680 | 1050 | 1360 | 1650 | 1900 |

| | 87 | Shell | 14 | 310 | 710 | 1080 | 1350 | 1610 | 1850 |

+-------+-----+-------+-------+-----+-----+------+------+------+------+

+-------+-----+-------+-------+------+------+------+------+--------+

| | Gun.| Shot. |Charge.| 6° | 8° | 10° | 12° | Above |

| +-----+-------+-------+------+------+------+------+--------+

| | cwt.| lb. | lb. | yds. | yds. | yds. | yds. |feet.in.|

| 56 Pr.| 98 | S S | 16 | 2400 | 2740 | 3040 | 3320 | 5 |

| | 87 | S S | 14 | 2310 | 2580 | 2940 | 3270 | 8 |

+-------+-----+-------+-------+------+------+------+------+--------+

| 68 Pr.| 112 | S S | 20 | 2480 | 2840 | 3130 | 3400 | 8 |

| | 95 | S S | 15 | 2130 | 2520 | 2890 | 3180 | 5 4 |

| | 95 | Shell | 16 | 2350 | 2690 | 3000 | 3300 | 5 4 |

| | 87 | S S | 14 | 2140 | 2490 | 2820 | 3150 | 8 |

| | 87 | Shell | 14 | 2080 | 2450 | 2800 | 3140 | 8 |

+-------+-----+-------+-------+------+------+------+------+--------+

_8 Inch Gun._

Length, 9 feet; Weight, 65 cwt.; Height of gun above the plane, 5

feet 7 inches.

+-------+-------+--------+------+-------+------+-------+-------+-------+

+-------+-------+--------+------+-------+------+-------+-------+-------+

| | lb. |Degrees.|Yards.| Sec. |Yards.| Yards.| Sec. | |

| Solid | 10 | P. B. | 315 | 1” | 901 | 3207 | 20” | 23 |

| | 10 | 1° | 660 | 2” | 1006 | 2803 | 19” | 18 |

| | 10 | 1½° | 818 | 3” | 1240 | 2433 | 16” | 13 |

| | 9 | P. B. | 343 | 1” | 776 | 2683 | 17” | 12 |

| | 9 | 1° | 615 | 2” | 970 | 2483 | 15” | 10 |

+-------+-------+--------+------+-------+------+-------+-------+-------+

RICOCHET FIRING.

1. When adopted in the field, the guns should seldom be elevated

above 3 degrees, as the objects fired at are generally cavalry and

infantry, and the lower the angle the longer will the shot preserve

its force, and have effect.

2. In the ricochet of a fortification of any kind, the elevation

should seldom exceed 10 degrees to throw the shot over the parapet a

little higher than the level of the battery; and, on the whole, the

best elevation to enfilade a work is from 6 to 9 degrees, measured

above the crest of the parapet with corresponding charges.

3. The charge, and elevation being known for any range, when the gun

and parapet are on the same level, the same charge, and elevation

may be used so long as the difference of level does not exceed

one-twentieth of the horizontal distance between them, the elevation

being given by the tangent scale, and the gun laid at the parapet,

whether above or below its own level.

_Ricochet Practice with Iron Ordnance._

+-------+-----------------------------------------------------------+

| | Round Shot. |

| +--------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+

| in | | | | |

| +-------+------+-------+------+-------+------+-------+------+

+-------+-------+------+-------+------+-------+------+-------+------+

| | lb.oz.| deg. | lb.oz.| deg. | lb.oz.| deg. | lb.oz.| deg. |

| 400 | | | 12 | 6¼ | 9 | 6½ | 8 | 4½ |

| | | | 10 | 7¾ | | | 6 | 6½ |

| | | | 8 | 11 | | | | |

| | | | | | | | | |

| 600 | 1 12 | 7 | 6 | 6 | 1 | 5¼ | 12 | 4¾ |

| | 1 8 | 8¾ | 1 8 | 4 | 12 | 7 | 10 | 6 |

| | | | 1 | 6½ | | | 8 | 7¾ |

| | | | | | | | | |

| 800 | | | 2 | 3¾ | 1 8 | 4¼ | 1 | 4½ |

| | | | 1 8 | 5½ | 1 | 7 | 12 | 6½ |

+-------+-------+------+-------+------+-------+------+-------+------+

* NOTE.—When Shells are fired from the 68 Pounder Carronade,

the Elevation must be decreased about half a degree.

+-------+--------------------------------------------+

| | Common Shell. |

| +--------------+--------------+--------------+

| +-------+------+-------+------+-------+------+

+-------+-------+------+-------+------+-------+------+

| | lb.oz.| deg. | lb.oz.| deg. | lb.oz.| deg. |

| 400 | 2 8 | 6¼ | 1 8 | 6 | 9 | 4¾ |

| | 2 | 8½ | 1 | 9½ | 6 | 7½ |

| | | | | | | |

| 600 | 3 | 6½ | 1 8 | 8¼ | 1 | 4¾ |

| | 2 8 | 8¼ | 1 4 | 10 | 12 | 5¼ |

| | | | | | 9 | 7½ |

| | | | | | | |

| 800 | 4 | 6¼ | 2 8 | 6¼ | | |

| | 3 8 | 7½ | 2 | 6½ | | |

+-------+-------+------+-------+------+-------+------+

MORTARS.

