[1] "Drum ir liben Mannen un' Frauen, leient ir oft daraus so wert ir
drinnen behäuen um nit zu leienen aus dem Bicher von Kühen un' von
Ditrich von Bern un' Meister Hildabrant sollt ir ach euch nit tun
müen, nun es sein wärlich eitel Schmitz, sie geben euch nit Warem noch
Hitz, ach sein sie nit gettlich darbei." (_Serapeum_, Vol. XXVII. p.
3.)
[2] F. Rosenberg, _Ueber eine Sammlung deutscher Volks-und
Gesellschafts-lieder in hebräischen Lettern, Berlin_, 1888.
[3] "Drum ir liben Frauen kauft ir sie behend, e sie werden kummen
in fremden Länd, in Pehm un' in Reussen un' in Polen, aso wert man
sie ach tun weidlich holen, un' andern Ländern mer, drum kauft ir sie
ser, dernoch werd ir sagen, warum hab ich keins gekauft, da sie sein
gewesen in Land." (_Serapeum_, Vol. XXVII. p. 3.)
[4] G. Karpeles, _Geschichte der jüdischen Literatur_, Berlin, 1886,
1029 pp.
[5] M. Steinschneider, _Die italienische Litteratur der Juden_, in
_Monatschrift für Geschichte und Wissenschaft des Judenthums_, Vol.
XLII. pp. 74-79.
[6] M. Grünbaum, _Die jüdisch-deutsche Litteratur in Deutschland,
Polen und Amerika_ (Abdruck aus Winter und Wünsche, _Die jüdische
Litteratur seit Abschluss des Kanons_, Bd. III. s. 531 ff.), Trier,
1894, 8vo, 91 pp.
[7] B. Berenson, _Contemporary Jewish Fiction_, in _Andover Review_,
Vol. X. pp. 598-602.
[8] J. Dienesohn, _Die jüdische Sprache un' ihre Schreiber_, in
_Hausfreund_, Vol. I. pp. 1-20; N. Solotkov, _A Maisse wegen Maisses;
oder A Blick über die žargonische Literatur_, in _Stādt-anzeiger_, No.
I. pp. 11-16, No. II. pp. 17-22; J. Goido, _Die žargonische Literatur
in America_, in _Amerikanischer Volkskalender_, Vol. III. pp. 73-77;
Americanus, _Die jüdisch-deutsche Literatur in America_, in _Neuer
Geist_, No. VI. pp. 352-355.
[9] _Novosti žargonnoj literatury_, in _Voschod_, Vol. IX. No. 7,
pp. 19-37; see also _Sistematičeskij ukazatel'_, pp. 285-287, Nos.
4651-4683.
[10] Cf. Ph. Wiernik, _Wie lang wet unser Literatur blühen?_ in _Neuer
Geist_, No. VI.
[11] The Pale of Jewish settlement is confined to the western
provinces, coinciding almost exactly with the old kingdoms of Poland
and Lithuania.
[12] To cite one example out of many: In the _Journal of American
Folklore_, Vol. VII. pp. 72-74, there appeared a short appeal, by F.
S. Krauss, to the folklorists of America, to collect whatsoever of
Jewish lore may be found here ere the German Jews become entirely
Americanized. It seems that Krauss had in mind the German language;
but, for some reason, R. Andree, editor of the Globus, thought of
Judeo-German, whereupon he made a violent attack upon it in an
article, _Sprachwechsel der Juden in Nord-America_, in Vol. LXV. of
his periodical, p. 363. Lenz, in his _Eindringlinge im Wörter-und
Zitaten-schatz der deutschen Sprache_ (Münster, 1895, 8vo, 28 pp.),
caps, however, the climax in his antipathy for the Jargon by making it
the subject of antisemitic propaganda!
[13] Even Frug, who is a master of the dialect, and who wields it with
more vigor than the Russian language, thought it necessary to devote
a whole series of poems to the reluctant defence of his vernacular,
in _Lieder vun dem jüdischen Žargon_, in _Jüdisches Volksblatt_,
Vol. VIII. (Beilage) pp. 881-896; also reprinted in his _Lieder un'
Gedanken_. Cf. p. 108 of the present work.
[14] Witness the frequent dogmatic statements and attacks on it by
the historian Grätz. These finally brought forth a rejoinder by J.
Dienesohn in the _Jüd. Volksblatt_, Vol. VIII. (Beilage), pp. 33-43,
entitled _Professor Grätz un' der jüdischer Žargon, oder Wer mit
wās darf sich schāmen?_ and this was followed by a similar article
(_ibid._ pp. 65-68, 129-133) from the editor of the _Volksblatt_,
in which Grätz's dogmatism is put in no enviable light. Even
Steinschneider has no love for it; although he has written so much and
so well on its literature, he knows nothing of its nineteenth-century
development, and nearly all his quotations of Judeo-German words
that in any way differ from the German form are preposterously
wrong. Karpeles, writing the history of its literature, confessedly
knows nothing of the language. M. Grünbaum, in his _Jüdisch-deutsche
Chrestomathie_ and _Die Jüdisch-deutsche Litteratur_, displays an
ignorance of the dialect which would put to shame a sophomoric
newspaper reporter of a scientific lecture. What wonder, then, that
D. Philipson, devoting a chapter to _The Ghetto in Literature_ (pp.
220-255 in _Old European Jewries_, Philadelphia, 1894), should not
even suspect the existence of an extensive and highly interesting
literature of the subject in the language of the Ghetto itself! Among
the few memorable exceptions among German scholars are Güdemann and
Strack, who approach Judeo-German in a fair and scholarly manner. See
M. Güdemann, _Quellenschriften zur Geschichte des Unterrichts und der
Erziehung bei den deutschen Juden_, etc., Berlin, 1891, pp. xxii,
xxiii, and, by the same author, _Geschichte des Erziehungswesens und
der Cultur der Juden in Frankreich und Deutschland_, Vol. I. note
iii. pp. 273-287, and Vol. III. note vii. pp. 280-297. Still fewer
are those who have subjected Judeo-German to a thorough philological
investigation. All efforts in that direction will be found catalogued
by A. Landau, _Bibliographie des Jüdisch-deutschen_, in _Deutsche
Mundarten, Zeitschrift für Bearbeitung des mundartlichen Materials_,
herausgegeben von Dr. Johann Willibald Nagl, Vienna, 1896, Heft II.
pp. 126-132. To those mentioned by him must be added A. Schulmann's
_Die Geschichte vun der Žargon-literatur_, in _Jüdisches Volksblatt_,
Vol. II. pp. 115-134, which is very rich in data, and A. Landau's
_Das Deminutivum der galizisch-jüdischen Mundart, Ein Kapitel aus
der jüdischen Grammatik_, in _Deutsche Mundarten_, Vol. I. pp.
