diſſolves in acids, with a little efferveſcence. With the vitriolic acid
it forms alum; with the nitrous, muriatic and vegetable acids,
deliqueſcent ſalts.
When dry, it abſorbs water greedily, becomes ſoft, and, with a due
quantity of water, gains ſuch a tenacity, that it may be moulded at
pleaſure. This maſs contracts greatly in the fire, from whence ariſe
numerous cracks; and with a due degree of heat, it becomes hard enough
to ſtrike fire with ſteel. By this burning it loſes its glutinous
tenacity, and the water is excluded by the approach of the particles;
nor does it again aſſume its former properties, but by ſolution and
precipitation.
It may be diſſolved in the dry way, by means of fixed alkaline ſalt, as
well as in the liquid way, by acids. The vitriolic acid is better than
the others for this purpoſe, becauſe more eaſily concentrated.
Earth of alum neither diſſolves ſulphur, nor decompoſes ſal ammoniac.
§ 113.
ARGILLA (argillaceous earth) united to _ſiliceous_ matter only.
CRONSTEDT Min. §78. _Argilla porcellana._ Porcelain clay.
Pipe clay.
I never examined any clay which did not contain a large quantity of
ſiliceous earth; generally more than half its weight[44].
§ 114.
ARGILLA (argillaceous earth) united to _ſiliceous_ and _irony_ matter.
CRONSTEDT Min. §§ 87 and 90. Bole. Dye-earth.
Clay.
§ 115.
ARGILLA (argillaceous earth) united to _ſiliceous_ and _calcareous_
matter.
CRONSTEDT Min. §25. _Marga argillacea._ Marle.
§ 116.
ARGILLA (argillaceous earth) united to _ſiliceous_ earth and _magneſia_.
CRONSTEDT Min. §§ 84, 4. B. Terra lemnia.
Its component parts reſemble thoſe of talc, but differ in their
proportions, and are alſo leſs intimately united.
§ 116*.
ARGILLA (argillaceous earth) united to _ſiliceous_, _calcareous_, and
_magneſia_ earths.
_Lithomarga._([45]) CRONSTEDT Min. § 84. A.
Stone marrow.
§ 117.
ARGILLA (argillaceous earth) contaminated by _vegetable alkaly_ and
_ſulphur_, or at leaſt by the acid of ſulphur.
CRONSTEDT Min. § 124. 2. b. Minera aluminis romani.
Alum ore.
It certainly contains vitriolic acid[46], and perhaps, alſo, a ſmall
portion of ſulphur. The vegetable alkaly ſufficiently ſhews its volcanic
origin.
§ 118.
ARGILLA (argillaceous earth) contaminated by _ſiliceous_ matter,
_pyrites_, and _petroleum_.
CRONSTEDT Min. § 124. 2. c. _Schiſtus aluminaris_[47].
Alum ſlate.
§ 119.
ARGILLA (argillaceous earth) intimately united with _leſs than half its
weight of ſiliceous_ earth, and a ſmall quantity of _mild calcareous_
earth.
CRONSTEDT Min. §§ 43–48. Gemma.
The Gems ſuffer no change under the blowpipe, with foſſil fixed alkaly,
but are diſſolved by microcoſmic ſalt and borax.
To this head belong _Rubinus_, the ruby;
_Saphirus_, ſapphire;
_Topazius_, topaz;
_Smaragdus_, emerald.
The _tourmaline_ holds a kind of middle place betwixt the gems and the
ſcherle. The colour, in all of them, is owing to iron.
§ 120.
ARGILLA (argillaceous earth) intimately united to _half its weight of
ſiliceous earth_ (or more), and a little _mild calcareous_ earth.
Scherle.
CRONSTEDT Min. §§ 68–71. _Granatus et Baſaltes_, which I call
_Scherle_.
The remote varieties of theſe are eaſily diſtinguiſhed, the near ones
difficultly.
§ 121.
ARGILLA (argillaceous earth) looſely united to half its weight, or more,
of _ſiliceous_ earth, and a little _calcareous_ earth.
