378 km operable on Luzon, 34% government owned (1982)
Highways:
156,000 km total (1984); 29,000 km paved; 77,000 km gravel, crushed-stone,
or stabilized-soil surface; 50,000 km unimproved earth
Inland waterways:
3,219 km; limited to shallow-draft (less than 1.5 m) vessels
Pipelines:
petroleum products 357 km
Ports:
Cagayan de Oro, Cebu, Davao, Guimaras, Iloilo, Legaspi, Manila, Subic Bay
Merchant marine:
552 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 8,150,425 GRT/13,624,527 DWT;
includes 1 passenger, 11 short-sea passenger, 13 passenger-cargo, 155 cargo,
22 refrigerated cargo, 23 vehicle carrier, 8 livestock carrier, 13
roll-on/roll-off cargo, 8 container, 35 petroleum tanker, 1 chemical tanker,
6 liquefied gas, 2 combination ore/oil, 247 bulk, 7 combination bulk; note -
many Philippine flag ships are foreign owned and are on the register for the
purpose of long-term bare-boat charter back to their original owners who are
principally in Japan and Germany
Civil air:
53 major transport aircraft
Airports:
278 total, 244 usable; 72 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways
over 3,659 m; 9 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 53 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications:
good international radio and submarine cable services; domestic and
interisland service adequate; 872,900 telephones; broadcast stations - 267
AM (including 6 US), 55 FM, 33 TV (including 4 US); submarine cables
extended to Hong Kong, Guam, Singapore, Taiwan, and Japan; satellite earth
stations - 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT, 2 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT, and 11
domestic
:Philippines Defense Forces
Branches:
Army, Navy (including Coast Guard and Marine Corps), Air Force
Manpower availability:
males 15-49, 16,719,421; 11,816,366 fit for military service; 698,683 reach
military age (20) annually
Defense expenditures:
exchange rate conversion - $915 million, 1.9% of GNP (1991)
:Pitcairn Islands Geography
Total area:
47 km2
Land area:
47 km2
Comparative area:
about 0.3 times the size of Washington, DC
Land boundaries:
none
Coastline:
51 km
Maritime claims:
Exclusive fishing zone:
200 nm
Territorial sea:
3 nm
Disputes:
none
Climate:
tropical, hot, humid, modified by southeast trade winds; rainy season
(November to March)
Terrain:
rugged volcanic formation; rocky coastline with cliffs
Natural resources:
miro trees (used for handicrafts), fish
Land use:
arable land NA%; permanent crops NA%; meadows and pastures NA%; forest and
woodland NA%; other NA%
Environment:
subject to typhoons (especially November to March)
Note:
located in the South Pacific Ocean about halfway between Peru and New
Zealand
:Pitcairn Islands People
Population:
52 (July 1992), growth rate 0.0% (1992)
Birth rate:
NA births/1,000 population (1992)
Death rate:
NA deaths/1,000 population (1992)
Net migration rate:
NA migrants/1,000 population (1992)
Infant mortality rate:
NA deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
Life expectancy at birth:
NA years male, NA years female (1992)
Total fertility rate:
NA children born/woman (1992)
Nationality:
noun - Pitcairn Islander(s); adjective - Pitcairn Islander
Ethnic divisions:
descendants of Bounty mutineers
Religions:
Seventh-Day Adventist 100%
Languages:
English (official); also a Tahitian/English dialect
Literacy:
NA% (male NA%, female NA%)
Labor force:
NA; no business community in the usual sense; some public works; subsistence
farming and fishing
Organized labor:
NA
:Pitcairn Islands Government
Long-form name:
Pitcairn, Henderson, Ducie, and Oeno Islands
Type:
dependent territory of the UK
Capital:
Adamstown
Administrative divisions:
none (dependent territory of the UK)
Independence:
none (dependent territory of the UK)
Constitution:
Local Government Ordinance of 1964
Legal system:
local island by-laws
National holiday:
Celebration of the Birthday of the Queen (second Saturday in June), 10 June
1989
Executive branch:
British monarch, governor, island magistrate
Legislative branch:
unicameral Island Council
Judicial branch:
Island Court
Leaders:
Chief of State:
Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by the Governor and
