Tanzania is one of the poorest countries in the world. The economy is
heavily dependent on agriculture, which accounts for about 47% of GDP,
provides 85% of exports, and employs 90% of the work force. Industry
accounts for 8% of GDP and is mainly limited to processing agricultural
products and light consumer goods. The economic recovery program announced
in mid-1986 has generated notable increases in agricultural production and
financial support for the program by bilateral donors. The World Bank, the
International Monetary Fund, and bilateral donors have provided funds to
rehabilitate Tanzania's deteriorated economic infrastructure. Growth in 1991
was featured by a pickup in industrial production and a substantial increase
in output of minerals led by gold.
GDP:
exchange rate conversion - $6.9 billion, per capita $260 (1989 est.); real
growth rate 4.5% (1991 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
16.5% (1991 est.)
Unemployment rate:
NA%
Budget:
revenues $495 million; expenditures $631 million, including capital
expenditures of $118 million (FY90)
Exports:
$478 million (f.o.b., FY91 est.)
commodities:
coffee, cotton, sisal, tea, cashew nuts, meat, tobacco, diamonds, gold,
coconut products, pyrethrum, cloves (Zanzibar)
partners:
FRG, UK, Japan, Netherlands, Kenya, Hong Kong, US
Imports:
$1.5 billion (c.i.f., FY91 est.)
commodities:
manufactured goods, machinery and transportation equipment, cotton piece
goods, crude oil, foodstuffs
partners:
FRG, UK, US, Japan, Italy, Denmark
External debt:
$5.2 billion (December 1991 est.)
Industrial production:
growth rate 4.2% (1988); accounts for 8% of GDP
Electricity:
405,000 kW capacity; 905 million kWh produced, 35 kWh per capita (1991)
Industries:
primarily agricultural processing (sugar, beer, cigarettes, sisal twine),
diamond and gold mining, oil refinery, shoes, cement, textiles, wood
products, fertilizer
Agriculture:
accounts for over 45% of GDP; topography and climatic conditions limit
cultivated crops to only 5% of land area; cash crops - coffee, sisal, tea,
cotton, pyrethrum (insecticide made from chrysanthemums), cashews, tobacco,
cloves (Zanzibar); food crops - corn, wheat, cassava, bananas, fruits, and
vegetables; small numbers of cattle, sheep, and goats; not self-sufficient
in food grain production
Economic aid:
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $400 million; Western (non-US)
countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $9.8 billion; OPEC
bilateral aid (1979-89), $44 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $614
million
:Tanzania Economy
Currency:
Tanzanian shilling (plural - shillings); 1 Tanzanian shilling (TSh) = 100
cents
Exchange rates:
Tanzanian shillings (TSh) per US$1 - 236.01 (February (1992), 219.16 (1991),
195.06 (1990), 143.38 (1989), 99.29 (1988), 64.26 (1987)
Fiscal year:
1 July-30 June
:Tanzania Communications
Railroads:
3,555 km total; 960 km 1.067-meter gauge; 2,595 km 1.000-meter gauge, 6.4 km
double track, 962 km Tazara Railroad 1.067-meter gauge; 115 km 1.000-meter
gauge planned by end of decade
Highways:
total 81,900 km, 3,600 km paved; 5,600 km gravel or crushed stone; remainder
improved and unimproved earth
Inland waterways:
Lake Tanganyika, Lake Victoria, Lake Nyasa
Pipelines:
crude oil 982 km
Ports:
Dar es Salaam, Mtwara, Tanga, and Zanzibar are ocean ports; Mwanza on Lake
Victoria and Kigoma on Lake Tanganyika are inland ports
Merchant marine:
6 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 19,185 GRT/22,916 DWT; includes 2
passenger-cargo, 2 cargo, 1 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 1 petroleum tanker
Civil air:
8 major transport aircraft
Airports:
104 total, 94 usable; 12 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways
over 3,659 m; 3 with runways 2,440-3, 659 m; 43 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications:
fair system operating below capacity; open wire, radio relay, and