CRONSTEDT Min. §§ 108–112. _Zeolithus._ Zeolite.
There is a great affinity betwixt this and Scherle; but in the zeolite,
the component parts cohere ſo looſely, that acids attach and ſeparate
them without their being previouſly treated with alkalies; but this is
not the caſe with the ſcherles.
Zeolite, contaminated by magneſia, I have not yet examined.
§ 122.
ARGILLA (argillaceous earth) intimately united to a large proportion of
_ſiliceous_ earth, and a ſmall proportion of _magneſia_.
CRONSTEDT Min. §§ 93–96. _Mica. Talcum._ [48]Glimmer. Talc.
SILICEOUS EARTH,
OR
TERRA SILICEA.
§ 123.
This, like the other primitive earths, is ſeldom found pure. In order to
have it ſo, reduce clear quartz chryſtals into powder; melt it with four
times the weight of fixed alkaly; diſſolve the whole in water;
precipitate by a large quantity of ſtrong acid; carefully waſh and dry
the precipitate.
The acid muſt be uſed in a ſuperfluous quantity, that any other earths
contained may be diſſolved.
§ 124.
The ſpecific gravity of this earth, is 1,975. The particles, when firſt
precipitated, occupy, in water, at leaſt twelve times the ſpace that
they do when dried; ſo that, when ſufficiently fine, they may remain
ſuſpended therein; nay, when vehemently heated in a cloſe veſſel, they
may be diſſolved. No acid, except that of fluor ſpar (§ 30) has any
action upon this earth. Fixed alkalies unite with it in the liquid way,
but in the dry way they ſeize it with great vehemence, and convert twice
their weight of it into a permanent transparent glaſs. Such is its
affinity to alkalies, that it imparts to clay, which is always loaded
with it, the power of ſeparating ſome of the acid from nitre and common
ſalt. When pure, it is refractory in the fire.
Although ſiliceous earth is not altogether ſimple, yet, in mineralogy,
it muſt be conſidered as primitive, until deciſive experiments ſhew us
from which of the preceding earths it is derived[49].
§ 125.
TERRA SILICEA (ſiliceous earth) united to very ſmall quantities of
_calcareous_ and _argillaceous_ earth.
CRONSTEDT Min. § 51. _Quartzum._ Quartz.
§ 126.
TERRA SILICEA (ſiliceous earth) united to _argillaceous_ earth.
CRONSTEDT Min. § 58. _Calcedonius_. Chalcedony.
And perhaps the _Opal_. The _Hydrophanus_ is only a variety of theſe.
Whether the _carnelian_, and other _ſiliceæ_, of finer or coarſer
texture, belong to this or the preceding ſpecies I cannot yet determine
with certainty.
§ 127.
TERRA SILICEA (ſiliceous earth), united to an _argillaceous_ and highly
_martial_ earth.
CRONSTEDT Min. §§ 64, 65. _Jaſpis._ Jaſper.
§ 128.
TERRA SILICEA (ſiliceous earth), loaded with _martial_ earth.
Martial.
CRONSTEDT Min. § 53.
This ſpecies is often called jaſper, but improperly, becauſe it contains
no argillaceous earth.
§ 129.
TERRA SILICEA (ſiliceous earth), united to _argillaceous_ and a ſmall
quantity of _calcareous_ earth.
CRONSTEDT Min. § 63. Petroſilex. Chert.
§ 130.
TERRA SILICEA (ſiliceous earth) united to _argillaceous_ earth and a
little _magneſia_.
CRONSTEDT Min. §66. _Feldſpathum._ Feld ſpat.
§ 131.
TERRA SILICEA (ſiliceous earth), united to _magneſia_, mild _calcareous_
earth, _fluor ſpar_ and alſo to the _calxes_ of _copper_ and _iron_.
Chryſopraſius. I have not examined this, but inſert it upon the
experiments of Mr. Achard.
To determine accurately the ſpecies of earths is the moſt difficult part
of mineralogy, for innumerable analyſes yet remain to be made. But that
which now ſeems intricate and obſcure will become plain and eaſy when
experiments have been ſufficiently multiplied.