UK High Commissioner to New Zealand David Joseph MOSS (since NA 1990)
Head of Government:
Island Magistrate and Chairman of the Island Council Brian YOUNG (since NA
1985)
Political parties and leaders:
NA
Suffrage:
universal at age 18 with three years residency
Elections:
Island Council:
last held NA (next to be held NA); results - percent of vote by party NA;
seats - (11 total, 5 elected) number of seats by party NA
Other political or pressure groups:
NA
Member of:
SPC
Diplomatic representation:
none (dependent territory of the UK)
Flag:
blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the
Pitcairn Islander coat of arms centered on the outer half of the flag; the
coat of arms is yellow, green, and light blue with a shield featuring a
yellow anchor
:Pitcairn Islands Economy
Overview:
The inhabitants exist on fishing and subsistence farming. The fertile soil
of the valleys produces a wide variety of fruits and vegetables, including
citrus, sugarcane, watermelons, bananas, yams, and beans. Bartering is an
important part of the economy. The major sources of revenue are the sale of
postage stamps to collectors and the sale of handicrafts to passing ships.
GDP:
$NA, per capita $NA; real growth rate NA%
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
NA%
Unemployment rate:
NA%
Budget:
revenues $430,440; expenditures $429,983, including capital expenditures of
$NA (FY87 est.)
Exports:
$NA
commodities:
fruits, vegetables, curios
partners:
NA
Imports:
$NA
commodities:
fuel oil, machinery, building materials, flour, sugar, other foodstuffs
partners:
NA
External debt:
$NA
Industrial production:
growth rate NA%
Electricity:
110 kW capacity; 0.30 million kWh produced, 5,360 kWh per capita (1990)
Industries:
postage stamp sales, handicrafts
Agriculture:
based on subsistence fishing and farming; wide variety of fruits and
vegetables grown; must import grain products
Economic aid:
none
Currency:
New Zealand dollar (plural - dollars); 1 New Zealand dollar (NZ$) = 100
cents
Exchange rates:
New Zealand dollars (NZ$) per US$1 - 1.8245 (March 1992), 1.7265 (1991),
1.6750 (1990), 1.6711 (1989), 1.5244 (1988), 1.6866 (1987)
Fiscal year:
1 April - 31 March
:Pitcairn Islands Communications
Railroads:
none
Highways:
6.4 km dirt roads
Ports:
Bounty Bay
Airports:
none
Telecommunications:
24 telephones; party line telephone service on the island; broadcast
stations - 1 AM, no FM, no TV; diesel generator provides electricity
:Pitcairn Islands Defense Forces
Note:
defense is the responsibility of the UK
:Poland Geography
Total area:
312,680 km2
Land area:
304,510 km2
Comparative area:
slightly smaller than New Mexico
Land boundaries:
3,321 km total; Belarus 605 km, Czechoslovakia 1,309 km, Germany 456 km,
Lithuania 91 km, Russia (Kaliningrad Oblast) 432 km, Ukraine 428 km
Coastline:
491 km
Maritime claims:
Exclusive economic zone:
200 nm
Territorial sea:
12 nm
Disputes:
none
Climate:
temperate with cold, cloudy, moderately severe winters with frequent
precipitation; mild summers with frequent showers and thundershowers
Terrain:
mostly flat plain; mountains along southern border
Natural resources:
coal, sulfur, copper, natural gas, silver, lead, salt
Land use:
arable land 46%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 13%; forest and
woodland 28%; other 12%; includes irrigated NEGL%
Environment:
plain crossed by a few north flowing, meandering streams; severe air and
water pollution in south
Note:
historically, an area of conflict because of flat terrain and the lack of
natural barriers on the North European Plain
:Poland People
Population:
38,385,617 (July 1992), growth rate 0.4% (1992)
Birth rate:
14 births/1,000 population (1992)
Death rate:
10 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
Net migration rate:
-1 migrant/1,000 population (1992)
Infant mortality rate:
14 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
Life expectancy at birth:
68 years male, 76 years female (1992)
Total fertility rate:
2.0 children born/woman(1992)
Nationality:
noun - Pole(s); adjective - Polish
Ethnic divisions:
Polish 97.6%, German 1.3%, Ukrainian 0.6%, Belorussian 0.5% (1990 est.)