troposcatter; 103,800 telephones; broadcast stations - 12 AM, 4 FM, 2 TV; 1
Indian Ocean and 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station
:Tanzania Defense Forces
Branches:
Tanzanian People's Defense Force (TPDF; including Army, Navy, and Air
Force); paramilitary Police Field Force Unit; Militia
Manpower availability:
males 15-49, 5,747,542; 3,319,116 fit for military service
Defense expenditures:
exchange rate conversion - $119 million, about 2% of GDP (FY89 budget)
:Thailand Geography
Total area:
514,000 km2
Land area:
511,770 km2
Comparative area:
slightly more than twice the size of Wyoming
Land boundaries:
4,863 km total; Burma 1,800 km, Cambodia 803 km, Laos 1,754 km, Malaysia 506
km
Coastline:
3,219 km
Maritime claims:
Exclusive economic zone:
200 nm
Territorial sea:
12 nm
Disputes:
boundary dispute with Laos; unresolved maritime boundary with Vietnam
Climate:
tropical; rainy, warm, cloudy southwest monsoon (mid-May to September); dry,
cool northeast monsoon (November to mid-March); southern isthmus always hot
and humid
Terrain:
central plain; eastern plateau (Khorat); mountains elsewhere
Natural resources:
tin, rubber, natural gas, tungsten, tantalum, timber, lead, fish, gypsum,
lignite, fluorite
Land use:
arable land 34%; permanent crops 4%; meadows and pastures 1%; forest and
woodland 30%; other 31%; includes irrigated 7%
Environment:
air and water pollution; land subsidence in Bangkok area
Note:
controls only land route from Asia to Malaysia and Singapore
:Thailand People
Population:
57,624,180 (July 1992), growth rate 1.4% (1992)
Birth rate:
20 births/1,000 population (1992)
Death rate:
6 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
Net migration rate:
0 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
Infant mortality rate:
35 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
Life expectancy at birth:
67 years male, 71 years female (1992)
Total fertility rate:
2.2 children born/woman (1992)
Nationality:
noun - Thai (singular and plural); adjective - Thai
Ethnic divisions:
Thai 75%, Chinese 14%, other 11%
Religions:
Buddhism 95%, Muslim 3.8%, Christianity 0.5%, Hinduism 0.1%, other 0.6%
(1991)
Languages:
Thai; English is the secondary language of the elite; ethnic and regional
dialects
Literacy:
93% (male 96%, female 90%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)
Labor force:
30,870,000; agriculture 62%, industry 13%, commerce 11%, services (including
government) 14% (1989 est.)
Organized labor:
309,000 union members (1989)
:Thailand Government
Long-form name:
Kingdom of Thailand
Type:
constitutional monarchy
Capital:
Bangkok
Administrative divisions:
72 provinces (changwat, singular and plural); Ang Thong, Buriram,
Chachoengsao, Chai Nat, Chaiyaphum, Chanthaburi, Chiang Mai, Chiang Rai,
Chon Buri, Chumphon, Kalasin, Kamphaeng Phet, Kanchanaburi, Khon Kaen,
Krabi, Krung Thep Mahanakhon, Lampang, Lamphun, Loei, Lop Buri, Mae Hong
Son, Maha Sarakham, Nakhon Nayok, Nakhon Pathom, Nakhon Phanom, Nakhon
Ratchasima, Nakhon Sawan, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Nan, Narathiwat, Nong Khai,
Nonthaburi, Pathum Thani, Pattani, Phangnga, Phatthalung, Phayao,
Phetchabun, Phetchaburi, Phichit, Phitsanulok, Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya,
Phrae, Phuket, Prachin Buri, Prachuap Khiri Khan, Ranong, Ratchaburi,
Rayong, Roi Et, Sakon Nakhon, Samut Prakan, Samut Sakhon, Samut Songkhram,
Sara Buri, Satun, Sing Buri, Sisaket, Songkhla, Sukhothai, Suphan Buri,
Surat Thani, Surin, Tak, Trang, Trat, Ubon Ratchathani, Udon Thani, Uthai
Thani, Uttaradit, Yala, Yasothon
Independence:
1238 (traditional founding date); never colonized
Constitution:
22 December 1978; new constitution approved 7 December 1991
Legal system:
based on civil law system, with influences of common law; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction; martial law in effect since 23 February 1991
military coup
National holiday:
Birthday of His Majesty the King, 5 December (1927)
