20,878,556 (July 1992), growth rate 1.0% (1992)
Birth rate:
16 births/1,000 population (1992)
Death rate:
5 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
Net migration rate:
NEGL migrants/1,000 population (1992)
Infant mortality rate:
6 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
Life expectancy at birth:
72 years male, 78 years female (1992)
Total fertility rate:
1.8 children born/woman (1992)
Nationality:
noun - Chinese (singular and plural); adjective - Chinese
Ethnic divisions:
Taiwanese 84%, mainland Chinese 14%, aborigine 2%
Religions:
mixture of Buddhist, Confucian, and Taoist 93%, Christian 4.5%, other 2.5%
Languages:
Mandarin Chinese (official); Taiwanese (Miu) and Hakka dialects also used
Literacy:
91.2% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990)
Labor force:
7,900,000; industry and commerce 53%, services 22%, agriculture 15.6%, civil
administration 7% (1989)
Organized labor:
2,728,000 or about 44% (1991)
:Taiwan Government
Long-form name:
none
Type:
multiparty democratic regime; opposition political parties legalized in
March, 1989
Capital:
Taipei
Administrative divisions:
the authorities in Taipei claim to be the government of all China; in
keeping with that claim, the central administrative divisions include 2
provinces (sheng, singular and plural) and 2 municipalities* (shih, singular
and plural) - Fu-chien (some 20 offshore islands of Fujian Province
including Quemoy and Matsu), Kao-hsiung*, T'ai-pei*, and Taiwan (the island
of Taiwan and the Pescadores islands); the more commonly referenced
administrative divisions are those of Taiwan Province - 16 counties (hsien,
singular and plural), 5 municipalities* (shih, singular and plural), and 2
special municipalities** (chuan-shih, singular and plural); Chang-hua,
Chia-i, Chia-i*, Chi-lung*, Hsin-chu, Hsin-chu*, Hua-lien, I-lan,
Kao-hsiung, Kao-hsiung**, Miao-li, Nan-t'ou, P'eng-hu, P'ing-tung,
T'ai-chung, T'ai-chung*, T'ai-nan, T'ai-nan*, T'ai-pei, T'ai-pei**,
T'ai-tung, T'ao-yuan, and Yun-lin; the provincial capital is at
Chung-hsing-hsin-ts'un; note - Taiwan uses the Wade-Giles system for
romanization
Constitution:
25 December 1947, presently undergoing revision
Legal system:
based on civil law system; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with
reservations
National holiday:
National Day (Anniversary of the Revolution), 10 October (1911)
Executive branch:
president, vice president, premier of the Executive Yuan, vice premier of
the Executive Yuan, Executive Yuan
Legislative branch:
unicameral Legislative Yuan, unicameral National Assembly
Judicial branch:
Judicial Yuan
Leaders:
Chief of State:
President LI Teng-hui (since 13 January 1988); Vice President LI Yuan-zu
(since 20 May 1990)
Head of Government:
Premier (President of the Executive Yuan) HAO Po-ts'un (since 2 May 1990);
Vice Premier (Vice President of the Executive Yuan) SHIH Ch'i-yang (since NA
July 1988)
Political parties and leaders:
Kuomintang (Nationalist Party), LI Teng-hui, chairman; Democratic Socialist
Party and Young China Party controlled by Kuomintang; Democratic Progressive
Party (DPP); Labor Party; 27 other minor parties
Suffrage:
universal at age 20
Elections:
President:
last held 21 March 1990 (next to be held NA March 1996); results - President
LI Teng-hui was reelected by the National Assembly
Vice President:
last held 21 March 1990 (next to be held NA March 1996); results - LI
Yuan-zu was elected by the National Assembly
:Taiwan Government
Legislative Yuan:
last held 2 December 1989 (next to be held NA December 1992); results - KMT
65%, DPP 33%, independents 2%; seats - (304 total, 102 elected) KMT 78, DPP
21, independents 3
Elections:
National Assembly:
first National Assembly elected in November 1947 with a supplementary
election in December 1986; second National Assembly elected in December 1991
Member of:
expelled from UN General Assembly and Security Council on 25 October 1971
and withdrew on same date from other charter-designated subsidiary organs;
expelled from IMF/World Bank group April/May 1980; seeking to join GATT;
attempting to retain membership in INTELSAT; suspended from IAEA in 1972,
but still allows IAEA controls over extensive atomic development; APEC,
AsDB, ICC, ICFTU, IOC
Diplomatic representation:
none; unofficial commercial and cultural relations with the people of the US
are maintained through a private instrumentality, the Coordination Council
for North American Affairs (CCNAA) with headquarters in Taipei and field