_Practical rules._

_To find the Charge for a given Range at 45° elevation._

_13 inch Mortar._—To the range, in yards, add half the range,

multiply the sum by ·03 for the charge, in ounces.

_10 inch Mortar._—When the range is under 1350 yards, add to the

range 160, and multiply by ·02; and if the range is over 1350 yards,

add one-fifth of the range, and multiply by ·02 for the charge, in

ounces.

_8 inch Mortar._—To the range, in yards, add 20, and the sum

multiplied by ·015 will give the charge, in ounces.

_5½ inch Mortar._—To the range in yards, add 150, and multiply by

·08, for the charge, in ounces.

_4⅖ inch Mortar._—To the range in yards add 300, and multiply by ·06,

for the charge, in drams.

_To find the Time of flight_, the range being given. Divide the

square root of the range, in feet, by 4·5 for the time of flight, in

seconds.

_To find the Range_, the Time of flight being given. Multiply the

time of flight, in seconds, by 4·5, and square the product for the

range, in feet.

_To find the length of Fuze_,[8] for a given range. Multiply the time

of flight, in seconds, by ·22, for the 13, and 10 inch mortars, and

by ·24 for 8, 5½, and 4⅖ inch mortars, for the length of fuze, in

tenths.

_Mortar Practice at 15°, 25°, and 45° Elevation. 1838._

+--------------------------------+--------------------------------+

| 13 INCH IRON. | 10 INCH IRON. |

| Weight 36 cwt.| Weight 16 cwt. 2 qrs.|

| *Shell filled 200 lb. | Shell filled 92 lb. |

| Burst. powder 6 lb. 12 oz. | Burst. powder 2 lb. 10 oz. |

| Blowing powder 2 oz. | Blowing powder 1½ oz. |

+-------+---------+------+-------+-------+---------+------+-------+

+-------+---------+------+-------+-------+---------+------+-------+

| degs. | lb. oz. | in. | yds. | degs. | lb. oz. | in. | yds. |

| 45 | 2 1½ | 1·9 | 450 | 45 | 1 ½ | 1·9 | 450 |

| | 2 3 | 2· | 500 | | 1 2 | 2· | 500 |

| | 2 4¾ | 2·1 | 550 | | 1 3¼ | 2·1 | 550 |

| | 2 6 | 2·2 | 600 | | 1 4¾ | 2·2 | 600 |

| | 2 7¾ | 2·3 | 650 | | 1 6 | 2·3 | 650 |

| | 2 9½ | 2·4 | 700 | | 1 7½ | 2·4 | 700 |

| | 2 11¾ | 2·45 | 750 | | 1 9 | 2·45 | 750 |

| | 2 14 | 2·5 | 800 | | 1 10 | 2·5 | 800 |

| | 3 ½ | 2·55 | 850 | | 1 11 | 2·55 | 850 |

| | 3 3 | 2·6 | 900 | | 1 12 | 2·6 | 900 |

| | 3 5½ | 2·65 | 950 | | 1 13 | 2·65 | 950 |

| | 3 8 | 2·7 | 1000 | | 1 14 | 2·7 | 1000 |

| | 3 10 | 2·75 | 1050 | | 1 15¼ | 2·75 | 1050 |

| | 3 12 | 2·8 | 1100 | | 2 ½ | 2·8 | 1100 |

| | 3 14 | 2·85 | 1150 | | 2 1¾ | 2·85 | 1150 |

| | 4 | 2·9 | 1200 | | 2 3 | 2·9 | 1200 |

| | 4 5 | 3· | 1300 | | | | |

| | 4 15 | 3·2 | 1500 | | | | |

| | 5 10 | 3·4 | 1700 | | | | |

+-------+---------+------+-------+-------+---------+------+-------+

* The Shells were filled with sand.