CLASS III.
INFLAMMABLES,
OR
BITUMINA.
§ 132.
To this head we refer all foſſils containing phlogiſton in ſuch great
abundance, that under proper management they are inflammable. The Genera
are obviouſly very few, and accurately ſpeaking there is only one Genus.
But ſince phlogiſton is so very ſubtle as not by itſelf to become the
object of our ſenſes, it will perhaps be adviſeable to conſider its more
ſimple combinations as Genera: this has long been done ſo far as
reſpects the metals, by univerſal conſent.
SULPHUR.
§ 133.
This name may be given to any acid coagulated by phlogiſton into a ſolid
form. If all metals conſist of certain radical acids ſaturated with
phlogiſton, as is highly probable, and with reſpect to arſenic is
indubitably proved; then metals ought to find a place here. But until
this theory be eſtabliſhed by numerous experiments, we ſhall only rank
under this head the compounds which have not a metallic nature.
§ 134.
PHLOGISTON ſaturated with _vitriolic acid_.
CRONSTEDT, Min. § 151. _Common Brimſtone._ Sulphur.
§ 135.
PHLOGISTON ſaturated with _aerial acid_.
CRONSTEDT Min. § 154. A. _plumbago_. Black-lead.
The true compoſition of this has been detected by Mr. SCHEELE.
§ 136.
PHLOGISTON united to the _acid_ of _vitriol_ and of _molybdæna_; or what
amounts to the ſame, ſulphur joined to the acid of molybdæna.
CRONSTEDT Min. § 154. b. c. _Molybdæna._ Molybdæna.
The acid of molybdæna has never yet been obtained quite free from
phlogiſton (§ 32). If this acid be of a metallic origin, molybdæna is a
mineralized metallic ſubſtance, and ſhould be placed with the other
minerals.
PETROLEUM.
§ 137.
Phlogiston occurs alſo in the foſſil kingdom, combined in an oily form;
but many ſuppose this derived from the vegetable kingdom.
§ 138.
PETROLEUM pure and ſelected.
CRONSTEDT Min. §§ 147–150. Naptha. Rock oil.
§ 139.
PETROLEUM joined to _argillaceous_ earth.
CRONSTEDT Min. §§ 157–160. _Lithantrax._ Pit Coal.
§ 140.
PETROLEUM united to _acid_ of _amber_.
CRONSTEDT Min. §§ 133–146. _Succinum._ Amber.
Many contend that amber has a vegetable origin; but as the point is not
very well determined; and as it is found amongſt foſſils, I ſtill retain
it here.
§ 141.
AMBERGRISE, according to the aſſertion of Mr. AUBLETT, is nothing more
than the juice of a tree inſpiſſated by evaporation into a concrete
form. This tree grows in Guyana, and is called Cuma, but has not been
inveſtigated by any botaniſt. Pieces of this tree are ſaid to be
carried down into the rivers by heavy rains, and the ſpecimens
examined by Mr. ROUELLE had the odour and principal qualities of
amber[50]. RUMPHIUS, long ſince, mentioned a tree called Nanarium,
whoſe juice reſembled amber[51].
DIAMOND.
§ 142.
At firſt ſight I may ſeem to have acted erroneouſly, by ſeparating this
from the other gems, and inſerting it here; but after due conſideration,
I know not where to place it better. It has never yet been decompoſed by
the liquid analyſis[52]; and when expoſed to the fire in an open veſſel,
it is wholly conſumed, burning with a lambent flame. This deflagration,
though ſlow, ſhews decidedly its affinity to the inflammables: beſides,
in the focus of a burning glaſs, it leaves traces of ſoot[53]. When
further experiments teach us better, I ſhall willingly correct my error.
CLASS IV.
METALS.
§ 143.
