970 km total; 440 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, 60 km 1.000-meter gauge,
470 km various narrow gauge (privately owned)
Highways:
21,960 km total; 1,788 km paved, 474 km gravel, and 19,698 km earth
Inland waterways:
3,100 km
Ports:
Asuncion
Merchant marine:
13 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 16,747 GRT/19,865 DWT; includes 11
cargo, 2 petroleum tanker; note - 1 naval cargo ship is sometimes used
commercially
Civil air:
9 major transport aircraft
Airports:
845 total, 716 usable; 7 with permanent-surface runways; 0 with runways over
3,659 m; 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 66 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications:
principal center in Asuncion; fair intercity microwave net; 78,300
telephones; broadcast stations - 40 AM, no FM, 5 TV, 7 shortwave; 1 Atlantic
Ocean INTELSAT earth station
:Paraguay Defense Forces
Branches:
Army, Navy (including Naval Air and Marines), Air Force
Manpower availability:
males 15-49, 1,172,813; 853,129 fit for military service; 49,917 reach
military age (17) annually
Defense expenditures:
exchange rate conversion - $84 million, 1.4% of GDP (1988 est.)
:Peru Geography
Total area:
1,285,220 km2
Land area:
1,280,000 km2
Comparative area:
slightly smaller than Alaska
Land boundaries:
6,940 km total; Bolivia 900 km, Brazil 1,560 km, Chile 160 km, Colombia
2,900 km, Ecuador 1,420 km
Coastline:
2,414 km
Maritime claims:
Territorial sea:
200 nm
Disputes:
three sections of the boundary with Ecuador are in dispute
Climate:
varies from tropical in east to dry desert in west
Terrain:
western coastal plain (costa), high and rugged Andes in center (sierra),
eastern lowland jungle of Amazon Basin (selva)
Natural resources:
copper, silver, gold, petroleum, timber, fish, iron ore, coal, phosphate,
potash
Land use:
arable land 3%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 21%; forest and
woodland 55%; other 21%; includes irrigated 1%
Environment:
subject to earthquakes, tsunamis, landslides, mild volcanic activity;
deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification; air pollution in
Lima
Note:
shares control of Lago Titicaca, world's highest navigable lake, with
Bolivia
:Peru People
Population:
22,767,543 (July 1992), growth rate 2.0% (1992)
Birth rate:
27 births/1,000 population (1992)
Death rate:
7 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
Net migration rate:
0 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
Infant mortality rate:
59 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
Life expectancy at birth:
63 years male, 67 years female (1992)
Total fertility rate:
3.3 children born/woman (1992)
Nationality:
noun - Peruvian(s); adjective - Peruvian
Ethnic divisions:
Indian 45%; mestizo (mixed Indian and European ancestry) 37%; white 15%;
black, Japanese, Chinese, and other 3%
Religions:
predominantly Roman Catholic
Languages:
Spanish and Quechua (both official), Aymara
Literacy:
85% (male 92%, female 29%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)
Labor force:
6,800,000 (1986); government and other services 44%, agriculture 37%,
industry 19% (1988 est.)
Organized labor:
about 40% of salaried workers (1983 est.)