Executive branch:
monarch, interim prime minister, three interim deputy prime ministers,
interim Council of Ministers (cabinet), Privy Council; following the
military coup of 23 February 1991 a National Peace-Keeping Council was set
up
Legislative branch:
bicameral National Assembly (Rathasatha) consists of an upper house or
Senate (Vuthisatha) and a lower house or House of Representatives
(Saphaphoothan-Rajsadhorn)
Judicial branch:
Supreme Court (Sarndika)
Leaders:
Chief of State:
King PHUMIPHON Adunlayadet (since 9 June 1946); Heir Apparent Crown Prince
WACHIRALONGKON (born 28 July 1952)
Head of Government:
Prime Minister Anan PANYARACHUN (since 10 June 1992)
Political parties and leaders:
Justice Unity Party (Samakki Tham); Chart Thai Party; Solidarity Party; Thai
Citizens Party (TCP, Prachakorn Thai); Social Action Party (SAP); Democrat
Party (DP); Force of Truth Party (Palang Dharma); New Aspiration Party;
Rassadorn Party; Muanchon Party; Puangchon Chothai Party
Suffrage:
universal at age 21
:Thailand Government
Elections:
House of Representatives:
last held 22 March 1992 (next to be held by NA); results - percent of vote
by party NA; seats - (360 total) Samakki Tham 79, Chart Thai Party 74, New
Aspiration Party 72, DP 44, Palang Dharma 41, SAP 31, TCP 7, Solidarity
Party 6, Rassadorn 4, Muanchon 1, Puangchon Chotahi 1
Communists:
illegal Communist party has 500 to 1,000 members; armed Communist insurgents
throughout Thailand total 200 (est.)
Member of:
APEC, AsDB, ASEAN, CCC, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC,
ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO,
ITU, LORCS, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO
Diplomatic representation:
Ambassador-designate PHIRAPHONG Kasemsi; Embassy at 2300 Kalorama Road NW,
Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 483-7200; there are Thai Consulates
General in Chicago, Los Angeles, and New York
US:
Ambassador David F. LAMBERTSON; Embassy at 95 Wireless Road, Bangkok
(mailing address is APO AP 96546); telephone [66] (2) 252-5040; FAX [66] (2)
254-2990; there is a US Consulate General in Chiang Mai and Consulates in
Songkhla and Udorn
Flag:
five horizontal bands of red (top), white, blue (double width), white, and
red
:Thailand Economy
Overview:
Thailand, one of the more advanced developing countries in Asia, enjoyed a
year of 8% growth in 1991, although down from an annual average of 11%
growth between 1987 and 1990. The increasingly sophisticated manufacturing
sector benefited from export-oriented investment. The manufacturing and
service sectors have accounted for the lion's share of economic growth.
Thailand's traditional agricultural sector continued to become less
important to the overall economy in 1991. The trade deficit continued to
increase in 1991, to $11 billion; earnings from tourism and remittances grew
marginally as a result of the Gulf War; and Thailand's import bill grew,
especially for manufactures and oil. The government has followed fairly
sound fiscal and monetary policies. Aided by increased tax receipts from the
fast-moving economy; Bangkok recorded its fourth consecutive budget surplus
in 1991. The government is moving ahead with new projects - especially for
telecommunications, roads, and port facilities - needed to refurbish the
country's overtaxed infrastructure. Political unrest and the military's
shooting of antigovernment demonstrators in May 1992 have caused
international businessmen to question Thailand's political stability.
Thailand's general economic outlook remains good, however, assuming the
continuation of the government's progrowth measures.
GNP:
exchange rate conversion - $92.6 billion, per capita $1,630; real growth
rate 8% (1991 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
5.6% (1991 est.)
Unemployment rate:
4.1% (1991 est.)
Budget:
revenues $17.9 billion; expenditures $17.9 billion, including capital
expenditures of $5.0 billion (FY92 est.)