46-58. This is, outside of Şaineanu's work (mentioned in Landau's
_Bibliographie_), the best grammatical disquisition on Judeo-German
that has so far appeared.
[15] Cf. Zunz, _Die gottesdienstlichen Vorträge der Juden, historisch
entwickelt_, Frankfurt a. M., 1892, pp. 452-463, and Güdemann, as
above.
[16] Cf. M. Steinschneider, _Die italienische Litteratur der Juden_,
in _Monatschrift für Geschichte und Wissenschaft des Judenthums_, Vol.
XLII. p. 74.
[17] Naturally, words belonging to that stage of the language have
survived in the _cheeder_ (school), where the _melamed_ (teacher)
is frequently compelled to fall back on the old commentaries for
translations. Abramowitsch has, in his _Dās klēine Menschele_, the
following passage (p. 49) bearing upon this point: "Die Talmudtōre
hāt mir äuch gegeben a Bissel Deutsch vun die Teutschwörter in
Chumesch, wie a Stēiger (for example): _wealoto_ un' a Nepel, _wesaadu
libchem_ un' lehent unter euer Harz, _jereechi_ mein dich, _machschof_
entpleckt, _boochu_ auf'n Gemeesachz, _been hamischpessoim_ die
Gemarken, _wetchalelo_ un' du hāst sie verschwächt, _kōmmijōs_
hofferlich, uchdōme noch asölche Teutschen."
[18] An example of this style is given by Linetzki, in _Dās chsidische
Jüngel_, p. 32: "a Stēiger wie er hāt mit mir geteutscht: _ischo_
an Ische, _ki sitmo_ as sie wet tome weren, _wessakriw_ un' sie wet
makriw sein, _korbon_ a Korben, _wehikriw_ soll makriw sein, _hakōhen_
der Kōhen, _al hamisbeach_ zum Misbeach, _beōhel mōed_ in'm Ōhel-mōed."
[19] Cf. A. B. Gottlober, _Sichrōnes über žargonische Schreiber_, in
_Jüd. Volksbib._, Vol. I. pp. 250-259.
[20] On the various dialects and styles, see _Die jüdische Sprache_,
in _Hausfreund_, Vol. V. pp. 60-64; cf. also Rabnizki, _Hebräisch un'
Jüdisch_, in _Hausfreund_, Vol. V. pp. 38-48.
[21] An excellent satire on the widely different styles of
Judeo-German in vogue by their writers is given by S. Rabinowitsch,
in his _Kolmewasser_ (_q.v._), under the title of _Korrespondenzies_
(cols. 26-31).
[22] For a complete discussion of the subject, see L. Şaineanu,
_Studiu dialectologic asupra graiului evreo-german_, Bucureşti, 1889,
8vo, 78 pp.
[23] Read, on this subject, Joseph Jacobs, _Jewish Diffusion of Folk
Tales_, in _Jewish Ideals and Other Essays_, London, 1896, pp. 135-161.
[24] The following books and essays treat on Judeo-German folklore
in general: Herman Lotze, _Zur jüdisch-deutschen Litteratur_, in
Gosche's _Archiv für Litteraturgeschichte_, Vol. I., Leipsic, 1870,
pp. 90-101; M. Steinschneider, _Über die Volkslitteratur der Juden_,
ibid., Vol. II. pp. 1-21; S. Gelbhaus, _Mittelhochdeutsche Dichtung
in ihrer Beziehung zur biblisch-rabbinischen Litteratur_, Frankfurt
a. M., 1893, IV. Heft, pp. 59 ff.; Brüll, _Beiträge zur jüdischen
Sagen-und Sprach-kunde im Mittelalter_, in _Jahrbücher für jüdische
Geschichte und Litteratur_, IX. _Jahrgang_, Frankfurt a. M., 1889, pp.
1-71; J. Jacobs, _Jewish Diffusion of Folk Tales_, a paper read before
the Jews' College Literary Society, in _The Jewish Chronicle_, London,
June 1, 1888 (also published separately in _Jewish Ideals and Other
Essays_, as above); M. Gaster, _Jewish Folk Lore in the Middle Ages_,
in papers read before the Jews' College Literary Society during the
Session 1886-87, London, 1887, pp. 39-51 (also published separately by
_The Jewish Chronicle_, 1887, 8vo); G. Levi, _Christiani ed Ebrei nel
Medio Evo, Quadro di costumi con un appendice di recordi e leggende
giudaiche della medesima epocha_, Florence, 1866, 16mo (pp. 307-406);
A. M. Tendlau, _Das Buch der Sagen und Legenden jüdischer Vorzeit_
(2te Auflage), Stuttgart, 1845, 8vo, 335 pp.; the same, _Fellmeiers
Abende, Mährchen und Geschichten aus grauer Vorzeit_, Frankfurt a.
M., 1856, 16mo, 290 pp.; Israel Lévi, _Contes juifs_, in _Revue des
Études Juives_, Vol. XI. pp. 209-234; Is. Loeb, _Le folklore juif dans
la chronique du Schébet Jehuda d'Ibn Verga_, in _Revue des Études
Juives_, Vol. XXIV. pp. 1-29. For general ethnographic sketches of
the Russian Jews, containing a great deal of material of a folklore
nature, see _Sistematičeskij ukazatel' literatury o evrejach na
russkom jazykě so vremeni vvedenija graždanskago šrifta (1708 g.)
po dekabr' 1889 g._, St. Petersburg, 1893, Part V. pp. 198-204
and 206-207; of the works mentioned there, Nos. 2831 and 2912 are
especially important.
[25] For stories of that period, cf. A. S. Isaacs, _Stories from the
Rabbis_, London, Osgood (and New York, Webster), 1893, 8vo, 202 pp.;
M. Gaster, _Beiträge zur vergleichenden Sagen-und Märchenkunde_,
Bukarest, 1883, 8vo. Dr. B. Königsberger, _Aus dem Reiche der
altjüdischen Fabel_, in _Zeitschrift des Vereins für Volkskunde_, Vol.
VI., 1896, pp. 140-161; F. Baethgen, _Salomo in der jüdischen Sage_,
in _Allgemeine Zeitung_, Nos. 151, 152, 181, 182 (Beilage). Other
shorter articles on the same subject will be found in the _Urquell_,
Vol. II. p. 209; Vol. IV. p. 76; Neue Folge, Vol. I. pp. 13, 14; Z.
d. V. f. V., Vol. IV. p. 209; J. Trubnik, _Talmudische Legenden_,
in _Jüd. Volksbib._, Vol. I. pp. 264-279. Of special interest are
the discussions of Talmudical legends and fables with their western
developments or imitations, by L. Dukes, _Übersicht der neuhebräischen
Literatur weltlichen Inhalts in Prosa und Versen_, in _Israelitische
Annalen_ (edited by Jost), 1839, No. 13, pp. 100 ff.; No. 17, pp.
