they proceeded in the spirit of scientific caution, had they shown,
in fact, even so much as a common regard for the simple truth, the
“progress of science” would not have been achieved at the expense
of morals and religion. As it is, this so-called progress has left
behind a wake of destruction in the shape of undermined convictions,
blasted lives, crimes, misery, despair, and suicide. It has, in short,
contributed largely to the present sinister and undeserved triumph of
Materialism, Agnosticism, and Pessimism, which John Talbot Smith has so
fittingly characterized as the three D’s of dirt, doubt, and despair. A
little less sensationalism, a little more conscientiousness, a little
more of that admirable quality, scientific caution, and the concord of
faith and reason would have become a truism instead of a problem. But
such regrets are vain. The evil effects are here to stay, and nothing
can undo the past.
If man is but a higher kind of brute, if he has no unique, immortal
principle within him, if his free will is an illusion, if his conduct
is the necessary resultant of chemical reactions occurring in his
protoplasm, if he is nothing more than an automaton of flesh, a mere
decaying organism which is the sport of all the blind physical forces
and stimuli playing upon it, if he has no prospect of a future life
of retribution, if he is unaccountable to any higher authority,
Divine or human, then morality ceases to have a meaning, right and
wrong lose their significance, virtue and vice are all the same. The
constancy of the martyr and the patriotism of the fallen soldier become
unintelligible folly, while a heartless and infamous sensualism preying
vulturelike upon the carrion of human misery and corruption is to be
reckoned the highest expression of wisdom and efficiency. The grandest
ideals that have inspired enthusiasm and devotion in human breasts are
but idle dreams and worthless delusions. From a world which accepts
this degraded view of human nature all heroism and chivalry must vanish
utterly; for it will recognize no loftier incentives to action than
pleasure and love of self.
Such doctrines, too, are essentially antisocial. They destroy the very
foundation of altruism. To seek immortality in the effects of one’s
unselfish deeds becomes ridiculous. For what assurance can we have
that the fruits of our sacrifice will be acceptable to a progressive
posterity, or what difference will our self-denial make, when the whole
human species shall have become extinct on the desolate surface of a
dying world? Without an adequate motivation for altruism, however, the
existence of society becomes impossible, since self-interest is not
a feasible substitute. To urge the observance of social laws on the
ground that they protect person, life, and property, will hardly appeal
to men who have no possessions to be protected nor a comfortable life
to be prolonged. Yet the major portion of mankind are in this category.
For such the laws can mean nothing more than artificial corruptions, of
the natural and primitive order of things introduced for the special
benefit of the rich and powerful.
Under circumstances of this sort, no plea avails to silence the heralds
of revolt. If there is no future life for the righting of present
injustices, then naught remains but to terminate the prosperity of the
wicked here and now. If there is no heaven for man beyond the grave,
then it behooves everyone to get all the enjoyment he can out of the
present life. It is high time, therefore, that this earthly heaven
of mankind should cease to be monopolized by a few coupon-holding
capitalists and become, instead, the property of the expropriated
proletariat. Anarchy and Socialism are the consequences which the logic
of the situation inexorably portends. The starving swine must hurl
their bloated brethren from the trough that the latter have heretofore
reserved for themselves. The sequel, of course, can be none other
than the complete disintegration of civilization and its ultimate
disappearance in a hideous vortex of carnage, rapine, and barbarity.
Nor is this prognosis based on pure conjecture. In proportion as these
pernicious doctrines have gained ground, modern society has become
infected with the virus of animalism, egoism, and perfidy; expediency
has been substituted for honor; and purity has been replaced by
prophylaxis. One could not, of course, expect to see a universal and
thoroughgoing application of these principles in the concrete. The
materialistic view of human nature is horribly unnatural, and, in
practice, would be quite unbearable. Natural human goodness and even
the mere instinct of self-preservation militate against a reduction
to the concrete of this inhuman conception, and these tend, in real
life, to mitigate the evil effects of its acceptance. Nevertheless,
the actual consequences resulting from the spread of evolutionary
principles are so conspicuous and appalling as to leave no doubt
whatever of the deadly nature of this philosophy.
Marxian Socialism has been called “scientific” for no other reason than
that it is based upon materialistic evolution, and this scientific
socialism has brought upon modern Russia a reign of terror, which
eclipses that of France in the bloodiest days of the Revolution.
Eleanor Marx, it will be remembered, after falling a victim to her
father’s teachings regarding “free love,” committed suicide. The same
confession of failure has been made by two recent editors of the
socialist _Appeal to Reason_ (J. W. Wayland and J. O. Welday), both
of whom committed suicide. These are but a few of the many instances
that might be cited to show that the life philosophy inculcated by
materialistic evolution is so intolerably unnatural and revolting that
neither society nor the individual can survive within the lethal shadow
of its baleful influence.
But may not the extreme materialism and pessimism of this view be
peculiar to the sordid and joyless outlook of the social malcontent?
Does not evolutionary thought conduce to something finer and more
hopeful in the case of the progressive and optimistic liberal? Vain
hope! We cannot console ourselves with any delusions on this score.
Liberalism proclaims the emancipation of humanity from all authority,
and the rejection of a future life of retribution is the indispensable
premise of the doctrine that makes man a law unto himself. Hence,
wherever Liberalism controls the tongues of educators, the human
soul becomes a myth, religion a superstition, and immortality
an anodyne for mental weaklings. Strong-minded truth-seekers are
advised to abandon these irrational beliefs, and to adopt the “New
Religion,” which dispenses once for all with God and the hereafter.
“The new religion,” says Charles Eliot, ex-President of Harvard,
“will not attempt to reconcile people to present ills by the promise
of future compensation. I believe that the advent of just freedom
has been delayed for centuries by such promises. Prevention will be
the watchword of the new religion, and a skillful surgeon will be
one of its ministers. It cannot supply consolation as offered by old
religions, but it will reduce the need of consolation.” (“The New
Religion.”)
Again, it may be objected that evolutionists, for all their
agnosticism and materialism, frequently put Christians to shame by
their irreproachably upright and moral lives. That they sometimes
succeed in doing this cannot be gainsaid. But they do so because they
borrow their moral standards from Christianity, and do not follow
the logical consequences of their own principles. Their morality,
therefore, is parasitic, as Balfour has wisely observed, and it will
soon die out when the social environment shall have been sufficiently
de-Christianized. “Eat, drink, and be merry, for tomorrow we die,”
is their proper philosophy of life, only they have not the courage
of their convictions. For the rest, their philosophical convictions
have nothing in common with the moral standards which they actually
observe. In fact, not only does the monism of evolutionary science
fail to motivate the Christian code of morals, but it is radically and
irreconcilably opposed to all that Christianity stands for. Hartmann, a
modern philosopher, notes with grim satisfaction the clash of the two
viewpoints, and predicts (with what, perhaps, is premature assurance)
the ultimate triumph of “modern progress.” “Many there are,” he tells
us, “who speak and write of the struggle of civilization, but few there
are who realize that this struggle is the last desperate stand of the
Christian ideal before its final disappearance from the world, and
that modern civilization is prepared to resort to any means rather
than relinquish those things, which it has won at the cost of such
great toil. For modern civilization and Christianity are antagonistic
to each other, and it is therefore inevitable that one give place to
the other. Modern progress can acknowledge no God save one immanent to
the world and opposed to the transcendent God of Christian revelation,
nor other morality save only that true kind whose source is the human
will determining itself by itself and becoming a law unto itself.”
(“Religion de l’avernir.”)
The World War has done much to dampen the ardor of those who looked
forward with enthusiasm to the millennium of a purely scientific
religion. In this spectacular lesson they have learned that science can
destroy as well as build. They have come to see that biology, physics,
and chemistry are morally colorless, and that we must go outside the
realm of natural science when we are in quest of that which can give
meaning to our lives and noble inspiration to our conduct. When science
supersedes religion, the result is always disillusionment following in
the wreck-strewn wake of moral and physical disaster.
Grave little manikins digging in the slime
Intent upon the old game of ‘Once-upon-a-time.’
Other little manikins engaged with things-to-come,
Building up the sand-heap called Millennium.
(_Theodore MacManus_)
Recently, the chancellor of a great university has seen fit publicly
to disclaim, in the name of his institution, all responsibility for
a crime committed by two members of the student body. The young men
involved in this affair had performed an experimental murder. The
experimenters, it would seem, were unable to discriminate between man
and beast. They had been taught by their professors that scientific
psychology dispenses with the soul, and that the difference
between men and brutes is one of degree only, and not of kind. Even
that negligible distinction, they were told, had been bridged by
evolution. In the sequel, the young men failed, apparently, to see
why vivisection, which was right in the case of animals, should be
wrong in the case of human beings. Their astounding obtuseness on this
particular point was, of course, exceedingly regrettable and hard to
understand. Yet, somehow, one cannot help thinking but that their
education was largely responsible for it.
In the startling crime of these students, modern educators will
find much food for serious thought. It should give pause to those,
especially, who have been overzealous in popularizing the Darwinian
conception of human nature. Let men of this type reflect upon what
slender grounds their dogmatism rests, and let them then weigh well the
gravity of the responsibility, which they incur. Tuccimei summarizes
for them, in the following terms, the nature and extent of their
accountability:
“This perverse determination to place man and brutes in the same
category, interests me not so much from the scriptural standpoint
as for reasons moral and social. Science, as the more moderate of
our adversaries have told us often enough, does not assail religion,
but proceeds on its way regardless of the consequences. And the
consequences we see only too plainly, now that the evolutionary
philosophy has invaded every branch of knowledge and walk of life,
and has seeped down among the ignorant and turbulent masses. These
consequences are known as socialism and anarchy. The protagonists of
the new philosophy strove to repudiate them at first: but now many of
their number have laid aside even this pretense. Socialistic doctrines
are based exclusively upon our assumed kinship with the brutes, and the
leaders of militant socialism have inscribed on the frontispieces of
their books the chain fatally logical and terribly true of three names,
Darwin, Spencer, Marx.