I have before mentioned the great affinity betwixt metallic and
inflammable ſubſtances (§ 133). Zinc and arſenic stand, as it were, upon
the borders betwixt them; for these, in proper circumſtances, burn with
a very evident flame. All the metallic ſubſtances contain phlogiſton,
and when, to a certain degree, deprived of it, fall into a powder like
an earth; but their attractions for phlogiſton are different. Moſt of
them, when melted in a common way, and expoſed to the air, have an
earthy cruſt formed upon the ſurface, which cannot again be reduced to
metal without the addition of ſome inflammable matter. The _baſe_
metals, eleven in number, have this property: but the _noble_ metals,
platina, gold and ſilver, are ſo firmly connected to the phlogiſton,
that they never calcine under fuſion, however long continued; and after
being changed into a calx in the liquid way, when melted in the fire,
they re-aſſume their metallic form, without any other phlogiſton than
what is contained in the matter of heat.
Quickſilver holds a kind of middle place; for, like the baſe metals, it
may be calcined, though not readily; and like the noble ones, it may be
reduced by heat alone.
I have placed each diviſion of the metals in the order of their specific
gravities.
Thoſe metals, which are found in a perfect metallic ſtate, are called
_native_; thoſe united to acids, or to ſulphur, are ſaid to be
_mineralized_; and thoſe which are only deprived of their phlogiſton,
_calciform_[54].
TABLE OF METALS.
│ │
│ │ Attraction
METALS. │ │ Specific Melting Saturating to
│ │ Gravity. Heat[55]. Phlogiſton. ſaturating
│ │ Phlogiſton.
Gold │ │ 19,640 1301 394 1 or 2
Platina │ │ 21,000 756 1 or 2
Silver │ │ 10,552 1000 100 3
Quickſilver│ │ 14,110 −39 or −634 74 4
Lead │ │ 11,352 595 43 10
Copper │ │ 8,876 1450 312 8
Iron │ │ 7,800 1601 342 11
Tin │ │ 7,264 415 114 9
Biſmuth │ │ 9,670 494 57 7
───────────┼───────────┼───────────────────────────────────────────────
Nickel │ common │ 7,000 1301 156 11
„ │ pure │ 9,000 1601 „ „
───────────┼───────────┼───────────────────────────────────────────────
Arſenic │ │ 8,308 109 5
───────────┼───────────┼───────────────────────────────────────────────
Cobalt │ common │ 7,700 1450
„ │ pure │ „ 1601
───────────┼───────────┼───────────────────────────────────────────────
Zinc │ │ 6,862 699 182 11
Antimony │ │ 6,860 809 120 6
Manganeſe │ │ 6,850 very great 227 11
AURUM,
OR
GOLD.
§ 144.
The ſpecific gravity of this metal, when pure, is 19,640. Aqua regia
diſſolves it; but except the dephlogiſticated muriatic acid, and in
certain circumſtances the nitrous, no ſimple acid acts upon it, unleſs
it has been previouſly calcined[56]. The quantity of phlogiſton
neceſſarily taken away in the ſolution of 100 parts of gold, I eſtimate
at about 394; whilſt the ſame quantity of ſilver, loſes by ſolution in
the nitrous acid, 100[57]. Gold retains the phlogiſton neceſſary to its
metallic form, more obſtinately than any other metal, except, perhaps,
platina. It melts and calcines in the focus of a burning glaſs at 1301
degrees of heat.
§ 145.
AURUM _nativum_ (gold native) united to _ſilver_.
Native.
I do not know that gold has ever yet been found perfectly pure.
§ 146.
AURUM _nativum_ (gold native) united to _copper_.
Native.
§ 147.
AURUM _nativum_ (gold native) united to _ſilver_ and _copper_.
Native.
§ 148.
AURUM _nativum_ (gold native) united to _ſilver_, _copper_, and _iron_.
Native.
§ 149.
AURUM (gold), mineralized by _ſulphur_, by means of iron.
Pyritical.
CRONSTEDT Min; § 166. a. _Pyrites aureus._
But ſome doubt may be made about the mineralization of gold[58].
§ 150.
AURUM (gold) mineralized by _ſulphur_, together with _ſilver_, _lead_,
and _iron_.
Minera aurifera Nagyayenſis.
I have not yet fully examined this[59].
PLATINUM,
OR
PLATINA.
§ 151.