+--------------------------------+--------------------------------+

| 8 INCH IRON. | 5½ INCH BRASS. |

| Weight 8 cwt. 1 qr. | Weight 1 cwt. 1 qr. 10 lb. |

| Shell filled 46 lb. | Shell filled 16 lb. |

| Burst. powder 1 lb. 14 oz. | Burst. powder 10 oz. |

| Blowing powder 1 oz. | Blowing powder ½ oz. |

+-------+---------+------+-------+-------+---------+------+-------+

+-------+---------+------+-------+-------+---------+------+-------+

| degs. | lb. oz. | in. | yds. | degs. | lb. oz. | in. | yds. |

| 15 | 14 | ·8 | 500 | 15 | 6 | ·7 | 350 |

| | 1 | 1· | 550 | | 7 | ·75 | 400 |

| | 1 2 | 1·1 | 600 | | 7 8 | ·8 | 450 |

| 45 | 9½ | 1·9 | 450 | | 8 | ·85 | 500 |

| | 10¾ | 2· | 500 | 25 | 5 8 | 1·1 | 480 |

| | 12½ | 2·1 | 550 | 45 | 4 8 | | 300 |

| | 13¾ | 2·2 | 600 | | 4 12 | | 350 |

| | 14½ | 2·3 | 650 | | 5 | 1·75 | 400 |

| | 15½ | 2·4 | 700 | | 5 4 | 1·8 | 450 |

| | 1 | 2·45 | 750 | | 5 8 | 1·85 | 500 |

| | 1 ½ | 2·5 | 800 | | 5 12 | 1·9 | 550 |

| | 1 1¼ | 2·55 | 850 | | 6 | 1·95 | 600 |

| | 1 2 | 2·6 | 900 | | | | |

| | 1 2¾ | 2·65 | 950 | | | | |

| | 1 3½ | 2·7 | 1000 | | | | |

| | 1 4 | 2·75 | 1050 | | | | |

| | 1 4¾ | 2·8 | 1100 | | | | |

| | 1 5¼ | 2·85 | 1150 | | | | |

| | 1 6 | 2·9 | 1200 | | | | |

+-------+---------+------+-------+-------+---------+------+-------+

+-------------------------------+

| 4⅖ INCH BRASS. |

| Weight 3 qrs. 19 lb. |

| Shell filled 8 lb. |

| Burst. powder 5 oz. |

| Blowing powder ½ oz. |

+-------+--------+------+-------+

+-------+--------+------+-------+

| degs. | lb. oz.| in. | yds. |

| 15 | 4 8 | ·8 | 450 |

| | 4 12 | ·85 | 500 |

| 25 | 4 | 1·1 | 540 |

| | | | |

| 45 | 2 6 | 1·65 | 300 |

| | 2 9 | 1·7 | 350 |

| | 2 12 | 1·75 | 400 |

| | 3 | 1·8 | 450 |

| | 3 4 | 1·85 | 500 |

| | 3 8 | 1·9 | 550 |

| | 3 12 | 1·95 | 600 |

| | | | |

+-------+--------+------+-------+

_Greatest Charges, and Ranges._

lb. oz. yds.

13 Inch, Sea 20 0 4200

10 ” 10 8 4000

13 Inch, Land 9 0 2900

10 ” 4 0 2400

8 ” 2 0 2000

5½ ” 9 1200

4⅖ ” 4·5 1000

Distance from the parapet of a battery, the parapet being 8 feet

high, for Mortars at the following elevations:—

Elevation 45 30 20 15 10 degrees.

Distance 12 13 21 30 40 feet.

PART V.

STORES, IMPLEMENTS, COMBUSTIBLES, ETC., REQUIRED IN BATTERIES.[9]

BALLS, LIGHT.

Light Balls are thrown from mortars at night, to discover the

operations of the enemy’s working parties, &c.

Light balls burn from 10 to 20 minutes.

_Composition._

lb. oz.

Saltpetre, pulverized 6 4

Sulphur, ground 2 8

Rosin, pounded 1 14

Linseed oil, boiled 0 7½

BALLS, SMOKE.

Smoke balls are fired from mortars to suffocate the men in mines,

&c., or to prevent them continuing their work. They are also used to

conceal manœuvres, &c., from an enemy.

Smoke balls burn from 25 to 30 minutes.

_Composition._

lb. oz.

Corned mealed powder 5 0

Saltpetre, pulverized 1 0

Sea coal 1 8

Swedish pitch 2 0

Tallow 0 8

_To construct hollow Globes, or Cases for Light Balls, &c._

The canvas, or paper, may be formed in the following manner,

viz.:—With radius of half the intended calibre, describe the circle

A B C D (_vide Figure 20, Practical Geometry_), and divide the same

into four equal parts. From B with radius A B describe arc A E,

from A with radius A B describe arc B E, and from E with radius E A

describe arc A B. Eight pieces, as E A B, will form a ball nearly,

the edges being brought close together.

CARCASSES.

Carcasses, a species of shell, are filled with composition, the flame

from which is extremely powerful, and nearly unextinguishable. They

are much used in bombardments of towns, setting fire to shipping,

&c., and are discharged from guns, mortars, and howitzers, similarly

to common shells; from which, however, they differ, in being made

thicker, to enable them to withstand the intensity of fire; and in

having three fuze holes instead of one.

Carcasses burn from 8 to 10 minutes.

Common shells may be made to produce effects similar to carcasses,

by filling them with a proportion of Valenciennes composition, and

bursting powder.

All carcasses have three holes; and, from guns and howitzers, are

fired with sabots.

_Carcass Composition._

lb. oz.

Saltpetre, pulverized 6 4

Sulphur, sublimated 2 8

Rosin, pounded 1 14

Antimony, pounded 0 10

Tallow 0 10

Turpentine 0 10

_Valenciennes Composition._

lb. oz.

Saltpetre, pulverized 6 4

Sulphur, sublimated 2 8

Rosin, pounded 1 4

Antimony, pounded 0 10

Linseed oil, 6 oz. 14 drams.