“In truth, our common origin with the brutes being taken for granted,
why should we not enjoy in common with them the right to gratify
every instinct? Social inequalities are the product of laws and
conventionalities willed by the rich and powerful. In the natural and
primitive state of things they did not exist; why not proceed then to a
general leveling of the existing social order?
“Such an origin of the human race being assumed, the existence of the
soul and a future life becomes a myth invented by the priests of the
various religions. With this inconvenient restraint removed, there
remains no alternative save to aspire to the acquisition of all the
pleasures of life; and for him who lacks the wherewithal to procure
them for himself there remains no other recourse than to seek them by
means of violence or strategy. Hence anarchy. In this supposition,
morality no longer possesses that sole, true, and efficacious sanction
which religion alone can furnish; it amounts to nothing more than the
resultant of the evolution of the individual’s perfections and their
coördination to the well-being of his race and of society. But if, by
reason of retarded evolution, the social instincts have not progressed
to the point of repressing the individual or egoistic instincts,
what guilt will there be in the delinquent who lapses into the most
atrocious crimes? Hence free will is another myth that positive
psychology and the science of moral statistics have already been at
pains to explode.
“And behold the suffering, the unfortunate, and the dying deprived of
their sole consolation, the last hope which faith held out to them,
and society reduced to an inferno of desperadoes and suicides! I could
go on showing in this way, to what a pass the evolutionistic theories
bring society and the individual.” (“La teoria dell’ evoluzione e le
sue applicazioni,” p. 46.)
GLOSSARY
_Abiogenesis_: The discredited hypothesis that life may
originate spontaneously in lifeless matter, _i.e._, apart from
the influence of living matter.
_Adaptation_: (1) The reciprocal aptitude of organism and
environment for each other; (2) a structure, modification of
structure, or behavioristic response enabling the organism to
solve a special problem imposed by the environment; (3) the
process by which the organism’s adjustment to the environment
is brought about.
_Allelomorphs_: Genes located opposite each other on homologous
chromosomes and representing contrasting characters; they
are separated during meiosis according to the Mendelian
law of segregation, _e.g._ the genes for red and white
in Four o’clocks which when united give rise to pink, and
when segregated, to red and white flowers respectively, are
allelomorphs of each other.
_Alluvial_: Pertaining to the Alluvium, which consists of
fresh-water deposits of the Pleistocene and Recent series, to
be distinguished from the Diluvium which consists of older
Pleistocene formations.
_Amino-acids_: The chemical building-stones of the
proteins—organic acids containing one or more amino-groups
(—NH₂) in place of hydrogen, _e.g._, amino-acetic acid,
CH₂·NH₂·COOH.
_Amnion_: A membranous bag which encloses the embryo in
higher vertebrates. The lower vertebrates, namely, fishes
and amphibia, have no amnion and are termed “anamniotic.”
The reptiles, birds, and mammals which possess it are termed
amniotic vertebrates.
_Amphioxus_: The most simply organized animal having a
dorsal notochord. It is classified among the Acrania in
contradistinction to the craniate Chordates which make up the
bulk of the vertebrates.
_Angiosperms_: The higher plants, which have their seeds
enclosed in seed-vessels.
_Anthropoid Apes_: Apes of the family SIMIIDÆ, which approach
man most closely in their organization, namely, the chimpanzee,
the gorilla, the gibbon, and orang-utan.
_Antibody_: Chemical substances produced in the blood in
reaction to the injection of antigens or toxic substances and
capable of counteracting or neutralizing said substance. Such
antibodies are specific for determinate antigens.
_Antigen_: Any substance that causes the production of special
antibodies in the blood of susceptible animals, after one or
several injections.
_Arthropods_: The phylum of exoskeletal invertebrates
comprising crustaceans, arachnida, insects, etc.
_Atavism_: The resemblance to an ancestor more distant than the
parents.
_Automatism_: A spontaneous action, not in response to
recognizable stimuli.
_Basichromatin_: That portion of a cell’s nuclear network which
contains nuclein and is deeply stained by basic dyes.
_Biparental_: Derived from two progenitors, _i.e._, a father
and mother.
_Brachiopods_: Invertebrate animals bearing a superficial
resemblance to bivalve molluscs, but belonging to a totally
different group—lamp shells.
_Cambrian_: The “oldest” system of the Palæozoic group of
fossiliferous rocks.
_Carbohydrates_: The sugars, starches, etc.,—polyhydric
alcohols with aldehydic or ketonic groups, and acetals of same,
etc.
_Catalyst_: A substance which accelerates a chemical reaction
without permanently participating in it, being left over
unchanged at the end of the process.
_Centriole_: The centrioles or central bodies are the foci of
mitotic division in animal cells, as well as the source of
the kinetic elements developed by such cells. They are minute
bodies usually located within a larger sphere known as the
centrosome or centrosphere. They do not occur in the cells of
the higher plants.
_Cephalopods_: A class of molluscs in which the foot is
developed into a headlike structure with eyes and a circle of
arms, _e.g._, the octopus, the cuttlefish, the squid, and the
nautilus.
_Ceratites_: A genus of extinct cephalopods having a coiled
shell and crooked sutures.
_Character_: An external feature or sensible property of an
organism. It is the joint product of germinal factors (genes)
and environmental influences.
_Chlorophyll_: The green pigment formed in the chloroplasts
(green plastids) of plant cells. It is a diester of phytyl
and methyl alcohols with the tribasic acid, chlorophyllin,
one of whose carboxyls is esterified with methyl alcohol, a
second with phytol, while the third is otherwise engaged.
Chlorophyllin is a tribasic acid consisting of the
chlorophyllic chromogen group (containing magnesium) joined to
three carboxyl groups.
_Chondriosomes_: Cytoplasmic granules rodlike, threadlike,
or spherical in form, which often appear to divide on the
mitotic spindle, and are therefore credited with the power of
independent growth and division. The chondriosomes of embryonic
tissues are thought to be the original sources of the plastids,
the fibrillæ, and certain metaplastic granules.
_Chordates_: The phylum of animals whose primary axial skeleton
consists temporarily or permanently of a notochord.
_Chromatin_: Same as basichromatin.
_Chromosomes_: The short threads or rodlike bodies into which
the basichromatin of the cell-nucleus is aggregated during
mitosis—each chromosome is segmented into granules called
chromomeres—in its submicroscopic structure it consists
of chain or linear series of genes (hereditary factors)
representing characters linked together in heredity,
each single chromosome being termed, on this account, a
“linkage-group” by geneticists.
_Ciliate_: A protozoan whose motor-apparatus consists of cilia,
_i. e._, hairlike protoplasmic projections capable of rapid and
coördinated vibratile movement.
_Cloaca_: A common passageway through which the intestine,
kidneys, and sex organs discharge their products,—it occurs in
certain fishes, in amphibia, reptiles, and birds, and in a few
mammals.
_Coccyx_: Lower extremity of the vertebral column in man.
_Colloids_: Insoluble gumlike substances, which will not
diffuse through organic membranes.
_Commensalism_: The harmonious cohabitation of two organisms
belonging to different species, where the relation is not
necessarily beneficial nor necessarily harmful to either.
_Crossover_: The exchange or reciprocal transfer of whole
blocks of genes from one homologous chromosome to the
other, which sometimes occurs in synapsis, probably at the
strepsinema-stage.
_Crystalloids_: Soluble substances, which usually form crystals
and readily diffuse through organic membranes.
_Cyst_: A protective envelope formed around an organism during
period of rest.
_Cytode_: The non-nucleated cell hypothecated by Haeckel.
_Cyptoplasm_: The cell-body or extranuclear protoplasm of a
cell.
_Endomixis_: A process of nuclear reorganization among the
protozoa, which does not require the coöperation of two cells
as in conjugation (amphimixis).
_Endoskeleton_: An internal living skeleton providing
support and protection (as well as organs of movement, in
the bone-levers to which the muscles are attached)—it is
characteristic of the vertebrates.
_Enzymes_: Organic catalysts, _i. e._, complex chemical
substances formed by organisms and serving to accelerate
chemical processes taking place in said organisms, _e. g._,
the digestive enzymes, which accelerate the hydrolysis of
starches, fats, and proteins.
_Epigenesis_: Development of the embryo by differentiation of
previously undifferentiated protoplasm.
_Fats_: Esters of the higher fatty or organic acids (such as
stearic, palmitic, and oleic) esterified with the trihydric
alcohol glycerine (glycerol).
_Gamete_: A reproductive cell specialized for syngamy, _i.e._,
for union with a complementary germ cell, their union giving
rise to a synthetic cell known as a zygote.
_Ganglion_: An aggregate of nerve-cells consisting mainly of
neural cell-bodies together with supporting cells.
_Ganoids_: Fishes covered with enameled bony scales, and now,
for the most part, extinct.
_Gene_: A factor or infinitesimal element in a nuclear thread
or chromosome, the latter being a linear aggregate of such
factors, each having definite specificity and manifesting
itself in the external character which develops from it.