131 ff.; No. 25, pp. 196 ff.; No. 31, pp. 244; No. 52, pp. 415 ff.
Eisenmenger's _Entdecktes Judenthum_, Königsberg, 1711 (or Dresden,
1893), in spite of its bias, may be consulted for the legends; better
than that is the English form of the same, _The Tradition of the
Jews; or, The Doctrine of Expositions Contained in the Talmud_, etc.,
London, 8vo, (64) and 337 and 363 pp., the appendix of which has a
_Translation, by Way of Abridgement, of Buxtorf's Latin Account of the
Religious Customs and Ceremonies of the Jews_ (Vol. II. pp. 225-363).
See also G. G. Bredow, _Rabbinische Mythen, Erzählungen und Lügen,
nebst zwei Balladen der christlichen Mythologie im Mittelalter_ (2te
Auflage), Weilburg, 1833, 16mo, 136 pp.; also C. Krafft, _Jüdische
Sagen und Dichtungen nach den Talmuden und Midraschen, nebst einigen
Makamen aus dem Divan des Alcharisi_, Ansbach, 1839, 16mo, 212 pp.
[26] The Sambation is mentioned in _Eldad ha-Dani aus dem Stamme
Dan_; see for this Steinschneider's _Jüdisch-deutsche Litteratur_,
in _Serapeum_, Vol. IX. (1848), p. 319, No. 13. See also _Jüdische
Litteratur_, by Steinschneider, in _Ersch und Gruber_, § X, A. 2.
Other essays and stories are: D. Kaufmann's _Le Sambation_, in _Revue
des Études Juives_, Vol. XXII. pp. 285-287, and _Der Sambation, eine
etymologische Sage_, in _Allgemeine Zeitung des Judenthums_, 1893, May
20, p. 247; Meisach, _Sambation_, in _Jüd. Volksblatt_, Vol. VIII.
(Beilage), p. 53, and (the same story) in his _Nissim we-Nifloes_,
_q.v._
[27] In A. S. Isaac's _Stories from the Rabbis_ (see above), there is
a chapter on _Elijah in the Legends_ (pp. 92-103). Other stories of
Elijah: D. Cassel, _Elia in der Legende_, in _Allgemeine Zeitung des
Judenthums_, 1892, Feb. 26, p. 104, and March 6, p. 115; _Urquell_,
Vol. IV. pp. 11-14, 42-45, 120, 121; Z. d. V. f. V., Vol. IV. p.
209. An older story is mentioned in Steinschneider's _Catalogue_,
_Serapeum_, Vol. IX. (1848), p. 384, No. 174. See also B. W. Segel,
_Materyały_ _do etnografii žydów wschodnio-galicyjskich_, in _Zbiór
wiadomości do antropologii krajowej_, Cracow, Vol. XVII. pp. 296-298.
[28] Stories of Maimonides are contained in _Maasebuch_ (or, rather
in addition _Maase Adonai_), according to Steinschneider, _Serapeum_,
Vol. XXVII. (1866), p. 5, No. 7. For other stories, see Bibliography.
[29] Nearly the same story is in Gaster's _Jewish Folk Lore_, etc.
[30] A similar story, also of a local character, is told by Dick in
_Alte jüdische Sagen oder Ssipurim_, p. 42, where he mentions a Polish
work, _Przechadzki po Wilnie i jego okolicach_ przez Jana ze Śliwnia
(A. Kirkor), Wilna, 1859, that contains many Jewish tales.
[31] Also told of a Rabbi of Prague, in _Sippurim, Sammlung jüdischer
Volkssagen, Erzählungen, Mythen, Chroniken, Denkwürdigkeiten und
Biographien berühmter Juden aller Jahrhunderte, besonders des
Mittelalters (Jüdische Universalbibliothek)_, Prague, 1895. These
_Sippurim_ have no great folklore value, as they show too much the
hand of the literary worker. Of similar value is H. Iliowizi's _In the
Pale; Stories and Legends of the Russian Jews_, Philadelphia, 1897.
[32] On the Khassidim, read M. Sachor-Masoch, _Sectes juives de la
Galicie_, in _Actes et Conférances de la Société des Études Juives_,
1889, pp. cxli-clxiii, and S. Schechter, _Studies in Judaism_,
pp. 1-45 and 341. For the Russian sources on the Khassidim, see
_Sistematičeskij ukazatel' literatury o evrejach_, pp. 177-179 (Nos.
2424-2476). Stories of Adam Balschem are mentioned by Steinschneider,
as _Geschichte des R. Adam Baal Schem_, and _Geschichte des R. Adam
mit dem Kaiser_, in _Serapeum_, Vol. X. (1849), p. 9, No. 183. See
also _Urquell_, Vol. V. p. 266, and Vol. VI. p. 33. B. W. Segel's
_Jüdische Wundermänner_, in _Globus_, Vol. LXII. pp. 312-314,
331-334, 343-345, are merely translations from the _Sseefer Ssipuree
Maisses_ (_Khal Chsidim_); of similar origin is his _O chasydach i
chasydyzmie_, in _Wista_, Vol. VIII. pp. 304-312, 509-521, 677-690;
other stories by him are in his _Materyały do etnografii żydów_, as
above.
[33] The older literature of that class is briefly discussed by
Steinschneider in his articles in the _Serapeum_ under the following
numbers (for the years 1848, 1849, 1864, 1866, 1869): 392, _Kalilah
we-Dimnah_; 393, _Barlaam and Josaphat_; 59, 399, _Diocletianus_; 266
_b_, _Octavianus_; 22, _Bevys of Hamptoun_; 51, _Ritter Sigmund und
Magdalena_; 266, _König Artus_; 13, _Eldad ha-Dani_; 156-198, 410-413,
420, various stories; 212, 213, fables (_Kuhbuch_); 167, _Maase
Nissim_; 156-158, _Maasebuch_. But the latter has been superseded
by his _Jüdisch-deutsche Litteratur und Jüdisch-deutsch, mit
besonderer Rücksicht auf Avé-Lallemant_; 2. _Artikel: Das Maase-Buch_,
_Serapeum_, Vol. XXVII. (1866), No. 1. This _Maasebuch_ is extremely
rare now, but in its day it was enormously popular, having been
used for regular religious readings on the Sabbath. Wagenseil and
Buxtorf mention this fact, while Helwich thought it of sufficient
importance to translate the book into German and supply it with
critical notes. Helwich's book seems to have escaped the attention
of all who have dealt on the _Maasebuch_, Steinschneider included;
and yet without it a study of the Jewish folklore is very difficult,
as the _Maasebuch_ can hardly be procured. The title of the book is:
_Erster Theil jüdischer Historien oder Thalmudischer Rabbinischer
wunderlicher Legenden_, so von Juden als wahrhafftige und heylige
Geschicht an ihren Sabbathen und Festtagen gelesen werden. Darausz
dieses verstockten Volcks Aberglauben und Fabelwerck zu ersehen.