Its ſpecific gravity is 18,000[60], when very pure. It diſſolves in aqua
regia, and the loſs of phlogiſton during the ſolution, according to the
experiments hitherto made may be expreſſed by 756. Beſides the muriatic
acid, which when dephlogiſticated diſſolves every metal, no acid acts
upon platina without it has undergone a previous calcination. It ſeems
to retain its phlogiſton more obſtinately than any other metal. To melt
it requires a heat greater than that at which iron melts.
§ 152.
PLATINA _native_ united to _iron_. Native.
CRONSTEDT Min. § 179.
I believe it has never been found quite free from iron, but this can be
ſeparated by art[61].
ARGENTUM,
OR
SILVER.
§ 153.
Its ſpecific gravity is 10,552. The nitrous acid readily diſſolves it,
the vitriolic muſt be boiling hot; the muriatic attracts its calx very
ſtrongly, but cannot remove its phlogiſton and therefore cannot diſſolve
it in its metallic ſtate. The quantity of this phlogiſton which cauſes
the difference betwixt its metallic and its calciform ſtate I before
expreſſed as 100 in 100 parts of ſilver. But the force with which it
retains this portion of its phlogiſton is leſs than that of gold; that
is, it occupies the third place in a ſeries of all the metals. It melts
at 1000 degrees of heat.
§ 154.
ARGENTUM _nativum_ (ſilver native) united to _gold_. Native.
§ 155.
ARGENTUM _nativum_ (ſilver native), united to _copper_. Native.
§ 156.
ARGENTUM _nativum_ (ſilver native), united both to _gold_ and _copper_.
Native.
§ 157.
ARGENTUM _nativum_ (ſilver native), united to _iron_. Native.
§ 158.
ARGENTUM _nativum_ (ſilver native), united to _arſenic_. Native.
The arſenic hardly exceeds ⁶⁄₁₀₀.
§ 159.
ARGENTUM _nativum_ (ſilver native), united to _antimony_. Native.
When melted, it ſmokes but has no ſmell of arſenic.
§ 160.
ARGENTUM _nativum_ (ſilver native), united to _arſenic_ and _iron_.
Native.
The three metallic ingredients are nearly in equal proportions.
All the ſpecies hitherto mentioned have metallic properties and
appearances. The contaminating matters are ſometimes extremely ſmall,
but not to be neglected when they exceed ¹⁄₃₀₀ part of the maſs.
§ 161.
ARGENTUM (ſilver) mineralized by the _vitriolic_ and _muriatic_ acids.
Hornlike.
CRONSTEDT Min. §177. _Minera argenti cornea._ Horn-ſilver.
Mr. WOULFE[62], detected the preſence of the vitriolic acid. The ſilver
ſeldom exceeds ⁷⁰⁄₁₀₀. I know not whether it is ever altogether free
from vitriolic acid.
§ 162.
ARGENTUM (ſilver), mineralized by the _vitriolic_ and _muriatic_ acids,
and _ſulphur_.
I doubt whether this be a diſtinct ſpecies, ſince the ſulphur and the
ſalts ſcarcely admit of any other than a mechanical union.
§ 163.
ARGENTUM (ſilver), mineralized by ſulphur. Glaſſy.
CRONSTEDT Min. § 169. _Minera argenti vitrea._
It ſometimes contains ⁷³⁄₁₀₀ of ſilver, or more.
§ 164.
ARGENTUM (ſilver), mineralized by _ſulphur_ and _iron_. Marcaſitical.
CRONSTEDT Min. § 176, 10. _Pyrites argenteus._
§ 165.
ARGENTUM (ſilver), mineralized by _ſulphur_ and _lead_. Potters.
CRONSTEDT Min. § 176, 8. _Galena._
The ſilver is only a few half ounces in a hundred weight.
§ 166.
ARGENTUM (ſilver), mineralized by _ſulphur_ and _arſenic_. Red.
CRONSTEDT Min. § 170. _Minera argenti rubra._
It contains about ⁷⁰⁄₁₀₀ of ſilver. Iron is frequently preſent, as in
moſt other ſpecies but not always.