_Genotype_: The total assemblage of germinal factors
transmitted by a given species of organism, that is, the
complete complex of genes synthesized in the zygote and
perpetuated by equation-divisions in the somatic cells. Hence
the basic germinal or hereditary constitution of an organism or
group of organisms.
_Germ Cells_: Cells specialized for reproduction as contrasted
with other vital functions, _e.g._, spores and gametes.
_Germ-plasm_: The material basis of inheritance.
_Glacial Epoch_: After the close of the Tertiary period,
Europe and North America are said to have been covered with
vast ice sheets known as continental glaciers (the result of
great climatic changes in the Northern hemisphere). As the
weather varied these ice sheets advanced and retreated, the
retreats corresponding to the so-called Interglacial intervals.
Four Glacial and three Interglacial stages are distinguished,
and it was during the Second and Third of these Interglacial
stages that Palæolithic Man is alleged to have entered Europe.
_Golgi Bodies_: A cytoplasmic apparatus consisting, in its
localized form, of a network, and, in its dispersed form,
of scattered granules. It appears to divide on the mitotic
spindle, and seems to have some important function connected
with secretion.
_Habitat_: The locality in which a given animal or plant
normally lives.
_Hallux_: The great toe, opposable in the ape, but not in man.
_Heredity_: “The appearance in offspring of characters whose
differential causes are in the germ cells” (Conklin).
_Heterozygous_: Hybrid,—the condition in which the chromosomal
genes paired by syngamy in the zygote are unlike.
_Homologous Chromosomes_: Corresponding chromosomes of the
same synaptic pair, being of paternal and maternal origin
respectively.
_Homozygous_: Pure,—the condition in which the chromosomal
genes paired in the zygote by syngamy are alike.
_Hormone_: An internal secretion elaborated in the endocrine
or ductless glands and diffused in the blood stream for the
purpose of influencing the activities or metabolism of parts of
the organism at a distance from the source of the hormone, _e.
g._, secretin, gastrin, adrenalin, etc.
_Hydrotheca_: The cuplike extension of the perisarc (skeletal
sheath) surrounding the hypostome (oral cone) and tentacles of
certain polyps.
_Hyloblatic_: Resembling the gibbon.
_Lemurs_: Four-handed animals allied to the Insectivora, with
curved nostrils and a claw instead of a nail on the first
finger of the rear hands.
_Lethals_: A genetical term for hereditary factors (genes)
which cause the death of the gametes or the zygotes that
contain them. In the case of zygotes, death results from the
homozygous, but not from the heterzygous, condition.
_Linin_: Same as oxychromatin.
_Litopterna_: A suborder of extinct ungulate mammals from the
Miocene and Pliocene of South America resembling horses or
llamas. _Mammals_: Vertebrate animals which suckle their
young after birth.
_Meiosis_: The process whereby the chromosomes of synaptic
pairs (in the primary oöcyte or spermatocyte) are separated
in such a way that the resulting gametes (eggs, or sperms)
receive a haploid (halved) number of unpaired chromosomes,
instead of the diploid (double) number of paired chromosomes
characteristic of the zygote and the somatic cells of the
species.
_Metista_: Animals and plants normally multicellular and having
their cells differentiated into at least two distinct layers or
tissues—the Metazoans and Metaphytes.
_Mitosis_: Typical cell-division, whose mechanism consists of
the spindle-fibers, and whose scope is to secure an exactly
equal partition of the single components of the nucleus of the
dividing cell between the two resultant daughter-cells.
_Monism_: A system of thought which holds that there is but one
substance, either mind (idealistic subjectivism), or matter
(objectivistic materialism),—or else a substance that is
neither mind nor matter, but is the substantial ground of both.
Idealistic monism regards mind as the sole reality and matter
as its product. Materialistic monism regards matter as the sole
reality and mind as its product.
_Neolithic_: Pertaining to the Young-Stone Age, that is, to
prehistoric man of Post-glacial time. The implements of the
latter are of polished stone. The Young-Stone Age is said to
have begun about 7,000 years B.C., and to have ended with the
Copper Culture about 2,000 B.C. The Bronze Age, which followed
it, belongs to history.
_Neurone_: The nerve-cell with all its processes, consisting,
therefore, of the nucleated cell-body, the axone or discharging
fiber, and the dentrites or receiving fibers.
_Oölites_: An English term for the Jurassic, or middle system
of the Mesozoic group of fossiliferous rocks.
_Ontogeny_: The embryological development of the individual.
_Opposable_: A term applied to the thumb or great toe when they
are capable of being placed with their tips opposite to those
of the other digits.
_Organelle_: Literally, a “miniature organ,” _i.e._, one of
the living components of a cell as distinguished from the
metaplastic or non-living inclusions.
_Oxychromatin_: That portion of the nuclear network which
stains with acidic dyes, the finer nuclear reticulum in which
the coarser strands of basichromatin appear to be suspended.
_Palæolithic_: Belonging to the Old-Stone Age, which
corresponds to the latter half of the Glacial or Pleistocene
epoch. It is alleged to be the second period of prehistoric man
(following the Eolithic) and is characterized by implements
of unpolished stone shaped from flint by the chipping off of
flakes of the latter substance.
_Palæontology_: The science of fossil organisms.
_Palæozoic_: A term applied to the second group of
fossiliferous rocks, following the earliest, or Proterozoic,
group, and preceding the Mesozoic group. It comprises the
Cambrian, Ordovician, Devonian, Silurian, and Carboniferous
systems, and its sediments are the first that contain
well-preserved fossils.
_Parasitism_: A condition in which one organism (the parasite)
residing in, or upon, another species of organism (the host)
lives at its expense, the relation being detrimental to the
latter.
_Parthenogenesis_: The production of offspring from
unfertilized eggs.
_Phenotype_: The sum-total of external characters by whose
enumeration an organism is described—the somatic or expressed
characters of an organism (or group of organisms) as
distinguished from those that are merely potential in the germ
cells.
_Phylogeny_: Developmental history of the race, the
hypothetical evolutionary history of the race, in
contradistinction to the embryological development of
the individual (ontogeny). _Phylum_: A term used in
classification to denote any primary group of the plant or
animal kingdom.
_Plantigrade_: Walking on the whole sole of the foot, like
bears.
_Plastids_: Permanent organelles or living components of the
cellular cytoplasm, _e.g._, chloroplasts, leucoplasts, etc.
_Pleistocene_: The lower series of the Quaternary system of
fossiliferous rocks. It corresponds to the so-called Glacial
epoch, and extends from the close of the Tertiary period
(system) to the dawn of the Recent or Historical epoch.
_Polar Cell_: A synonym for polar body, or policyte. The
polar bodies are minute abortive cells given off by the egg
undergoing meiosis. Into them are shunted the chromosomes
which the egg discards in its process of nuclear reduction
(maturation).
_Præformation_: Theory that the egg contains a complete
miniature of the organism into which it develops.
_Prehension_: Grasping, catching hold.
_Progression_: Advancing movement, locomotion.
_Pro-simiæ_: The lemurs as distinguished from genuine apes
(Simiæ).
_Protista_: Animals or plants which are normally unicellular
and which when multicellular show no differentiation into
tissues—the Protozoans and Protophytes.
_Protoplasm_: Living matter.
_Receptor_: An organ specialized to receive stimuli, _e.g._, a
sense-organ.
_Sedimentary_: A term applied to rocks which originated as
sediments deposited under water.
_Serum_: Watery portion of the blood, the plasma.
_Somatic Cells_: Vegetative cells not especially set aside by
the organism for reproductive purposes, _e.g._, tissue-cells.
_Somite_: One of the uniform segments of the longitudinal
series into which a metameric organism (such as an earthworm)
is partitioned.
_Spermatist_: An old term applied to one who held that the
animal embryo was produced entirely by the male parent.
_Spore_: A single cell, incapable of syngamy, but capable of
giving rise to a new individual without the sexual process.
_Symbiosis_: The obligatory association of two organisms of
different species for mutual benefit.
_Synapsis_: Union in pairs of corresponding (homologous)
chromosomes of opposite parental origin as a preliminary to
their separation in meiosis.
_Systematist_: An expert in classification (systematics), _i.
e._, a taxonomist.
_Taxonomy_: The science of classification.
_Tertiary Period_: A geological time-division corresponding to
the rock-system that comprises the greater part of the Cenozoic
group. It is made up of four series, namely, the Eocene,
Oligocene, Miocene, and Pliocene. Its close marks the beginning
of the Glacial or Pleistocene epoch.
_Tissue_: A layer of uniform cells specialized for the same
function.
_Tissue Cell_: One of the somatic cells of which a tissue is
composed.
_Troglodytic_: Resembling the chimpanzee and the gorilla.
_Woods Hole_: The seat of the Marine Biological Laboratory. It
is a watering-place on the New England coast opposite Martha’s
Vineyard.
_Zygote_: The synthetic cell formed by the union of two gametes
and giving rise by division either to a new multicellular
organism, or to a rejuvenated cycle of unicellular forms.
INDEX TO AUTHORS
Adami, J. G., 57.
Aeby, Christoph Theod., 274.
Æsop, 246.
Alsberg, Moritz, 317.
Altman, Richard, 141.
Aquinas, St. Thomas, 32, 73, 268, 343.
Aristotle, 133, 155, 172, 174, 192, 196, 197, 200, 202, 214, 215,
227, 230.
Armstrong, H. E., 190.