Ausz ihren eigenen Büchern in Truck Teutsch verfertigt, von neuem
übersehen und corrigiert durch Christophorum Helvicum, der H. Schrift
und Hebräischen Sprach Professorem in der Universitet zu Giessen,
Giessen, bey Caspar Chemlein, Im Jahre 1612, 16mo, 222 pp. Second
part with slightly different title. After gelesen werden follows:
Sampt beygefügten Glossen und Widerlegung, 16mo, 207 pp. See also
Is. Lévi, _Cinq contes juifs_, in _Mélusine_, Vol. II. col. 569-574.
On the _König Artus_, cf. Schröder, _Mitteilungen über ein deutsches
Wigaloisepos aus dem 17. Jahrhunderte, M. Hanau B. V. Hess. G._ Some
of these stories are discussed in Jacobs's _Jewish Diffusion of Folk
Tales_ (as above).
[34] A few scattered stories may be found in the following
publications: M. Schwarzfeld, _Basmul cu Pantoful la Evrei, la Români
şi la alte Popoare, Studiu folkloristic_, Bucureşti, 1893, 8vo, 27 pp.
(_Extras din Anuarul pentru Israeliţi_, Vol. XV. pp. 138-165); by the
same, _Scrisoare către Dumnezeu, Cercetare folcloristică_ (_Anuarul
pentru Israeliţi_, Vol. XV. pp. 191-198); R. T. Kaindl, _Eine jüdische
Sage über die Entstehung des Erdbebens_, _Zeitschrift für Ethnologie_,
Vol. XXV. p. 370; B. W. Segel, _Jüdische Volksmärchen_, in _Globus_,
Vol. LX. pp. 283 ff., 296-298, 313-315. The largest collection of
folk-tales by the same author are given in _Zbiór wiadomości do
antropologii krajowej_, Vol. XVII., Cracow, 1893, under the title,
_Materyały do etnografii żydów wschodnio-galicyjskich_, pp. 261-332; a
review of this important work, in German, is given in the _Urquell_,
Vol. V. pp. 183-186. Scattered through the _Urquell_ there are many
interesting tales, mainly on _gilgulim_, _leezim_, _meessim_; cf.
Vol. IV., pp. 96, 97, 257; Neue Folge, Vol. I. pp. 80, 81, 121, 122,
344, 345, 351; see also Z. d. V. f. V., Vol. IV. p. 210. See also the
bibliography of the legends, etc., in _Sistematičeskij ukazatel_, p.
211 (Nos. 3133-3136).
[35] On the customs, beliefs, superstitions, etc., of the Jews, see
A. P. Bender, _Beliefs, Rites, and Customs of the Jews Connected with
Death, Burial, and Mourning_, in _Jewish Quarterly Review_, Vol. VI.
pp. 317-347, 664-671, and Vol. VII. pp. 101-118; Dan, _Volksglauben
und Gebräuche der Juden in der Bukowina_, in _Zeitschrift für
österreichische Volkskunde_, Vol. II. Nos. 2, 3; Hedvige Heinicke,
_Le carnaval des juifs galiciens_, in _Revue des Traditions
populaires_, Vol. VI. p. 118; I. Buchbinder, _Jüdische Sabobones_,
in _Hausfreund_, Vol. II. pp. 167-170; Steinschneider mentions books
dealing on superstitions in his catalogue in the _Serapeum_, under
the numbers 219 and 421. This subject is treated extensively in the
_Urquell_, Vol. II. pp. 5-7, 34-36, 112, 165, 166, 181-183; Vol.
III. pp. 18, 19, 286-288; Vol. IV. pp. 73-75, 94-96, 118, 119, 141,
142, 170, 171, 187-189, 210, 211, 272-274; Vol. V. pp. 19, 81, 170,
171, 225-228, 290, 291; Neue Folge, Vol. I. pp. 9, 46-49, 270, 271;
Vol. II. pp. 33, 34, 46, 108-110. See also Segel, _Materyały do
etnografii żydów_, etc., pp. 319-328; S. Abramowitsch, _Dās klēine
Menschele_, pp. 76-77; Linetzki, _Dās chsidische Jüngel_, pp. 29-31,
114. For a general work on Jewish superstitions, see M. Schuhl,
_Superstitions et coutumes populaires du Judaisme contemporain_,
Paris, 1882, 4to, 42 pp. The most important contribution on the
beliefs of the German Jews in the early Middle Ages is given by
Güdemann, _Geschichte des Erziehungswesen und der Cultur der Juden_,
etc., Vol. I. Chap. VII. pp. 199-228, under the title, _Der jüdische
Aber-, Zauber-und Hexen-glaube in Frankreich und Deutschland im 12.
und 13. Jahrhunderte_. See also the bibliography of the subject in the
_Sistematičeskij ukazatel'_, pp. 211, 212 (Nos. 3137-3159). A large
number of superstitions, beliefs, etc., are scattered throughout the
Judeo-German literature: probably the most important of such works is
Schatzkes' _Der jüdischer Var-Peessach_ (_q.v._).
[36] For proverbs and the discussion of the same, see: M. Spektor,
_Jüdische Volkswörtlich_, in _Jüdisches Volksblatt_, Vol. VI. pp.
63, 95, 112, 128, 191, 304, 423, 488; I. Bernstein, _Sprichwörter_,
in _Hausfreund_, Vol. I. pp. 89-112, and Vol. II. pp. 1-49 (second
part); S. Adelberg, _Przysłowia żydowskie_, in _Wisła_, Vol. IV. pp.
166-187; M. Schwarzfeld, _Literatura populară Israelită ca element
etnico-psichologic_, in _Anuarul pentru Israeliţi_, Vol. XII. pp.
41-52; the same, _Evreii in Literatura lor populară sau Cum se judecă
evreii insusi, Studiu etnico-psichologic_, Bucureşti, 1898, 8vo, 37
pp. (_Anuarul pentru Israeliţi_, Vol. XIX. pp. 1-37). In connection
with the last two, though not strictly on Jewish proverbs, see
his _Evreii in Literatura populară Romană, Studiu de psichologie
populară_,--Anex, _Evreii in literatura populară universală, Tablou
comparativ_, Bucureşti, 1892, 8vo, 78 pp. (_Extras din Anuarul pentru
Israeliţi_, Vol. XIV. pp. 97-172). A large number of proverbs from
various Slavic localities are given in the _Urquell_: Vol. II. pp.