§ 167.
ARGENTUM (ſilver), mineralized by _ſulphur_, _arſenic_, and _iron_.
Glittering.
CRONSTEDT Min. § 172.
I have examined ſome ſpecimens from Saxony which ſometimes contain no
ſilver. May we not therefore ſuppoſe that the ſilver is native and not
mineralized?
§ 168.
ARGENTUM (ſilver), mineralized by _ſulphur_, _arſenic_, _iron_ and
_cobalt_.
The ſilver is ſometimes more than ⁵⁰⁄₁₀₀.
§ 169.
ARGENTUM (ſilver), mineralized by _ſulphur_, _arſenic_, _copper_ and
_iron_. White ore.
CRONSTEDT Min. § 171. _Minera argenti alba._
The proportion of ſilver varies much, ſometimes it is ¹⁰⁄₁₀₀ or more.
§ 170.
ARGENTUM (ſilver), mineralized by _ſulphur_, _arſenic_, _copper_,
_iron_, and _antimony_. Grey ore.
CRONSTEDT Min. § 173. 6. Minera argenti griſea. In the province of
Dal[63].
It contains ²⁴⁄₁₀₀ of copper, ſeldom ⁵⁄₁₀₀ ſilver.
§ 171.
ARGENTUM (ſilver), mineralized by _ſulphur_, _arſenic_, _antimony_ and
_iron_. Plumoſe.
CRONSTEDT Min. §173. 5. _Federertz of the_ Germans[64].
It ſeldom contains more than a few half ounces of ſilver in the hundred
weight.
It is abſurd to found ſpecies upon the differences of the matrix: theſe
ought to be conſidered elſewhere.
HYDRARGYRUM,
OR
QUICKSILVER.
§ 172.
Its ſpecific gravity is 14,110. It has been erroneouſly ranked among the
brittle metals, for at 654 degrees below 0 it freezes[65], and then
ſpreads under the hammer like lead. But as ſuch an extreme degree of
cold rarely happens unleſs artificially produced, we ceaſe to wonder why
it is always liquid or rather melted.
Nitrous acid diſſolves it readily, vitriolic acid requires to be
aſſiſted by a boiling heat; muriatic acid does not act upon it all,
unleſs previouſly deprived of as much phlogiſton as in 100 parts may be
called 74. The attractive power wherewith it retains this portion of
phlogiſton occupies the fourth place in the ſeries; that is, it holds it
leſs ſtrongly than the noble but more ſtrongly than the baſe metals.
§ 173.
HYDRARGYRUM _nativum_ (quickſilver native). Native.
CRONSTEDT Min. § 217.
Whether it be entirely free from every metallic contamination I have not
yet tried.
§ 174.
HYDRARGYRUM (quickſilver), united to _ſilver_. Amalgamated.
CRONSTEDT Min. § 217.
§ 175.
HYDRARGYRUM (quickſilver), mineralized by _muriatic_ and _vitriolic_
acids. Hornlike.
Mineralogy owes the diſcovery of this to Mr. WOULFE. Phil. Tranſ.
§ 176.
HYDRARGYRUM (quickſilver), mineralized by _ſulphur_. Cinnabarine.
CRONSTEDT Min. § 218. _Cinnabaris._
§ 177.
HYDRARGYRUM (quickſilver), mineralized by _ſulphur_ and _iron_. Martial.
I am doubtful whether this be a diſtinct ſpecies. The iron perhaps is
only mechanically diffuſed.
§ 178.
HYDRARGYRUM (quickſilver), mineralized by _ſulphur_ and _copper_.
Cuprous.
CRONSTEDT Min. § 219.
PLUMBUM,
OR
LEAD.
§ 179.
Its ſpecific gravity is 11,352, greater than that of any other of the
baſe metals. The nitrous acid perfectly diſſolves it; the muriatic more
difficultly; the vitriolic hardly at all, for the vitriol of lead being
inſoluble in water incruſts the metal, and prevents its ſolution. After
calcination the weakeſt vegetable acids diſſolves it, and acquire a
ſweet taſte. The phlogiſton neceſſary to be taken away in order that it
may diſſolve may be called 43, which is leſs than that of any other
metal. Hence we underſtand why the calx of lead may be reduced with a
very minute quantity of inflammable matter. With reſpect to the force
wherewith it retains this phlogiſton it occupies the tenth place. It
melts at 595 degrees of heat.