Religions:
Roman Catholic 95% (about 75% practicing), Russian Orthodox, Protestant, and
other 5%
Languages:
Polish
Literacy:
98% (male 99%, female 98%) age 15 and over can read and write (1978)
Labor force:
17,104,000; industry and construction 36.1%; agriculture 27.3%; trade,
transport, and communications 14.8%; government and other 21.8% (1989)
Organized labor:
trade union pluralism
:Poland Government
Long-form name:
Republic of Poland
Type:
democratic state
Capital:
Warsaw
Administrative divisions:
49 provinces (wojewodztwa, singular - wojewodztwo); Biaa Podlaska, Biaystok,
Bielsko, Bydgoszcz, Chem, Ciechanow, Czestochowa, Elblag, Gdansk, Gorzow,
Jelenia Gora, Kalisz, Katowice, Kielce, Konin, Koszalin, Krakow, Krosno,
Legnica, Leszno, odz, omza, Lublin, Nowy Sacz, Olsztyn, Opole, Ostroteka,
Pia, Piotrkow, Pock, Poznan, Przemysl, Radom, Rzeszow, Siedlce, Sieradz,
Skierniewice, Supsk, Suwaki, Szczecin, Tarnobrzeg, Tarnow, Torun, Wabrzych,
Warszawa, Wocawek, Wrocaw, Zamosc, Zielona Gora
Independence:
11 November 1918, independent republic proclaimed
Constitution:
Communist-imposed Constitution of 22 July 1952; developing a democratic
Constitution
Legal system:
mixture of Continental (Napoleonic) civil law and holdover Communist legal
theory; changes being gradually introduced as part of broader
democratization process; no judicial review of legislative acts; has not
accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday:
Constitution Day, 3 May (1794)
Executive branch:
president, prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet)
Legislative branch:
bicameral National Assembly (Zgromadzenie Narodowe) consists of an upper
house or Senate (Senat) and a lower house or Diet (Sejm)
Judicial branch:
Supreme Court
Leaders:
Chief of State:
President Lech WALESA (since 22 December 1990)
Head of Government:
Prime Minister Hanna SUCHOCKA (since 10 July 1992)
Political parties and leaders:
Solidarity Bloc:
Democratic Union (UD), Tadeusz MAZOWIECKI; Christian-National Union (ZCHN),
Wieslaw CHRZANOWSKI; Centrum (PC), Jaroslaw KACZYNSKI; Liberal-Democratic
Congress, Donald TUSK; Peasant Alliance (PL), Gabriel JANOWSKI; Solidarity
Trade Union (NSZZ), Marian KRZAKLEWSKI; Solidarity Labor (SP), Ryszard
BUGAJ; Christian-Democratic Party (PCHD), Pawel LACZKOWSKI;
Democratic-Social Movement (RDS), Zbigniew BUJAK; Kracow Coalition in
Solidarity with the President, Mieczyslaw GIL; Solidarity 80, Marian JURCZYK
Non-Communist, Non-Solidarity:
Confederation for an Independent Poland (KPN), Leszek MOCZULSKI; Beer
Lovers' Party (PPPP), Janusz REWINSKI; Christian Democrats (CHD), Andrzej
OWSINSKI; German Minority (MN), Henryk KROL; Western Union (KPN Front),
Damian JAKUBOWSKI; RealPolitik (UPR), Janusz KORWIN-MIKKE; Democratic Party
(SD), Antoni MACKIEWICZ
Communist origin or linked:
Social Democracy (SDRP, or SLD), Wlodzimierz Cimoszewicz; Polish Peasants'
Party (PSL), Waldermar PAWLAK; Party X, Stanislaw Tyminski
Suffrage:
universal at age 18
:Poland Government
Elections:
President:
first round held 25 November 1990, second round held 9 December 1990 (next