26, 27, 66, 112, 131, 163, 178, 196; Vol. IV. pp. 75, 76, 194, 212,
215, 256, 257; Vol. VI. pp. 33, 34, 69, 119-121; Neue Folge, Vol.
I. pp. 14, 15, 119-121, 172-175, 271-279; Vol. II. pp. 221, 222,
311-313, 338-340. For the proverbs of the German Jews, see A. Tendlau,
_Sprichwörter und Redensarten deutsch-jüdischer Vorzeit_, _als Beitrag
zur Volks-, Sprach-und Sprichwörter-kunde_, _aufgezeichnet aus dem
Munde des Volkes und nach Wort und Sinn erläutert_, Frankfurt a. M.
(1860).
[37] The older books on Eulenspiegel are given by Steinschneider
in the _Serapeum_, under Nos. 10, 288, and 388; in the _Urquell_,
there are a few stories on _Chelm_ in Vol. III. pp. 27-29, and Neue
Folge, Vol. I. pp. 345, 346. A large number is given by Segel in his
collection in the _Zbiór wiadomości do antropologii krajowej_, pp.
303-306.
[38] In a general way the Judeo-German folksong was treated by
I. G. Oršanskij, in his _Evrei v Rossii, Očerki ekonomičeskago i
obščestvennago byta russkich evreev_, St. Petersburg, 1877, 8vo, on
pp. 391-402; more specially by J. J. Lerner, _Die jüdische Muse_,
in _Hausfreund_, Vol. II. pp. 182-198, from which a few songs are
quoted here. The most of the songs given here are from my manuscript
collection made in Boston and New York among the Russian Jews. In the
_Urquell_ folksongs are given in Vol. IV. pp. 119, 120; Vol. V. p.
196; Vol. VI. pp. 43, 158; Neue Folge, Vol. I. pp. 45, 50, 82, 83,
175, 239-242; Vol. II. pp. 27-29, 39, 40. Cf. B. W. Segel, _Materyały
do etnografti żydów wschodnio-galicyjskich_, in _Zbiór wiadomości do
antropologii krajowej_, Vol. XVII. pp. 306-319.
[39] The legend has been admirably treated by the historian, S. A.
Beršadskij, in _Evrej korol' polskij_, in the _Voschod_, Vol. IX. Nos.
1-5.
[40] The _Urquell_ (see above) gives some children's songs. See also
L. Wiener, _Aus der russisch-jüdischen Kinderstube_, in _Mitteilungen
der Gesellschaft für jüdische Volkskunde_, _herausgegeben von
M. Grunwald_, Hamburg, 1898, Heft II, pp. 40-49; R. F. Kaindl,
_Lieder, Neckreime, Abzählverse, Spiele, Geheimsprachen und allerlei
Kunterbuntes aus der Kinderwelt, in der Bukowina und in Galizien
gesammelt_, in Z. d. V. f. V., Vol. VII. pp. 146, 147. In Linetzki's
_Dās chsidische Jüngel_, p. 23, a number of children's songs are
mentioned by title.
[41] See the prototype of this song in K. Francke, _Social Forces in
German Literature_, p. 120.
[42] See p. 142 ff.; add to these A. M. Dick, _Der soldatske Syn._
Wilna, 1876, 16mo, 108 pp., which gives a graphic description of the
career of a cantonist.
[43] Cf. Dr. Sokolowski, _Die Gseere vun Gonto in Uman un' Ukraine, in
Volksbibliothēk_, Vol. II. pp. 53-60.
[44] Max Weissberg, _Die neuhebräische Aufklärungs-literatur in
Galizien. Eine literar-historische Charakteristik._ Leipzig und Wien,
1898, 8vo, 88 pp.
[45] The first two weeklies of Galicia, the _Zeitung_ and _Die
jüdische Post_, published in 1848 and 1849 respectively, are not in
the vernacular, but in a slightly corrupt German.
[46] The love for songs is very old with the German Jews.
Steinschneider's catalogue in the _Serapeum_ mentions a very
large number of songs. See also L. Löwenstein, _Jüdische und
jüdisch-deutsche Lieder_, in _Jubelschrift zu Ehren des Dr.
Hildesheimer_, Berlin, 1890, pp. 126 ff., and under the same title, in
_Monatschrift für Geschichte und Wissenschaft des Judenthums_, Vol.
XXXVIII. pp. 78-89; A. Neubauer, _Jüdisch-deutsches Weingedicht_, in
_Israelit Letterbode_, Vol. XII. 1. p. 13 ff. But the most thorough
work is by F. Rosenberg, _Ueber eine Sammlung deutscher Volks-und
Gesellschafts-lieder in hebräischen Lettern_, Berlin, 1888, 8vo, 84
pp. That the modern songs are set to music is generally indicated in
the title-pages or the introductions to the printed collections, as,
for example, Lieder zu singen mit sēhr schoene Melodien; Schoen zum
Singen un' zum Lesen; Mit sēhr schoene Melodien. In one of his books
Zunser (see pp. 90 ff.) informs us:
Ōb ihr lejent in Büchel meine Lieder,
Un' die Melodie hāt män euch nit übergegeben,
Is' dās wie a photographische Bild, liebe Brüder,--
Dacht sich, Alles richtig, nor es fehlt Leben.
INTRODUCTION TO HAMNAGEEN.
While another, B. Z. Rabinowitsch (in _Disput vun a Schüler mit a
Klausnik_), thinks he must offer an apology for not having composed a
tune for his poem:
Mit wās far a Melodie ihr wet spielen,
Wöllen die Wörter gewiss nāchtanzen!
Zunser, who did not scruple to make use of other people's property
(see p. 92), objects, in _Kol-rina_, to the people's appropriation of
his songs in the following words:
Wie me hāt mich gehört a Māl zu zwēi,
Is' schōn gewe'n auf morgen geschrieben bei see:
Es hāt mir vardrossen sejer Müh', 'chleben,
Un' hāb' see besser a fartigen, a gedruckten gegeben.
[47] _Voschod_, 1886, No. 5.
[48] The only collection of Judeo-German poetry accessible to those
who do not read the Hebrew type is G. H. Dalman's _Jüdisch-deutsche
Volkslieder aus Galizien und Russland_, Zweite Auflage, Berlin, 1891,
8vo, 74 pp.; unfortunately there are a number of errors in it that
destroy the sense of some lines. See also L. Wiener, _Popular Poetry
of the Russian Jews_, in _Americana Germanica_, Vol. II. No. 2 (1898),
pp. 33-59, on which the present chapter is based.