_Weight, and Dimensions of Carcasses._

+--------------------+----------+-----------+-----------+

+--------------------+----------+-----------+-----------+

| 13 Inch | 12·84 | 220 0 | 234 8 |

| 10 Inch | 9·84 | 97 0 | 104 0 |

| 8 Inch | 7·86 | 52 4 | 57 0 |

| 5½ Inch | 5·59 | 15 8 | 17 1 |

| 4⅖ Inch | 4·45 | 8 4 | 9 1 |

| 42 Pr. | 6·85 | 28 14 | 30 10 |

| 32 Pr. | 6·1 | 23 3½ | 24 8 |

| 24 Pr. | 5·54 | 15 6 | 16 9½ |

| 18 Pr. | 5·04 | 13 12 | 14 7½ |

| 12 Pr. | 4·4 | 8 6 | 8 13 |

+--------------------+----------+-----------+-----------+

CARTRIDGES FOR GUNS, HOWITZERS, ETC.

+--------------------+--------+-----------------------------+

| | | Dimensions. |

| Nature of | Charge +---------+-------------------+

| | powder.| Length. +---------+---------+

+--------------------+--------+---------+---------+---------+

| 68 Pounder | 18 | 1 8·6 | 1 | 1 |

| 56 | 20 | 1 10· | 1 3· | 1 3· |

| ” | 16 | 1 10· | 1 | 1 |

| ” | 14 | 1 10· | 11·3 | 11·3 |

| ” | 10 | 1 10· | 9· | 9· |

| ” | 6 | 1 10· | 7·2 | 7·2 |

| 42 | 14 | 1 11·1 | 1 9·4 | 1 9·4 |

| 32 | 10 | 1 9·8 | 1 7·9 | 1 7·9 |

| 24 | 8 | 1 6·3 | 1 5·6 | 1 5·6 |

| 18 | 6 | 1 7· | 1 4·5 | 1 4·5 |

| 12 | 4 | 1 4·5 | 1 2·5 | 1 2·5 |

| 9 | 3 | 1 2·2 | 1 1· | 1 1· |

| 6 | 2 | 1 1·1 | 1 1·5 | 1 1·5 |

| 12 Inch | 12 | 1 6·5 | 1 6·5 | 1 2· |

| 10 | 12 | 1 5·5 | 1 3· | 1 |

| 8 | 10 | 1 7· | 1 1·5 | 10· |

| | | | | |

| 12 Pr. {Medium | 4 | 1 4·5 | 1 2·5 | 1 2·5 |

| {Light | 3 | 1 1·5 | 1 2·5 | 1 2·5 |

| 9 | 2 8 | 1 1·1 | 1 1· | 1 1· |

| 6 {Heavy | 2 | 1 2·2 | 11·5 | 11·5 |

| {Light | 1 8 | 11·2 | 11·5 | 11·5 |

| 3 {Heavy | 1 | 9·7 | 9· | 9· |

| {Light | 12 | 9· | 9· | 9· |

| | | | | |

| Iron. {10 Inch | 7 | 1 1·8 | 1 3·8 | 9·7 |

| { 8 | 4 | 1 1·7 | 1 1·2 | 7· |

| Brass. {24 Pr. | 2 8 | 1 0·2 | 10· | 6·3 |

| {12 | 1 4 | 10·8 | 8·5 | 5·8 |

| { 5½ inch | 2 | 10·3 | 5·9 | 3·8 |

| { 4⅖ | 8 | 7·6 | 5· | 3· |

| | | | | |

| 68 Pr. | 5 10 | 1 8·3 | 1 9· | 1 9· |

| 42 | 3 8 | 1 5· | 1 7·1 | 1 7·1 |

| 32 | 2 10 | 1 6· | 1 5·5 | l 5·5 |

| 24 | 2 | 11· | 1 3·9 | 1 3·9 |

| 18 | 1 8 | 10· | 1 1·8 | 1 1·8 |

| 12 | 1 | 8·8 | 1 1·2 | 1 1·2 |

| 6 | 12 | 7·5 | 10·1 | 10·1 |

+--------------------+--------+---------+---------+---------+

When the circumference of the Cartridge is not uniform, each

Cartridge is made of two pieces, and the dimensions given are for one

piece only.

FUZES, OLD PATTERN.

The wooden cases for holding the Fuze composition are made of

well-seasoned beech. The interior diameter of the cup is equal to

three times that of the bore, and its depth is equal to 1½ of the

said diameter. The thickness of wood at the bottom of the bore is

equal to two diameters.

_Fuze composition._

lb. oz.

Saltpetre, pulverized 3 4

Sulphur, sublimated 1 0

Pit-mealed powder 2 12

_Blind fire for Night._

lb.

Mealed powder 16½

Wood ashes 9½

Fuzes, being bored for Field guns, or cut to the length required for

the range of Garrison guns, are made to fit the Shell correctly by

means of a rasp and cutter; after which they are carefully driven

into the Shell with a mallet and setter, leaving only the cup of the

Fuze out of it. The Fuze is uncapped when placed in the piece.

13 inch Fuze burns 40 Seconds.

10 do. do. 35 do.

8 do. do. 30 do.

5½ inch Fuze burns 20 Seconds.

4 do. do. 15 do.

All natures of Fuzes, when driven with the above composition, burn

one inch in five seconds; but when driven with mealed powder, they

burn two inches in the same time.

BOXER’S FUZE.