Exports:
$27.5 billion (f.o.b., 1991)
commodities:
machinery and manufactures 62%, food 28%, crude materials 7% (1990)
partners:
US 23.4%, Japan 17.2%, Singapore 7.3%, Germany 5.3%, Hong Kong 4.8%, UK
4.4%, Netherlands 4.3%, Malaysia, France, China (1990)
Imports:
$39.0 billion (c.i.f., 1991)
commodities:
machinery and manufactures 67%, chemicals l0%, fuels 9%, crude materials 6%
(1990)
partners:
Japan 30.2%, US 12%, Singapore 6.9%, Taiwan 5%, Germany 4.8%, China 3.2%,
South Korea, Malaysia, UK (1990)
External debt:
$25.1 billion (1990)
Industrial production:
growth rate 14% (1990 est.); accounts for about 25% of GDP
Electricity:
7,400,000 kW capacity; 37,500 million kWh produced, 660 kWh per capita
(1991)
Industries:
tourism is the largest source of foreign exchange; textiles and garments,
agricultural processing, beverages, tobacco, cement, other light
manufacturing, such as jewelry; electric appliances and components,
integrated circuits, furniture, plastics; world's second-largest tungsten
producer and third-largest tin producer
:Thailand Economy
Agriculture:
accounts for 12% of GDP and 60% of labor force; leading producer and
exporter of rice and cassava (tapioca); other crops - rubber, corn,
sugarcane, coconuts, soybeans; except for wheat, self-sufficient in food
Illicit drugs:
a minor producer, major illicit trafficker of heroin, particularly from
Burma and Laos, and cannabis for the international drug market; eradication
efforts have reduced the area of cannabis cultivation and shifted some
production to neighboring countries; opium poppy cultivation has been
affected by eradication efforts
Economic aid:
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $870 million; Western (non-US)
countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $8.6 billion; OPEC
bilateral aid (1979-89), $19 million
Currency:
baht (plural - baht); 1 baht (B) = 100 satang
Exchange rates:
baht (B) per US$1 - 25.614 (March 1992), 25.517 (1991), 25.585 (1990),
25.702 (1989), 25.294 (1988), 25.723 (1987)
Fiscal year:
1 October-30 September
:Thailand Communications
Railroads:
3,940 km 1.000-meter gauge, 99 km double track
Highways:
44,534 km total; 28,016 km paved, 5,132 km earth surface, 11,386 km under
development
Inland waterways:
3,999 km principal waterways; 3,701 km with navigable depths of 0.9 m or
more throughout the year; numerous minor waterways navigable by
shallow-draft native craft
Pipelines:
natural gas 350 km, petroleum products 67 km
Ports:
Bangkok, Pattani, Phuket, Sattahip, Si Racha
Merchant marine:
151 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 628,225 GRT/957,095 DWT; includes 1
short-sea passenger, 87 cargo, 11 container, 31 petroleum tanker, 9
liquefied gas, 2 chemical tanker, 3 bulk, 4 refrigerated cargo, 2
combination bulk, 1 passenger
Civil air:
41 (plus 2 leased) major transport aircraft
Airports:
115 total, 97 usable; 50 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways over
3,659 m; 13 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 28 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications:
service to general public inadequate; bulk of service to government
activities provided by multichannel cable and radio relay network; 739,500
telephones (1987); broadcast stations - over 200 AM, 100 FM, and 11 TV in
government-controlled networks; satellite earth stations - 1 Indian Ocean
INTELSAT and 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT domestic satellite system being
developed
:Thailand Defense Forces
Branches:
Royal Thai Army, Royal Thai Navy (including Royal Thai Marine Corps), Royal
Thai Air Force, Paramilitary Forces
Manpower availability:
males 15-49, 16,361,393; 9,966,446 fit for military service; 612,748 reach
military age (18) annually
Defense expenditures:
exchange rate conversion - $2.7 billion, about 3% of GNP (1992 budget)
:Togo Geography
Total area:
56,790 km2
Land area:
54,390 km2
Comparative area:
slightly smaller than West Virginia
Land boundaries:
1,647 km total; Benin 644 km, Burkina 126 km, Ghana 877 km
Coastline:
56 km
Maritime claims:
Exclusive economic zone:
200 nm
Territorial sea:
30 nm
Disputes:
none
Climate:
tropical; hot, humid in south; semiarid in north
Terrain:
gently rolling savanna in north; central hills; southern plateau; low
coastal plain with extensive lagoons and marshes
Natural resources:
phosphates, limestone, marble
Land use:
arable land 25%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 4%; forest and
woodland 28%; other 42%; includes irrigated NEGL%
Environment:
hot, dry harmattan wind can reduce visibility in north during winter; recent
droughts affecting agriculture; deforestation
:Togo People
Population:
3,958,863 (July 1992), growth rate 3.6% (1992)
Birth rate:
48 births/1,000 population (1992)
Death rate:
12 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