:Peru Government
Long-form name:
Republic of Peru
Type:
in transition, President FUJIMORI on 5 April 1992 suspended the constitution
and dissolved the legislative and judicial branches
Capital:
Lima
Administrative divisions:
24 departments (departamentos, singular - departamento) and 1 constitutional
province* (provincia constitucional); Amazonas, Ancash, Apurimac, Arequipa,
Ayacucho, Cajamarca, Callao*, Cusco, Huancavelica, Huanuco, Ica, Junin, La
Libertad, Lambayeque, Lima, Loreto, Madre de Dios, Moquegua, Pasco, Piura,
Puno, San Martin, Tacna, Tumbes, Ucayali; note - the 1979 Constitution and
legislation enacted from 1987 to 1990 mandate the creation of regions
(regiones, singular - region) intended to function eventually as autonomous
economic and administrative entities; so far, 12 regions have been
constituted from 23 existing departments - Amazonas (from Loreto), Andres
Avelino Caceres (from Huanuco, Pasco, Junin), Arequipa (from Arequipa),
Chavin (from Ancash), Grau (from Tumbes, Piura), Inca (from Cusco, Madre de
Dios, Apurimac), La Libertad (from La Libertad), Los Libertadores-Huari
(from Ica, Ayacucho, Huancavelica), Mariategui (from Moquegua, Tacna, Puno),
Nor Oriental del Maranon (from Lambayeque, Cajamarca, Amazonas), San Martin
(from San Martin), Ucayali (from Ucayali); formation of another region has
been delayed by the reluctance of the constitutional province of Callao to
merge with the department of Lima; because of inadequate funding from the
central government, the regions have yet to assume their responsibilities
and at the moment coexist with the departmental structure
Independence:
28 July 1821 (from Spain)
Constitution:
28 July 1980 (often referred to as the 1979 Constitution because the
Constituent Assembly met in 1979, but the Constitution actually took effect
the following year); suspended 5 April 1992
Legal system:
based on civil law system; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday:
Independence Day, 28 July (1821)
Executive branch:
president, two vice presidents (vacant as of 19 May 1992), prime minister,
Council of Ministers (cabinet)
Legislative branch:
bicameral Congress (Congreso) consists of an upper chamber or Senate
(Senado) and a lower chamber or Chamber of Deputies (Camara de Diputados);
note - dissolved on 5 April 1992; being reconstituted
Judicial branch:
Supreme Court of Justice (Corte Suprema de Justicia)
Leaders:
Chief of State:
President Alberto FUJIMORI (since 28 July 1990); note - slots for first and
second Vice Presidents vacant as of 19 May 1992
Head of Government:
Prime Minister Oscar DE LA PUENTE Raygada (since 6 April 1992)
:Peru Government
Political parties and leaders:
Change 90 (Cambio 90), Alberto FUJIMORI; Popular Christian Party (PPC), Luis
BEDOYA Reyes; Popular Action Party (AP), Eduardo CALMELL del Solar; Liberty
Movement (ML), Luis BUSTAMANTE; American Popular Revolutionary Alliance
(APRA), Luis ALVA Castro, Alan GARCIA; National Front of Workers and
Peasants (FNTC), Roger CACERES; United Left (IU), leader NA; Independent
Moralizing Front (FIM), Fernando OLIVERA Vega; Socialist Left (IS), leader
NA; note - Democratic Front (FREDEMO) was a loosely organized coalition of
the PPC, AP, and ML during the 8 April 1990 elections, but the parties no
longer maintain a formal alliance
Suffrage:
universal at age 18
Elections:
President:
last held on 10 June 1990 (next to be held NA April 1995); results - Alberto
FUJIMORI 56.53%, Mario VARGAS Llosa 33.92%, other 9.55%
Senate:
last held on 8 April 1990; dissolved on 5 April 1992; because of suspension
of constitutional role, next election not yet scheduled; results - percent
of vote by party NA; seats - (62 total; 60 elected, 2 ex-presidents who are
senators for life) FREDEMO 20, APRA 16, Change 90 14, IU 6, IS 3, FNTC 1;
note - as a result of the dissolution of FREDEMO and defections and
expulsions from the various parties, the seats have been reallocated: APRA
17, Change 90 13, AP 8, IU 6, PPC 5, ML 4, IS 3, FNTC 1, independents 4,