The composition bore is made excentric with regard to the exterior,

and two powder channels are bored upon that side in which there is

the greatest thickness of wood. A hole is bored through the mealed

powder at the top, and into the fuze composition, to insure the

ignition of the fuze composition from the priming. Two rows of holes,

two inches apart, are made into the powder channels, and the bottom

hole in each row is continued to the axis of the composition bore.

The small side holes, with the exception of the bottom ones, are

filled with pressed powder, and a small portion of clay. The powder

channels contain rifle powder, and the bottom side holes have a piece

of quick match placed in them. Beyond this quick match, the powder

channels in the fuze for common shells are filled with putty; but in

the Shrapnell fuze the corresponding portion contains quick match,

which is continued from one channel to the other through a groove

made in the bottom. A piece of quick match is tied into the cup,

and it is recommended that this quick match is laid over the side

before the shell is set home. The bursting powder is contained in a

tin cylinder,[10] and is admitted through a hole at the bottom of

the socket. There is a small hole in the side of the shell, through

which the balls, and composition, which is run between them, are

admitted. It is recommended that the bursting powder be placed in

the tin cylinder before going into action, and the plug covered with

serge, inserted in the fuze hole. The bursting powder can be speedily

removed from the shell, if necessary; and, from its being separated

from the balls, it will not be liable to injury, even when subjected

to the action of travelling.

A simple boring-bit is supplied to each gun, in case the borer,

specially made for the fuze, is lost, or damaged.

Captain Boxer’s 5½ inch fuzes are to be adopted for all natures of

guns and howitzers, one inch in length for Shrapnell shells, and two

inches in length for common shells.

FUZES, METAL.

Fuzes, for the Naval service specially, are formed of gun metal, and

are screwed into a gun metal bouched screw hole in the shell.

Metal fuzes are of three natures, viz., 3-inch, 4-inch, and

short-range Fuzes. The first is driven with mealed powder, and will

burn seven seconds; the second is driven with fuze composition, and

will burn twenty seconds; and the short-range fuze is also driven

with the composition, and will burn two seconds. These fuzes are

driven and primed precisely the same as wooden fuzes; but instead of

being capped with canvas, have a screw metal cap.

The fuzes are screwed into the shells, the holes of which are

bouched with metal to receive them; they are screwed into the left

hand, so that unscrewing the cap in the same direction prevents the

possibility of the fuze being loosened by that operation.

The diameter of the fuze holes for all natures of shells, fitted to

receive metal fuzes, is exactly the same.

A 3-inch metal fuze will burn seven seconds, and is calculated for

ranges not exceeding 1,900 yards. A 4-inch metal fuze will burn ten

seconds, and is not to be used at a greater distance than 2,400 yards.

_Bickford’s Water Fuze_, which burns about two or three feet in a

minute, may be advantageously used for exploding gunpowder under

water, for the destruction of booms, vessels, &c.

GREASE.

The composition used for greasing wheels is composed of equal parts

of tallow and coarse sweet oil melted together, and it is made up in

kegs of 28 lb. each. In warm weather the proportion of tallow must be

increased.

GRENADES, HAND.

A Land service Hand grenade weighs 1 lb. 13 oz., and may be thrown

from 40 to 60 feet. The diameter of the Fuze composition is ·2 of an

inch, length 2·25 inches, and weight 3 drams.

_Fuze Composition._

Saltpetre, 3 lb. 4 oz.; Sulphur, 1 lb.; Mealed powder, 2 lb. 12 oz.

On service the Grenades are charged with 1½ oz. of powder.

GUN COTTON.

Although there appears no prospect of Gun cotton being used in the

British service as a substitute for gunpowder, it is advisable

that every Artillerist should be cognizant of its merits and

demerits; for circumstances may arise when this new impulsive

power may be advantageously employed. The exploding cotton is thus

prepared:—Common well-cleaned cotton is dipped for about half a

minute in highly-concentrated nitric acid (made by the distillation

of ten parts of dried saltpetre, and six of oil of vitriol), and then

instantly placed in water, which must be often renewed, in order to

free the cotton from the acid with which it is impregnated. Care

must then be taken that all the knotty particles of the cotton are

properly disentangled, and that it is thoroughly dried. After the

explosive preparation is ready for use, the smallest portion explodes

when struck on an anvil with a hammer, like fulminating-powder; when

kindled with a glowing body, it takes fire just like gunpowder;

and, when used in a gun, its operation, though in a far greater

proportion to its weight, is similar to that of gunpowder. Gun cotton

is employed in the same manner as gunpowder: a piece of it is rammed

down the barrel, then a bit of wadding, and after that a ball; a

copper cap ignites and explodes the cotton.

To Dr. Otto, professor of chemistry in Brunswick, we are indebted

for the foregoing description of the preparation of the explosive

cotton; and the intrinsic value of this impulsive agent has been

ascertained by Colonel Mordecai, at Washington, in 1845, 1847,

1848. The following are the results of this scientific officer’s

experiments for the purpose of determining the fitness of Gun cotton,

as a substitute for gunpowder in the military service:—

1. Explosive cotton burns at 380° Fahrenheit, therefore it will not

set fire to gunpowder when burnt in a loose state over it.