[49] His poems have been printed in the following periodicals:
_Kolmewasser_, Vol. I. Nos. 4, 5, 6 (_Dās Gräber-lied_) _et seq._;
_Warschauer jüdische Zeitung_; _Jisrulik_, No. 13; _Jüd. Volksblatt_,
Vol. II. No. 10; _Wecker_, pp. 26-29; _Jüd. Volksbibliothēk_, pp.
148-153.
[50] Katzenellenbogen, _Jüdische Melodien_ (_q.v._), p. 55, note.
[51] This I merely surmise, from the statement in the _Sseefer
Sikorōn_, that he wrote it in 1863, in Kiev, though it is probable
that he did not print it before 1869. For biography of Linetzki, see
pp. 161 ff.
[52] For short notices of Gordon and his work, see B. Woloderski, _A
kurze Biographie vun Michel Gordon_, in _Hausfreund_, Vol. II. pp.
147-149, and necrology in _Hausfreund_, Vol. III. p. 312.
[53] Other poems by M. Gordon than those contained in his collective
volume are to be found in _Jüd. Volksblatt_, Vol. VIII. (Beilage) pp.
93, 94, 362, 363; Vol. IX. No. 16; _Hausfreund_, Vol. I. pp. 39-43;
Vol. II. pp. 73-75, 261-264; _Familienfreund_, Vol. I. pp. 3-6.
[54] In this conjunction a few of the very many cradle songs will
be mentioned here as an offset to the statement, frequently heard,
that the Jews have no songs of that character; in the chapter on the
traditional folksongs there have been mentioned a few such; add to
these the one given in _Mitteilungen der Gesellschaft für jüdische
Volkskunde_, Heft II. p. 49. Of the literary cradle songs, the best
are Abramowitsch's _Alululu, bidne Kind, Wēh is' der Mame, wēh und
wünd_ (in _Dās klēine Menschele_, p. 121); Linetzki's _Varschliess
schōn deine Äugen_ (in _Der bœser Marschelik_, p. 66); Goldfaden's
_Schlāf' in Freuden, Du wēisst kēin Leiden_ (in _Die Jüdene_, p.
6); S. Rabinowitsch's _Schlāf', mein Kind_ (with music, in his
_Kol-mewasser_, col. 25, 26).
[55] Some of Goldfaden's poems may be found in: _Kol-mewasser_;
_Jisrulik_; _Wecker_, pp. 7-15, 56-62; _Der jüdischer
Handelskalender_, pp. 114-118; _Familienfreund_, Vol. I. pp. 27-35,
Vol. II. pp. 57-59; _Hausfreund_, Vol. II. pp. 5-7; _Volksbibliothēk_,
Vol. II. pp. 188, 247, 267, 268; _Dās hēilige Land_, pp. 25-29; _New
Yorker Illustrirte Zeitung_.
[56] A song expressive of this sentiment, under the title _Unsere
liebe Schwester un' Brüder_, appeared in _Jüd. Volksblatt_, Vol. I.
(1881), No. 2. Other poems were printed in the same year in Nos. 1 and
5; another poem was printed in _Jüd. Volksbibliothēk_, Vol. I. pp.
295, 296. A review of his collected poems is given in _Voschod_, Vol.
VI. (1886), Part. II. pp. 26-31. For necrology see _Hausfreund_, Vol.
III. p. 312.
[57] Cf. Abrahams, _Jewish Life in the Middle Ages_, pp. 198 ff. It is
not uncommon in Judeo-German literature to meet with the description
of the old-fashioned badchen and his craft, but probably the best
illustrations of his performances are to be found in the following
works: Linetzki, _Dās chsidische Jüngel_, pp. 94 ff.; Gottlober, _Dās
Decktuch_, pp. 43 ff. (2d act, 2d scene); _Der krummer Maschelik mit
a blind Äug'_, Es is' sēhr schoen zu lejenen die Lieder, wās der
Marschelik hāt gesungen, un' wie er hāt Chossen-kale besungen, un' see
sennen noch kēin Mal nit gedruckt gewor'en: Kukariku! Der Marschelik
is' dā, Warsaw, 1875; U. Kalmus, _Geschichte vun a seltenem Bris un' a
genarrte Chassene_, _Theater in vier Akten_, Warsaw, 1882, pp. 65-72.
[58] In addition to the large number of collective books of poetry,
Zunser has published his poems in: _Jüd. Volksblatt_, Vol. V. pp.
51, 67; Wecker, pp. 74-88; _Familienfreund_, Vol. I. pp. 6-27;
_Hausfreund_, Vol. II. pp. 99-108; Spektor's _Familienkalender_, Vol.
IV. pp. 94-103; _Jüd. Volksbib._, Vol. I. pp. 273, 274; _Dās hēil.
Land_, pp. 134-141.
[59] Other works by Zweifel than those given in the Bibliography are:
_Hausfreund_, Vol. I. pp. 73-78, Vol. II. pp. 143-145; Spektor's
_Familienkalender_, Vol. II. pp. 82-87; _Jüd. Volksbibl._, Vol. I. pp.
48-61, Vol. II. pp. 132-135.
[60] For note on Abramowitsch, see pp. 148 ff.
[61] Mordechai Suchostawer, _Der wōler Eeze-geber_, in _Jüd.
Volksblatt_, Vol. V. p. 310.
[62] Several of the poems contained in the volume of his poetry had
appeared before: _Jüd. Volksblatt_, Vol. I. No. 12, Vol. V. pp. 239,
357, Vol. VI. pp. 83, 717 ff.; _Familienfreund_, Vol. I. pp. 86-93.
The Astor Library of New York possesses a manuscript of Ettinger's
fables.
[63] Vol. IV. p. 175.
[64] This is also true of the poets who contributed to '_Der jüdischer
Wecker_,' a similar volume published in the same year at Odessa.
[65] His poems were printed in: _Jüd. Volksblatt_, Vol. V. p. 515;
Vol. VII. No. 36; Vol. VIII. No. 10; Beilage No. 3 passim; Vol. IX.
No. 3 passim; _Hausfreund_, Vol. I. p. 44; Vol. III. pp. 172-175 (_On
the death of M. Gordon_); _Jüd. Volksbib_, Vol. I. pp. 260-263; Vol.
II. pp. 1-6, 120-125, 139-141, 167-168, 195-204; _Jüd. Volkskalender_,
Vol. III. pp. 117-124.
[66] _Jüd. Volksbib._ Vol. I. pp. 148-158; better than this is his own
edition of the ballad in a separate pamphlet (_q.v._).
[67] _Jüd. Bibliothēk_, Vol. II. pp. 170-180.
[68] _Ibid._, Vol. III. pp. 123-155.