other 1 (January 1992)
Chamber of Deputies:
last held 8 April 1990 dissolved on 5 April 1992; because of suspension of
constitutional role, next election not yet scheduled; results - percent of
vote by party NA; seats - (180 total) FREDEMO 62, APRA 53, Change 90 32, IU
16, IS 4, FNTC 3, other 10; note - as a result of the dissolution of FREDEMO
and defections and expulsions from the various parties, the seats have been
reallocated: APRA 53, AP 25, Change 90 25, PPC 23, IU 16, ML 7, FIM 3, IS 4,
FNTC 3, independents 15, other 4, and 2 currently nonvoting deputies
Communists:
Peruvian Communist Party-Unity (PCP-U), 2,000; other minor Communist parties
Other political or pressure groups:
leftist guerrilla groups:
Shining Path, Abimael GUZMAN; Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement, Nestor
SERPA and Victor POLAY
Member of:
AG, CCC, ECLAC, FAO, G-11, G-19, G-24, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO,
ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC,
IOM, ISO, ITU, LAES, LAIA, LORCS, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, PCA, RG, UN, UNCTAD,
UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIIMOG, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Diplomatic representation:
Ambassador vacant; Chancery at 1700 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC
20036; telephone (202) 833-9860 through 9869); Peruvian Consulates General
are located in Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, Paterson (New
Jersey), San Francisco, and San Juan (Puerto Rico)
US:
Ambassador Anthony C. E. QUAINTON; Embassy at the corner of Avenida Inca
Garcilaso de la Vega and Avenida Espana, Lima (mailing address is P. O. Box
1991, Lima 1, or APO AA 34031); telephone [51] (14) 33-8000; FAX [51] (14)
316682
Flag:
three equal, vertical bands of red (hoist side), white, and red with the
coat of arms centered in the white band; the coat of arms features a shield
bearing a llama, cinchona tree (the source of quinine), and a yellow
cornucopia spilling out gold coins, all framed by a green wreath
:Peru Economy
Overview:
The Peruvian economy is becoming increasingly market oriented, with a large
dose of government ownership remaining in mining, energy, and banking. In
the 1980s the economy suffered from hyperinflation, declining per capita
output, and mounting external debt. Peru was shut off from IMF and World
Bank support in the mid-1980s because of its huge debt arrears. An austerity
program implemented shortly after the FUJIMORI government took office in
July 1990 contributed to a third consecutive yearly contraction of economic
activity, but the slide halted late in the year, and output rose 2.4% in
1991. After a burst of inflation as the austerity program eliminated
government price subsidies, monthly price increases eased to the
single-digit level and by December 1991 dropped to the lowest increase since
mid-1987. Lima obtained a financial rescue package from multilateral lenders
in September 1991, and, although it faces $14 billion in arrears on its
external debt, is working to pay some $1.8 billion of these to the IMF and
World Bank by 1993.
GDP:
exchange rate conversion - $20.6 billion, per capita $920; real growth rate
2.4% (1991 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
139% (1991)
Unemployment rate:
15.0%; underemployment 65% (1991 est.)
Budget:
revenues $1.7 billion; expenditures $1.8 billion, including capital
expenditures of $250 million (1991 est.)
Exports:
$3.3 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.)
commodities:
copper, fishmeal, zinc, crude petroleum and byproducts, lead, refined
silver, coffee, cotton
partners:
EC 28%, US 22%, Japan 13%, Latin America 12%, former USSR 2%
Imports:
$3.5 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.)
commodities:
foodstuffs, machinery, transport equipment, iron and steel semimanufactures,
chemicals, pharmaceuticals
partners:
US 32%, Latin America 22%, EC 17%, Switzerland 6%, Japan 3%
External debt:
$19.4 billion (December 1991 est.)