2. The projectile force of explosive cotton, with moderate charges,

in a musket or cannon, is equal to that of about twice its weight of

the best gunpowder.

3. When compressed by hard ramming, as in filling a fuze, it burns

slowly.

4. By the absorption of moisture, its force is rapidly diminished,

but the force is restored by drying.

5. Its bursting effect is much greater than that of gunpowder, on

which account it is well adapted for mining operations.

6. The principal residua of its combustion are water and nitrous

acid; therefore the barrel of a gun would be soon corroded, if not

cleaned after firing.

7. In consequence of the quickness and intensity of its action, when

ignited, it cannot be used with safety in the present fire-arms.

8. An accident on service, such as the insertion of two charges

before firing, would cause the bursting of the barrel; and it is

probable that the like effect would take place with the regular

service charges, if several times repeated.

GUNPOWDER.

_The component parts of Powder_ are 75 parts of nitre, 10 of sulphur,

and 15 of charcoal.

_Cylinder powder_ is made from charcoal that has been burnt in iron

cylinders; and _Pit powder_ from charcoal burnt in common pits.

_Gunpowder, when ignited_, expands with a velocity of about 5,000

feet per second; and the pressure of the fluid is about 2,000 times

that of common air.

_One pound of Powder_ measures 32 solid inches.

_A cubic foot of Government powder_ weighs about 58 pounds.

_Gunpowder is manufactured_ by reducing the nitre, sulphur, and

charcoal to powder; they are then mixed, moistened with water, and

again mixed in a mill for five or six hours, or until the mixture is

as intimate as possible, for upon this the strength of the powder

chiefly depends.

When taken from the mill, the composition is put in a press, and

formed into hard cakes about a quarter of an inch thick; these, when

dry, or nearly so, are broken by wooden mallets into small pieces,

and reduced into grains by being put into sieves, and forced by means

of a wooden roller through circular holes of the proper diameter.

_Good powder_ should be devoid of smell, and of uniform colour,

approaching to that of a slate. The particles should be perfectly

granulated, and free from cohesion. It should admit of being readily

poured from one vessel to another.

_In powder that has become damp_, large lumps are formed: should

the damage, however, not be very considerable, these concretions

may be reduced by drying the powder in a hot-air stove, rubbing and

loosening the grains; but powder thus affected never thoroughly

regains its lost strength.

_To test the purity of powder._—Lay a dram of it on a piece of clean

writing-paper, and fire the heap by means of a red-hot iron wire: if

the flame ascend quickly with a good report, leaving the paper free

from white specks, and without burning holes in it, the goodness of

the ingredients and proper manufacture of the powder may be safely

inferred.

_Good powder_ blasted upon a clean plate of copper should leave no

track or mark of foulness.

_Powder exposed_ for 17 or 18 days to the influence of the atmosphere

ought not to increase materially in weight. One hundred pounds of

powder should not absorb more than twelve ounces: if it increase in

weight more than one per cent., the powder should be condemned.

_Proof of Gunpowder._

To prove the strength of _large grain or common powder_, 2 ounces

are fired from 8-inch Gomer mortars (at an angle of 45°), placed on

stone beds, and so fixed as not to recoil. These mortars are loaded

with shot weighing 68 pounds, and the average of the ranges, with

Government powder of Waltham Abbey, is 250 feet. Powder made of

common pit charcoal will only project such a ball, under the same

circumstances, about 220 feet; and powder that has been re-stoved

will only produce a range of from 107 to 117 feet.

A musket, charged with two drams of _fine grained or musket powder_,

should drive a steel bullet through 15 or 16 half-inch elm boards,

placed three quarters of an inch from each other, the first board

being set at 40 inches from the muzzle of the musket: with re-stoved

powder, the bullet will only perforate from 9 to 12 of the boards.

The quality of large grain powder is ascertained by its general

appearance, its firmness, glazing, uniformity of grain, and density.

POWDER MARKS.

The various sorts of Powder are distinguished by the following marks

on the heads of the barrels:—

L G Large grain.

F G Fine grain.

R A For rifle arms.

L G Large grain.

F G Fine grain.

R S Re-stoved.

_Red_ L G, or F G, denotes powder of the best quality. _White_ L G,

or F G, is an inferior Powder for salutes, &c.

POWDER MAGAZINES.

_To ascertain if a Magazine is damp._—Soak a piece of sponge in a

solution of salt of tartar, or common salt and water: let it be well

dried and weighed, and then be placed in the magazine, which, if

damp, will cause the sponge to become heavier.

A small weight, suspended by a piece of catgut, or hair, will also

discover moisture, causing the former to contract and the latter to

lengthen.

POWDER BARRELS.

Whole Barrels contain 100 lb., and Half Barrels 50 lb., of powder,

whether fine or coarse.

_Dimensions of Powder barrels._

Whole barrels. Half barrels. Quarter barrels.

inches. inches. inches.

Depth 20½ 16¾ 14

Diameter at top 15½ 12¼ 9½

Do. at bulge 16¾ 13¼ 10¼

Do. at bottom 15½ 12¼ 9½

BUDGE BARRELS.

Weight of Barrel, copper-hooped, 10 lb., hazel-hooped, 6 lb.