Arrhénius, Svante, 166, 167, 182, 183, 184.
Augustine, St., 32, 73, 74, 75.
Bach, Alexis, 145, 146.
Bacon, Francis, 86, 87.
Bagg, H. J., 266.
Balfour, Arthur James, 358.
Ballou, W. H., 318.
Bardon, L., 330.
Bastian, Charlton, 165.
Bateson, Wm., 1, 5, 12, 13, 16, 17, 18, 20, 21, 25, 28, 30, 43, 44,
73, 84, 85, 88, 145, 146, 334.
Bather, F. A., 3, 40, 76, 77, 86, 87, 90, 91, 92, 93.
Baudlisch, Oscar, 148.
Baur, E., 88.
Beddoe, 333.
Bergson, Henri, 262.
Bernouilli, Jacques, 248.
Bey, Pruner-, 324.
Binet, Alfred, 220.
Biot, Jean Baptiste, 135.
Blackwelder, Eliot, 117.
Blake, C. Carter, 324.
Blakeslee, Albert F., 17, 21, 22, 23.
Blanford, Wm. Thomas, 95.
Boule, Marcellin, 332.
Bouvier, E. L., 239, 260, 261, 265.
Bouyssonie, A. J. & P., 330.
Boveri, Th., 139.
Branco, W., 344.
Breuil, Abbé Henri, 290, 342.
Brown, Barnum, 270, 310.
Bryan, Wm. Jennings, 1, 343.
Buffon, C. L., 305.
Bühler, Karl, 218, 220.
Bumüller, J., 273, 274.
Burroughs, John, 244.
Burton-Opitz, Russel, 299.
Calkins, Gary N., 39, 40, 161.
Campbell, Marius Robinson, 107 note
Carazzi, D., 304.
Castle, W. E., 43.
Caullery, Maurice, 12, 28, 29, 277.
Chamberlain, T. C., 125.
Chetverikov, S. S., 115, 116.
Chiesa, Luigi, 210.
Clausen, Roy Elwood, 26.
Clemont, 324.
Clifford, Wm. Kingdon, 237.
Cohn, Ferd. Jul., 182.
Coleman, Arthur P., 113, 114, 115.
Comte, (Isidore) Auguste, 225, 226.
Conklin, E. G., 270.
Copernicus, Nicholas, XII, XIII.
Coulter, John Merle, 24.
Creighton, J. E., 238.
Croll, James, 290.
Crookes, Sir Wm., 183.
Cuvier, Georges, 67, 72, 76, 90, 91, 102.
Dana, James Dwight, 111, 114, 117, 270.
Darwin, Charles, 9, 10, 11, 12, 16, 24, 30, 32, 65, 68, 75, 81, 152,
191, 194, 236, 238, 245, 246, 269, 277, 286, 287, 288, 290, 295,
296, 297, 298, 302, 305, 307, 338, 349, 352, 353, 360.
Da Vinci, Leonardo, 257.
Davis, Bradley Moore, 25, 26, 27, 28.
Davis, J. Barnard, 324.
Dawson, Sir John William, 345.
Dawson, Charles, 320.
Deaver, J. B., 295.
De Chardin, Teilhard, 320.
De Geer, Gerard, 289.
Delage, Yves, 127, 150, 151.
De Mattos, Alexander Teixeira, 247 note.
De Puydt, Marcel, 326.
Descartes, René, 172, 197, 198, 202, 231, 249.
De Vires, Hugo, 16, 17, 20.
Dewey, John, 350.
Dorlodot, Canon Henri de, XII, 31, 34, 47, 70, 74.
Dreisch, Hans, 12, 70, 172, 174, 190, 202, 244, 252.
Dubois, Eugène, 313, 314, 316, 318.
Du Bois-Reymond, Emil, 11, 268, 277, 352.
Dumas, Jean Baptiste, 135.
Duponceau, Pierre Étienne, 338.
Dupont, André Hubert, 326.
Dwight, Thomas, 36, 51, 59, 274, 275, 278, 285, 303, 304, 309, 319,
320, 328, 336, 337.
Ecclesiastes, 192.
Ehrlich, Paul, 57.
Eimer, Th., 7.
Eliot, Charles W., 358.
Evans, Sir Arthur, 339.
Ezekiel, 89.
Fabre, J. H., 240, 247 note, 249, 251, 252, 254, 258, 260, 263, 264,
265, 266.
Fechner, Gustav Theodor, 149.
Fenton, Henry John H., 146.
Fischer, Emil, 145.
Fleischmann, Albert, 12.
Flemming, W., 137.
Fontaine, T., 208.
Fraipont, Julien, 327.
Fuhlrott, C., 323.
Galiani, 11.
Galilei, Galileo, XII, XIII.
Garbowski, Thad., 284.
Gaskell, Walter Holbrook, 293, 294.
Gatenby, J. B., 140.
Geikie, Sir Archibald, 96, 97, 107 note.
Gerard, John, S.J., 82.
Goodrich, Edwin S., 15, 62.
Goodspeed, T. H., 26.
Grabau, Amadeus, Wm., 335.
Grassi, B., 66.
Gray, Henry, 299.
Gregory, W. K., 270, 309, 310, 311, 318, 348.
Grignard, Victor, 209.
Gruender, Hubert, 233 note.
Gummersbach, Joseph, 247 note.
Guyer, M. F., 15, 266.
Haacke, Joh. Wilh., 275, 317.
Haeckel, Ernest, 33, 48, 89, 138, 186, 237, 275, 277, 278, 345.
Hamann, Joh. Georg, 149.
Handlirsch, Anton, 115.
Hartmann, Karl Robert Eduard von, 358.
Harvey, William, 155.
Haswell, Wm. A., 316, 317.
Hauser, O., 329.
Hayes, Charles Willard, 107 note.
Heilprin, Angelo, 120, 121.
Heim, Albert, 107 note.
Helmholtz, Herman von, 182, 298.
Henderson, Lawrence J., 6, 153, 175, 176, 179.
Hertwig, Oskar, 284.
Hertwig, Richard, 315.
Holmes, Oliver Wendell, 127.
Holworth, Sir Henry, 98.
Horace, 54, 109.
Howe, John Allen, 104, 105.
Howell, Wm. H. 299.
Hrdlička, A., 316, 318, 319, 322, 323, 325, 328, 329, 331, 332.
Hubrecht, Ambrosius Arnold William, 309, 317.
Hume, David, 198.
Huxley, Thomas H., 20, 67, 76, 98, 111 note, 236, 237, 314, 325, 333.
Jaggar, T. A., Jr., 346, 347, 348.
James, William, 205, 206, 212, 249.
Jennings, H. S., 250.
Johnson, Dr. George, XVI.
Jordan, David Starr, 4, 18, 28.
Jörgensen, J., 146, 147.
Judd, J. W., 94.
Kammerer, Paul, 14, 266.
Kant, Immanuel, 198.
Keen, W. W., 48.
Keith, Arthur, 319, 322, 328, 332, 336, 337.
Kellogg, Vernon I., 46 note, 53 note, 350, 351.
Kerr, J. Graham, 280, 282, 284.
Keyser, C. J., 204.
Kidd, F., 146.
Klaatsch, A., 308, 309, 312, 317, 326, 328, 330.
Koenen, C., 326.
Kofoid, Charles A., 118, 162.
Kohlbrugge, J. H. F., 274, 275, 277, 285, 308.
Kölliker, Rudolph Albert, 7.
Kollman, Julius, 285, 286, 317.
Kramberger, K. Gorjanović, 320, 333.
Lamarck, Jean Baptiste, 8, 9, 16, 30, 32, 65, 286, 290.
Lankester, E. Ray, 186.
Laplace, Pierre Simon, 181.
Lebedeff, 183.
Le Conte, Joseph N., 345.
Lee, 333.
Leydig, Franz, 137.
Linné, Carl von, 4.
Loeb, Jacques, 159, 249, 250, 252, 264.
Lohest, Maximin, 326.
Lotsy, J. P., 25.
Lucretius, 30.
Lull, Richard S., 115.
Macalister, R. A. S., 342.
MacCurdy, George Grant, 317, 326, 329, 331, 332.
MacDowell, E. C., 266.
MacManus, T., 359.
Macnamara, N. C., 314, 325.
Manouvrier, L., 316, 333.
Marx, Karl, 360.
Mathews, Albert, 293, 294, 302.
Maxwell, J. Clerk, 183.
McCann, Alfred W., 31, 32, 33, 34, 47, 50, 51.
McConnell, R. G., 107, note, 109.
McGregor, J. H., 315, 316, 317, 320, 322.
Melanchthon, Phillip, 197.
Mendel, Gregor Johann, 3, 24, 27, 28, 32.
Mendeléef, Dimitri Ivanovitch, 56.
Mercier, Désiré Cardinal, 204, 205, 208.
Meyer, Ludwig, 302, 324.
Michael Angelo, 257.
Miller, Arthur M., 97, 98.
Miller, Gerrit, 321.
Minchin, E. A., 5.
Moore, Benjamin F., 150, 165, 166, 167, 168, 170.
Morgan, C. Lloyd, 233 note, 234 note, 237.
Morgan, Thomas Hunt, 12, 16, 36, 44, 64, 85, 86, 88, 89, 276, 278,
306, 334.
Morton, Dudley J., 270.
Muckermann, H., S.J., 325.
Müller, Fritz, 48, 275, 278.
Müller, Max, 338.
Nägeli, Karl Wilhelm, 7, 186.