[69] _Ibid._, Vol. I. pp. 246-257.
[70] _Ibid._, Vol. I. pp. 276-285.
[71] _Jontew-blättlech_, _Zweite Serie_, _Ōneg Schabes_, pp. 27-31,
_Chamischo Osser_, pp. 22-31.
[72] His legend _Ophir_, printed in _Jüd. Volksbib._, Vol. I. pp.
211-224.
[73] His poems appeared in _Jüd. Volksblatt_, Vol. I. Nos. 10, 11;
Vol. II. Nos. 9, 46; Vol. III pp. 402; Vol. IV. p. 94; Vol. V. pp.
565, 664; Vol. VI. pp. 190, 195; Vol. VII. pp. 277, 759; _Hausfreund_,
Vol. III. pp. 304-306; Spektor's _Familienkalender_, Vol. V. p. 71;
_Lamteren_, col. 26.
[74] B. Lesselroth, _Polnische vollkommene Grammatik in
jüdisch-deutscher Sprache, für solche, die diese Wissenschaft ohne
Hilfe eines Lehrers erlernen wollen_, Warsaw, 1824, 16mo, 76 pp.
[75] This is the name given by Gottlober in his _Sichrōnes_, in _Jüd.
Volksbib._, Vol. I. p. 255, for the author of the 'Columbus,' but it
appears that it was Günsburg who wrote it in Hebrew; and as in the
Judeo-German translation the translator speaks of having translated
this work from his Hebrew form, it is likely that Günsburg ought to
be substituted for Hurwitz. There are four copies of that work in the
Harvard Library. Two of them are late remodellings; the other two have
no title-pages and seem to have had none, so that I cannot ascertain
the dates of their printing.
[76] J. B. Levinsohn, _Die hefker Welt_, in _Jüd. Volksbib._,
Vol. I. pp. 133-147. His biography is given in the same place, by
B. Natansohn, on pp. 122-132. Both together are to be found in
Natansohn's _Die papierne Brück'_ (_q.v._).
[77] For review of his works see O. Lerner, _Kritičeskij razbor
pojavivšichsja nedavno na evrejsko-německom žargoně sočinenij I.
Aksenfelda_, etc., Odessa, 1868, 8vo, 15 pp.
[78] She was very fond of Jean Paul Richter, and it is not at all
impossible that the peculiar humor contained in her husband's books
is due to a transference of that author's style to the more primitive
conditions of the Judeo-German novel. His was a gifted family: one of
his sons became an artist, the other a famous professor of medicine at
Paris.
[79] A. M. Dick, _Der erster Nabor_, etc., Wilna, 1871.
[80] Short biography in _Sseefer Sikorōn_, p. 97.
[81] For fuller information on the life and works of Abramowitsch see
his autobiography in _Sseefer Sikorōn_, pp. 117-126; see also the
references in the _Sistematičeskij ukazatel'_, p. 286, Nos. 4663-4669,
of which No. 4665 is the most important.
[82] Translated into Russian by Petrikovski.
[83] Reviews of this work are in _Jüd. Volksblatt_, Vol. VIII.
(Beilage), pp. 1385-1396, by J. Levi; and _Voschod_, 1889, Nos. 1, 2,
4, by M. G. Morgulis.
[84] Translated into Polish by Klemens Junosza.
[85] Translated into Polish by Klemens Junosza.
[86] His shorter stories have appeared in _Hausfreund_, Vol. I. pp.
128-134; Vol. III. pp. 1-9; Vol. IV. pp. 3-25; _Jüd. Volksbib._, Vol.
II. pp. 7-93; _Jüd. Volkskalender_, Vol. III. pp. 53-64.
[87] Short notice of his works in _Sseefer Sikorōn_, pp. 59, 60; cf.
also notices mentioned in _Sistematičeskij ukazatel_, p. 286, Nos.
4670-4672.
[88] Shorter stories have appeared in _Familienfreund_, Vol. I. pp.
84-86; _Hausfreund_, Vol. I. pp. 121-128; _Jüd. Volksbib._, Vol. I.
pp. 62-92; Vol. II. pp. 98-119; _Volksfreund_, pp. 14-16.
[89] _Jüd. Volksbib._, Vol. I. pp. 62 ff.
[90] His name does not appear on any of the editions of his comedy.
Early in the seventies he had turned his work over to Wollmann for
publication; the latter surreptitiously published it over his own
initials.
[91] Short mention in _Sseefer Sikorōn_, p. 26; necrology in
_Hausfreund_, Vol. III. p. 312.
[92] _Der Schiwim-māhlzeit_, p. 10.
[93] Cf. S. Rabinowitsch, _Schomer's Mischpet_, and Seiffert's _Dās
Tellerl vun 'm Himmel (Ein Entwer auf M. Schaikewitsch's Taines)_, in
_Die neue Welt_, No. 5, pp. 11-21. To his detractors Schaikewitsch
answered in his pamphlet _Jehi Ōr_. Other reviews in _Jüd.
Volksblatt_, Vol. VIII. (Beilage), pp. 335-361, 455-467, 707-714,
738-743, 763-773.
[94] Cf. _Sseefer Sikorōn_, p. 80. Reviews of his works in _Voschod_,
Vol. VII. No. 12, pp. 18-21; Vol. IX. No. 7, pp. 30-37.
[95] In addition to his separate works the following periodicals
contain Spektor's stories: _Jüd. Volksblatt_, Vol. III. and following
(very many); _Hausfreund_, Vol. I. pp. 109-121, Supplement; Vol. II.
pp. 1-5, 116-143; Vol. III. pp. 9-28, 38-101, 149-172, 277-294; Vol.
IV. pp. 81-95, 107-131; Vol. V. pp. 123-136; _Familienfreund_, Vol.
II. pp. 66-91; Spektor's _Familienkalender_, Vol. II. pp. 51-54;
Vol. III. pp. 81-85; Vol. IV. pp. 63-93; Vol. V. pp. 45-51, 52-58;
_Widerkol_, pp. 19 ff.; _Jontewblāttlech_, I. Series, No. 3, 4, 9;
_Klēiner Wecker_, pp. 43-48; _Literatur un' Leben_, pp. 67-89. Reviews
by him, under the pseudonym _Emes_, in _Hausfreund_, Vol. I. pp.
143-160; Vol. II. pp. 170-176; Vol. III. pp. 251-260.
[96] In _Hausfreund_, Vol. I. p. 67; Vol. II pp. 108-116; _Jüd.
Bibliothēk_, Vol. I. pp. 41-74.
[97] Other articles by him: _Jüd. Volksblatt_, Vol. V. pp. 329 ff.;
Vol. VIII. (Beilage), pp. 33-43; _Hausfreund_, Vol. I. pp. 1-21;
Vol. II. pp. 75-99; _Jüd. Volksbib._, Vol. I. pp. 244-248; _Jüd.