to be held NA November 1995); results - second round Lech WALESA 74.7%,
Stanislaw TYMINSKI 25.3%
Senate:
last held 27 October 1991 (next to be held no later than NA October 1995);
results -
Solidarity Bloc:
UD 21%, NSZZ 11%, ZCHN 9%, PC 9%, Liberal-Democratic Congress 6%, PL 7%,
PCHD 3%, other local candidates 11%
Non-Communist, Non-Solidarity:
KPN 4%, CHD 1%, MN 1%, local candidates 5%
Communist origin or linked:
PSL 8%, SLD 4%; seats - (100 total)
Solidarity Bloc:
UD 21, NSZZ 11, ZCHN 9, Liberal-Democratic Congress 6, PL 7, PCHD 3, other
local candidates 11;
Non-Communist, Non-Solidarity:
KPN 4, CHD 1, MN 1 local candidates 5
Communist origin or linked:
PSL 8, SLD 4
Sejm:
last held 27 October 1991 (next to be held no later than NA October 1995);
results -
Solidarity Bloc:
UD 12.31%, ZCHN 8.73%, PL 8.71%, Liberal-Democratic Congress 7.48%, PL
5.46%, NSZZ 5.05%, SP 2.05%, PCHD 1.11%
Non-Communist, Non-Solidarity:
KPN 7.50%, PPPP 3.27%, CHD 2.36%, UPR 2.25%, MN 1.70%
Communist origin or linked:
SLD 11.98%, PSL 8.67%; seats - (460 total)
Solidarity Bloc:
UD 62, ZCHN 9, PC 44, Liberal-Democratic Congress 37, PL 28, NSZZ 27, SP 4,
PCHD 4, RDS 1, Krackow Coalition in Solidarity with the President 1, Piast
Agreement 1, Bydgoszcz Peasant List 1, Solidarity 80 1
Non-Communist, Non-Solidarity:
KPN 46, PPPP 16, MN 7, CHD 5, Western Union 4, UPR 3, Autonomous Silesia 2,
SD 1, Orthodox Election Committee 1, Committee of Women Against Hardships 1,
Podhale Union 1, Wielkopolska Group 1, Wielkopolska and Lubuski Inhabitants
1
Communist origin or linked:
SLD 60, PSL 48, Party X 3
Communists:
70,000 members in the Communist successor parties (1990)
Other political or pressure groups:
powerful Roman Catholic Church; Confederation for an Independent Poland
(KPN), a nationalist group; Solidarity (trade union); All Poland Trade Union
Alliance (OPZZ), populist program; Clubs of Catholic Intellectuals (KIKs)
Member of:
BIS, CCC, CE, CERN, CSCE, ECE, FAO, GATT, Hexagonale, IAEA, IBEC, IBRD,
ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IIB, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, PCA,
UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNDOF, UNIDO, UNIIMOG, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO
Diplomatic representation:
Ambassador Kazimierz DZIEWANOWSKI; Chancery at 2640 16th Street NW,
Washington, DC 20009; telephone (202) 234-3800 through 3802; there are
Polish Consulates General in Chicago, Los Angeles, and New York
:Poland Government
US:
Ambassador Thomas W. SIMONS, Jr.; Embassy at Aleje Ujazdowskie 29/31, Warsaw
(mailing address is American Embassy Warsaw, Box 5010, or APO AE
09213-5010); telephone [48] (2) 628-8298; FAX [48] (2) 628-9326; there is a
US Consulate General in Krakow and a Consulate in Poznan
Flag:
two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and red; similar to the flags of
Indonesia and Monaco which are red (top) and white
:Poland Economy
Overview:
Poland is undergoing a difficult transition from a Soviet-style economy -
with state ownership and control of productive assets - to a market economy.