Newman, John Henry, 354.
Newell, Bro. Matthias, 347.
Newton, Sir Isaac, XIII.
Nicholson, Henry Alleyne, 97, 272.
Nicomachus, 196.
Obermaier, Hugues, 289, 290, 324, 327, 329, 342.
Occam, William of, 67, 349.
Osborn, Henry Fairfield, 2, 33, 65, 70, 76, 88, 89, 90, 170, 289,
290, 309, 318, 342.
Paley, William, 11.
Parker, G. H., 9, 233 note, 295.
Parker, T. Jeffery, 316, 317.
Pasteur, Louis, 135, 181.
Paulsen, Friederich, 206.
Pawlow, Ivan, 242, 249, 266.
Pearson, Karl, 310.
Peckham, Geo. W. and Eliz. G., 265.
Perrier, Remy, 296.
Pfizenmayer, E., 91, 92.
Pictet, Amé, 143.
Pirrson, L. V., 107 note, 109.
Plato, 172, 197.
Poulton, Edward B., 186.
Price, George McCready, 97, 98, 99, 100, 104, 105, 107, 109, 110, 120.
Price, T. S., 167.
Quatrefages De Breau, Jean Louis Armand de, 276.
Ranke, J., 271, 272, 273, 274, 324.
Rautert, 326.
Ray, John, 5, 20.
Redi, Francesco, 134, 136, 137.
Reinke, J., 345, 346.
Renner, O., 16.
Richter, Herm. Eberh., 182.
Riddle, Oscar, 300.
Robinson, James Harvey, 190, 194, 195, 236.
Rösch, Joseph, 318.
Rothpletz, Aug., 107 note.
Russell, Bertrand, 204.
Santayana, George, 350.
Sapir, Edward, 338.
Schaaffhausen, D., 150, 325, 333.
Schäfer, E. A., 58, 165, 179, 184, 185.
Schleiden, Matthias J., 136.
Schmidt, H. D., 260.
Schoetensack, Otto, 318, 319.
Schroeder, Ch. F., 251.
Schuchert, Charles, 97, 98, 104 note, 106, 109, 110.
Schultze, F. E., 218.
Schultze, Max, 137, 138.
Schwalbe, Gust. Alb., 286, 317, 324, 325, 333.
Schwann, Theodor, 136.
Scott, Wm. B., 78, 96, 103, 119, 120.
Sedgwick, A., 95.
Sellars, R. W., 233 note.
Sewall, Anna, 236.
Smith, G. Elliot, 289, 341.
Smith, John Talbot, 355.
Smith, William, 102.
Snell, Karl, 308.
Sollas, W. J., 289.
Spallanzani, Lazzaro, 134, 136.
Spencer, Herbert, 10, 12, 98, 102, 103, 148, 166, 179, 360.
Starling, Ernest H., 57, 299, 301.
Stockard, Charles R., 62.
Stoll, A., 146.
Taylor, J., 340.
Tertullian, 346.
Thayer, Wm. Sydney, 135.
Tholuck, Fried. Aug., 338.
Thompson, Sir Wm., 182.
Thorndyke, Edward L., 237.
Tilden, Sir Wm., 151, 192.
Titchener, Edward Bradford, 205, 209, 274.
Tredgold, A. F., 15 note.
Tuccimei, Giuseppe, XIII, 360, 361.
Tyndall, John, 149.
Vallisnieri, Antonio, 134.
Van Loon, Hendrick Willem, 190.
Vegard, Lars, 183 note.
Vicari, E. M., 266, 267.
Virchow, Rudolph, 137, 273, 316, 317, 324, 346.
Vogt, Carl, 276, 324.
Waagen, W., 16 note.
Warner, H., 274.
Walkhoff, O., 317.
Walsh, James J., 336.
Ward, James, 163.
Wasmann, Erich, S.J., XII, 11, 33, 46, 47, 48, 49, 49 note, 67, 70,
134, 247 note, 261, 262, 277, 312, 313, 325, 333.
Waterston, David, 322.
Watson, John B., 198, 204, 250.
Wayland, John Walter, 357.
Weismann, August, 10, 13, 16, 25, 65, 186, 267.
Weber, Ernest Heinrich, 227.
Weld, H. P., 253, 255.
Welday, J. O., 357.
Wells, H. G., 1, 33, 190.
Wenstrup, Edward, O.S.B., XVI.
Werner, Abraham Gottlob, 99, 102, 103.
Wheeler, Geo. C. and Esther H., 261.
Wiedersheim, Robert, 292.
Wilder, Harris Hawthorne, 300, 301.
Williams, H. S., 96.
Willis, Bailey, 107 note.
Willstätter, R., 146, 147.
Wilson, Edmund B., 6, 12, 13, 140, 141, 143, 160, 164, 168, 170,
200, 201, 211.
Windle, Bertram C. A., 134, 341.
Wirth, Edmund J., 205.
Wissler, Clark, 344.
Woodruff, Lorande Loss, 39, 115.
Woods, Henry, 77, 78, 79, 80, 86, 118, 119.
Woodward, A. Smith, 321, 322, 340, 341.
Woodworth, Robert S., 198.
Wright, C. F., 289.
Wundt, Wilhelm, 197, 205, 206, 209, 212, 236, 237, 238.
Zahm, J. A., 268.
Zeno, 226.
Zittel, Karl A. von, 313, 345.
INDEX OF SUBJECTS
Abiogenesis, 131, 135, 136, 142, 160, 165, 167, 179, 183, 186;
“new theory” of, 165;
“old theory” of, 165;
“philosophical” proof of, 186
Absence of function, real, 291;
apparent, 291
Abstract concept, 219
Abstraction, 221, 224, 254, 261, 262;
of active intellect predispositive, 221;
of intellect, potential, cognitive, 221;
power of, 261, 262;
process of, 221, 224
Abstract thought, 215, 267;
has soul as its exclusive agent and subject, 215;
not same as imagery, 215;
unique prerogative of man, 267
Acids, butyric, 159;
carbonic, 145;
fatty, 145;
formic, 145
Acromegaly, 294
Acromikria, 294
Act, 199
Action, 174, 175, 176, 177, 215, 216;
agent of, 176;
an expression of entity, 125, 216;
chemical, 175;
effect of, 176, 177;
electrical, 176;
energy-content of, 174;
immanent, defined, 177;
mechanical, 175;
physical, 175;
reflexive, 177;
subject of, 176;
transitive, 174, 177;
defined, 177;
vital, 175
Active intellect, 220, 221
Activity, organic cannot escape physical determinism, 232
Adaptation, 7, 8, 9, 16, 45, 46, 47, 52, 53, 63, 124, 250, 290, 291,
328;
acquired, 8, 9, 16, 45, 290, 328, 333
—not inheritable, 9;
innate (inherited), 45, 46, 47, 52, 53, 63, 124;
of instinctive behavior to emergencies, 250;
structural, 291
Additive properties, 233 _note_
Adjustments, 204
Adolescence, 155
Adrenal bodies, 292, 295
Adults, 276
Aeschna grandis L., 115
Aftermath of evolutionary propaganda, 360
Agametes, 156
Agamic, 156
Agent, 171, 177
Age of Man, 289, 290
Agnosticism, 352, 355, 358;
parasitic, 358
Agulhas, Lost Land of, 114
Alberta, 108
Albumen, living and dead, 144
Alcohol, methyl, 147;
phytyl, 147
Aldehyde, 145, 148
Aldol condensation, 145
Allelomorphic, 42
Allocation, taxonomic, 320
Alluvial epoch, 313;
loam, 324
Alpha Centauri, 184
Alps, 109
Altamira, caves of, 339, 340, 343
Alternating personalities, 211;
psychopathic condition, 211
Altruism, 355, 356;
without adequate motivation, 356
Amboceptors, 57
American Association for Advancement of Science, 343, 344;
Edict of, 343
Ammonites, 84, 86, 249;
intergradence in, 84
Ammonium cyanate, 173
Ammophila, 264
Ammophila gryphus, 261
Ammophila urnaria, 261
Amnion, 276
Amœba albida, 159
Amphibia, 61, 281, 296
Amphioxus, 60, 161
Analogous organs, 35, 36, 61
Analogy, 35, 59, 60;
convergent, 61
Analysis, 144;
chemical, 144;
physical, 144
Anarchy, 355, 360
Anatomists, 296
Anatomy, 196, 208, 276, 277, 303, 308;
comparative, 276, 277, 308;
of consciousness, attempted by Associationists, 208
Ancestors, 55, 59, 76, 82, 83, 92, 95, 115, 270, 280, 296, 304, 308,
309, 317, 349;
collateral, 76;
common, 55, 59, 83, 92, 269, 270, 278, 308;
direct, 76;
hypothetical, 308, 309, 317;
necessary priority of, 82, 83;
of man, 298
—alleged to be fish-like, 280;
tertiary, 270
Ancestry, 92, 280;
entails antecedence in time, 92;
of man, 280
Ancitherium, 76
Angiosperms, 72, 73
Animal, 242, 249, 307;
appetite, gratification of, 242;
as “reflex machines,” 249;
cave, 307
Animalism, 365
Animalistic man, 350, 352
Animality of man, not a modern discovery, 191, 192
Animism, 197, 198
Anisogametes, 157, 158
Anisogamy, 157, 158
Annelida, 117, 278, 280
Anomalies, 112, 303, 305, 319, 320;
anatomical, fluctuational, 303;
mutational, 303;
of spatial distributions, 112
Antagonism, 358;
between modern progress and Christian ideal, 358
Anthropomorphism, 236, 246, 250, 262;
Darwinian, 236, 250
Anthropologists, 318, 344;
foremost ones confess their ignorance regarding origin of man, 344
Antibodies, 14, 15
Antigen, 15
Antirrhinum, majus and molle, 88
Anti-vivisectionists, 236
Ants, 261, 262; leaf-cutting, 261
Ape, 245, 270, 272, 275, 285, 308, 309, 311, 314, 315, 316, 317, 345;
anthropoid, 270, 271, 272, 275, 309, 315, 317;
cranial capacity, 314;
descended from man-like ancestor, 285;
descent from, not a doctrine of science, 345;
embryonic skull of, 285;
foot of, 50, 51
—a hand functionally but not structurally, 50, 51;