Industrial production:
growth rate 1.0% (1991 est.); accounts for almost 24% of GDP
Electricity:
4,896,000 kW capacity; 15,851 million kWh produced, 709 kWh per capita
(1991)
Industries:
mining of metals, petroleum, fishing, textiles, clothing, food processing,
cement, auto assembly, steel, shipbuilding, metal fabrication
Agriculture:
accounts for 10% of GDP, about 35% of labor force; commercial crops -
coffee, cotton, sugarcane; other crops - rice, wheat, potatoes, plantains,
coca; animal products - poultry, red meats, dairy, wool; not self-sufficient
in grain or vegetable oil; fish catch of 6.9 million metric tons (1990)
:Peru Economy
Illicit drugs:
world's largest coca leaf producer with about 121,000 hectares under
cultivation; source of supply for most of the world's coca paste and cocaine
base; at least 85% of coca cultivation is for illicit production; most of
cocaine base is shipped to Colombian drug dealers for processing into
cocaine for the international drug market
Economic aid:
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $1.7 billion; Western (non-US)
countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $4.3 billion;
Communist countries (1970-89), $577 million
Currency:
(S/.) nuevo sol (plural - nuevos soles); 1 nuevo sol (S/.) = 100 centavos
Exchange rates:
nuevo sol (S/. per US$1 - 0.960 (March 1992), 0.772 (1991), 0.187 (1990),
2.666 (1989), 0.129 (1988), 0.017 (1987)
Fiscal year:
calendar year
:Peru Communications
Railroads:
1,801 km total; 1,501 km 1.435-meter gauge, 300 km 0.914-meter gauge
Highways:
69,942 km total; 7,459 km paved, 13,538 km improved, 48,945 km unimproved
earth
Inland waterways:
8,600 km of navigable tributaries of Amazon system and 208 km Lago Titicaca
Pipelines:
crude oil 800 km, natural gas and natural gas liquids 64 km
Ports:
Callao, Ilo, Iquitos, Matarani, Talara
Merchant marine:
26 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 286,313 GRT/461,233 DWT; includes 14
cargo, 1 refrigerated cargo, 1 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 3 petroleum tanker, 7
bulk; note - in addition, 8 naval tankers and 1 naval cargo are sometimes
used commercially
Civil air:
44 major transport aircraft
Airports:
221 total, 201 usable; 36 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways
over 3,659 m; 23 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 43 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications:
fairly adequate for most requirements; nationwide microwave system; 544,000
telephones; broadcast stations - 273 AM, no FM, 140 TV, 144 shortwave;
satellite earth stations - 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 12 domestic
:Peru Defense Forces
Branches:
Army (Ejercito Peruano), Navy (Marina de Guerra del Peru), Air Force (Fuerza
Aerea del Peru), National Police
Manpower availability:
males 15-49, 5,863,227; 3,964,930 fit for military service; 236,484 reach
military age (20) annually
Defense expenditures:
exchange rate conversion - $430 million, 2.4% of GDP (1991)
:Philippines Geography
Total area:
300,000 km2
Land area:
298,170 km2
Comparative area:
slightly larger than Arizona
Land boundaries:
none
Coastline:
36,289 km
Maritime claims:
(measured from claimed archipelagic baselines)
Continental shelf:
to depth of exploitation
Exclusive economic zone:
200 nm
Territorial sea:
irregular polygon extending up to 100 nm from coastline as defined by 1898
treaty; since late 1970s has also claimed polygonal-shaped area in South
China Sea up to 285 nm in breadth
Disputes:
involved in a complex dispute over the Spratly Islands with China, Malaysia,
Taiwan, Vietnam, and possibly Brunei; claims Malaysian state of Sabah
Climate:
tropical marine; northeast monsoon (November to April); southwest monsoon
(May to October)
Terrain:
mostly mountains with narrow to extensive coastal lowlands
Natural resources:
timber, crude oil, nickel, cobalt, silver, gold, salt, copper
Land use:
arable land 26%; permanent crops 11%; meadows and pastures 4%; forest and
woodland 40%; other 19%; includes irrigated 5%
Environment:
astride typhoon belt, usually affected by 15 and struck by five to six
cyclonic storms per year; subject to landslides, active volcanoes,