Length of barrel 10½ inches } each barrel will contain 38 lb.

Diameter ” 13 ” }

BOXES TO CONTAIN POWDER, CORRESPONDING TO THE BARRELS.

External Whole boxes. Half boxes. Quarter boxes.

dimensions. inches. inches. inches.

Length 16¾ 13¼ 10¼

Breadth 16¾ 13¼ 10¼

Depth 20½ 16¾ 14

These boxes are lined with copper, tinned.

HANDBARROWS.

Length, 5 ft. 3 in. Breadth, 2 ft. Weight, 19 lb.

HANDSPIKES.

Length, 5 ft. Diameter at top, 1·25; Diameter at bottom, 2·75

inches. Length of square, 1 foot 9 inches. Weight of ten, 64 lb.

There is a larger kind, 6 feet in length; weight of ten, 100 lb.

LEVERS.

ft. in. lb.

Iron shod, length 4 0 Weight of 5 36

Common 6 6 Do. 54

LIGHTS, BLUE.

Blue lights are used for signals, &c., and will burn half a minute.

_Composition._

lb. oz.

Saltpetre, ground 1 12

Sulphur, sublimated 0 7

Red orpiment 0 2

LIGHTS, LONG (BOXER’S).

The paper case is 10 inches long, 6 inches of which are filled with

composition; one end is left open to fix on a wooden holder; the

other end is fitted with a nipple, on which a percussion cap is to

be placed. By giving the cap a smart blow on some hard substance, it

ignites the composition, which will burn for six minutes.

_Composition._

lb. oz.

Saltpetre, ground 7 0

Sulphur, sublimated 1 12

Red orpiment 0 8

LIGHTS, LONG (OR STEVENS’).

The composition is similar to that for blue lights. The cases are

made of brown paper, and are of the same diameter as the one-pound

signal rocket. The case is cut to the length of 9·75 inches, one end

being perforated at an inch from the bottom to allow a wooden pin to

pass through it, for the purpose of attaching the handle to the case.

Two coats of paint are given to the cases.

A long light will burn five minutes.

LIGHTS, SIGNAL (BOXER’S)

This is similar to the LIGHT, LONG, but has only one inch of

composition.

MATCH, QUICK.

_Composition._

lb. oz.

Cotton wick 2 2

Gum arabic 0 8

Gunpowder 12 lb.

Water 4 quarts.

Four pounds of the gunpowder are mixed into a thin paste with a

portion of the gum-water _boiling_, in this the cotton is then

immersed. Six pounds of gunpowder made into a stiff paste, with the

remainder of the gum-water, is spread on the top of the match, which

is afterwards reeled off, the remaining two pounds of powder being

sifted on the match while on the reel, and some of the stiff paste

being held in the hand through which the match passes.

MATCH, SLOW.

_Slow match_ is prepared from slightly-twisted hemp rope, which is

dipped in a solution of lime water and saltpetre.

One yard burns about three hours. One skein, 35 yards, weighs seven

pounds.

During the Siege of Gibraltar, Slow match was thus made:—Eight ounces

of saltpetre were put in a gallon of water, and just made to boil

over a slow fire, strong blue paper was then wetted with the liquor,

and hung to dry. When dry, each sheet was divided into two parts,

which were rolled up tight, and the outward edges pasted down. Each

half sheet would burn three hours.

_French slow match_ is made by soaking light twisted white rope in a

solution of one pint of rain water, and three quarters of an ounce of

sugar of lead.

PARACHUTE, LIGHT BALL (BOXER’S).

This light ball consists of a paper shell, enclosing two tin

hemispheres, one containing the composition, the other the parachute.

The shell is fired from a mortar, having a fuze, fixed in the usual

manner, which communicates with the bursting powder, opens the

shell, and lights the composition in the hemisphere attached to the

parachute, which, suspended in the air, renders conspicuous the

objects required to be illuminated.

_Composition._

lbs. oz.

Saltpetre, ground 7 0

Sulphur, sublimated 1 12

Red orpiment 0 8

PENDULUMS.

A Pendulum is readily made with a musket ball, and a piece of silk.

The length of a Pendulum is measured from the centre of the ball to

the end of the loop on which it swings.

{ 1 Seconds 39·14 inches

Length of Pendulums to vibrate { ½ Seconds 9·8 ”

{ ¼ Seconds 2·45 ”

_To find the length of a pendulum to make a given number of

vibrations._

_Rule._—As the square of the given number of vibrations is to the

square of 60, so is the length of the standard (39·14 length for one

second) to the length sought.

Or, multiply 39·14 by the square of the time required for the

Pendulum to vibrate—viz., by the square of ½ = ¼, for ½ second; and

by the square of 2 = 4 for two seconds.

_To find the number of vibrations, the length of pendulum being

given._

_Rule._—Multiply 60 seconds by the square root of 39·14, divided by

the length of the given pendulum.

Or say, As the given length is to the standard length, so is the

square of 60 (its vibrations per minute) to the square of the number

required.

PORTFIRES.

Portfires are of four different natures—viz., Common portfires,

Percussion portfires, Miners’ portfires, and Slow portfires.

A common portfire is 16 inches long, and will burn 15 minutes.