fossil, 308, 313;
giant, geneological tree of, 315;
higher, 311;
its cranium, 271;
large, 315;
living, 308
Ape-like features, acquired adaptation, 330
Appalachians, 107
Appetite, 221, 235, 241;
rational, 221;
sensual, 235, 241
Appendicitis, 295
Appendix, vermiform, 295, 296;
useful, 296
Apple-tree, 6, 88, 161
Apterix, 305
Arbacia punctulata, 159
Arboreal life, 271, 308
Arca, 118
Archæan, 104, 117;
record, damaged condition of, 117
Archæology, prehistoric, 339
Archæopteryx, 86
Archæozoic, 104, 148;
times alleged to have been more favorable to origin of life, 148
Argument, 226;
no avail against fact, 226
Art, palæolithic, 340
Artefacts, 154
Artemia salina, 159
Artemisia absynthium, 248
Arthropoda, 61, 119, 261, 284
Artificial illumination, 340
Artistic attainment, high level of, 340
Artists, palæolithic, 335
Asia, 335
Ass, 5, 81, 304
Assimilation, 143
Association, 208, 235, 241, 242
Associationists, 208, 236
Astarte, 118
Asteroidea, 121, 122
Atavism, 303, 304
Atlantis, 114
Atmosphere, 148, 181, 183;
coronal of sun, 183;
formerly richer in carbon dioxide, 148;
of earth, 183
Atoms, 58, 144, 162, 165, 167, 170, 202;
structure of, 58
Atrophy, 285, 286, 288, 294, 299, 301, 302, 307;
due to misuse, 288;
somatic, 307
Attention, 208
Audist, 219
Aurignacian Man, 332
Aurora borealis, 183, 183 _note_, 184 _note_
Australian, 321, 325, 328, 330, 333;
blacks, 325, 333
—modern, have brow ridges, 328;
modern, 325, 330;
skull of, 321
Author of Nature, 193
Autogamy, 158, 159, 161
Automatisms, 238, 240, 262;
teleological, 240
Automixis, 161
Autonomy, 174, 202;
dynamic, 174;
vital, 202
Axiom, 223, 224;
of reception, 223, 224
Axon, 213
Azoic bottom, 125
Babylonia, 337
Bacteria, 135, 138, 183, 183 _note_
Barbarism, 337;
historically a state of degeneration and stagnation, 337;
not a primitive condition, 337;
no instance of spontaneous emergence from, 337
Bacteriologists, 183
Baltic Sea, 104, 105
Banana, 162
Basichromatin, 139
Bear Grass quarries, 106
Beaver, 247, 257
Bedding plane, 106
Bees, 257
Beetles, wingless, 306
Behavior, 249, 254, 255, 260, 261, 262, 263;
instinctive, 249, 254, 255, 260
—objectively useful, 254, 255
—subjectively agreeable, 254, 255;
concursively telic, 260-262;
consciously telic, _i. e._, intelligent 262;
unconcursively telic, 262;
must be perfect from outstart, 263
Behaviorism, degeneration of psychology into, 198
Behaviorists, 204, 250
Bestial man, 340, 342;
impossible, 340;
no traces of, 342
Bestial origin, 345, 352;
of man, 352;
of man, theory of, 345
Bestial soul, 114, 194, 213, 214, 234;
an emergent of matter, 194, 234 _note_
—not a product of physicochemical action, 194;
exists in the interest of the organism, 214;
incomplete complement of matter, 213;
material but not corporeal, 194, 214;
operates only in conjunction with organism, 213;
perishes with dissolution of organism, 213
Bible, 127
Biochemists, 179
Biogenetic Law, 48, 275, 276, 277, 278, 283, 285
Biologists, 2, 3, 11, 19, 29, 53 _note_, 190, 200, 257
Biology, xiv, 24, 196, 197, 205
Bion, 170, 171
Biophysicists, 179
Bipinnaria, 283
“Biotic energy,” 170
Bird of Paradise, 154, 353
Birds, 282, 296, 297
Bison, 331, 332
“Black Beauty,” 236
Blackberries, 25
Blindness, germinal and somatic, 306
Blue-green Algæ, 138, 149, 181
Body, 198
Bone cave, 340
Bone fibres, 317
Bos primigenius, 329
Botany, 31, 55
Brachiopoda, 117, 118, 120
Bradypus, 52
Brain, 274, 315, 316;
human, 274
—convolutions of, 274;
relative and absolute size of, 315;
relative size of, 316;
simian, 274
Brain case, 272
Brain cavities, below modern average, 329
Brain-fag, due to imaginative, not to intellectual activity, 228,
229, 230;
follows mere memorizing, 229
Branchial arches and clefts, 278, 279
Branchial lamellæ, 279
Breasts, supernumerary, 304
Broken Hill Mine, 340
Bronze Age, historic, 337
Brow ridges, 328, 330, 333, 341;
most pronounced of any human specimen, 341
Brute, 213, 233, 235, 236, 360;
destitute of freedom, morality, responsibility, 233;
its psychic functions, all organic, 213;
lumination of, 236;
our common origin with, 360
Budding, 156
Burial, 330, 335;
deep, 335;
makes age of bones uncertain, 335;
solemn, indicates belief in immortality, 330
Butyric acid, 159
Cæcum, 295
Cænogenesis, 277, 288
Cænozoic, 118, 119, 335
Calcium hydroxide, 145
Calicurgus, 263
Cambrian, 99, 100, 104, 105, 110, 116, 117, 118, 125;
Lower, 117;
terranes below, 125;
youthful appearance of, 104, 105
Canadian Shield, 104 _note_
Canadian survey, 108
Canal, alimentary, 293, 295, 301;
neural, 293
Canalization, 265
Carbohydrates, 145, 148;
production of, by plants, 145-148—not a synthesis,
146-148—analogous to process in animals, 146, 147
Carbon dioxide, 145-147
Carboniferous, 73, 92, 115, 118;
Lower, 92;
Upper, 115
Carnivora, 271
Catarrhine monkeys, 287
Catastrophes, 72, 182;
cosmic, 182
Catastophism, 67, 68, 98, 312;
new, 98
Caterpillar, 260, 264
Cats, 284
Causation, active and efficient, 171, 172
Cave rat, 307
Caves, 335, 336;
of France and Spain, 335, 336;
of Spain, 336
Cell-division, 59, 137, 138, 139, 155, 162, 163
Cell, 136, 137, 138, 141, 142, 155, 165, 168, 202, 301;
definition of, 137;
a multimolecule, 165;
cannot originate through exclusive agency of physicochemical
energies, 142;
fundamental unit of organization, 136;
germ, 156;
simplest of organic units capable of independent existence, 138;
simplest of organisms, 147;
somatic, 156;
submicroscopical components of, 141;
simplest form of organic life, 142;
vital, 142;
sperm, 137
Cell Theory, 136
Cellular continuity, 137, 141;
Fifth article of, 141;
Law of, 141
Centaur, constellation of, 184
Centers, sensory and motor, 251
Central neurones, 213, 222;
purpose of, 222
Centrioles, 140
Cephalic index, 329
Ceratites, 86
Ceratodus, 119
Cerebral cortex, 206, 213, 221, 222
Cerebral neurones, 222;
an extended receptor not proportioned to dematerialized abstract
objects, 222
Cerebrospinal system, 213
Certainty, 124, 125;
based on objective necessity, 124;
scientific, 125
Ceylon, 315
Chain-reflex, 250, 252
Chaldea, 337, 340
Chalk, 79, 86
Chance, 11, 151-154;
impotent to produce effect so complicatedly telic as an organism,
151;
its efficacy and impotence, 151-154
Change, adaptive, 53 _note_;
germinal, 42, 43, 68, 307;
kinds of, 42;
somatic, 68;
specific, 7, 23, 68, 88, 89, 307;
varietal, 7, 68, 88
Characters (somatic or external), 5, 6, 17, 18, 41, 62, 63, 87, 88,
121, 122, 278, 306, 334;
definition of, 41;
duplication and suppression of, 306;
embryonic not derived from adult, 278;
homologous and adaptational, 62, 63, 121
—distinction has no experimental basis, 62;
“inherited” and “acquired,” 41
Chapelle-aux-Saintes, 288, 331;
Cave of, remains, 331;
remains, 228
Chela, 61, 261;
of lobster and African scorpion, 61
Chemical analysis, 143, 144, 216;
destroys life, 143, 144
Chemical synthesis of living matter possible, 142, 144
Chemist, 151;
guiding intelligence of need in synthesis of organic compounds,
151;
necessity of regulation, 151
Chemistry, 142, 350;
physical, 142
Chemotaxis, 264
Chick, 255
Chimaeroids, 119
Chimpanzee, 33, 270, 314, 323
Chin, 319, 320, 328;
may be accentuated by a mutation, 320;
prominence in Spy No. 1, 328;
recessive, 320;
recessiveness of the, 319;
recessiveness and protuberance of, 320;
recessiveness, an acquired adaptation, 320;
receding, acquired, 328
China, 110, 337
Chinless mandible, not sloping backward, 332