offices in Washington and 10 other US cities with all addresses and
telephone numbers NA
US:
unofficial commercial and cultural relations with the people of Taiwan are
maintained through a private institution, the American Institute in Taiwan
(AIT), which has offices in Taipei at #7, Lane 134, Hsiu Yi Road, Section 3,
telephone [886] (2) 709-2000, and in Kao-hsiung at #2 Chung Cheng 3d Road,
telephone [886] (7) 224-0154 through 0157, and the American Trade Center at
Room 3207 International Trade Building, Taipei World Trade Center, 333
Keelung Road Section 1, Taipei 10548, telephone [886] (2) 720-1550
Flag:
red with a dark blue rectangle in the upper hoist-side corner bearing a
white sun with 12 triangular rays
:Taiwan Economy
Overview:
Taiwan has a dynamic capitalist economy with considerable government
guidance of investment and foreign trade and partial government ownership of
some large banks and industrial firms. Real growth in GNP has averaged about
9% a year during the past three decades. Export growth has been even faster
and has provided the impetus for industrialization. Agriculture contributes
about 4% to GNP, down from 35% in 1952. Taiwan currently ranks as number 13
among major trading countries. Traditional labor-intensive industries are
steadily being replaced with more capital- and technology-intensive
industries. Taiwan has become a major investor in China, Thailand,
Indonesia, the Philippines, and Malaysia. The tightening of labor markets
has led to an influx of foreign workers, both legal and illegal.
GNP:
purchasing power equivalent - $150.8 billion, per capita $7,380; real growth
rate 5.2% (1990)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
4.1% (1990); 3.8% (1991 est.)
Unemployment rate:
1.7% (1990); 1.5% (1991 est.)
Budget:
revenues $30.3 billion; expenditures $30.1 billion, including capital
expenditures of $NA (FY91 est.)
Exports:
$67.2 billion (f.o.b., 1990)
commodities:
electrical machinery 18.2%, textiles 15.6%, general machinery and equipment
14.8%, basic metals and metal products 7.8%, foodstuffs 1.7%, plywood and
wood products 1.6% (1989)
partners:
US 36.2%, Japan 13.7% (1989)
Imports:
$54.7 billion (c.i.f., 1990)
commodities:
machinery and equipment 15.3%, basic metals 13.0%, chemical and chemical
products 11.1%, crude oil 5%, foodstuffs 2.2% (1989)
partners:
Japan 31%, US 23%, FRG 5% (1989)
External debt:
$1.1 billion (December 1990 est.)
Industrial production:
growth rate 6.5% (1991 est.)
Electricity:
17,000,000 kW capacity; 76,900 million kWh produced, 3,722 kWh per capita
(1991)
Industries:
electronics, textiles, chemicals, clothing, food processing, plywood, sugar
milling, cement, shipbuilding, petroleum
Agriculture:
accounts for 4% of GNP and 16% of labor force (includes part-time farmers);
heavily subsidized sector; major crops - vegetables, rice, fruit, tea;
livestock - hogs, poultry, beef, milk, cattle; not self-sufficient in wheat,
soybeans, corn; fish catch increasing, 1.4 million metric tons (1988)
Economic aid:
US, including Ex-Im (FY46-82), $4.6 billion; Western (non-US) countries, ODA
and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $500 million
Currency:
New Taiwan dollar (plural - dollars); 1 New Taiwan dollar (NT$) = 100 cents
:Taiwan Economy
Exchange rates:
New Taiwan dollars per US$1 - 25.000 (February 1992), 25.748 (1991), 27.108
(1990), 26.407 (1989) 28.589 (1988), 31.845 (1987)
Fiscal year:
1 July - 30 June
:Taiwan Communications
Railroads:
about 4,600 km total track with 1,075 km common carrier lines and 3,525 km
industrial lines; common carrier lines consist of the 1.067-meter gauge 708
km West Line and the 367 km East Line; a 98.25 km South Link Line connection
was completed in late 1991; common carrier lines owned by the government and
operated by the Railway Administration under Ministry of Communications;
industrial lines owned and operated by government enterprises
Highways:
20,041 km total; 17,095 km bituminous or concrete pavement, 2,371 km crushed
stone or gravel, 575 km graded earth
Pipelines:
petroleum products 615 km, natural gas 97 km
Ports:
Kao-hsiung, Chi-lung (Keelung), Hua-lien, Su-ao, T'ai-tung
Merchant marine:
213 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 6,491,539 GRT/9,082,118 DWT; includes
1 passenger, 42 cargo, 15 refrigerated cargo, 73 container, 17 petroleum
tanker, 3 combination ore/oil, 1 specialized tanker, 58 bulk, 1
roll-on/roll-off, 2 combination bulk
Airports:
40 total, 39 usable; 36 with permanent-surface runways; 3 with runways over
3,659 m; 16 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 8 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications:
best developed system in Asia outside of Japan; 7,800,000 telephones;
extensive microwave transmission links on east and west coasts; broadcast
stations - 91 AM, 23 FM, 15 TV (13 repeaters); 8,620,000 radios; 6,386,000
TVs (5,680,000 color, 706,000 monochrome); satellite earth stations - 1
Pacific Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT; submarine cable links to
Japan (Okinawa), the Philippines, Guam, Singapore, Hong Kong, Indonesia,
Australia, Middle East, and Western Europe
:Taiwan Defense Forces
Branches:
Army, Navy (including Marines), Air Force, Taiwan General Garrison
Headquarters, Ministry of National Defense
Manpower availability:
males 15-49, 5,982,717; 4,652,586 fit for military service; about 180,706
currently reach military age (19) annually
Defense expenditures:
exchange rate conversion - $9.16 billion, 4.5% of GNP (FY92)
:Tajikistan Geography
Total area:
143,100 km2
Land area:
142,700 km2
Comparative area:
slightly smaller than Wisconsin
Land boundaries:
3,651 km total; Afghanistan 1,206 km, China 414 km, Kyrgyzstan 870 km,
Uzbekistan 1,161 km
Coastline:
none - landlocked
Maritime claims:
none - landlocked
Disputes:
boundary with China under dispute
Climate:
midlatitude semiarid to polar in Pamir Mountains
Terrain:
Pamir and Alay Mountains dominate landscape; western Fergana Valley in
north, Kafirnigan and Vakhsh Valleys in southeast
Natural resources:
significant hydropower potential, petroleum, uranium, mercury, small
production of petroleum, brown coal, lead, zinc, antimony, tungsten
Land use:
6% arable land; NA% permanent crops; NA% meadows and pastures; NA% forest
and woodland; NA% other; includes NA% irrigated
Environment:
NA
Note:
landlocked
:Tajikistan People
Population:
5,680,242 (July 1992), growth rate 3.0% (1992)
Birth rate:
40 births/1,000 population (1992)
Death rate:
8 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
Net migration rate:
-1 migrant/1,000 population (1992)
Infant mortality rate:
74 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
Life expectancy at birth:
64 years male, 70 years female (1992)
Total fertility rate:
5.3 children born/woman (1992)
Nationality:
noun - Tajik(s); adjective - Tajik
Ethnic divisions:
Tajik 62%, Uzbek 24%, Russian 8%, Tatar 2%, other 4%
Religions:
Sunni Muslim approximately 80%, Shi`a Muslim 5%
Languages:
Tajik (official) NA%
Literacy:
NA% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can read and write
Labor force:
1,938,000; agriculture and forestry 43%, industry and construction 22%,
other 35% (1990)
Organized labor:
NA
:Tajikistan Government
Long-form name:
Republic of Tajikistan
Type:
republic
Capital:
Dushanbe
Administrative divisions:
3 oblasts (oblastey, singular - oblast') and one autonomous oblast*;
Gorno-Badakhshan*; Kurgan-Tyube, Kulyab, Leninabad (Khudzhand); note - the
rayons around Dushanbe are under direct republic jurisdiction; an oblast
usually has the same name as its administrative center (exceptions have the
administrative center name following in parentheses)
Independence:
9 September 1991 (from Soviet Union); formerly Tajikistan Soviet Socialist
Republic
Constitution:
adopted NA April 1978
Legal system:
based on civil law system; no judicial review of legislative acts
National holiday:
NA
Executive branch:
president, prime minister
Legislative branch:
unicameral Supreme Soviet
Judicial branch:
NA
Leaders:
Chief of State:
President Rakhman NABIYEV (since NA September 1991); note - a government of
National Reconciliation was formed in May 1992; NABIYEV is titular head
Head of Government:
Prime Minister Akbar MIRZOYEV (since 10 January 1992); First Deputy Prime
Minister Davlat USMON
Political parties and leaders:
Tajik Democratic Party, Shodmon YUSUF, chairman; Rastokhez (Rebirth), Tohir
ABDULJABAR, chairman; Islamic Revival Party, Sharif HIMMOT-ZODA, chairman
Suffrage:
universal at age 18
Elections:
President:
last held 27 October 1991 (next to be held NA); results - Rakhman NABIYEV,
Communist Party 60%; Daolat KHUDONAZAROV, Democratic Party, Islamic Rebirth
Party and Rastokhoz Party 30%
Supreme Soviet:
last held 25 February 1990 (next to be held NA); results - Communist Party
99%, other 1%; seats - (230 total) Communist Party 227, other 3
Communists:
NA
Other political or pressure groups:
Kazi Kolon, Akbar TURAJON-SODA, Muslim leader
Member of:
CSCE, IMF, UN
Diplomatic representation:
NA
US:
Ambassador-designate Stan ESCUDERO; Embassy at Interim Chancery, #39 Ainii
Street; Residences: Oktyabrskaya Hotel, Dushanbe (mailing address is APO AE
09862); telephone [8] (011) 7-3772-24-32-23
:Tajikistan Government
Flag:
NA; still in the process of designing one
:Tajikistan Economy
Overview:
Tajikistan has had the lowest standard of living and now faces the bleakest
economic prospects of the 15 former Soviet republics. Agriculture is the
main economic sector, normally accounting for 38% of employment and
featuring cotton and fruits. Industry is sparse, bright spots including
electric power and aluminum production based on the country's sizable
hydropower resources and a surprising specialty in the production of
metal-cutting machine tools. In 1991 and early 1992, disruptions in food
supplies from the outside have severely strained the availability of food
throughout the republic. The combination of the poor food supply, the
general disruption of industrial links to suppliers and markets, and
political instability have meant that the republic's leadership could make
little progress in economic reform in 1991 and early 1992.
GDP:
$NA, per capita $NA; real growth rate -9% (1991 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
84% (1991)
Unemployment rate:
25% (1991 est.)
Budget:
$NA
Exports:
$706 million (1990)
commodities:
aluminum, cotton, fruits, vegetable oil, textiles
partners:
Russia, Kazakhstan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan
Imports:
$1.3 billion (1990)
commodities:
chemicals, machinery and transport equipment, textiles, foodstuffs
partners:
NA
External debt:
$650 million (end of 1991 est.)
Industrial production:
growth rate -2.0% (1991)
Electricity:
4,575,000 kW capacity; 17,500 million kWh produced, 3,384 kWh per capita
(1991)
Industries:
aluminum, zinc, lead, chemicals and fertilizers, cement, vegetable oil,
metal-cutting machine tools, refrigerators and freezers
Agriculture:
cotton, grain, fruits, grapes, vegetables; cattle, pigs, sheep and goats,
yaks
Illicit drugs:
illicit producers of cannabis and opium; mostly for domestic consumption;
status of government eradication programs unknown; used as transshipment
points for illicit drugs to Western Europe
Economic aid:
NA
Currency:
as of May 1992, retaining ruble as currency
Exchange rates:
NA
Fiscal year:
calendar year
:Tajikistan Communications
Railroads:
480 km all 1.520-meter (broad) gauge (includes NA km electrified); does not
include industrial lines (1990); 258 km between Dushanbe (Tajikistan) and
Termez (Uzbekistan), connects with the railroad system of the other
republics of the former Soviet Union at Tashkent in Uzbekistan
Highways:
29,900 km total (1990); 24,400 km hard surfaced, 8,500 km earth
Inland waterways:
NA km perennially navigable
Pipelines:
NA
Civil air:
NA
Airports:
NA
Telecommunications:
poorly developed; telephone density NA; linked by landline or microwave with
other CIS member states and by leased connections via the Moscow
international gateway switch to other countries; satellite earth stations -
Orbita and INTELSAT (TV receive only)
:Tajikistan Defense Forces
Branches:
Republic Security Forces (internal and border troops), National Guard; CIS
Forces (Ground, Air, and Air Defense)
Manpower availability:
males 15-49, NA; NA fit for military service; NA reach military age (18)
annually
Defense expenditures:
$NA, NA% of GDP
:Tanzania Geography
Total area:
945,090 km2
Land area:
886,040 km2; includes the islands of Mafia, Pemba, and Zanzibar
Comparative area:
slightly larger than twice the size of California
Land boundaries:
3,402 km total; Burundi 451 km, Kenya 769 km, Malawi 475 km, Mozambique 756
km, Rwanda 217 km, Uganda 396 km, Zambia 338 km
Coastline:
1,424 km
Maritime claims:
Exclusive economic zone:
200 nm
Territorial sea:
12 nm
Disputes:
boundary dispute with Malawi in Lake Nyasa; Tanzania-Zaire-Zambia tripoint
in Lake Tanganyika may no longer be indefinite since it is reported that the
indefinite section of the Zaire-Zambia boundary has been settled
Climate:
varies from tropical along coast to temperate in highlands
Terrain:
plains along coast; central plateau; highlands in north, south
Natural resources:
hydropower potential, tin, phosphates, iron ore, coal, diamonds, gemstones,
gold, natural gas, nickel
Land use:
arable land 5%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 40%; forest and
woodland 47%; other 7%; includes irrigated NEGL%
Environment:
lack of water and tsetse fly limit agriculture; recent droughts affected
marginal agriculture; Kilimanjaro is highest point in Africa
:Tanzania People
Population:
27,791,552 (July 1992), growth rate 3.4% (1992)
Birth rate:
49 births/1,000 population (1992)
Death rate:
15 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
Net migration rate:
-1 migrant/1,000 population (1992)
Infant mortality rate:
103 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
Life expectancy at birth:
50 years male, 55 years female (1992)
Total fertility rate:
7.0 children born/woman (1992)
Nationality:
noun - Tanzanian(s); adjective - Tanzanian
Ethnic divisions:
mainland - native African consisting of well over 100 tribes 99%; Asian,
European, and Arab 1%
Religions:
mainland - Christian 33%, Muslim 33%, indigenous beliefs 33%; Zanzibar -
almost all Muslim
Languages:
Swahili and English (official); English primary language of commerce,
administration, and higher education; Swahili widely understood and
generally used for communication between ethnic groups; first language of
most people is one of the local languages; primary education is generally in
Swahili
Literacy:
46% (male 62%, female 31%) age 15 and over can read and write (1978)
Labor force:
732,200 wage earners; 90% agriculture, 10% industry and commerce (1986 est.)
Organized labor:
15% of labor force
:Tanzania Government
Long-form name:
United Republic of Tanzania
Type:
republic
Capital:
Dar es Salaam; some government offices have been transferred to Dodoma,
which is planned as the new national capital by the end of the 1990s
Administrative divisions:
25 regions; Arusha, Dar es Salaam, Dodoma, Iringa, Kigoma, Kilimanjaro,
Lindi, Mara, Mbeya, Morogoro, Mtwara, Mwanza, Pemba North, Pemba South,
Pwani, Rukwa, Ruvuma, Shinyanga, Singida, Tabora, Tanga, Zanzibar
Central/South, Zanzibar North, Zanzibar Urban/West, Ziwa Magharibi
Independence:
Tanganyika became independent 9 December 1961 (from UN trusteeship under
British administration); Zanzibar became independent 19 December 1963 (from
UK); Tanganyika united with Zanzibar 26 April 1964 to form the United
Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar; renamed United Republic of Tanzania 29
October 1964
Constitution:
15 March 1984 (Zanzibar has its own Constitution but remains subject to
provisions of the union Constitution)
Legal system:
based on English common law; judicial review of legislative acts limited to
matters of interpretation; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday:
Union Day, 26 April (1964)
Executive branch:
president, first vice president and prime minister of the union, second vice
president and president of Zanzibar, Cabinet
Legislative branch:
unicameral National Assembly (Bunge)
Judicial branch:
Court of Appeal, High Court
Leaders:
Chief of State:
President Ali Hassan MWINYI (since 5 November 1985); First Vice President
John MALECELA (since 9 November 1990); Second Vice President Salmin AMOUR
(since 9 November 1990)
Head of Government:
Prime Minister John MALECELA (since 9 November 1990)
Political parties and leaders:
only party - Chama Cha Mapinduzi (CCM or Revolutionary Party), Ali Hassan
MWINYI, party chairman
Suffrage:
universal at age 18
Elections:
President:
last held 28 October 1990 (next to be held NA October 1995); results - Ali
Hassan MWINYI was elected without opposition
National Assembly:
last held 28 October 1990 (next to be held NA October 1995); results - CCM
is the only party; seats - (241 total, 168 elected) CCM 168
Member of:
ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, EADB, ECA, FAO, FLS, G-6, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO,
IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS,
NAM, OAU, SADCC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO,
WTO
:Tanzania Government
Diplomatic representation:
Ambassador-designate Charles Musama NYIRABU; Chancery at 2139 R Street NW,
Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 939-6125
US:
Ambassador Edmund DE JARNETTE, Jr.; Embassy at 36 Laibon Road (off Bagamoyo
Road), Dar es Salaam (mailing address is P. O. Box 9123, Dar es Salaam);
telephone [255] (51) 66010/13; FAX [255] (51)66701
Flag:
divided diagonally by a yellow-edged black band from the lower hoist-side
corner; the upper triangle (hoist side) is green and the lower triangle is
blue
:Tanzania Economy