destructive earthquakes, tsunami; deforestation; soil erosion; water
pollution
:Philippines People
Population:
67,114,060 (July 1992), growth rate 2.0% (1992)
Birth rate:
28 births/1,000 population (1992)
Death rate:
7 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
Net migration rate:
-1 migrant/1,000 population (1992)
Infant mortality rate:
53 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
Life expectancy at birth:
62 years male, 68 years female (1992)
Total fertility rate:
3.5 children born/woman (1992)
Nationality:
noun - Filipino(s); adjective - Philippine
Ethnic divisions:
Christian Malay 91.5%, Muslim Malay 4%, Chinese 1.5%, other 3%
Religions:
Roman Catholic 83%, Protestant 9%, Muslim 5%, Buddhist and other 3%
Languages:
Pilipino (based on Tagalog) and English; both official
Literacy:
90% (male 90%, female 90%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)
Labor force:
24,120,000; agriculture 46%, industry and commerce 16%, services 18.5%,
government 10%, other 9.5% (1989)
Organized labor:
3,945 registered unions; total membership 5.7 million (includes 2.8 million
members of the National Congress of Farmers Organizations)
:Philippines Government
Long-form name:
Republic of the Philippines
Type:
republic
Capital:
Manila
Administrative divisions:
72 provinces and 61 chartered cities*; Abra, Agusan del Norte, Agusan del
Sur, Aklan, Albay, Angeles*, Antique, Aurora, Bacolod*, Bago*, Baguio*,
Bais*, Basilan, Basilan City*, Bataan, Batanes, Batangas, Batangas City*,
Benguet, Bohol, Bukidnon, Bulacan, Butuan*, Cabanatuan*, Cadiz*, Cagayan,
Cagayan de Oro*, Calbayog*, Caloocan*, Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur,
Camiguin, Canlaon*, Capiz, Catanduanes, Cavite, Cavite City*, Cebu, Cebu
City*, Cotabato*, Dagupan*, Danao*, Dapitan*, Davao City* Davao, Davao del
Sur, Davao Oriental, Dipolog*, Dumaguete*, Eastern Samar, General Santos*,
Gingoog*, Ifugao, Iligan*, Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Iloilo, Iloilo City*,
Iriga*, Isabela, Kalinga-Apayao, La Carlota*, Laguna, Lanao del Norte, Lanao
del Sur, Laoag*, Lapu-Lapu*, La Union, Legaspi*, Leyte, Lipa*, Lucena*,
Maguindanao, Mandaue*, Manila*, Marawi*, Marinduque, Masbate, Mindoro
Occidental, Mindoro Oriental, Misamis Occidental, Misamis Oriental,
Mountain, Naga*, Negros Occidental, Negros Oriental, North Cotabato,
Northern Samar, Nueva Ecija, Nueva Vizcaya, Olongapo*, Ormoc*, Oroquieta*,
Ozamis*, Pagadian*, Palawan, Palayan*, Pampanga, Pangasinan, Pasay*, Puerto
Princesa*, Quezon, Quezon City*, Quirino, Rizal, Romblon, Roxas*, Samar, San
Carlos* (in Negros Occidental), San Carlos* (in Pangasinan), San Jose*, San
Pablo*, Silay*, Siquijor, Sorsogon, South Cotabato, Southern Leyte, Sultan
Kudarat, Sulu, Surigao*, Surigao del Norte, Surigao del Sur, Tacloban*,
Tagaytay*, Tagbilaran*, Tangub*, Tarlac, Tawitawi, Toledo*, Trece Martires*,
Zambales, Zamboanga*, Zamboanga del Norte, Zamboanga del Sur
Independence:
4 July 1946 (from US)
Constitution:
2 February 1987, effective 11 February 1987
Legal system:
based on Spanish and Anglo-American law; accepts compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction, with reservations
National holiday:
Independence Day (from Spain), 12 June (1898)
Executive branch:
president, vice president, Cabinet
Legislative branch:
bicameral Congress (Kongreso) consists of an upper house or Senate (Senado)
and a lower house or House of Representatives (Kapulungan Ng Mga Kinatawan)
Judicial branch:
Supreme Court
Leaders:
Chief of State and Head of Government:
President Corazon C. AQUINO (since 25 February 1986); Vice President
Salvador H. LAUREL (since 25 February 1986)
Political parties and leaders:
Alliance of Philippine Democrats (LDP), Neptali GONZALES and Jose (Peping)
COJUANGCO; Nationalist People's Coalition (NPC), Fidel Valdes RAMOS; Liberal
Party, Jovito SALONGA; New Society Movement (KBL), Amelda MARCOS
Suffrage:
universal at age 15
Elections:
President:
last held 11 May 1992 (next election to be held NA May 1998);results - Fidel
Valdes RAMOS won 23.6% of votes, a narrow plurality
:Philippines Government
Senate:
last held 11 May 1992 (next election to be held NA May 1998); results - LDP
66%, NPC 20%, Lakas-NUCD 8%, Liberal 6%; seats - (24 total) LDP 24, NPC 5,