Bibliothēk_, Supplements.
[98] _Hausfreund_, Vol. II. pp. 75-99.
[99] His stories, dramas, and poems have appeared in _Jüd.
Volksblatt_, Vol. III. p. 387, hence continuously up to the ninth
volume of that periodical; _Familienfreund_, Vol. I. pp. 73-84;
_Hausfreund_, Vol. I. pp. 45-63; Vol. III. pp. 321-326; Vol. IV.
pp. 63-81; Vol. V. pp. 97-123; _Jüd. Volksbib._, Vol. I. pp. 1-47,
241-243, 351-378; Vol. II. pp. 205-220, 304-310; _Wecker_, pp. 88-91.
[100] _Voschod_, Vol. VII. No. 6. Reviews of his other works are
in _Voschod_, Vol. VII. Nos. 7, 8; Vol. VIII. No. 10, and in later
numbers; of _Sender Blank_, by J. J. Lerner (unfavorable), in _Jüd.
Volksbib._, Vol. VIII. (Beilage), No. 29, pp. 864-876, under the title
_Lebendige Meessim_. Short mention of his works in _Sseefer Sikorōn_,
p. 105.
[101] Other articles by Rabnizki in _Wecker_, pp. 62-74, 115-122;
_Hēilige Land_, pp. 13-25.
[102] In his _Kol-mewasser_, col. 31-34.
[103] _Lokschen_ and _A Flōh vun Tischebow_; see Bibliography, under
Frischmann.
[104] Frischmann's stories, reviews, and poems may be found in _Jüd.
Volksblatt_, Vol. VIII. (Beilage), pp. 92, 93; Vol. IX. Nos. 23, 30,
32, 51, 52; _Familienfreund_, Vol. II. pp. 47-49; _Hausfreund_, Vol.
II. pp. 22-25, 66-73, 151-170; Vol. III. pp. 175, 176; Vol. IV. pp.
167-176; Vol. V. pp. 7-21, 159-161; _Jüd. Volksbib._, Vol. I. pp.
211-224; _Handelskalender_, pp. 100-104.
[105] His stories appeared in _Jüd. Volksbib._, Vol. I. pp. 183-210;
Vol. II. pp. 225-246; _Jüd. Volkskalender_, Vol. III. pp. 70-81.
[106] In addition to the very large number of stories, etc., in
his own publications, Perez has contributed to _Jüd. Volksbib._,
Vol. I. pp. 148-158; Vol. II. pp. 126-129, 136-138, 142-147,
167, 168, 195-204; _Hausfreund_, Vol. III. pp. 111-113, 179-181;
_Handelskalender_, pp. 79-83, 105-113; _Klēiner Wecker_, pp. 25-29;
_Jüd. Volkskalender_, Vol. III. pp. 105-111.
[107] In _Hausfreund_, Vol. V. pp. 136-145; Spektor's
_Familienkalender_, Vol. V. pp. 45-51; _Widerkol_, pp. 5-18; _Jüd.
Bibliothēk_, Vol. III. pp. 89-94; _Literatur un' Leben_, pp. 89-95;
_Jontew-blāttlech_, No. 16.
[108] In _Hausfreund_, Vol. III. pp. 231-241, 265-277; _Jüd.
Bibliothēk_, Vol. III. pp. 84-89; _Literatur un' Leben_, pp. 23-47,
163. _Jontew-blāttlech_, Nos. 1, 3, 20, 22, 24, 29; 2d Series, Nos. 1,
2, 5.
[109] In addition to his own publications see _Hausfreund_, Vol. III.
pp. 294-304; _Jüd. Bibliothēk_, Vol. I. pp. 90-98; _Jontew-blāttlech_,
Nos. 7, 8, 18.
[110] Since writing this, both the _Neuer Geist_ and _Die Zeit_ have
ceased appearing.
[111] For the bibliography of the older plays see Steinschneider,
in the _Serapeum_ (1848, '49, '64, '66, '69); _Ahasuerus_, Nos. 11
_a_, 387; _Purim-play_, No. 417; _Acta Esther_ (Ahas.), No. 17 (cf.
_Litteraturblatt des Orients_, 1843, p. 59, and _Jüd. Litteratur_, in
Ersch und Gruber, § XX. Anmerkung 36); _Action von König David und
Goliath dem Philister_, No. 18; _Mechiras Josef_, No. 146. On the
ancient theatre, see Abrahams, _Jewish Life_, pp. 260-272.
[112] pp. 36 ff.
[113] Part of the _Ahasuerus-play_, as given at present on the day of
Purim, may be found in Abramowitsch's _Prizyw_, pp. 62-65.
[114] Cf. Dienesohn, _Herschele_, pp. 47 ff.
[115] Cf. Abramowitsch, _Prizyw_, p. 64: "Heunt is' Purim un' morgen
is' aus, Gi't mir a Groschen un' stupt mich araus!"
[116] In _Die Jüdene_, _q.v._
[117] Cf. Abramsky, _Bomas Jischok_, which gives an account of that
period.
[118] See _Die Jüdische Bühne_. (_The Jewish Stage._) _Herausgegeben
zum 20 jährigen Jubiläum vun dem jüdischen Theater._ Publisher,
J. Katzenellenbogen, New York, 1897; about 800 pages, irregularly
marked. In this volume the most important contribution, though far
from exhaustive, is by M. Seiffert, _Die Geschichte vun jüdischen
Theater_, _In drei Zeit-perioden_, 47 pp. For the condition of the
theatre at its beginning, in Roumania, see Abramsky, _Bomas Jischok_.
For its later development cf. J. Lifschitz, _Dās jüdische Theater un'
die jüdische Schauspieler_, _Rezensie über dās jüdische Theater in
Warschau_, in _Jüd. Volksblatt_, Vol. VIII. (Beilage), pp. 773-784
(No. 26); Meisach, _Dās jüdische Theater_, in _Hausfreund_, Vol.
I. pp. 160-165; _Unser Theater_, in _Jüd. Volkskalender_, Vol.
III. pp. 81-86; Rombro, _Der jüdischer Theater in America_, in
_Stādt-anzeiger_, No. I. pp. 5-9; No. II. pp. 8-13; J. Jaffa, _Der
jüdischer Theater wie er is'_, in _Jüd.-Amer. Volkskalender_, 1895-96,
pp. 60-63. See also the bibliography in _Sistematičeskij ukazatel'_,
p. 211 (Nos. 3137-3149), and pp. 286, 287 (Nos. 4675 and 4676).
[119] This is a common saying for an impossible thing.
[120] Published by Copeland and Day; with permission of the publishers.