Net migration rate:
0 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
Infant mortality rate:
94 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
Life expectancy at birth:
54 years male, 58 years female (1992)
Total fertility rate:
7.0 children born/woman (1992)
Nationality:
noun - Togolese (singular and plural); adjective - Togolese
Ethnic divisions:
37 tribes; largest and most important are Ewe, Mina, and Kabye; under 1%
European and Syrian-Lebanese
Religions:
indigenous beliefs about 70%, Christian 20%, Muslim 10%
Languages:
French, both official and language of commerce; major African languages are
Ewe and Mina in the south and Dagomba and Kabye in the north
Literacy:
43% (male 56%, female 31%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)
Labor force:
NA; agriculture 78%, industry 22%; about 88,600 wage earners, evenly divided
between public and private sectors; 50% of population of working age (1985)
Organized labor:
Federation of Togolese Workers (CNTT) was only legal labor union until
Spring 1991; at least two more groups established since then: Labor
Federation of Togolese Workers (CSTT) and the National Union of Independent
Syndicates (UNSIT), each with 10-12 member unions; four other civil service
unions have formed a loose coalition known as the Autonomous Syndicates of
Togo (CTSA)
:Togo Government
Long-form name:
Republic of Togo
Type:
republic; under transition to multiparty democratic rule
Capital:
Lome
Administrative divisions:
21 circumscriptions (circonscriptions, singular - circonscription); Amlame
(Amou), Aneho (Lacs), Atakpame (Ogou), Badou (Wawa), Bafilo (Assoli), Bassar
(Bassari), Dapango (Tone), Kande (Keran), Klouto (Kloto), Pagouda (Binah),
Lama-Kara (Kozah), Lome (Golfe), Mango (Oti), Niamtougou (Doufelgou), Notse
(Haho), Pagouda, Sotouboua, Tabligbo (Yoto), Tchamba, Nyala, Tchaoudjo,
Tsevie (Zio), Vogan (Vo); note - the 21 units may now be called prefectures
(prefectures, singular - prefecture) and reported name changes for
individual units are included in parentheses
Independence:
27 April 1960 (from UN trusteeship under French administration, formerly
French Togo)
Constitution:
1980 constitution nullified during national reform conference; transition
constitution adopted 24 August 1991; multiparty draft constitution sent to
High Council of the Republic for approval in November 1991, scheduled to be
put to public referendum in NA 1992
Legal system:
French-based court system
National holiday:
Independence Day 27 April (1960)
Executive branch:
president, prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet)
Legislative branch:
National Assembly dissolved during national reform conference; 79-member
interim High Council for the Republic (HCR) formed to act as legislature
during transition to multiparty democracy; legislative elections scheduled
to be held in NA
Judicial branch:
Court of Appeal (Cour d'Appel), Supreme Court (Cour Supreme)
Leaders:
Chief of State:
President Gen. Gnassingbe EYADEMA (since 14 April 1967)
Head of Government:
interim Prime Minister Joseph Kokou KOFFIGOH (since 28 August 1991)
Political parties and leaders:
Rally of the Togolese People (RPT) led by President EYADEMA was the only
party until the formation of multiple parties was legalized 12 April 1991;
more than 10 parties formed as of mid-May, though none yet legally
registered; a national conference to determine transition regime took place
10 July-28 August 1991
Suffrage:
universal adult at age NA
Elections:
President:
last held 21 December 1986 (next to be held NA 1992); results - Gen. EYADEMA
was reelected without opposition
National Assembly:
last held 4 March 1990; dissolved during national reform conference (next to
be held April/May 1992); results - RPT was the only party; seats - (77
total) RPT 77
:Togo Government
Member of:
ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CEAO (observer), ECA, ECOWAS, Entente, FAO, FZ, G-77, GATT,
IBRD, ICAO, ICC, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC,
ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WADB, WCL, WHO, WIPO,
WMO, WTO
Diplomatic representation:
Ambassador Ellom-Kodjo SCHUPPIUS; Chancery at 2208 Massachusetts Avenue NW,
Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 234-4212 or 4213
US:
Ambassador Harmon E. KIRBY; Embassy at Rue Pelletier Caventou and Rue
Vauban, Lome (mailing address is B. P. 852, Lome); telephone [228] 21-29-91
through 94 and 21-77-17; FAX [228] 21-79-52
Flag:
five equal horizontal bands of green (top and bottom) alternating with
yellow; there is a white five-pointed star on a red square in the upper
hoist-side corner; uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia
:Togo Economy
Overview:
The economy is heavily dependent on subsistence agriculture, which accounts
for about 35% of GDP and provides employment for 78% of the labor force.