Lakas-NUCD 2, Liberal 1
Elections:
House of Representatives:
last held 11 May 1992 (next election to be held NA May 1998); results - LDP
43.5%; Lakas-NUCD 25%, NPC 23.5%, Liberal 5%, KBL 3%;seats - (200 total) LDP
87, Lakas-NUCD 51, NPC 47, Liberal 10, KBL 5
Communists:
the Communist Party of the Philippines (CPP) controls about 15,500-16,500
full-time insurgents and is not recognized as a legal party; a second
Communist party, Philippine Communist Party (PKP), has quasi-legal status
Member of:
APEC, AsDB, ASEAN, CCC, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-24, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO,
ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC,
IOM, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL,
WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO
Diplomatic representation:
Ambassador Emmanuel PELAEZ; Chancery at 1617 Massachusetts Avenue NW,
Washington, DC 20036; telephone (202) 483-1414; there are Philippine
Consulates General in Agana (Guam), Chicago, Honolulu, Houston, Los Angeles,
New York, San Francisco, and Seattle
US:
Ambassador Frank G. WISNER II; Embassy at 1201 Roxas Boulevard, Manila
(mailing address is APO AP 96440); telephone [63] (2) 521-7116; FAX [63] (2)
522-4361; there is a US Consulate in Cebu
Flag:
two equal horizontal bands of blue (top) and red with a white equilateral
triangle based on the hoist side; in the center of the triangle is a yellow
sun with eight primary rays (each containing three individual rays) and in
each corner of the triangle is a small yellow five-pointed star
:Philippines Economy
Overview:
Following the recession of 1984-85, the Philippine economy grew on the
average of 5.0% per year during 1986-89. It slowed again during the period
1990-91. The agricultural sector together with forestry and fishing, plays
an important role in the economy, employing about 45% of the work force and
providing almost 30% of GDP. The Philippines is the world's largest exporter
of coconuts and coconut products. Manufacturing contributes about 35% of
GDP. Major industries include food processing, chemicals, and textiles.
GNP:
exchange rate conversion - $47 billion, per capita $720; real growth rate
0.1% (1991 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
17.6% (1991 est.)
Unemployment rate:
10.0% (1991 est.)
Budget:
$8.4 billion; expenditures $9.36 billion, including capital expenditures of
$1.8 billion (1991 est.)
Exports:
$8.7 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.)
commodities:
electrical equipment 19%, textiles 16%, minerals and ores 11%, farm products
10%, coconut 10%, chemicals 5%, fish 5%, forest products 4%
partners:
US 36%, EC 19%, Japan 18%, ESCAP 9%, ASEAN 7%
Imports:
$12.3 billion (c.i.f., 1991)
commodities:
raw materials 53%, capital goods 17%, petroleum products 17%
partners:
US 25%, Japan 17%, ESCAP 13%, EC 11%, ASEAN 10%, Middle East 10%
External debt:
$28.9 billion (1991)
Industrial production:
growth rate - 5% (1991 est.); accounts for 35% of GNP
Electricity:
7,500,000 kW capacity; 31,000 million kWh produced, 470 kWh per capita
(1991)
Industries:
textiles, pharmaceuticals, chemicals, wood products, food processing,
electronics assembly, petroleum refining, fishing
Agriculture:
accounts for about one-third of GNP and 45% of labor force; major crops -
rice, coconut, corn, sugarcane, bananas, pineapple, mango; animal products -
pork, eggs, beef; net exporter of farm products; fish catch of 2 million
metric tons annually
Illicit drugs:
illicit producer of cannabis for the international drug trade; growers are
producing more and better quality cannabis despite government eradication
efforts
Economic aid:
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $3.6 billion; Western (non-US)
countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-88), $7.9 billion; OPEC
bilateral aid (1979-89), $5 million; Communist countries (1975-89), $123
million
Currency:
Philippine peso (plural - pesos); 1 Philippine peso (P) = 100 centavos
:Philippines Economy
Exchange rates:
Philippine pesos (P) per US$1 - 25.810 (March 1992), 27.479 (1991), 24.311
(1990), 21.737 (1989), 21.095 (1988), 20.568 (1987)
Fiscal year:
calendar year
:Philippines Communications