Chlorophyll, 62, 145, 147, 148, 149, 151, 154;
chromogen group of, 148;
chromogen complex, 148;
colloidal solution of, 145;
not a “sensitizer” like Eosin, 147, 148;
regenerated from H₂O and CO₂, 147, 148;
“sensitizer,” 145
Chondriosomes, 140
Christianity, 359
Chromatin, 138, 139
Chromiole, 138
Chromosomes, 17, 21, 27, 44, 45, 139, 141, 157, 158, 159;
diploid number normal, 159;
diploid number of, 157, 158, 159;
duplication of, 17, 21, 44, 45;
haploid number of, 157, 158, 159;
homologous,
17, 21;
random assortment of, 27
Chronology, 98;
lithic, 98;
principles of, 98
Chronometer, palæontological, 135
Chrysothrix, 274
Cidaris, 119
Ciliate, 163
Circumstances, environmental, 250-252
Civilization, old, destruction of, 336
Classes, 37
Classification, taxonomic, not historical, 112
Clays, Pleistocene, 289
Cleavage, 154, 159
Cloaca, 281
Coccyx, alleged rudiment of former tail, 297;
serves purpose, 298
Cockroaches, 115
Coelenterates, 78, 118
Coexistence of impressions, not a companion of them, 208
Cognitive intellect, 220, 221
Colloid systems, aggregates, not units, 168
Colloidal, 141, 170;
substances, 141;
systems not analogous to organisms, 170
Colloids, 166-169;
hydrophilic, 168, 169
Columns, continental and submarine, 114
Commanchian period, 72
Commensal, 46
Commensalism, 52
Common stock, 39
Comparative anatomy, 279, 304
Complexity, “Law” of, 166, 167
Components, 138, 139, 141, 142, 168;
cytoplasmic and nuclear, 138, 139;
of cell, 141
—self-perpetuating, 168;
of protoplasmic system, 141
Compounds, organic, 142
Concepts, 219, 220, 221, 247;
abstract and general, 220, 247;
rational, 247
Conceptual thought, 219, 222, 223;
concerned with the reality of essence, 219;
excludes materiality
from its specific agent and receptive subject, 222;
not communicated to organism, 223;
subject in soul alone, 223
Conduction path, 265
Condyles, occipital, 272
Conformity, 105, 107, 110;
“deceptive,” 105, 110;
normal significance of, 105;
“upside-down,” 107
Conjugation, 157, 161
Consciousness, 198, 203, 204, 205, 206, 208, 211, 235, 238, 240,
248, 262;
and unconsciousness, 198;
attests existence superficially variable but radically unchangeable
subject of mental life, 206;
attests persistence of our personal identity, 211;
dependence of all science upon, 204;
etymology of, 205, 206;
its testimony to the reality of the ego, 205;
organic and spiritual, 199;
phenomenal, 198;
sentient, 235, 238, 240, 248;
testimony of, 208
Constructions, complex and systematic, not producible by accident,
53, 154
Consolation, 358, 361;
destroyed, 361;
eliminated, 358
Contamination of media, 135
Contiguity, 241, 242;
association of, 241;
law of, 241, 242
Continents, 113, 114;
permanence of, 114
Continuity, 350;
destructive as metaphysics, 350;
leads to materialistic monism, 350;
principles of, 350;
nuclear, 137
Control, 236, 251-253;
intelligent, 253;
psychic, 251;
rational and moral, 236;
sensory, 251-253
Consequences—socialism, anarchy, despair, 360
Convergence, 10, 36, 58, 59, 61, 63, 77, 78, 79, 80, 277, 283, 284,
287;
kinds of 77
Corpuscular, 174
Correlation, 90, 91, 93, 99, 101, 111;
Cuvier’s Law of, 90, 91;
stratigraphic, 93, 96, 99, 101, 111
Cortical, 294, 315;
area, 274;
surface, 315
Cosmic scale, 350;
Cosmogony, 181, 185
Cosmopolitan species, 73
Cosmozoa, 182
Cranial box, 272
Cranial capacity, 274, 315, 317, 322, 325, 332, 341;
absolute, 332;
human, 341;
large, 341;
of man and ape compared, 274;
relative, 317, 332
Cranial vault, more spacious in Spy No. 2, 327
Cranium, 118, 271, 321, 325, 328, 329, 331, 333, 337, 341;
dolichocephalic, 325, 331;
flat on top, broad in back, 341;
modern, 333;
human, 328;
of ape, 271;
of man, 271;
not subsequent to barbarism, 337;
Spy, 331
Creation, 67, 72, 186, 187;
defined, 187;
new, 67, 72;
simultaneous or recessive, 72
Creationism, 55
Creator, 72, 249, 298, 350
Credulous persons misled, 353
Cretaceous, 100, 104, 108, 109, 111, 118;
shales, 109
Crete, 337
Cretinism, 294
Cries, 246;
emotional, 246;
instinctive, 246
Crinoids, 119
Crossing, 4, 5, 19-21, 25-28, 88;
interspecific, 19-21, 26, 27;
intervarietal, 19, 20, 27, 28;
does not produce “new species,” 25-28
Crossover, 17, 26, 42
Crust, terrestrial, 113
Crustaceans, 117
Cryptorhetic system, 292-294
Crystalloids, 144
Crystals, 153
Crystal units, 144, 165
Ctenomys, 305
Cultures, 135, 309, 317;
sterilized and aërated, 135
Curved femur, acquired adaptation, 328
Cycads, 118
Cycas, 118
Cysts, 134
Cytodes, 138, 179, 207
Cytologist, 136, 141
Cytology, 137
Cytoplasm, 137-139, 141;
of eggs differentiated, 141
Cytoplasmic components self-perpetuating, 139
Cytosome, 140
Darwinism, 1, 5, 6, 16, 24, 29, 30, 32, 78, 79, 85, 263, 265, 285,
291, 325;
contradicted by history, 337;
obsolete theory, 29, 30, 349
Datura stramonium, 21, 22, 23
Death, 156
Deceptive conformities, 98
Deep sea bottoms, 113
Degeneracy, 15, 15 _note_, 18, 336
Degradation of energy, 162, 163, 180;
implies beginning of life, 180;
law of, 162, 163
Delitzch, 118
Dependence, 217, 218, 221, 231;
direct, of psycho-organic functions on organism, 231;
incompatible with spirituality, 218;
intrinsic on matter, 218;
objective, not subjective, 221
Descent, 67, 80, 87, 88, 267, 269, 274, 277, 284, 305, 308, 310,
312, 315, 317, 345;
collateral, 269, 308, 312, 317
—of man, 308, 317
—theory of, 269, 312;
common, 269, 315
—reference of, 269;
direct, Darwin’s theory of, 274;
from ape, theory of, 274;
human, 317, 345
—from pithecoid primates, not a historical fact, 345
—theory of, 269;
lineal, 269, 305, 308, 309, 317
—a chain of creatures, 305
—from ape, theory of, 269
—upheld by Darwin, 269;
of man, 308, 310;
theory of, 80, 277
Deterioration of organism does not always involve deterioration of
superorganic powers, 230
Devonian, 62, 99, 103, 106;
Middle, 106
De-Vriesianism, 23, 24, 29, 263, 265, 266, 349
Diester, phytyl-methyl, 147
Differences, 9, 12, 13, 16, 28, 37, 46, 81, 82, 84, 86, 89, 121,
171, 236, 237, 271, 272, 273, 320, 331, 333, 334, 359;
anatomical, between
Homo primigenius and Homo sapiens, 331, 334
—between man and ape, 271-273;
between living and lifeless, 171;
fluctuational, 121;
generic, 37, 46, 82, 84, 86;
individual, 16
—alleged summation of, 9, 20, 29;
major, 9, 37, 46, 320
—relative and absolute, 37;
minor, 9, 37, 46, 320;
mutational, 121, 334;
ordinal, 46;
psychological, between man and brute, 236, 237, 359, 360
—amount to a distinction of kind, 236, 237, 359, 360;
specific, 12, 13, 28, 37, 46, 81, 84, 86, 333, 334;
varietal, 46
Differential threshold, law of, 227
Differentiation, 284
Diffusion of venom, 264, 265
Digestion, stimulates lymphatic glands, 301
Dileptus gigas, 138, 174
Diluvium, European, 345
Dinoflagellata, 118
Dinosaurs, 100, 271
Diphasic, 134
Diploid forms, 44, 45, 47
Dipnoan, 119
Diptera, 48, 49
Discernment, 240
Discina, 118
Disconformity, non-evident, 105
Discrimination, 208
Discursive analysis, 243, 244
Disease germs, 141, 169, 170, 216;
invisible, identified by the pathological effects, 216;
submicroscopic, 141, 169, 170
Disintegration, atomic, 163
Dispersing medium, 168
Dissociation, 235, 242
Distributed nucleus, 138
Distribution, 92, 99, 100, 112, 113, 115;
chronological, 92;
geographical, hard to distinguish from chronological, 99, 100;
of plants and animals, 115;
spatial, anomalies of, 112, 113
Disuse, 286, 288, 290, 305, 306;
effects, alleged of, 288
Divergence, 9, 36, 39, 57