Primary agricultural exports are cocoa, coffee, and cotton, which together
account for about 30% of total export earnings. Togo is self-sufficient in
basic foodstuffs when harvests are normal. In the industrial sector
phosphate mining is by far the most important activity, with phosphate
exports accounting for about 40% of total foreign exchange earnings. Togo
serves as a regional commercial and trade center. The government, over the
past decade, with IMF and World Bank support, has been implementing a number
of economic reform measures, that is, actively encouraging foreign
investment and attempting to bring revenues in line with expenditures.
Political unrest throughout 1991, however, has jeopardized the reform
program and has disrupted vital economic activity.
GDP:
exchange rate conversion - $1.5 billion, per capita $400; real growth rate
2% (1990 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
1.0% (1990)
Unemployment rate:
2.0% (1987)
Budget:
revenues $330 million; expenditures $363 million, including capital
expenditures of $101 million (1990 est.)
Exports:
$396 million (f.o.b., 1990)
commodities:
phosphates, cocoa, coffee, cotton, manufactures, palm kernels
partners:
EC 70%, Africa 9%, US 2%, other 19% (1985)
Imports:
$502 million (f.o.b., 1990)
commodities:
food, fuels, durable consumer goods, other intermediate goods, capital goods
partners:
EC 61%, US 6%, Africa 4%, Japan 4%, other 25% (1989)
External debt:
$1.3 billion (1990 est.)
Industrial production:
growth rate 4.9% (1987 est.); 6% of GDP
Electricity:
179,000 kW capacity; 209 million kWh produced, 60 kWh per capita (1990)
Industries:
phosphate mining, agricultural processing, cement, handicrafts, textiles,
beverages
Agriculture:
cash crops - coffee, cocoa, cotton; food crops - yams, cassava, corn, beans,
rice, millet, sorghum; livestock production not significant; annual fish
catch, 10,000-14,000 tons
Economic aid:
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $132 million; Western (non-US)
countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1.9 billion; OPEC
bilateral aid (1979-89), $35 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $51
million
Currency:
Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (plural - francs); 1 CFA franc (CFAF)
= 100 centimes
:Togo Economy
Exchange rates:
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF) per US$1 - 281.99 (March
1992), 282.11 (1991), 272.26 (1990), 319.01 (1989), 297.85 (1988), 300.54
(1987)
Fiscal year:
calendar year
:Togo Communications
Railroads:
515 km 1.000-meter gauge, single track
Highways:
6,462 km total; 1,762 km paved; 4,700 km unimproved roads
Inland waterways:
50 km Mono River
Ports:
Lome, Kpeme (phosphate port)
Merchant marine:
3 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 20,975 GRT/34,022 DWT; includes 2
roll-on/roll-off cargo, 1 multifunction large-load carrier
Civil air:
3 major transport aircraft
Airports:
9 total, 9 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over
3,659 m; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; none with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications:
fair system based on network of radio relay routes supplemented by open wire
lines; broadcast stations - 2 AM, no FM, 3 (2 relays) TV; satellite earth
stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 1 SYMPHONIE
:Togo Defense Forces
Branches:
Army, Navy, Air Force, Gendarmerie
Manpower availability:
males 15-49, 828,259; 435,113 fit for military service; no conscription
Defense expenditures:
exchange rate conversion - $43 million, about 3% of GDP (1989)
:Tokelau Geography
Total area:
10 km2
Land area:
10 km2
Comparative area:
about 17 times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC
Land boundaries:
none
Coastline:
101 km
Maritime claims:
Exclusive economic zone:
200 nm
Territorial sea:
12 nm
Disputes:
none
Climate:
tropical; moderated by trade winds (April to November)
Terrain:
coral atolls enclosing large lagoons
Natural resources:
negligible
Land use:
arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and
woodland 0%; other 100%
Environment:
lies in Pacific typhoon belt
Note:
located 3,750 km southwest of Honolulu in the South Pacific Ocean, about
halfway between Hawaii and New Zealand
:Tokelau People