§ 180.
PLUMBUM _nativum_ (lead), though many mineralogiſts doubt whether it has
ever yet been found. Native.
§ 181.
PLUMBUM (lead), mineralized by _vitriolic acid_. Vitriol of.
Originating from the decompoſition of Galena. It is rarely met with. It
was firſt obſerved by Mr. MONNET. It does not efferveſce with acids. It
may be reduced by the blowpipe upon charcoal.
§ 181*.
PLUMBUM (lead), mineralized by _vitriolic acid_ and _iron_.
Exiſting in immenſe quantity in the iſland of Angleſea. It does not
reduce with the blowpipe upon charcoal, but melts to a black glaſs[66].
W.
§ 182.
PLUMBUM (lead), mineralized by the _acid_ of _phoſphorus_. Phoſphorated.
This was diſcovered by Mr. GAHN. It does not efferveſce with acids. It
melts upon charcoal with the blowpipe, but is not perfectly reduced.
§ 183.
PLUMBUM (lead), mineralized by the _aerial_ acid. Aerated.
CRONSTEDT Min. § 185.
It efferveſces with acids, and is readily reduced upon charcoal[67].
§ 184.
PLUMBUM (lead), mineralized by _ſulphur_. Sulphurated.
CRONSTEDT Min. § 187.
§ 185.
PLUMBUM (lead), mineralized by _ſulphur_ and _ſilver_. Galena.
CRONSTEDT Min. § 188.
§ 186.
PLUMBUM (lead), mineralized _ſulphur_, with _ſilver_ and _iron_.
CRONSTEDT Min. § 189.
§ 187.
PLUMBUM (lead), mineralized by _ſulphur_, with _ſilver_ and _antimony_.
Radiated.
CRONSTEDT Min. § 190.
CUPRUM,
OR
COPPER.
§ 188.
Its ſpecific gravity is 8,876. Nitrous acid diſſolve it readily,
muriatic acid ſlowly, and the vitriolic requires intenſe boiling. The
phlogiſton, ſeparated in the ſolution of 100 parts, may be expreſſed by
312. The weakeſt vegetable acids act upon it, eſpecially after
calcination, and ſo do alkalies, the volatile alkaly eſpecially. With
reſpect to the power with which it retains the phlogiſton, copper holds
the eighth place. It melts with 1450 degrees of heat.
§ 189.
CUPRUM _nativum_ (copper native). Native.
CRONSTEDT Min. § 193.
It’s rarely found without ſome alloy of gold, ſilver or iron; but I have
not yet fully examined it.
§ 190.
CUPRUM _calciforme_ (copper), ſimply deprived of its phlogiſton.
Calciform.
CRONSTEDT Min. § 195.
§ 191.
CUPRUM (copper), mineralized by _muriatic acid_ and _argillaceous
earth_. Micaceous.
Mr. WERNER, in his tranſlation of Cronſtedt’s Mineralogy, part 1, page
217, has deſcribed it accurately, and kindly ſent me a ſpecimen of it,
which I analyſed[68].
§ 192.
CUPRUM (copper), mineralized by the _aerial acid_. Aerated.
CRONSTEDT Min. §§ 194, 196. b. 3.
Mr. FONTANA firſt pointed out its true compoſition. It contains about ⅔
of copper, ⅓ or ¼ of aerial acid, and a little water[69].
§ 193.
CUPRUM (copper), mineralized by _ſulphur_. Vitreous.
CRONSTEDT, Min. § 197. _Minera cupri vitrea_; a common, but improper
name.
It generally contains ſome alloy of iron.
§ 194.
CUPRUM (copper), mineralized by _ſulphur_, and a ſmall proportion of
_iron_.
CRONSTEDT Min. § 198, b. Minera cupri lazurea.