_Composition._

lb.

Brimstone, sublimed 2

Powder, cylinder mealed 1

Saltpetre, pulverized 6

PORTFIRES, PERCUSSION.

_Composition._

Brimstone, sublimed 4

Powder, cylinder mealed 1

Saltpetre, pulverized 8

The percussion priming is added to these portfires at the stations

where they are used (principally for the Coast Guard), and is simply

a small glass globule, containing sulphuric acid. This is embedded

in loose composition, which ignites on the globule being broken. A

percussion portfire will burn 5 minutes.

PORTFIRES, MINERS.

_Composition._

lb. oz.

Saltpetre, pulverized 0 8

Sulphur, sublimed 0 8

Powder, cylinder mealed 1 0

PORTFIRES, SLOW.

The paper, which is called blue sugar-loaf paper, is wetted by

dissolving 12 ounces of saltpetre in one gallon of water, wetting

each sheet separately on both sides with a brush, one side being

dried before the other is made wet.

Slow portfires burn from three to four hours.

Portfires were made during the Siege of Gibraltar in the following

manner: Two ounces of nitre were dissolved in a gallon of water, and

sheets of soft brown paper dipped in the solution; these, when dry,

were rolled up to about the size of common portfires.

_Portfires may be made_ by boiling square rods of lime, birch, or

poplar, in a solution of nitrate of lead for six hours (a quart of

water to every pound of the nitrate); the matches are then dried,

and afterwards boiled in spirits of turpentine; they are then wiped

and dried. A yard of this match will burn three hours.

COAST GUARD PORTFIRES.

_Composition._

Saltpetre 8 lb. Sulphur 4 lb. Cylinder mealed powder 1 lb.

QUOINS.

Nature. Length. Width. Thickness.

ft. in. inches. inches.

42 Pr. 2 3 10·75 6·75

32 ” 2 3 10·75 6·75

24 ” 2 9 9·5 6·75

18 ” 2 9 9·5 6·75

12 ” 1 11 9·25 6·25

9 ” 1 11 9·15 6·

ROCKETS.

There are two descriptions of Rockets:—

1st.—_Signal Rockets._ 2nd.—_Congreve Rockets._

(_Vide_ PART VI.)

SIGNAL ROCKETS.

Signal rockets are of two natures—viz., 1 lb. and ½ lb. Rockets. They

are fired from a tube, the ignition being effected by means of a

percussion tube.

_Composition._

lb.

Saltpetre, pulverized 4

Sulphur, sublimed 1

Dog-wood charcoal 1½

_Composition for Stars of Rockets._

lb.

Saltpetre, pulverized 8

Antimony, pounded 2

Cylinder mealed powder 1

Sulphur, sublimed 2

Isinglass 3 oz. 8 drs.

Vinegar 1 quart.

Spirits of Wine 1 pint.

The head of a 1 lb. rocket contains 36 stars, and that of the ½ lb.

rocket 24 stars.

SHELLS.

Shells are hollow iron Shot, and are of various descriptions, viz.:—

1st.—The _Common shell_, with one fuze hole, used in the attack and

defence of fortresses, &c., against shipping, and troops.

2nd.—The _Carcass_, which has three fuze holes, is filled with

burning composition, and is used to set fire to towns, &c.

3rd.—The _Compound-shot_, which is filled with lead to increase the

impetus of the shot, and the extent of the range.

4th.—The _Shrapnell shell_, which is very destructive when used

against bodies of Cavalry or Infantry, as it produces the same effect

as common Case or Canister shot from guns or howitzers, but at a much

greater range.[11]

_Diameter and thickness of each Shell now in the Service._

+-----------------------+-----------+------------+-------------+

+-----------------------+-----------+------------+-------------+

| { 13 Inch | 12·84 | 2·146 | 6 8 |

| { 10 ” | 9·84 | 1·646 | 5 8 |

| COMMON { 8 ” | 7·86 | 1·39 | 2 4 |

| { 5½ ” | 5·595 | 0·936 | 0 10 |

| { 4⅖ ” | 4·454 | 0·746 | 0 5 |

| { 32 Pr. | 6·177 | 1·034 | 1 0 |

| | | | |

| { 10 Inch | 9·85 | 1·35 | 5 8 |

| NAVAL { 8 ” | 7·925 | 1·35 | 2 4 |

| { 32 Pr. | 6·177 | 1·034 | 1 0 |

| | | | |

| { 8 Inch | 7·86 | 0·82 | 10 |

| { 32 Pr. | 6·177 | 0·64 | 6 |

| { 24 ” | 5·595 | 0·58 | 3 |

| SHRAPNELL { 18 ” | 5·099 | 0·53 | |

| DIAPHRAGM { 12 ” | 4·454 | 0·477 | 1 12 |

| { 9 ” | 4·08 | 0·41 | 1 8 |

| { 6 ” | 3·55 | 0·356 | 0 0 12 |

+-----------------------+-----------+------------+-------------+

All shells are now issued in the Field Service, _loaded_, and secured

with a metal plug.

SHOT, CASE OR CANISTER.

Light Brass Field Guns 12, 6, and 3-pounders have a dispart of one