On January 1, 1990, the new Solidarity-led government implemented shock
therapy by slashing subsidies, decontrolling prices, tightening the money
supply, stabilizing the foreign exchange rate, lowering import barriers, and
restraining state sector wages. As a result, consumer goods shortages and
lines disappeared, and inflation fell from 640% in 1989 to 60% in 1991.
Western governments, which hold two-thirds of Poland's $48 billion external
debt, pledged in 1991 to forgive half of Poland's official debt by 1994, and
the private sector grew, accounting for 22% of industrial production and 40%
of nonagricultural output by 1991. Production fell in state enterprises,
however, and the unemployment rate climbed steadily from virtually nothing
in 1989 to 11.4% in December 1991. Poland fell out of compliance with its
IMF program by mid-1991, and talks with commercial creditors stalled. The
increase in unemployment and the decline in living standards led to popular
discontent and a change in government in January 1991 and again in December.
The new government has promised selective industrial intervention, some
relaxation in monetary policy, and an improved social safety net, but will
be constrained by the decline in output and the growing budget deficit.
GDP:
purchasing power equivalent - $162.7 billion, per capita $4,300; real growth
rate -5% (1991 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
60% (1991 est.)
Unemployment rate:
11.4% (end December 1991)
Budget:
revenues $19.5 billion; expenditures $22.4 billion, including capital
expenditures of $1.5 billion (1991 est.)
Exports:
$12.8 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.)
commodities:
machinery 23%, metals 17%, chemicals 13%, fuels 11%, food 10% (1991 est.)
partners:
FRG 25.1%, former USSR 15.3%, UK 7.1%, Switzerland 4.7% (1990)
Imports:
$12.9 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.)
commodities:
machinery 35%, fuels 20%, chemicals 13%, food 11%, light industry 7% (1991
est.)
partners:
FRG 20.1%, former USSR 19.8%, Italy 7.5%, Switzerland 6.4% (1990)
External debt:
$48.5 billion (January 1992); note - Poland's Western government creditors
promised in 1991 to forgive 30% of Warsaw's official debt - currently $33
billion - immediately and to forgive another 20% by 1994, if Poland adheres
to its IMF program
Industrial production:
growth rate -14% (State sector 1991 est.)
Electricity:
31,530,000 kW capacity; 136,300 million kWh produced, 3,610 kWh per capita
(1990)
Industries:
machine building, iron and steel, extractive industries, chemicals,
shipbuilding, food processing, glass, beverages, textiles
:Poland Economy
Agriculture:
accounts for 15% of GDP and 27% of labor force; 75% of output from private
farms, 25% from state farms; productivity remains low by European standards;
leading European producer of rye, rapeseed, and potatoes; wide variety of
other crops and livestock; major exporter of pork products; normally
self-sufficient in food
Illicit drugs:
illicit producers of opium for domestic consumption and amphetamines for the
international market; emerging as a transshipment point for illicit drugs to
Western Europe
Economic aid:
donor - bilateral aid to non-Communist less developed countries, $2.2
billion (1954-89); note - the G-24 has pledged $8 billion in grants and
credit guarantees to Poland
Currency:
Zoty (plural - Zotych); 1 Zoty (Z) = 100 groszy
Exchange rates:
Zotych (z) per US$1 - 13,443 (March 1992), 10,576 (1991), 9,500 (1990),
1,439.18 (1989), 430.55 (1988), 265.08 (1987)
Fiscal year:
calendar year
:Poland Communications
Railroads:
27,041 km total; 24,287 km 1.435-meter gauge, 397 km 1.520-meter gauge,
2,357 km narrow gauge; 8,987 km double track; 11,016 km electrified;
government owned (1989)
Highways:
299,887 km total; 130,000 km improved hard surface (concrete, asphalt, stone
block); 24,000 km unimproved hard surface (crushed stone, gravel); 100,000
km earth; 45,887 km other urban roads (1985)
Inland waterways:
3,997 km navigable rivers and canals (1989)
Pipelines:
natural gas 4,500 km, crude oil 1,986 km, petroleum products 360 km (1987)
Ports:
Gdansk, Gdynia, Szczecin, Swinoujscie; principal inland ports are Gliwice on
Kana Gliwice, Wrocaw on the Oder, and Warsaw on the Vistula
Merchant marine:
222 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,851,016 GRT/4,019,531 DWT; includes
5 short-sea passenger, 79 cargo, 4 refrigerated cargo, 14 roll-on/roll-off
cargo, 12 container, 1 petroleum tanker, 4 chemical tanker, 102 bulk, 1
passenger; Poland owns 1 ship of 6,333 DWT operating under Liberian registry
Civil air:
48 major transport aircraft
Airports:
160 total, 160 usable; 85 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runway over
3,659 m; 35 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 65 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications:
severely underdeveloped and outmoded system; cable, open wire and microwave;
phone density is 10.5 phones per 100 residents (October 1990); 3.1 million
subscribers; exchanges are 86% automatic (February 1990); broadcast stations
- 27 AM, 27 FM, 40 (5 Soviet repeaters) TV; 9.6 million TVs; 1 satellite
earth station using INTELSAT, EUTELSAT, INMARSAT and Intersputnik
:Poland Defense Forces
Branches:
Army, Navy, Air and Air Defense Force
Manpower availability:
males 15-49, 9,785,823; 7,696,425 fit for military service; 294,191 reach
military age (19) annually
Defense expenditures:
exchange rate conversion - 19.2 trillion zotych, NA% of GDP (1991); note -
conversion of defense expenditures into US dollars using the current
exchange rate could produce misleading results
:Portugal Geography
Total area:
92,080 km2
Land area:
91,640 km2; includes Azores and Madeira Islands
Comparative area:
slightly smaller than Indiana
Land boundaries:
1,214 km; Spain 1,214 km
Coastline:
1,793 km
Maritime claims:
Continental shelf:
200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation
Exclusive economic zone:
200 nm
Territorial sea:
12 nm
Disputes:
sovereignty over Timor Timur (East Timor Province) disputed with Indonesia
Climate:
maritime temperate; cool and rainy in north, warmer and drier in south
Terrain:
mountainous north of the Tagus, rolling plains in south
Natural resources:
fish, forests (cork), tungsten, iron ore, uranium ore, marble
Land use:
arable land 32%; permanent crops 6%; meadows and pastures 6%; forest and
woodland 40%; other 16%; includes irrigated 7%
Environment:
Azores subject to severe earthquakes
Note:
Azores and Madeira Islands occupy strategic locations along western sea
approaches to Strait of Gibraltar
:Portugal People
Population:
10,448,509 (July 1992), growth rate 0.4% (1992)
Birth rate:
12 births/1,000 population (1992)
Death rate:
10 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
Net migration rate:
2 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
Infant mortality rate:
10 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
Life expectancy at birth:
71 years male, 78 years female (1992)
Total fertility rate:
1.4 children born/woman (1992)
Nationality:
noun - Portuguese (singular and plural); adjective - Portuguese
Ethnic divisions:
homogeneous Mediterranean stock in mainland, Azores, Madeira Islands;
citizens of black African descent who immigrated to mainland during
decolonization number less than 100,000
Religions:
Roman Catholic 97%, Protestant denominations 1%, other 2%
Languages:
Portuguese
Literacy:
85% (male 89%, female 82%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)
Labor force:
4,605,700; services 45%, industry 35%, agriculture 20% (1988)
Organized labor:
about 55% of the labor force; the Communist-dominated General Confederation
of Portuguese Workers - Intersindical (CGTP-IN) represents more than half of
the unionized labor force; its main competition, the General Workers Union
(UGT), is organized by the Socialists and Social Democrats and represents
less than half of unionized labor
:Portugal Government