Divine action, vivifying matter, not a miracle, 187, 188
Dog, 248, 255, 287
Dogmatism, evolutionary, 360
Dolphins, 80
Domination of intellect and will over organic powers, 235
Doubt, “scientific,” 198
Dragonflies, 115
Drone, 158
Drosophila, 17, 18, 19, 27, 85, 86;
melanogaster, 85, 86
—gradations in eye-color, wing-length and pigmentation of, 85, 86
Dryopithecus, 270, 310, 311, 323, 345;
dentition of, 311, rhenanus, teeth, human-like, 323
Dualism, 174, 198, 199, 231, 233, 234, 351;
conscious and unconscious, of Descartes, 198;
hylomorphic, 174, 198, 231;
of emergence and resistance, 233, 234 _note_;
of potency and act, 199;
psychic and physical, of Descartes, 198;
psychophysical, 198, 231
Duckbill, 287
Duplication, 44, 45, 305;
chromosomal, 44, 45;
of organs, 305
Dynamic, 206
Ear, 302, 304;
helix of, 304
Earth columns, 113
Earthworm, 250, 280
East Indies, 118
Echinodermata, 119, 121, 122
Education, 245, 256, 360;
responsible, 360
Educator, modern, 360
Effect, 176, 177
Eggs, 134, 156, 158, 159, 160, 255, 259, 278, 283;
of sea urchin, 159, 160;
unfertilized, 158;
reduced, 158;
unreduced, 158
Ego, 209, 210, 224;
the, 209, 210;
the thinking, 224
Egoism, 256
Egypt, 115, 337, 340
Electrolytes, 168
Electronic theory, 56
Electrons, 163, 174
Elements, radioactive, 180
Elephants, 111, 115, 315;
brain of, 315;
Siberian, sudden extinction of, 111
Elephas:
antiquus, 317;
primigenius, 326
Embryologists, 136
Embryology, 141, 275, 276, 308;
comparative, 276;
experimental, 141
Embryonic additions, 276
Embryos, 276, 278, 279, 280, 281;
alleged fish-like stage of, 279, 280;
human, 278, 280, 283;
mammalian, 281, 283;
vertebrate, 281
Emergents, 233 _note_, 234 _note_
Energy-content, 174
Emotion, 214, 231, 246, 247;
functions of sensual appetite, 247;
a psycho-organic function, 214;
organic function, 231
Emperor moth, 267
Emulsifier, 169
Emulsion, 139, 168
Encasement, 3, 4
Encystment, 162
End, 254, 259
Endocrine glands, 292-295, 298;
not functionless, 295
Endomixis, 161, 162, 163, 178
Endoskeletal, 36
Energy, 172, 174;
content, 174;
defined, 172;
kinetic and potential, 172
Energy-environment, 168
Enlightenment, 244, 245
Entelechy, 172-175, 199, 200, 202, 210;
definition of, 200;
Aristotelian sense perverted by Driesch, 172;
a constant in living units, a variant in inorganic units, 175,
200, 202, 210;
common to inorganic units and living organisms, 173, 174;
consubstantial with matter, 202;
entitive, not dynamic, 172, 201;
equivalent to static affinity or structural valence, 173;
inorganic, 174;
not an agent but a specifying type, 201
Entitive, 206
Environment, 6-9, 12-15, 42, 46, 152, 153, 174, 180-182, 261, 307;
cosmic, of life, 180, 181;
internal, 14, 15;
not a mechanism for molding organisms, 152, 153
Environmental conditions, 15, 16, 68, 123, 284
Environmental stimulus, 255
Enzymes, 143
Eoanthropus, 320, 322, 323, 342;
a combination of simian and human remains, 342;
Dawsoni, 320-323, 342;
jaw older than cranium, 322
Eocene, 115, 309, 313, 317;
Lower, 313;
Middle, 115
Eoliths, 154, 321
Eosin, a sensitizer, 147
Epeira, 248, 249
Epicyclic subterfuges, 110
Epigenesis, 3, 4
Epiphysis, 292
Equus, 5, 95, 113;
American and European, 113;
asinus, 5;
caballus, 5
Erosion, 105, 109
Eskimo, 330, 338;
language more complex than English, 338
Euphemisms, 351
Europe, 112, 113, 335
Eurypterids, 117
Events, 208
Evolution (active and passive) of life from inorganic matter, 132,
133
Evolution (alleged) of human soul, 194, 195, 268, 352
Evolution (alleged) of human body, 268, 309, 343
Evolution, xi-xiv, 2, 3, 6, 7, 8, 17, 19, 20, 21, 28, 29, 31, 32,
34, 43, 44, 45, 63, 66, 70, 74, 75, 76, 78, 79, 80, 83, 86, 90,
92, 97, 105, 116, 117, 123, 124, 125, 131, 193, 194, 267, 268,
291, 297, 304, 309, 325, 335, 339, 349-361;
aspects, moral and social, of, 353-361;
causes of, 2, 6;
evidence for, experimental, 3, 7, 8, 17, 28
—inferential or circumstantial, 3, 8, 125
—genetical, 8, 18, 28, 29
—zoological, 8, 34, 66, 76
—palæontological, 3, 8, 66, 74-76, 78, 79, 80, 83, 92, 97, 105,
126;
fact of, 2, 86, 124, 126;
heliocentric theory not on a par with, xii, xiii, law of, 1, 123;
monistic basis of, 349-353;
necessary as hypothesis, not as
dogma, xi;
senses of, 2, 74, 75, 131;
spirit not a product of, 193, 194, 268;
systems of, 1, 29, 31, 349;
Augustinian, 32, 74, 75;
Batesonian, 18-21, 43, 44, 79;
monophyletic, 69, 70, 116, 117;
polyphyletic, 70;
progressive, 44, 45, 116
Evolutionary thought, crisis in, 3, 29
Evolutionists, 279
Exoskeletal, 36
Expediency, 291
Experience, 238, 241, 253, 256;
learning by, 241;
sensory, 238, 253
Experimentation, 197
Eye, 60, 205, 217, 283, 298;
a corporal element intrinsic to the visual sense, 217;
an example of convergence, 60;
constituent part of agent and subject of vision, 217;
human, defective, 298;
not replaced by telescope, 205;
vertebrate type of, 283
Factorial, complex, 45
Factors, germinal (genetic, hereditary), 5, 6, 15, 17, 18, 19, 41,
42, 44, 45, 68, 122, 151, 152, 174, 207, 291
—diagnosis of, 122
—fractionation of, 19
—positive and inhibitive, 19;
environmental, 6, 41, 42, 68, 151, 152, 174, 207, 291
—blind, 151, 152
—of disuse and selection, 207
Facts, 205;
former cannot be formulated except with reference to ego, 205;
in terms denoting or connoting ego, 205;
intramental and extramental, 205
“Falsifications” of ancestral records, 276
Families, 37, 58;
chemical, 58
Family-tree, evolutionary, 58
Fats, 145
Faulting, 107, 108;
horizontal and vertical, 108;
“Low angle,” 107, 108;
normal, 108
Fayûm, the, 115
Feldhofer Grotte, 323, 324, 326
Felis leo fossilis, 319
Femur, 313, 316, 317, 324, 327, 330, 341;
not curved as in Neanderthal type, 341;
shows curvature, 327, 330
Ferns, 118
Fertilization, 42, 157, 159, 160
Filiation, 75
Finality, immanent law of, 174
First causes, 52, 71, 249
Fishes, 61, 270, 276, 279, 283, 296;
adult, 279, 283;
embryo of, 279
Fish-kidney, 302
Fission, binary, 156, 161;
unequal, 156;
multiple, 156
Fixism, 4, 32, 52, 69, 70, 72, 75, 119, 124, 268;
unable to furnish “natural” explanation of homology, 52;
uniformitarian, 69
Flat worms, 278
Flies, 134
Fluctuants, 87
Fluctuations, 10, 16, 29, 302, 333;
cause of, 10, 16;
instance of, 16;
non-inheritable, 10, 16
Fœtal life, special conditions of, 299
Fœtus, 301
Fonte de Gaume, 339
Foot-and-mouth disease, germ of, 183 _note_
Foramnifera, 118
Force, 172, 176;
defined, 172;
no special vital, 176
Forehead, 328, 330, 341;
higher, 328;
low, 341;
retreating, 330
Formaldehyde, 145-148;
not first step in origin of life nor in photosynthesis, 145-147
Formaldehyde-hypothesis, 145-148
Formaldoxime, 148
Formations, fossiliferous, 105
Formations, geological, 75, 84, 93, 95, 99, 100, 103, 105, 108, 118,
119, 126;
time-value of, 84
Formed bodies of cell, self-perpetuating, 168
Formose, 145
Forms, 246, 275, 276, 312;
fossil, sequence of, 276
—intermediate, 312;
grammatical, 246;
intermediate, none between man and apes, 275
Fortuitous result, 249
Fossil bones, 319
Fossil facts, 311
Fossiliferous stratification, universality of, 102
Fossil remains, human, 213
Fossils, 3, 81, 87, 88, 94, 95, 96, 99, 100, 101, 102, 104, 107,
110, 111, 112, 118, 309, 317, 334, 335;
dated by theory of descent, 334;
evade experimental breeding tests, 87, 88, 334;
no invariable sequence of, 99, 102;
reconstructed, 88;
still “medals of Creation,” 94;
time-value problematic, 98, 100, 101, 107, 110, 111, 112, 335